Carles II de Castella i de Catalunya-Aragó

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Fou de naturalesa raquítica i malaltissa, i oligofrènic com a resultat del matrimoni consanguini. 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class="hidden"></div> </section> </aside> </div> <div class="featured-top"> <aside class="featured-top__inner section container-fluid clearfix" role="complementary"> <section class="row region region-featured-top"> <div id="block-tempsdelectura" class="container tempsdelectura block block-block-content block-block-contente366a2b2-4f33-4076-bc88-5ce3ea72b85a"> <div class="content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field__item">Temps de lectura: <strong>3 min</strong></div> </div> </div> </section> </aside> </div> <div id="main-wrapper" class="layout-main-wrapper clearfix"> <div id="main" class="container-fluid"> <div class="row row-offcanvas row-offcanvas-left clearfix"> <main class="main-content col" id="content" role="main"> <section class="section"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <section class="region region-content"> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-6" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-6"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_6 js-view-dom-id-3915d1010dbb66a41d541afada62e4fb0eee20bd625ddca70fc444090302bdb7"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><h1> Carles II de Castella i de Catalunya-Aragó<div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_10 js-view-dom-id-449e6a0acfd78e8c2ceb6393b0b09956a965c1bc6d35cd4c64c0ef697adf11ee"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </h1></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-13" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-13"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_13 js-view-dom-id-e07fae75653d628ad8d2b905731d02ddb21fe3b7d69839724da6f6c51407fcb4"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-view"><div class="field-content altnamenou"><div class="view view-alternative-name-nou- view-id-alternative_name_nou_ view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-cf2a9db692f8139eeb9c500b8fca4b951462871f68e7f5a3f4f969280cfe119d"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <span class="views-field views-field-field-nom-alternatiu"><span class="field-content"><strong>Carles III de Sicília</strong></span></span><span class="views-field views-field-field-text-a-mostrar"><span class="field-content"></span></span><span class="views-field views-field-field-text-a-mostrar-1"><span class="field-content"></span></span><span class="views-field views-field-id"><span class="field-content">, </span></span> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-view"><div class="field-content altnamenou"><div class="view view-alternative-name-nou- view-id-alternative_name_nou_ view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-c90f3e403baff8947c01aedf807ebedb31d4e3dcd41d62c7bb80e422d4c8760d"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <span class="views-field views-field-field-nom-alternatiu"><span class="field-content"><strong>Carles V de Nàpols</strong></span></span><span class="views-field views-field-field-text-a-mostrar"><span class="field-content"></span></span><span class="views-field views-field-field-text-a-mostrar-1"><span class="field-content"></span></span><span class="views-field views-field-id"><span class="field-content">, </span></span> </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-9" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-9"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_9 js-view-dom-id-eb66412c12c0544abba42764108234c7f7cdf2f06b14326e3c199e8d53747b96"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-15" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-15"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_15 js-view-dom-id-6cf03c05d8bed4141745093fb0b8559ef369666f90e5e9bb624fcab9de50ae6c"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-nothing"><span class="field-content">(Madrid, 6 de novembre de 1661 — Madrid, 1 de novembre de 1700)</span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-cos-block-6" id="block-gec-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-cos-block-6"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_6 js-view-dom-id-e2d69b4fd9ceda3b3f48228c7b614369f137a9df39b6ba948c0e271015aa97c4"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-view"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-9d80b8fd32f26526f991c3d342a5e1ff2c406aefb0fcf4c21a17d45008812a78"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field views-field-view-1"><span class="field-content"><div class="view view-fitxa-tecnica-cos view-id-fitxa_tecnica_cos view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-b2b40d961eef843d488dde1f04a374068986eb21826563f133febc231e71f184"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> </div> </div> </div> </span></div><div class="views-field 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block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-11" id="block-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-11"> <div class="content"> <div><div class="work-sidebar view view-fitxa-tecnica view-id-fitxa_tecnica view-display-id-block_11 js-view-dom-id-264a575823f6e25c3d0dacc5434be39c961e407929062dc5a3b5bd7ee6c52881"> <div class="view-content row"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-views-conditional-field"><span class="field-content"><div class="mediagroup"></div></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-field-brief"><div class="field-content"><p>Rei de Castella i de Catalunya-Aragó (1665-1700), darrer de la línia hispànica dels Habsburg.</p> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-body"><div class="field-content"><p>Fill del segon matrimoni de Felip IV de Castella amb la seva neboda Marianna d’Àustria, la qual ocupà la regència (1665-75) durant la minoritat de Carles II. Fou de naturalesa raquítica i malaltissa, i oligofrènic com a resultat del matrimoni consanguini. El seu regnat presidí la fase més aguda de la decadència castellana, que culminà quan el confessor de la reina, el jesuïta alemany J.E. Nithard, s’emparà del poder després de destituir la junta de govern de cinc ministres designada al testament de Felip IV de Castella (el vicecanceller de Catalunya-Aragó, Cristòfor Crespí de Valldaura, el marquès d’Aitona, Guillem Ramon de Montcada, l’inquisidor general, cardenal Pasqual d’Aragó Folc de Cardona, i els nobles castellans García de Haro Sotomayor, comte d’El Castrillo, i Gaspar de Bracamonte, comte de Peñaranda).</p> <p>La corona catalanoaragonesa es trobava, però, en un procés de recuperació palesat en una política (que ha estat anomenada per alguns historiadors de <span class="div-italic">neoforalista</span>) que aspirava a actualitzar l’ordre constitucional de la monarquia; les classes dirigents catalanes sostingueren a fons l’aixecament de Joan Josep d’Àustria, fill natural de Felip IV de Castella, que exigí a la reina la destitució de Nithard (1669). Joan Josep d’Àustria no sabé, però, treure partit de les circumstàncies (fou nomenat vicari general de la corona catalanoaragonesa), i l’intrigant Fernando Valenzuela fou nomenat primer ministre; quan finalment aquell obtingué el govern (1676), només una mort sobtada evità el seu total descrèdit (1679). En tot cas aquella política (les directrius bàsiques de la qual informaren anys després el programa austriacista durant la Guerra de Successió) representà l’intent dels regnes perifèrics d’intervenir en la vida política de la monarquia.</p> <p>És ben eloqüent el contrast entre els adjectius donats a Carles II: mentre que per a la historiografia castellana és el símbol de l’ocàs (és ensems <span class="div-italic">El Hechizado</span> i el sobirà impotent davant els exèrcits de Lluís XIV), segons alguns cronistes catalans, com Narcís Feliu de la Penya, home clau de la recuperació del Principat a la darreria del segle XVIII, fou “el millor rei que ha tingut Espanya”. Al País Valencià, on la Segona Germania (1693) revelà el desvetllament del camp i reivindicà els Furs de Jaume I, tingué lloc el 1670 la creació del port franc de València; les Balears, per contrast, semblen restar al marge d’aquest corrent: fou l’època de les lluites entre canamunts i canavalls i del paroxisme inquisitorial (crema de xuetes del bosc de Bellver, el 1691). Aquest revifament es palesà també a Aragó amb l’acció de la Junta Económica creada per Juan Pablo Dormer (1674). Desaparegut el càrrec de vicecanceller de Catalunya-Aragó el 1692 (per segona vegada al segle XVII), substituït per un president castellà al Consell d’Aragó, fou demanada la restitució del càrrec a Carles II per una representació dels regnes catalanoaragonesos. La recuperació afectà, finalment, també la mateixa Castella, un cop superat el trauma deflacionista dels anys 1680-85, quan començaren a fructificar els assaigs de colbertisme del ministeri presidit (1685-91) per Manuel Joaquín Álvarez de Toledo, comte d’Oropesa, que succeí el duc de Medinaceli (1670-85).</p> <p>En el pla internacional, l’època de Carles II es caracteritzà per una actitud defensiva davant l’imperialisme francès, obsessionat per incorporar-se les terres situades deçà el Rin, fet que motivà diversos enfrontaments bèl·lics als Països Baixos de domini castellà, amb la intervenció d’altres potències, unides pel desig d’oposar-se a l’imperialisme de Lluís XIV: l’anomenada Guerra de Devolució (1667-68), per a fer cara a la qual la regent hagué de reconèixer la independència de Portugal (1668); la guerra d’Holanda (1672-78); la política francesa de “reunions”; la guerra de la lliga d’Augsburg (1689-97). La persistència d’un ideal imperialista insostenible portà el govern de Madrid a rebutjar l’oferiment francès de retrocessió del Rosselló, del Conflent i de la Cerdanya ocupada i la possibilitat de recuperar Portugal, en canvi dels Països Baixos, de l’Artois, de Luxemburg i del Franc Comtat, i consumà l’esfondrament de Castella, complicada en guerres continuades que produïren invasions freqüents a Catalunya, cessions importants als Països Baixos i la pèrdua del Franc Comtat (pau de Nimega, 1678). Des del 1688, quan Anglaterra esdevingué el nucli de les coalicions contra França. Lluís XIV desvià els seus afanys vers la successió a la corona hispànica, atesa la migrada salut de Carles II i la seva manca de descendència en els seus dos matrimonis —el 1679 amb Maria Lluïsa d’Orleans i, morta aquesta (1689), el 1690 amb Marianna de Neuburg—. A la pau de Rijswijk (1697), Lluís XIV adoptà una actitud generosa i renuncià les conquestes fetes, inclosa la de Barcelona —aquell any el Principat havia estat novament annexat a la monarquia francesa—, mentre que a través del seu ambaixador a Madrid, Enric de Lorena, duc d’Harcourt, procurà de crear a la cort un partit favorable a una successió francesa al tron.</p> <p>D’altra banda, el rei francès, que el 1668 ja havia signat un tractat de partició dels dominis hispànics amb l’emperador Leopold I, en signà un de nou a la Haia amb Anglaterra i Holanda (1698), al qual Àustria refusà d’adherir-se, convençuda de l’elecció de l’arxiduc Carles, fill de Leopold I, com a successor. Carles II, indignat per aquest tractat i influït pel cardenal Luis Fernández de Portocarrero, primat de Toledo, disposà en el seu testament (1698) la successió a favor del príncep Josep Ferran de Baviera, però, mort aquest prematurament (1699), la qüestió successòria restà oberta novament. Malgrat les pressions de la seva muller Marianna de Neuburg i de l’ambaixador austríac, comte Ferdinand Bonaventura von Harrach, el rei es decantà en un nou testament (3 d’octubre de 1700) pel net de Lluís XIV, Felip d’Anjou. Poc temps després (1 de novembre) morí sense haver revocat aquesta decisió; deixà, així, el camí obert a la guerra de Successió, que s’iniciaria al cap de pocs mesos.</p> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-gec-content" class="block block-system block-system-main-block"> <div class="content"> <article data-history-node-id="422182" role="article" about="/gran-enciclopedia-catalana/carles-ii-de-castella-i-de-catalunya-arago" class="node node--type-enciclopedia node--view-mode-full clearfix"> <header> </header> <div class="node__content clearfix"> </div> </article> </div> </div> </section> </section> </main> <div class="sidebar_first sidebar col-md-2 order-first" id="sidebar_first"> <aside class="section" role="complementary"> <section class="region region-sidebar-first"> <div class="views-element-container portada-work-sidebar display-none block block-views block-views-blockfitxa-tecnica-block-5" id="block-gec-views-block-fitxa-tecnica-block-5"> <div 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