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for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Holocene</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoseen" title="Holoseen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Holoseen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoz%C3%A4n" title="Holozän – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Holozän" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="العصر الهولوسيني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الهولوسيني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocenu" title="Holocenu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Holocenu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Holosen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="হলোসিন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হলোসিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C3%A2n-sin-s%C3%A8" title="Oân-sin-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oân-sin-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Голоцен – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Голоцен" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Галацэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Галацэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Холоцен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Холоцен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Holocen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Holosen" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoc%C3%A8" title="Holocè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Holocè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoc%C3%A9n" title="Holocén – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Holocén" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Holosen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoc%C3%A6n" title="Holocæn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Holocæn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holosena" title="Holosena – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Holosena" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoz%C3%A4n" title="Holozän – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Holozän" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotseen" title="Holotseen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Holotseen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE" title="Ολόκαινος εποχή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολόκαινος εποχή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Holocene" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoceno" title="Holoceno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Holoceno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoceno" title="Holoceno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Holoceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holozeno" title="Holozeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Holozeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هولوسن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هولوسن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoc%C3%A8ne" title="Holocène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Holocène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoseen" title="Holoseen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Holoseen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Sealad_Holaic%C3%A9ineach" title="An Sealad Holaicéineach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Sealad Holaicéineach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoceno" title="Holoceno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Holoceno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%80%EB%A1%9C%EC%84%B8" title="홀로세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="홀로세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հոլոցեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոլոցեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97" title="नूतनतम युग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नूतनतम युग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Holocen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Holosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAt%C3%ADmi_(jar%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i)" title="Nútími (jarðfræði) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nútími (jarðfræði)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olocene" title="Olocene – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Olocene" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="הולוקן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הולוקן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Holosen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჰოლოცენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰოლოცენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Голоцен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Голоцен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Holosen" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Голоцен – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Голоцен" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaenum" title="Holocaenum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Holocaenum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoc%C4%93ns" title="Holocēns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Holocēns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holozen" title="Holozen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Holozen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocenas" title="Holocenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Holocenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olosene" title="Olosene – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Olosene" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoc%C3%A9n" title="Holocén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Holocén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Холоцен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Холоцен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="ഹോളോസീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹോളോസീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هولوسين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هولوسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86" title="هولوسن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هولوسن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Holosen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%B2ng-s%C4%ADng-si%C3%A9" title="Ciòng-sĭng-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ciòng-sĭng-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoceen" title="Holoceen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Holoceen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="完新世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="完新世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoz%C3%A4n" title="Holozän – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Holozän" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Holocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Holocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oloc%C3%A8n" title="Olocèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Olocèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golotsen" title="Golotsen – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Golotsen" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ہولوسین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہولوسین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="هولوسين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="هولوسين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoz%C3%A4n" title="Holozän – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Holozän" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Holocen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoceno" title="Holoceno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Holoceno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Holocen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Голоцен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голоцен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Голоцен – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Голоцен" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Holocene" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoz%C3%A4n" title="Holozän – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Holozän" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoceni" title="Holoceni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Holoceni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoc%C3%A9n" title="Holocén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Holocén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Holocen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Холоцен – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Холоцен" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Holocen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holos%C3%A9n" title="Holosén – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Holosén" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoseeni" title="Holoseeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Holoseeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Holocen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoseno" title="Holoseno – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Holoseno" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="హోలోసీన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="హోలోసీన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="สมัยโฮโลซีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมัยโฮโลซีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holosen" title="Holosen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Holosen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Голоцен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Голоцен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_Holocen" title="Thế Holocen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế Holocen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="全新世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="全新世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoceen" title="Holoceen – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Holoceen" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocen" title="Holocen – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Holocen" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="全新世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="全新世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="全新世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="全新世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="全新世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="全新世" data-language-autonym="中文" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Holocene_Temperature_Variations.png/300px-Holocene_Temperature_Variations.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Holocene_Temperature_Variations.png/450px-Holocene_Temperature_Variations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Holocene_Temperature_Variations.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Temperature variations during the Holocene</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doggerland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Doggerland.svg/220px-Doggerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Doggerland.svg/330px-Doggerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Doggerland.svg/440px-Doggerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Paleogeographic reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> appr. 9000 years ago during the young Holocene and after the end of the last ice age.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Holocene</b> is the present <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geological</a> epoch. It started around 11,000 years ago after the last <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a>. We are now in a relatively warm climate in Earth's history. </p><p>This is the second epoch of the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> and the seventh of the <a href="/wiki/Cainozoic" title="Cainozoic">Cainozoic</a>. </p><p><br /> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_name_(or_etymology)"><span id="Origin_of_name_.28or_etymology.29"></span>Origin of name (or etymology)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocene&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Origin of name (or etymology)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Origin of name (or etymology)"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Holocene</i> comes from two <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> words. </p><p>The name was <a href="/wiki/Suggestion" title="Suggestion">suggested</a> by the French palaeontologist and entomologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Gervais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Gervais (not yet started)">Paul Gervais</a> (d. 1879);<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is supposed to mean that the the present time is part of the 'entirely new' <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epoch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epoch (not yet started)">epoch</a>, or the "Holocene [epoch]". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Holocene_climatic_optimum">Holocene climatic optimum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocene&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Holocene climatic optimum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Holocene climatic optimum"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Holocene climatic optimum</b> (HCO) was a warm period from about 9,000 to 5,000 years <a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">BP</a>. The interesting thing about this is, despite recent <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global warming</a>, we are still below this warm period (see diagram). </p><p>The warm period was followed by a gradual decline until about two <a href="/wiki/Millennia" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennia">millennia</a> ago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="More_details">More details</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocene&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: More details" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: More details"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Holocene is also called the <b>Recent</b> epoch. It is the second stage in the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> period. </p><p>The Holocene marks the end of the previous series of <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice ages</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>. About 11,700 years ago the temperatures rose quickly from the previous level. </p><p>During the early Holocene, there were many extinctions amongst larger <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. This is because of human <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this time the Bering bridge connecting <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> melted. Also the land bridge between <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> melted (starting the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jomon period</a>), as well as many land bridges between islands in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocene&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/holocene">"Origin and meaning of Holocene"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Etymology_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Etymology Dictionary (not yet started)">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808161149/https://www.etymonline.com/word/holocene">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Origin+and+meaning+of+Holocene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fholocene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHolocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/-cene">"Origin and meaning of suffix -cene"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Online_Etymology_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Online Etymology Dictionary (not yet started)">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190808161147/https://www.etymonline.com/word/-cene">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Origin+and+meaning+of+suffix+-cene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2F-cene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AHolocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin P.S. and Klein R.G. eds 1984. <i>Quaternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution</i>. Arizona, Tucson AZ.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, Neil 1998. The Holocene: an environmental history. 2nd ed, Blackwell, Malden, MA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-18637-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-18637-9">0-631-18637-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackay A.W. Battarbee R.W. Birks H.J.B. <i>et al.</i> eds 2003. Global change in the Holocene. Arnold, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-76223-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-76223-3">0-340-76223-3</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Geological_history_of_Earth&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cainozoic" title="Cainozoic">Cenozoic era<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6670383">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000010-QINU`"'</style><span class="nobold">(the last 66 million years)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(the last 2.588 million years)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holocene (the last 11,650 years)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11,650 years ago–2.588 million years ago)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(2.588 million years ago–23.03</span></a> <a href="/wiki/Mya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mya">mya</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.588–5.333 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.333–23.03 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Palaeogene" title="Palaeogene">Palaeogene <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(23.03 million years ago–66 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.03–33.9 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeocene" title="Palaeocene">Palaeocene (56.0–66.0 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic era<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(66 million years ago–251.902 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(66 million years ago–145.0 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100.5 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100.5–145.0 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(145 million years ago–201.3 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145.0–163.5 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (163.5–174.1 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174.1–201.3 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(201.3–251.902 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Triassic">Late (201.3–237 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247.2 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Triassic">Early (247.2–251.902 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Palaeozoic" title="Palaeozoic">Palaeozoic era<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(251.902–541.0 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(251.902–298.9 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lopingian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lopingian (not yet started)">Lopingian (251.902–259.8 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guadalupian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guadalupian (not yet started)">Guadalupian (259.8–272.3 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272.3–298.9 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(298.9–358.9 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian" title="Pennsylvanian">Pennsylvanian (298.9–323.2 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippian">Mississippian (323.2–358.9 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(358.9–419.2 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Devonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Late Devonian (not yet started)">Late (358.9–382.7 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Devonian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Devonian (not yet started)">Middle (382.7–393.3 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Devonian">Early (393.3–419.2 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(419.2–443.8 Mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pridoli_epoch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pridoli epoch (not yet started)">Pridoli (419.2–423.0 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludlow_epoch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludlow epoch (not yet started)">Ludlow (423.0–427.4 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_(Silurian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenlock (Silurian)">Wenlock (427.4–433.4 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Llandovery_epoch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llandovery epoch (not yet started)">Llandovery (433.4–443.8 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(443.8–485.4 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Ordovician&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Late Ordovician (not yet started)">Late (443.8–458.4 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Ordovician&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Ordovician (not yet started)">Middle (458.4–470.0 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Ordovician&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Ordovician (not yet started)">Early (470.0–485.4 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(485.4–541.0 mya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furongian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furongian (not yet started)">Furongian (485.4–497 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miaolingian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Miaolingian (not yet started)">Miaolingian (497–509 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambrian_Series_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambrian Series 2 (not yet started)">Series 2 (509–521 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terreneuvian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terreneuvian (not yet started)">Terreneuvian (521–541.0 mya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic eon<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(541.0 mya–2.5 Gya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic era <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(541.0 mya–1 Gya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (541.0–~635 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (~635–~720 mya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (~720 mya–1 Gya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic era <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Gya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Gya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"><a href="/wiki/Palaeoproterozoic" title="Palaeoproterozoic">Palaeoproterozoic era <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Gya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Gya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" class="mw-redirect" title="Archean">Archean eon <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Gya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Eras" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palaeoarchean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palaeoarchean (not yet started)">Palaeoarchean (3.2–3.6 Gya)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" class="mw-redirect" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Gya)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean eon <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r6670383"><span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Gya)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:20.5em"> </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tya_(unit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tya (unit) (not yet started)">kya</a> = thousands years ago. <a href="/wiki/Mya_(unit)" title="Mya (unit)">mya</a> = millions years ago. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Billion_years&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Billion years (not yet started)">Gya</a> = billions years ago. <br /><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>,</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocene&oldid=9777707">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holocene&oldid=9777707</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cainozoic" title="Category:Cainozoic">Cainozoic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_history" title="Category:Ancient 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