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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغات الأطلسية الكونغولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغات الأطلسية الكونغولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Атлантически конгоански езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Атлантически конгоански езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_congoatl%C3%A0ntiques" title="Llengües congoatlàntiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües congoatlàntiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik-Kongo-Sprachen" title="Atlantik-Kongo-Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Atlantik-Kongo-Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_atl%C3%A1ntico-congole%C3%B1as" title="Lenguas atlántico-congoleñas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas atlántico-congoleñas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik-konga_lingvaro" title="Atlantik-konga lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atlantik-konga lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%B3%E2%80%93%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88" title="زبان‌های اطلس–کنگو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های اطلس–کنگو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_atlantico-congolaises" title="Langues atlantico-congolaises – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues atlantico-congolaises" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%84%9C%EC%96%91%EC%BD%A9%EA%B3%A0%EC%96%B4%ED%8C%8C" title="대서양콩고어파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대서양콩고어파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harsunan_Atlantic-Congo" title="Harsunan Atlantic-Congo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harsunan Atlantic-Congo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF-%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ատլանտիկ-կոնգոյական լեզուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ատլանտիկ-կոնգոյական լեզուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantsko-kongoanski_jezici" title="Atlantsko-kongoanski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Atlantsko-kongoanski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%E1%BB%A5s%E1%BB%A5_Atlantic-Congo" title="Asụsụ Atlantic-Congo – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Asụsụ Atlantic-Congo" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_nga_Atlantiko%E2%80%93Kongo" title="Sasao nga Atlantiko–Kongo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao nga Atlantiko–Kongo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Atlantik%E2%80%93Kongo" title="Rumpun bahasa Atlantik–Kongo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Atlantik–Kongo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_congo-atlantiche" title="Lingue congo-atlantiche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue congo-atlantiche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kiatlantiki-Kongo" title="Lugha za Kiatlantiki-Kongo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kiatlantiki-Kongo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanto%E2%80%93Kongo_kalbos" title="Atlanto–Kongo kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atlanto–Kongo kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Атлантско-конгоански јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атлантско-конгоански јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantische_Congotalen" title="Atlantische Congotalen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Atlantische Congotalen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E8%AB%B8%E8%AA%9E" title="大西洋・コンゴ諸語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大西洋・コンゴ諸語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_atlanticocongolesas" title="Lengas atlanticocongolesas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas atlanticocongolesas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_atlantycko-kongijskie" title="Języki atlantycko-kongijskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki atlantycko-kongijskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_atl%C3%A2ntico-congolesas" title="Línguas atlântico-congolesas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas atlântico-congolesas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Атлантическо-конголезские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Атлантическо-конголезские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantinkongolaiset_kielet" title="Atlantinkongolaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Atlantinkongolaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantik-Kongo_dilleri" title="Atlantik-Kongo dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Atlantik-Kongo dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="اوقیانوس-کانگو زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوقیانوس-کانگو زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_T%C3%A2y_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng-Congo" title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Đại Tây Dương-Congo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm ngôn ngữ Đại Tây Dương-Congo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Atl%C3%A1nt%C3%ADk%C3%AC-K%C3%B3ng%C3%B2" title="Àwọn èdè Atlántíkì-Kóngò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn èdè Atlántíkì-Kóngò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B-%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="大西洋-刚果语族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ffddaa;">Atlantic–Congo</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><b>Atlantic–Congo</b></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Talodi%E2%80%93Heiban_languages" title="Talodi–Heiban languages">Talodi–Heiban</a>? <small>(Kordofanian)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegambian_languages" title="Senegambian languages">Senegambian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nalu_language" title="Nalu language">Nalu</a></i></li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Rio_Nunez_languages" title="Rio Nunez languages">Rio Nunez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_languages" title="Mel languages">Mel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sua_language" title="Sua language">Sua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gola_language" title="Gola language">Gola</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Volta–Congo languages">Volta–Congo</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">ISO 639-5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/alv" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:alv">alv</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">–</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/atla1278">atla1278</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_the_Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg/300px-Map_of_the_Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_the_Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg/450px-Map_of_the_Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_the_Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg/600px-Map_of_the_Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1123" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The Atlantic–Congo languages shown within the Niger–Congo language family. Non-Atlantic–Congo languages are greyscale.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Atlantic–Congo languages</b> make up the largest demonstrated family of languages in Africa. They have characteristic <a href="/wiki/Noun_class" title="Noun class">noun class</a> systems and form the core of the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger–Congo">Niger–Congo</a> family hypothesis. They comprise all of Niger–Congo apart from <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siamou_language" title="Siamou language">Siamou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Katloid_languages" title="Katloid languages">Katla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashad_languages" title="Rashad languages">Rashad</a> languages (previously classified as <a href="/wiki/Kordofanian_languages" title="Kordofanian languages">Kordofanian</a>), and perhaps some or all of the <a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian languages</a>. Hans Gunther Mukanovsky's "Western Nigritic" corresponded roughly to modern Atlantic–Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukarovsky_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukarovsky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the infobox, the languages which appear to be the most divergent are placed at the top.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic languages">Atlantic</a> branch is defined in the narrow sense (as <a href="/wiki/Senegambian_languages" title="Senegambian languages">Senegambian</a>), while the former Atlantic branches <a href="/wiki/Mel_languages" title="Mel languages">Mel</a> and the isolates <a href="/wiki/Sua_language" title="Sua language">Sua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gola_language" title="Gola language">Gola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limba_language" title="Limba language">Limba</a> are split out as primary branches; they are mentioned next to each other because there is no published evidence to move them; <a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta–Congo">Volta–Congo</a> is intact apart from <a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a>. </p><p>In addition, Güldemann (2018) lists <a href="/wiki/Nalu_language" title="Nalu language">Nalu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Nunez_languages" title="Rio Nunez languages">Rio Nunez</a> as unclassified languages within Niger-Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-Guldemann_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guldemann-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are a few poorly attested languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Bayot_language" title="Bayot language">Bayot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bung_language" title="Bung language">Bung</a>, which may prove to be additional branches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_vocabulary">Comparative vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Comparative vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sample basic vocabulary for reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">proto-languages</a> of different Atlantic-Congo branches: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Branch</th> <th>Language</th> <th>eye</th> <th>ear</th> <th>nose</th> <th>tooth</th> <th>tongue</th> <th>mouth</th> <th>blood</th> <th>bone</th> <th>tree</th> <th>water</th> <th>eat</th> <th>name </th></tr> <tr> <td>"Western Nigritic"<br />(roughly Atlantic–Congo)</td> <td>Proto-"Western Nigritic"<sup id="cite_ref-Mukarovsky_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukarovsky-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*-nín-, *-nínu</td> <td>*-thúi, *-thú-</td> <td>*-míl-, *-míla</td> <td>*-nín- (*-níghin-)</td> <td>*-líma (*-líami); *-lélum- (*-lúm-)</td> <td>*-níana; *-níuna (*-núa)</td> <td>*-ghìá; *-kàl-</td> <td>*-khwúpà</td> <td>*-tí</td> <td>*-lingi</td> <td>*di-</td> <td>*-ghínà </td></tr> <tr> <td>Benue-Congo</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Benue-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Benue-Congo languages">Benue-Congo</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*-lito</td> <td>*-tuŋi</td> <td>*-zua</td> <td>*-nini, *-nino; *-sana; *-gaŋgo</td> <td>*-lemi; *-lake</td> <td></td> <td>*-zi; *-luŋ</td> <td>*-kupe</td> <td>*-titi; *-kwon</td> <td>*-izi; *-ni</td> <td></td> <td>*-zina </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bantu</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*i=jíco</td> <td>*kʊ=tʊ́i</td> <td>*i=jʊ́lʊ</td> <td>*i=jíno; *i=gego</td> <td>*lʊ=lɪ́mi</td> <td>*ka=nʊa; *mʊ=lomo</td> <td>*ma=gilá; *=gil-a; *ma=gadí; *=gadí; *mʊ=lopa; *ma=ɲínga</td> <td>*i=kúpa</td> <td>*mʊ=tɪ́</td> <td>*ma=jíjɪ; *i=diba (HH?)</td> <td>*=lɪ́ -a</td> <td>*i=jína </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yoruboid</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Proto-Yoruboid_language" title="Proto-Yoruboid language">Proto-Yoruboid language</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*é-jú</td> <td>*é-tí</td> <td>*ímṵ́</td> <td>*éŋḭ́</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yor</a>. ahá̰</td> <td>*ɛ́lṵ ?</td> <td>*ɛ̀-gyɛ̀</td> <td>*égbṵ́gbṵ́</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yor</a>. igi</td> <td>*ó-mḭ</td> <td>*jɛṵ</td> <td>*órú- ? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gbe</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td>*-tó</td> <td></td> <td>*aɖú</td> <td>*-ɖɛ́</td> <td>*-ɖũ; *-ɖũkpá</td> <td>*-ʁʷũ</td> <td>*-χʷú</td> <td>*-tĩ́</td> <td>*-tsĩ</td> <td>*ɖu</td> <td>*yĩ́kɔ́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gur</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Central_Gur_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Gur languages">Central Gur</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*me (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi)</td> <td>*ye (Gurunsi, Kurumfe)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>*ñam, *ñim (Oti-Volta, Kurumfe)</td> <td>*ʔob, *ʔo</td> <td>*tɪ (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi)</td> <td>*ni, *ne; *nã (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi)</td> <td>*di</td> <td>*yɪɗ, *yɪd (Oti-Volta, Gurunsi) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gbaya</td> <td>Proto-<a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>*gbà.l̥í/l̥í</td> <td>*zɛ̀rà</td> <td>*zɔ̰̀p</td> <td>*ɲín</td> <td>*léɓé ~ lémbè</td> <td>*nú</td> <td>*tɔ̀k</td> <td>*gbà̰là̰</td> <td>*l̥ì</td> <td>*tè</td> <td>*ɲɔŋ/l̥i</td> <td>*l̥ín ~ l̥íŋ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Mukarovsky-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mukarovsky_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukarovsky_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMukarovsky" class="citation book cs1">Mukarovsky, Hans. <i>A study of Western Nigritic</i>. Wien: Institut für Ägyptologie und Afrikanistik, Universität Wien. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21527702">21527702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+study+of+Western+Nigritic&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+%C3%84gyptologie+und+Afrikanistik%2C+Universit%C3%A4t+Wien.&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21527702&rft.aulast=Mukarovsky&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic%E2%80%93Congo+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench" class="citation web cs1">Blench, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405211554/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf">"Niger-Congo: an alternative view"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2023-04-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Niger-Congo%3A+an+alternative+view&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblench.info%2FLanguage%2FNiger-Congo%2FGeneral%2FNiger-Congo%2520an%2520alternative%2520view.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic%E2%80%93Congo+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guldemann-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guldemann_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGüldemann2018" class="citation book cs1">Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). <i>The Languages and Linguistics of Africa</i>. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. <span class="nowrap">58–</span>444. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110421668-002">10.1515/9783110421668-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042606-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042606-9"><bdi>978-3-11-042606-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133888593">133888593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+linguistics+and+genealogical+language+classification+in+Africa&rft.btitle=The+Languages+and+Linguistics+of+Africa&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=The+World+of+Linguistics+series&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E444&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133888593%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110421668-002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-042606-9&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCldemann&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic%E2%80%93Congo+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1971" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Paul de (1971). <i>The Noun-Class System of Proto-Benue-Congo</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110905311">10.1515/9783110905311</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110905311" title="Special:BookSources/9783110905311"><bdi>9783110905311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Noun-Class+System+of+Proto-Benue-Congo&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110905311&rft.isbn=9783110905311&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Paul+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic%E2%80%93Congo+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchadeberg2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thilo_C._Schadeberg" title="Thilo C. Schadeberg">Schadeberg, Thilo C.</a> (2003). "Historical linguistics". In Nurse, Derek; Philippson, Gérard (eds.). <i>The Bantu Languages</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-700-71134-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-700-71134-5"><bdi>978-0-700-71134-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+linguistics&rft.btitle=The+Bantu+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-700-71134-5&rft.aulast=Schadeberg&rft.aufirst=Thilo+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic%E2%80%93Congo+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAubryFriedmanPozdniakov2004" class="citation web cs1">Aubry, N.; Friedman, H.; Pozdniakov, K. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105021854/http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/NC/Public/pdf/swadesh_yoruba-igala_2004.pdf">"Proto-Yoruba-Igala Swadesh list"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Langage, Langues et Cultures d’Afrique (LLACAN), Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique (CNRS). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/NC/Public/pdf/swadesh_yoruba-igala_2004.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2021-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proto-Yoruba-Igala+Swadesh+list&rft.pub=Langage%2C+Langues+et+Cultures+d%E2%80%99Afrique+%28LLACAN%29%2C+Centre+National+de+la+R%C3%A9cherche+Sci%C3%A9ntifique+%28CNRS%29.&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Aubry&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Friedman%2C+H.&rft.au=Pozdniakov%2C+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsumale.vjf.cnrs.fr%2FNC%2FPublic%2Fpdf%2Fswadesh_yoruba-igala_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic%E2%80%93Congo+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapo1991" class="citation book cs1">Capo, Hounkpati B.C. 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Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2852970635" title="Special:BookSources/2852970635"><bdi>2852970635</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contribution+%C3%A0+la+classification+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9alogique+des+langues+volta%C3%AFques&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=2852970635&rft.aulast=Manessy&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic%E2%80%93Congo+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoñino1988" class="citation book cs1">Moñino, Yves (1988). <i>Lexique comparatif des langues oubanguiennes</i>. Laboratoire de langues et civilisations à tradition orale, Dép. "Langues et parole en Afrique centrale". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782705303532" title="Special:BookSources/9782705303532"><bdi>9782705303532</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexique+comparatif+des+langues+oubanguiennes&rft.pub=Laboratoire+de+langues+et+civilisations+%C3%A0+tradition+orale%2C+D%C3%A9p.+%22Langues+et+parole+en+Afrique+centrale%22&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9782705303532&rft.aulast=Mo%C3%B1ino&rft.aufirst=Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAtlantic%E2%80%93Congo+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Niger%E2%80%93Congo_branches" title="Template:Niger–Congo branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Niger%E2%80%93Congo_branches" title="Template talk:Niger–Congo branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Niger%E2%80%93Congo_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Niger–Congo branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Niger–Congo_branches200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atlantic–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Savannas_languages" title="Savannas languages">Savannas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_languages" title="Adamawa languages">Adamawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bena%E2%80%93Mboi_languages" title="Bena–Mboi languages">Bena–Mboi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bikwin%E2%80%93Jen_languages" title="Bikwin–Jen languages">Bikwin–Jen</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bua_languages" title="Bua languages">Bua</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_language" title="Day language">Day</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Fali_languages_(Cameroon)" title="Fali languages (Cameroon)">Fali</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kim_languages" title="Kim languages">Kim</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwah_language" title="Kwah language">Kwah (Baa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mbum_languages" title="Mbum languages">Mbum (Kebi–Benue)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_languages" title="Mumuye languages">Mumuye</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingwom_language" title="Nyingwom language">Nyingwom (Kam)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Duru_languages" title="Duru languages">Samba–Duru</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tula%E2%80%93Waja_languages" title="Tula–Waja languages">Tula–Waja</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yendang_languages" title="Yendang languages">Yendang (Maya)</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Central Gur</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulango_languages" title="Kulango languages">Kulango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_language" title="Yobe language">Miyobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo (Burkina)</a> ?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiefo_language" title="Tiefo language">Tiefo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusya_language" title="Tusya language">Tusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viemo_language" title="Viemo language">Viemo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Banda_languages" title="Banda languages">Banda</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_languages" title="Gbaya languages">Gbaya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mba_languages" title="Mba languages">Mba</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ngbaka_languages" title="Ngbaka languages">Ngbaka (Mundu–Baka)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_language" title="Ngbandi language">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sere_languages" title="Sere languages">Sere (Ndogo)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zande_languages" title="Zande languages">Zande</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Volta–Congo languages">Volta–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benue%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Benue–Congo languages">Benue–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukunoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kainji_languages" title="Kainji languages">Kainji</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Plateau_languages" title="Plateau languages">Plateau</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_languages" title="Cross River languages">Cross River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Delta_languages" title="Central Delta languages">Central Delta</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_Cross_River_languages" title="Lower Cross River languages">Lower Cross River</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_languages" title="Ogoni languages">Ogoni</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_Cross_River_languages" title="Upper Cross River languages">Upper Cross River</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Bantoid_languages" title="Northern Bantoid languages">Northern Bantoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dakoid_languages" title="Dakoid languages">Dakoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mambiloid_languages" title="Mambiloid languages">Mambiloid</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikar_language" title="Tikar language">Tikar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantoid_languages" title="Southern Bantoid languages">Southern Bantoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beboid_languages" title="Beboid languages">Beboid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bendi_languages" title="Bendi languages">Bendi</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ekoid_languages" title="Ekoid languages">Ekoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Grassfields_languages" title="Grassfields languages">Grassfields</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tivoid_languages" title="Tivoid languages">Tivoid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volta%E2%80%93Niger_languages" title="Volta–Niger languages">Volta–Niger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akoko_language" title="Akoko language">Akoko</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Akpes_language" title="Akpes language">Akpes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ayere%E2%80%93Ahan_languages" title="Ayere–Ahan languages">Ayere–Ahan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Edoid_languages" title="Edoid languages">Edoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Idomoid_languages" title="Idomoid languages">Idomoid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Igboid_languages" title="Igboid languages">Igboid</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nupoid_languages" title="Nupoid languages">Nupoid</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oko_language" title="Oko language">Oko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Atlantic_languages" title="West Atlantic languages">West Atlantic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bak_languages" title="Bak languages">Bak</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bijago_language" title="Bijago language">Bijago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gola_language" title="Gola language">Gola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limba_language" title="Limba language">Limba</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mel_languages" title="Mel languages">Mel</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalu_language" title="Nalu language">Nalu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rio_Nunez_languages" title="Rio Nunez languages">Rio Nunez</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Senegambian_languages" title="Senegambian languages">Senegambian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sua_language" title="Sua language">Sua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others (<a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dompo_language" title="Dompo language">Dompo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ega_language" title="Ega language">Ega</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kru_languages" title="Kru languages">Kru</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mangree_language" title="Mangree language">Mangree</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbre_language" title="Mbre language">Mbre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mpra_language" title="Mpra language">Mpra</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamou_language" title="Siamou language">Siamou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mande_languages" title="Eastern Mande languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_language" title="Bissa language">Bissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Mande)" title="Busa language (Mande)">Busa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Boko_language" title="Boko language">Boko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo (Burkina)</a> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanga_language" title="Shanga language">Shanga</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kyenga_language" title="Kyenga language">Tyenga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Mande_languages" title="Southern Mande languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_language" title="Dan language">Dan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Goo_language" title="Goo language">Goo</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tura_language" title="Tura language">Tura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gban_language" title="Gban language">Gban</a>–<a href="/wiki/Beng_language" title="Beng language">Beng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guro_language" title="Guro language">Guro</a>–<a href="/wiki/Yaure_language" title="Yaure language">Yaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_language" title="Mano language">Mano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwan_language" title="Mwan language">Mwa</a>–<a href="/wiki/Wan_language" title="Wan language">Wan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central West<br />(Manding–Kpelle)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jogo_languages" title="Jogo languages">Jogo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manding_languages" title="Manding languages">Manding</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mokole_languages" title="Mokole languages">Mokole</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soso%E2%80%93Jalonke_languages" title="Soso–Jalonke languages">Soso–Jalonke (Susu–Yalunka)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mande_languages" title="Southwestern Mande languages">Southwestern Mande</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vai%E2%80%93Kono_languages" title="Vai–Kono languages">Vai–Kono</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwest<br />(Samogo–Soninke)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobo_language" title="Bobo language">Bobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jowulu_language" title="Jowulu language">Jowulu (Jɔ)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Samogo_languages" title="Samogo languages">Samogo (partial: Duun–Sembla)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Soninke%E2%80%93Bozo_languages" title="Soninke–Bozo languages">Soninke–Bozo</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kordofanian_languages" title="Kordofanian languages">Kordofanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Katloid_languages" title="Katloid languages">Katla</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lafofa_languages" title="Lafofa languages">Lafofa</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rashad_languages" title="Rashad languages">Rashad</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Talodi%E2%80%93Heiban_languages" title="Talodi–Heiban languages">Talodi–Heiban</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defaka_language" title="Defaka language">Defaka</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dogon_languages" title="Dogon languages">Dogon</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ijoid_languages" title="Ijoid languages">Ijoid</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komta_language" title="Komta language">Komta</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degere" title="Degere">Degere</a> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dima-Bottego_language" title="Dima-Bottego language">Dima-Bottego</a></i> ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omaio_language" title="Omaio language">Omaio</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimba_language" title="Rimba language">Rimba</a> ?</li> <li>"<i><a href="/wiki/Serengeti-Dorobo_language" title="Serengeti-Dorobo language">Serengeti-Dorobo</a></i>" ?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wawu_language" title="Wawu language">Wawu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td 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