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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">G-type main-sequence star</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geeldwerg" title="Geeldwerg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geeldwerg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_G" title="نجوم النسق الأساسي من النوع G – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نجوم النسق الأساسي من النوع G" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_amariella" title="Nana amariella – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nana amariella" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella_de_tipu-G_de_la_secuencia_principal" title="Estrella de tipu-G de la secuencia principal – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estrella de tipu-G de la secuencia principal" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Жоўты карлік – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жоўты карлік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Жоўты карлік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жоўты карлік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Жълто джудже – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жълто джудже" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_groga" title="Nana groga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nana groga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%C4%83_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Сарă карлик – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сарă карлик" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDlut%C3%BD_trpasl%C3%ADk" title="Žlutý trpaslík – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žlutý trpaslík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelber_Zwerg" title="Gelber Zwerg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gelber Zwerg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollane_k%C3%A4%C3%A4bus" title="Kollane kääbus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kollane kääbus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella_de_tipo-G_de_la_secuencia_principal" title="Estrella de tipo-G de la secuencia principal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estrella de tipo-G de la secuencia principal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flava_nano" title="Flava nano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flava nano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_hori" title="Nano hori – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nano hori" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ستاره نوع جی رشته اصلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ستاره نوع جی رشته اصلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naine_jaune" title="Naine jaune – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Naine jaune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%ED%98%95_%EC%A3%BC%EA%B3%84%EC%97%B4%EC%84%B1" title="G형 주계열성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="G형 주계열성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Դեղին թզուկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեղին թզուկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="G श्रेणी का मुख्य-अनुक्रम तारा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="G श्रेणी का मुख्य-अनुक्रम तारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_deret_utama_tipe-G" title="Bintang deret utama tipe-G – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bintang deret utama tipe-G" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_gialla" title="Nana gialla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nana gialla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%92_G" title="כוכב הסדרה הראשית מסוג G – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוכב הסדרה הראשית מסוג G" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="G-ტიპის მთავარი მიმდევრობის ვარსკვლავი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="G-ტიპის მთავარი მიმდევრობის ვარსკვლავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumilio_flava" title="Pumilio flava – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pumilio flava" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzeltenais_punduris" title="Dzeltenais punduris – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzeltenais punduris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gielen_Zwerg" title="Gielen Zwerg – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gielen Zwerg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geltonoji_nyk%C5%A1tuk%C4%97" title="Geltonoji nykštukė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Geltonoji nykštukė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-klasse_staar" title="G-klasse staar – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="G-klasse staar" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%9F%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B5" title="Жолто џуџе – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жолто џуџе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang_jujukan_utama_jenis_G" title="Bintang jujukan utama jenis G – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bintang jujukan utama jenis G" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="ကြယ်ပုဝါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြယ်ပုဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoofdreeksster_type_G" title="Hoofdreeksster type G – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoofdreeksster type G" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%98%9F" title="G型主系列星 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="G型主系列星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gul_dverg" title="Gul dverg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gul dverg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82ty_karze%C5%82" title="Żółty karzeł – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żółty karzeł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A3_amarela" title="Anã amarela – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anã amarela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_galben%C4%83" title="Pitică galbenă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pitică galbenă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%91%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Жёлтый карлик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жёлтый карлик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-type_main-sequence_star" title="G-type main-sequence star – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="G-type main-sequence star" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDlt%C3%BD_trpasl%C3%ADk" title="Žltý trpaslík – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žltý trpaslík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-tyypin_p%C3%A4%C3%A4sarjan_t%C3%A4hti" title="G-tyypin pääsarjan tähti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="G-tyypin pääsarjan tähti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GV-stj%C3%A4rna" title="GV-stjärna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="GV-stjärna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agezlan_awra%C9%A3" title="Agezlan awraɣ – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agezlan awraɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99" title="Сары кәрлә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сары кәрлә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Stellar classification</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_white.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sun_white.jpg/220px-Sun_white.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sun_white.jpg/330px-Sun_white.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sun_white.jpg/440px-Sun_white.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2328" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, a typical example of a G-type main-sequence star</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>G-type main-sequence star</b> (spectral type: G-V), also often, and imprecisely, called a <b>yellow dwarf</b>, or <b>G star</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main-sequence star</a> (luminosity class V) of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">spectral type</a> G. Such a star has about 0.9 to 1.1 <a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">effective temperature</a> between about 5,300 and 6,000 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (5,000 and 5,700 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a>; 9,100 and 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>). Like other main-sequence stars, a G-type main-sequence star converts the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> in its core by means of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, the star in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> to which the Earth is gravitationally bound, is an example of a G-type main-sequence star (G2V type). Each second, the Sun fuses approximately 600 million <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">tons</a> of hydrogen into helium in a process known as the <a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">proton–proton chain</a> (4 hydrogens form 1 helium), <a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">converting</a> about 4 million tons of <a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">matter</a> to <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, other well-known examples of G-type main-sequence stars include <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha Centauri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tau_Ceti" title="Tau Ceti">Tau Ceti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi" title="51 Pegasi">51 Pegasi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-type_main-sequence_star&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>yellow dwarf</i> is a misnomer, because G-type stars actually range in color from white, for more luminous types like the Sun, to only very slightly yellowish for less massive and luminous G-type main-sequence stars.<sup id="cite_ref-vend_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vend-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sun is in fact white, but it can often appear yellow, orange or red through <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s atmosphere due to atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a>, especially at sunrise and sunset.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, although the term "dwarf" is used to contrast G-type main-sequence stars with <a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">giant stars</a> or bigger, stars similar to the Sun still outshine 90% of the stars in the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> (which are largely much dimmer <a href="/wiki/Orange_dwarf" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange dwarf">orange dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">red dwarfs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarfs</a> which are much more common, the latter being <a href="/wiki/Stellar_remnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar remnant">stellar remnants</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A G-type main-sequence star with the mass of the Sun will fuse hydrogen for approximately 10 billion years, until the hydrogen element is exhausted at the center of the star. When this happens, the star rapidly expands, cooling and darkening as it passes through the <a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">subgiant</a> branch and ultimately expanding into many times its previous size at the tip of the <a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">red giant</a> phase, about 1 billion years after leaving the main sequence. After this, the star's degenerate helium core abruptly ignites in a <a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">helium flash</a> fusing <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, and the star passes on to the <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">horizontal branch</a>, and then to the <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymptotic giant">asymptotic giant</a> branch. Expanding even further as helium starts running out as it pulses violently, the star's gravity is not sufficient to hold its outer envelope, resulting in significant mass loss and shedding. The ejected material remains as a <a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">planetary nebula</a>, radiating as it absorbs energetic photons from the photosphere. Eventually, the core begins to fade as nuclear reactions cease, and becomes a dense, compact <a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a>, which cools slowly from its high initial temperature as the nebula fades.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectral_standard_stars">Spectral standard stars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-type_main-sequence_star&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Spectral standard stars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"> <caption>Properties of typical G-type main-sequence stars<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Spectral_type" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectral type">Spectral<br />type</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solar_mass" title="Solar mass"><var>M</var><sub>☉</sub></a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Stellar_radius" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar radius">Radius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solar_radius" title="Solar radius"><var>R</var><sub>☉</sub></a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Solar_luminosity" title="Solar luminosity"><var>L</var><sub>☉</sub></a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective<br />temperature</a><br />(K) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color<br />index</a><br /><span class="nowrap">(B − V)</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>G0V</td> <td>1.06</td> <td>1.100</td> <td>1.35</td> <td style="background-color:#FFF2ED">5,930</td> <td>0.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G1V</td> <td>1.03</td> <td>1.060</td> <td>1.20</td> <td style="background-color:#FFF1EB">5,860</td> <td>0.62 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G2V</td> <td>1.00</td> <td>1.012</td> <td>1.02</td> <td style="background-color:#FFF0E8">5,770</td> <td>0.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G3V</td> <td>0.99</td> <td>1.002</td> <td>0.98</td> <td style="background-color:#FFEFE7">5,720</td> <td>0.66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G4V</td> <td>0.985</td> <td>0.991</td> <td>0.91</td> <td style="background-color:#FFEFE5">5,680</td> <td>0.67 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G5V</td> <td>0.98</td> <td>0.977</td> <td>0.89</td> <td style="background-color:#FFEEE5">5,660</td> <td>0.68 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G6V</td> <td>0.97</td> <td>0.949</td> <td>0.79</td> <td style="background-color:#FFEDE3">5,600</td> <td>0.70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G7V</td> <td>0.95</td> <td>0.927</td> <td>0.74</td> <td style="background-color:#FFEDE1">5,550</td> <td>0.71 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G8V</td> <td>0.94</td> <td>0.914</td> <td>0.68</td> <td style="background-color:#FFECDE">5,480</td> <td>0.73 </td></tr> <tr> <td>G9V</td> <td>0.90</td> <td>0.853</td> <td>0.55</td> <td style="background-color:#FFEADB">5,380</td> <td>0.78 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The revised Yerkes Atlas system (Johnson & Morgan 1953)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> listed 11 G-type <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_star" title="Dwarf star">dwarf</a> spectral standard stars; however, not all of these still exactly conform to this designation. </p><p>The "anchor points" of the <a href="/wiki/MK_spectral_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="MK spectral classification">MK spectral classification</a> system among the G-type <a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">main-sequence</a> dwarf stars, i.e. those standard stars that have remained unchanged over years, are <a href="/wiki/Beta_Canum_Venaticorum" title="Beta Canum Venaticorum">Chara</a> (G0V), the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> (G2V), <a href="/wiki/Kappa1_Ceti" title="Kappa1 Ceti">Kappa1 Ceti</a> (G5V), <a href="/wiki/61_Ursae_Majoris" title="61 Ursae Majoris">61 Ursae Majoris</a> (G8V).<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other primary MK standard stars include HD 115043 (G1V) and <a href="/wiki/16_Cygni" title="16 Cygni">16 Cygni</a> B (G3V).<sup id="cite_ref-Keenan89_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keenan89-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The choices of G4 and G6 dwarf standards have changed slightly over the years among expert classifiers, but often-used examples include <a href="/wiki/70_Virginis" title="70 Virginis">70 Virginis</a> (G4V) and <a href="/wiki/82_Eridani" class="mw-redirect" title="82 Eridani">82 Eridani</a> (G6V). There are not yet any generally agreed upon G7V and G9V standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Habitability">Habitability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-type_main-sequence_star&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Habitability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Habitability_of_yellow_dwarf_systems" title="Habitability of yellow dwarf systems">Habitability of yellow dwarf systems</a></div> <p>G-type main sequence stars can provide habitability for life to develop, such as the Sun with life on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-astrobiology_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astrobiology-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also live long enough to give life enough time to develop, between 7.9 and 13 billion years. Our Sun’s lifetime is about 10 billion years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planets">Planets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-type_main-sequence_star&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Planets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the Sun and its <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">planets</a>, some of the nearest G-type stars known to have planets include <a href="/wiki/61_Virginis" title="61 Virginis">61 Virginis</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_102365" title="HD 102365">HD 102365</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_147513" title="HD 147513">HD 147513</a>, <a href="/wiki/47_Ursae_Majoris" title="47 Ursae Majoris">Chalawan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mu_Arae" title="Mu Arae">Cervantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tau_Ceti" title="Tau Ceti">Tau Ceti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-type_main-sequence_star&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G-dwarf_problem" title="G-dwarf problem">G-dwarf problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_analog" title="Solar analog">Solar analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_count" title="Star count">Star count</a>, survey of stars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow hypergiant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G-type_main-sequence_star&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protostar" title="Protostar">Protostar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-main-sequence_star" title="Pre-main-sequence star">Pre-main-sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig_Ae/Be_star" title="Herbig Ae/Be star">Herbig Ae/Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_Tauri_star" title="T Tauri star">T Tauri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbig%E2%80%93Haro_object" title="Herbig–Haro object">Herbig–Haro object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_track" title="Hayashi track">Hayashi track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henyey_track" title="Henyey track">Henyey track</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_sequence" title="Main sequence">Main sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-giant_branch" title="Red-giant branch">Red-giant branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_branch" title="Horizontal branch">Horizontal branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_clump" title="Red clump">Red clump</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asymptotic_giant_branch" title="Asymptotic giant branch">Asymptotic giant branch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-AGB_star" title="Post-AGB star">post-AGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-AGB_star" title="Super-AGB star">super-AGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_loop" title="Blue loop">Blue loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_nebula" title="Planetary nebula">Planetary nebula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_nebula" title="Protoplanetary nebula">Protoplanetary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf-Rayet_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf-Rayet nebula">Wolf-Rayet nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159_star" title="PG 1159 star">PG1159</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredge-up" title="Dredge-up">Dredge-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OH/IR_star" title="OH/IR star">OH/IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instability_strip" title="Instability strip">Instability strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_blue_variable" title="Luminous blue variable">Luminous blue variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_population" title="Stellar population">Stellar population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">Supernova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superluminous_supernova" title="Superluminous supernova">Superluminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">Hypernova</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_classification" title="Stellar classification">Classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Early-type star">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late-type_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-type star">Late</a></li> <li>Main sequence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O-type_main-sequence_star" title="O-type main-sequence star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-type_main-sequence_star" title="B-type main-sequence star">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-type_main-sequence_star" title="A-type main-sequence star">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-type_main-sequence_star" title="F-type main-sequence star">F</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-type_main-sequence_star" title="K-type main-sequence star">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dwarf" title="Red dwarf">M</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf" title="Subdwarf">Subdwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_O_star" title="Subdwarf O star">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdwarf_B_star" title="Subdwarf B star">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%E2%80%93Rayet_star" title="Wolf–Rayet star">WR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB_star" title="OB star">OB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgiant" title="Subgiant">Subgiant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_star" title="Giant star">Giant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_giant" title="Blue giant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_giant" title="Red giant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow giant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright_giant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright giant">Bright giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supergiant" title="Supergiant">Supergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_supergiant" title="Blue supergiant">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_supergiant" title="Red supergiant">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_supergiant" title="Yellow supergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergiant" title="Hypergiant">Hypergiant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_hypergiant" title="Yellow hypergiant">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">Carbon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S-type_star" title="S-type star">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN_star" title="CN star">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH_star" title="CH star">CH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemically_peculiar_star" title="Chemically peculiar star">Chemically peculiar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Am_star" title="Am star">Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap_and_Bp_stars" title="Ap and Bp stars">Ap/Bp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEMP_star" title="CEMP star">CEMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-manganese_star" title="Mercury-manganese star">HgMn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium-weak_star" title="Helium-weak star">He-weak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_star" title="Barium star">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Bo%C3%B6tis_star" title="Lambda Boötis star">Lambda Boötis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_star" title="Lead star">Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technetium_star" title="Technetium star">Technetium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_star" title="Be star">Be</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_star" title="Shell star">Shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B(e)_star" title="B(e) star">B[e]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_star" title="Helium star">Helium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_helium_star" title="Extreme helium star">Extreme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_straggler" title="Blue straggler">Blue straggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Remnants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact star">Compact star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRAS_00500%2B6713" title="IRAS 00500+6713">Parker's star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">White dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helium_planet" title="Helium planet">Helium planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">Neutron</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio-quiet_neutron_star" title="Radio-quiet neutron star">Radio-quiet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">Pulsar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_pulsar" title="Binary pulsar">Binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_pulsar" title="X-ray pulsar">X-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">Magnetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_black_hole" title="Stellar black hole">Stellar black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_binary" title="X-ray binary">X-ray binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X-ray_burster" title="X-ray burster">Burster</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_gamma_repeater" title="Soft gamma repeater">SGR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_star" title="Hypothetical star">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_dwarf_(red-dwarf_stage)" title="Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage)">Blue dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dwarf" title="Black dwarf">Black dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_star" title="Exotic star">Exotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boson_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Boson star">Boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_star" title="Electroweak star">Electroweak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_star" title="Strange star">Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Preon star">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planck_star" title="Planck star">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_star_(dark_matter)" title="Dark star (dark matter)">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark-energy_star" title="Dark-energy star">Dark-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_star" title="Quark star">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_star" title="Q star">Q</a></li></ul></li> <li>Black hole star <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_star_(semiclassical_gravity)" title="Black star (semiclassical gravity)">Black</a></li> <li>Hawking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-star" title="Quasi-star">Quasi-star</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravastar" title="Gravastar">Gravastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorne%E2%80%93%C5%BBytkow_object" title="Thorne–Żytkow object">Thorne–Żytkow object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_star" title="Iron star">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzar" title="Blitzar">Blitzar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hole" title="White hole">White hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">Nucleosynthesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deuterium_fusion" title="Deuterium fusion">Deuterium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_burning" title="Lithium burning">Lithium burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" title="Proton–proton chain">Proton–proton chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNO_cycle" title="CNO cycle">CNO cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_flash" title="Helium flash">Helium flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple-alpha_process" title="Triple-alpha process">Triple-alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_process" title="Alpha process">Alpha process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-burning_process" title="Carbon-burning process">C burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon-burning_process" title="Neon-burning process">Ne burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-burning_process" title="Oxygen-burning process">O burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon-burning_process" title="Silicon-burning process">Si burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-process" title="S-process">s-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-process" title="R-process">r-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-process" title="P-process">p-process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusor_(astronomy)" title="Fusor (astronomy)">Fusor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova" title="Nova">Nova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_nova" title="Symbiotic nova">Symbiotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_remnant" title="Nova remnant">Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_red_nova" title="Luminous red nova">Luminous red nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova#Recurrent_novae" title="Nova">Recurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">Micronova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernova_nucleosynthesis" title="Supernova nucleosynthesis">Supernova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_core" title="Stellar core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convection_zone" title="Convection zone">Convection zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microturbulence" title="Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar-like_oscillations" title="Solar-like oscillations">Oscillations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation zone">Radiation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_atmosphere" title="Stellar atmosphere">Atmosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photosphere" title="Photosphere">Photosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starspot" title="Starspot">Starspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosphere" title="Chromosphere">Chromosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_corona" title="Stellar corona">Stellar corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfv%C3%A9n_surface" title="Alfvén surface">Alfvén surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_wind" title="Stellar wind">Stellar wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar-wind_bubble" title="Stellar-wind bubble">Bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_outflow" title="Bipolar outflow">Bipolar outflow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplyd" title="Proplyd">Proplyd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroseismology" title="Asteroseismology">Asteroseismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helioseismology" title="Helioseismology">Helioseismology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddington_luminosity" title="Eddington luminosity">Eddington luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin%E2%80%93Helmholtz_mechanism" title="Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism">Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Properties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_designations_and_names" title="Stellar designations and names">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_temperature" title="Effective temperature">Effective temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminosity" title="Luminosity">Luminosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_kinematics" title="Stellar kinematics">Kinematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_magnetic_field" title="Stellar magnetic field">Magnetic field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" title="Absolute magnitude">Absolute magnitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_mass" title="Stellar mass">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallicity" title="Metallicity">Metallicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_rotation" title="Stellar rotation">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight" title="Starlight">Starlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_star" title="Variable star">Variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric_system" title="Photometric system">Photometric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_index" title="Color index">Color index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram" title="Hertzsprung–Russell diagram">Hertzsprung–Russell diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color%E2%80%93color_diagram" title="Color–color diagram">Color–color diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6mgren_sphere" title="Strömgren sphere">Strömgren sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_break" title="Kraft break">Kraft break</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Star_system" title="Star system">Star systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary_star" title="Binary star">Binary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_binary" title="Contact binary">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_envelope" title="Common envelope">Common envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipsing_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipsing binary">Eclipsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiotic_binary" title="Symbiotic binary">Symbiotic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_system#Multiple_star_systems" title="Star system">Multiple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_cluster" title="Star cluster">Cluster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_cluster" title="Open cluster">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_cluster" title="Globular cluster">Globular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_star_cluster" title="Super star cluster">Super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">Planetary system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earth-centric<br />observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse" title="Solar eclipse">Solar eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_radio_emission" title="Solar radio emission">Solar radio emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">Pole star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">Circumpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">Constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">Asterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitude_(astronomy)" title="Magnitude (astronomy)">Magnitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">Apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_(astronomy)" title="Extinction (astronomy)">Extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_magnitude" title="Photographic magnitude">Photographic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">Radial velocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_motion" title="Proper motion">Proper motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">Parallax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photometric-standard_star" title="Photometric-standard star">Photometric-standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars" title="Lists of stars">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_stars" title="List of proper names of stars">Proper names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" title="List of Arabic star names">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_star_extremes" title="List of star extremes">Extremes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_massive_stars" title="List of most massive stars">Most massive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hottest_stars" title="List of hottest stars">Highest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coolest_stars" title="List of coolest stars">Lowest temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_known_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest known stars">Largest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_known_stars" title="List of smallest known stars">Smallest volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brightest_stars" title="List of brightest stars">Brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_brightest_stars" title="Historical brightest stars">Historical brightest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_luminous_stars" title="List of most luminous stars">Most luminous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars" title="List of nearest stars">Nearest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nearest_bright_stars" title="List of nearest bright stars">bright</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_most_distant_astronomical_objects#List_of_most_distant_objects_by_type" title="List of the most distant astronomical objects">Most distant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stars_with_resolved_images" title="List of stars with resolved images">With resolved images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiplanetary_systems" title="List of multiplanetary systems">With multiple exoplanets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_brown_dwarfs" title="List of brown dwarfs">Brown dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_red_dwarfs" title="List of red dwarfs">Red dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_white_dwarfs" title="List of white dwarfs">White dwarfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_novae_in_the_Milky_Way_galaxy" title="List of novae in the Milky Way galaxy">Milky Way novae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernovae" title="List of supernovae">Supernovae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_candidates" title="List of supernova candidates">Candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supernova_remnants" title="List of supernova remnants">Remnants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_planetary_nebulae" title="List of planetary nebulae">Planetary nebulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_stellar_astronomy" title="Timeline of stellar astronomy">Timeline of stellar astronomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Substellar_object" title="Substellar object">Substellar object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf">Brown dwarf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown-dwarf_desert" title="Brown-dwarf desert">Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-brown_dwarf" title="Sub-brown dwarf">Sub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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