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enciklopedijos.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lt" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Vaizdas:%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg/220px-%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg/330px-%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg/440px-%27Ranch_Hand%27_run.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1293" /></a><figcaption>Lėktuvas UC-123B <i>Provider</i> purškia <a href="/w/index.php?title=Defoliantas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Defoliantas (puslapis neegzistuoja)">defoliantus</a> (dalis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operacija_Ranch_Hand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operacija Ranch Hand (puslapis neegzistuoja)">operacijos <i>Ranch Hand</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Vietnamo_karas" title="Vietnamo karas">Vietnamo karo</a> metu.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Herbicidinė karyba</b>, <i>herbicidinis karas</i> (<a href="/wiki/Angl%C5%B3_kalba" title="Anglų kalba">angl.</a> <i>herbicidal warfare</i>) – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemin%C4%97_karyba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheminė karyba (puslapis neegzistuoja)">cheminės karybos</a> variantas<sup id="cite_ref-Malaya_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaya-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, kai siekiant karo tikslų naudoja chemines priemones (<a href="/wiki/Herbicidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbicidas">herbicidus</a>), kuriomis naikina augaliją. Tokios veiklos tikslai: </p> <ul><li>sunaikinti žemės ūkio kultūras priešininko teritorijoje,</li> <li>sunaikinti <a href="/wiki/Augalija" title="Augalija">augaliją</a>, kuria priešininkas naudojasi (paprastai kaip priedanga ar maskuotei).</li></ul> <p>Nuo 1978 m. herbicidinės karybos veiksmai uždrausti <a href="/wiki/Aplinkos_modifikavimo_sutartis" title="Aplinkos modifikavimo sutartis">Aplinkos modifikavimo sutartimi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angl%C5%B3_kalba" title="Anglų kalba">angl.</a> <i>Environmental Modification Convention</i>), kuri draudžia „bet kokius metodus, kurie keičia Žemės <a href="/wiki/Biota" title="Biota">biotos</a> sudėtį ar struktūrą“.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorija">Istorija</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbicidin%C4%97_karyba&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Istorija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaguoti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbicidin%C4%97_karyba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Istorija"><span>redaguoti vikitekstą</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Šių dienų herbicidinė karyba kilo iš augalų augimo reguliatorių karinių tyrimų. Tai šiuolaikinis <a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1deginta_%C5%BEem%C4%97" title="Išdeginta žemė">išdegintos žemės</a> taktikos, kurią kariuomenės naudoja nuo gilios senovės tam, kad palikti priešininką be maisto, pašarų ir priedangos, technologiškai patobulintas variantas. </p><p>Tirti karinius herbicidus ėmė 1940 m. Anglijoje. 1944 m. į tokiais tyrimais užsiėmė ir JAV. Nors herbicidai yra cheminės medžiagos, dėl jų veikimo per augimo reguliavimo mechanizmus, juos dažnai laiko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biologin%C4%97_karyba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biologinė karyba (puslapis neegzistuoja)">biologinės karybos</a> priemonėmis. Iki Antrojo pasaulinio karo pabaigos ieškant fitotoksinių savybių buvo ištirta virš 1000 cheminių junginių. Sąjungininkai planavo herbicidais naikinti <a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1is" class="mw-redirect" title="Ašis">Ašies valstybių</a> javus. </p><p>1945 m. JAV KOP generolas <i>Victor E. Betrandias</i> savo vadui generolui Henriui Arnoldui (<i>Henry H. Arnold</i>) pateikė pasiūlymą <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amonio_tiocianatas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amonio tiocianatas (puslapis neegzistuoja)">amonio tiocianatu</a> naikinti <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%BEiai" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryžiai">ryžių</a> pasėlius Japonijoje. Tai buvo vienas iš siūlytų būdų priversti Japoniją badauti. Buvo manoma, kad amonio tiocianatas nebus priskirtas prie cheminės karybos priemonių, nes jis menkai nuodingas žmonėms. Bet, jei JAV būtų pradėjusi cheminį karą prieš Japoniją, <a href="/wiki/Ipritas" title="Ipritas">ipritas</a> būtų buvęs dar efektyvesnis ryžių pasėlių žudikas. Planas buvo atmestas kaip taktiškai netinkamas.<sup id="cite_ref-Chappell1997_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaja">Malaja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbicidin%C4%97_karyba&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Malaja" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaguoti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbicidin%C4%97_karyba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Malaja"><span>redaguoti vikitekstą</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kare pirmieji herbicidus panaudojo britai. Tai buvo 1951 m., Malajos karo metu, kai britai purškė <a href="/wiki/Trichlorfenoksiacto_r%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis" title="Trichlorfenoksiacto rūgštis">2,4,5,-trichlorfenoksiacto rūgštį</a> (kitaip dar <i>2,4,5-T</i>), kuri šiaip naudojama kovai su <a href="/wiki/Kau%C4%8Diukmedis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaučiukmedis">kaučiukmedžio</a> kenkėjais. 30 m. vėliau paviešinti dokumentai parodė, kad britų Malajoje naudotas „Trioxone“ buvo praktiškai identiškas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran%C5%BEinis_agentas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oranžinis agentas (puslapis neegzistuoja)">oranžiniam agentui</a>, kurį vėliau JAV kariuomenė naudojo Vietname.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaya_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaya-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trioksoną naudojo džiunglėms palei takus retinti, kad būtų sunkiau surengti <a href="/wiki/Pasala" title="Pasala">pasalas</a>, taip pat vietinių gyventojų žemės ūkio kultūras. Pvz., 1952 m. vasarą 500 ha plotą nupurškė 90000 litrų trioksono naudodami priešgaisrinius siurblius. Britų kariškiams paaiškėjo, kad džiunglėse sunku naudoti techninė įrangą ir kartu dėvėti visą apsauginį kostiumą.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaya_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaya-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buvo manoma, kad maisto šaltinių naikinimas yra efektyvus ginklas prieš sukilėlius, todėl „banditų pasėlius“ purškė iš lėktuvų.<sup id="cite_ref-Malaya_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malaya-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vėliau buvo nutarta, kad prieš pasėlius nukreipti veiksmai neefektyvūs ir prieštarauja kitiems karo tikslams. </p><p>D.Britanijos vyriausybėje vykusios diskusijos sukosi apie aštrų klausimą, ar herbicidinė karyba pažeidžia 1925 m. <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDenevos_Protokolas" title="Ženevos Protokolas">Ženevos protokolą</a>, kuris gana bendrais apibrėžimais draudė cheminę karybą. D. Britanija siekė išvengti kaltinimų, panašių į kaltinimus, kad JAV <a href="/wiki/Kor%C4%97jos_karas" title="Korėjos karas">Korėjos karo</a> metu naudojo biologinį ginklą. Britų vyriausybė nutarė, kad lengviausias būdas išvengti to buvo neigti, kad Malajoje vyksta karas. Jie paskelbė, kad sukilimas buvo vidaus saugumo klausimas, todėl herbicidų naudojimas buvo policinė priemonė kaip ir <a href="/w/index.php?title=CS_dujos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CS dujos (puslapis neegzistuoja)">CS dujų</a> panaudojimas riaušių malšinime.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamblin2013_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamblin2013-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuorodos">Nuorodos</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbicidin%C4%97_karyba&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redaguoti skyrelį: Nuorodos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redaguoti</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbicidin%C4%97_karyba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Nuorodos"><span>redaguoti vikitekstą</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Malaya-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Malaya_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Malaya_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Malaya_1-2">1,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Malaya_1-3">1,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">„How Britain sprayed Malaya with dioxin“, <i>New Scientist</i> 19 January 1984, p. 6 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=I_lWnBp1GUMC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6">full text</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Vikipedija:I%C5%A1orin%C4%97s_nuorodos" title="Vikipedija:Išorinės nuorodos">[neveikianti nuoroda]</a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7182515">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un-documents.net/enmod.htm">„Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques“</a>. UN. 10 December 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Nuoroda tikrinta <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convention+on+the+Prohibition+of+Military+or+Any+Other+Hostile+Use+of+Environmental+Modification+Techniques&rft.pub=UN&rft.date=1976-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un-documents.net%2Fenmod.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AHerbicidin%C4%97+karyba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chappell1997-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Chappell1997_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_David_Chappell1997" class="citation book cs1">John David Chappell (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforebombhowame0000chap"><i>Before the Bomb: How America Approached the End of the Pacific War</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforebombhowame0000chap/page/91">91</a>-92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/978-0-8131-7052-7" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/978-0-8131-7052-7"><bdi>978-0-8131-7052-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Bomb%3A+How+America+Approached+the+End+of+the+Pacific+War&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-7052-7&rft.au=John+David+Chappell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeforebombhowame0000chap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AHerbicidin%C4%97+karyba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamblin2013-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hamblin2013_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7182515" /><cite id="CITEREFJacob_Darwin_Hamblin2013" class="citation book cs1">Jacob Darwin Hamblin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armingmothernatu0000hamb"><i>Arming Mother Nature: The Birth of Catastrophic Environmentalism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armingmothernatu0000hamb/page/n80">67</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Specialus:Knyg%C5%B3_%C5%A1altiniai/978-0-19-974005-5" title="Specialus:Knygų šaltiniai/978-0-19-974005-5"><bdi>978-0-19-974005-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arming+Mother+Nature%3A+The+Birth+of+Catastrophic+Environmentalism&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974005-5&rft.au=Jacob+Darwin+Hamblin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmingmothernatu0000hamb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Flt.wikipedia.org%3AHerbicidin%C4%97+karyba" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Rodomas puslapis "<a dir="ltr" href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbicidinė_karyba&oldid=7093414">https://lt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herbicidinė_karyba&oldid=7093414</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Specialus:Kategorijos" title="Specialus:Kategorijos">Kategorijos</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Cheminis_ginklas" title="Kategorija:Cheminis ginklas">Cheminis ginklas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Karyba" title="Kategorija:Karyba">Karyba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Pesticidai" title="Kategorija:Pesticidai">Pesticidai</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Paslėpta kategorija: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Straipsniai_su_neveikian%C4%8Diomis_nuorodomis" title="Kategorija:Straipsniai su neveikiančiomis nuorodomis">Straipsniai su neveikiančiomis nuorodomis</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Šis puslapis paskutinį kartą keistas 3 lapkričio 2023 02:04.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekstas pateikiamas pagal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike Licenciją</a>; gali būti taikomos papildomos sąlygos. 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