CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>French Sign Language family - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"fdbc76d1-0fdc-4b44-922e-151e63f63952","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"French_Sign_Language_family","wgTitle":"French Sign Language family","wgCurRevisionId":1218817442,"wgRevisionId":1218817442,"wgArticleId":25249075,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing French-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020","French Sign Language family","Deaf culture"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"French_Sign_Language_family", "wgRelevantArticleId":25249075,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":8000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5501921","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="French Sign Language family - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-French_Sign_Language_family rootpage-French_Sign_Language_family skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=French+Sign+Language+family" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=French+Sign+Language+family" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=French+Sign+Language+family" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=French+Sign+Language+family" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Language_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Language family tree</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_family_tree-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language family tree subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anderson_(1979)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anderson_(1979)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Anderson (1979)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anderson_(1979)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wittmann_(1991)_and_later_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wittmann_(1991)_and_later_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Wittmann (1991) and later research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wittmann_(1991)_and_later_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">French Sign Language family</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%C3%B6sische_Geb%C3%A4rdensprachen" title="Französische Gebärdensprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Französische Gebärdensprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C" title="خانواده زبان اشاره فرانسوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خانواده زبان اشاره فرانسوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_de_la_langue_des_signes_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Famille de la langue des signes française – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Famille de la langue des signes française" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4_%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="프랑스 수화어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스 수화어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_isyarat_Prancis" title="Bahasa isyarat Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa isyarat Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E6%89%8B%E8%A9%B1%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="フランス手話語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス手話語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8C%D1%8F_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Семья французского жестового языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Семья французского жестового языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="法国手语语系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法国手语语系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5501921#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:French_Sign_Language_family" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/French_Sign_Language_family" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/French_Sign_Language_family" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&oldid=1218817442" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=French_Sign_Language_family&id=1218817442&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrench_Sign_Language_family"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFrench_Sign_Language_family"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=French_Sign_Language_family&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5501921" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sign language family derived from Old French Sign Language</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: silver;">French Sign Language</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: silver;">Francosign</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data">Before 1850, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>; today parts of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One of the world's sign <a href="/wiki/Language_families" class="mw-redirect" title="Language families">language families</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French Sign Language</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: silver;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lsfi1234">lsfi1234</a></code></samp></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>French Sign Language</b> (<b>LSF</b>, from <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">langue des signes française</i></span>) or <b>Francosign family</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign languages</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a>. </p><p>The LSF family descends from <a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French Sign Language</a> (VLSF), which developed among the deaf community in Paris. The earliest mention of Old French Sign Language is by the abbé <a href="/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e" title="Charles-Michel de l'Épée">Charles-Michel de l'Épée</a> in the late 18th century, but it could have existed for centuries prior. Several European sign languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a>, derive from it, as does <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a>, established when French educator <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Clerc" title="Laurent Clerc">Laurent Clerc</a> taught his language at the <a href="/wiki/American_School_for_the_Deaf" title="American School for the Deaf">American School for the Deaf</a>. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish Sign Language</a>, are thought to be related to French Sign Language even if they are not directly descendent from it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_family_tree">Language family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Language family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anderson_(1979)"><span id="Anderson_.281979.29"></span>Anderson (1979)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Anderson (1979)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anderson (1979)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> postulated the following classification of LSF and its relatives, with derivation from Medieval monks' sign systems, though some lineages are apparently traced by their manual alphabets and thus irrelevant for actual classification: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>LSF <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign languages</a> (described 1086)</li> <li>"Southwest European" Sign Languages <ul><li>Proto-Spanish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish Sign Language</a> (dictionary 1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan Sign Language</a></li> <li>Irish <ul><li>Australian Catholic</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Old Polish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish Sign Language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French Sign Language</a> (VLSF, before l'Épée) <ul><li>Eastern French: Old Danish (edu. 1807), Old German, German Evangelical (edu. 1779 Austria), Old Russian (edu. 1806)</li> <li>Western French <ul><li>Middle French Sign Language finger-spelling group: Netherlands (1780), Belgium (1793), Switzerland, Old French</li> <li>Middle French (dict. 1850) <ul><li>French</li></ul></li> <li>American (edu. 1816; later including components from Northwest European sign languages)</li> <li>International finger-spelling group: Norway, Finland, Germany, US</li> <li>Old Brazilian <ul><li>Brazil, Argentina, Mexico</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wittmann_(1991)_and_later_research"><span id="Wittmann_.281991.29_and_later_research"></span>Wittmann (1991) and later research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wittmann (1991) and later research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrenchSignFamily.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/FrenchSignFamily.png/278px-FrenchSignFamily.png" decoding="async" width="278" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/FrenchSignFamily.png/417px-FrenchSignFamily.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/FrenchSignFamily.png/556px-FrenchSignFamily.png 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>Map of languages in the French Sign Language family, in Europe and the Maghreb.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Henri_Wittmann" title="Henri Wittmann">Henri Wittmann</a> (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been influential in scholarly attempts at constructing the French Sign Language family tree. He listed most of the following suspected members of the family, with date of establishment or earliest attestation. Subsequent scholarly research has confirmed most of his conclusions, but rejected others and expanded the family tree with new branches, while removing others. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a> (1752; may be different from Old French Sign Language) <ul><li>Austro-Hungarian Sign Language (1780; now seen as separate <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian Sign Language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian Sign Language</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Sign_Language" title="Czech Sign Language">Czech Sign Language</a> (1786)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian Sign Language</a> (1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a> (1806) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Sign_Language" title="Bulgarian Sign Language">Bulgarian Sign Language</a> (1920)</li> <li>probably <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian Sign Language</a> (1866)<sup id="cite_ref-Hollman2016_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollman2016-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Sign_Language" title="Slovak Sign Language">Slovak Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Slovenian Sign Language</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian Sign Language</a> (1885)</li> <li>possibly <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli Sign Language</a> (1934) (but <a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German Sign Language</a> may be a stronger possibility)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Sign Language">Belgian Sign Language</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2000</span>), split during the <a href="/wiki/State_reform_in_Belgium" title="State reform in Belgium">federalisation of Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish Sign Language</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1970</span> – present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian Sign Language</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1970</span> – present)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch Sign Language</a> (1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish Sign Language</a> (1806)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian Sign Language</a> (1825) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Sign_Language" title="Malagasy Sign Language">Malagasy Sign Language</a> (1950)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic Sign Language</a> (split ca. 1910)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faroese_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faroese Sign Language (page does not exist)">Faroese Sign Language</a> (1960)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian Sign Language</a> (1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Sign Language">Philippine Sign Language</a> (1806?) (frequently attributed to American Sign Language)</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="ASL"></span><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (1817, with possible local admixture) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Sign Language">Puerto Rican Sign Language</a> (1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai Sign Language</a> (1951, creolized with indigenous sign).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian Sign Language">Ghanaian Sign Language</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Sign Language">Nigerian Sign Language</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Lumpur Sign Language">Kuala Lumpur Sign Language</a> (1960?; now <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian Sign Language</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian Sign Language</a> (1973; a dialect of <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Sign Language">Moroccan Sign Language</a> (1987?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black American Sign Language</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>and "<a href="/wiki/Eskimo_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskimo Sign Language">Eskimo Sign Language</a>"? (dubious: the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit Sign Language</a> is an isolate)</li></ul></li> <li>A mixture of LSF and ASL may have given rise to <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a> (1817<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek Sign Language</a> (with local admixture)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a> (1828) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Sign_Language" title="Tunisian Sign Language">Tunisian Sign Language</a> (with local admixture)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican Sign Language</a> (1869<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian Sign Language</a> (undated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Sign_Language" title="Romanian Sign Language">Romanian Sign Language</a> (undated)</li> <li>? <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan Sign Language</a> (undated, but early)</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Post-1991 modifications</dt></dl> <p>Wittnann believed <a href="/wiki/Lyons_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons Sign Language">Lyons Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish Sign Language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian Sign Language</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan Sign Language</a>, which are sometimes counted in the French family, had separate origins, though with some contact through <a href="/wiki/Stimulus_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Stimulus diffusion">stimulus diffusion</a>, and it was Lyons rather than French Sign Language that gave rise to <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Sign Language">Belgian Sign Language</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean Sign Language</a> (1852) has also been included in the French family but is not listed by Wittmann.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Pidgin_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian Pidgin Sign Language">Hawaiian Pidgin Sign Language</a> (with possible local admixture) turned out to be an isolate, unrelated to French, American, or any other Sign Language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> J. Albert Bickford concluded that there was 'no substantive evidence that the [Lyons Sign Language] ever existed' and retired it from <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Bickford_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bickford-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">French Sign Language family</a> tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px dotted;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French Sign Language</a><br />(influenced by <a href="/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e" title="Charles-Michel de l'Épée">l'Epée</a> c. 1760–89)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian Sign Language">Belgian Sign Language</a><br />(c. 1790–2000)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Sign Language">Austro-Hungarian Sign Language</a><br />(c. 1780–1920)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a><br />(c. 1820–present)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a><br />(c. 1790–present)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian Sign Language</a><br />(c. 1970–present)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish Sign Language</a><br />(c. 1970–present)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch Sign Language</a><br />(c. 1790–present)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian Sign Language</a><br />(c. 1830–present)</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lloyd Anderson & David Peterson, 1979, <i>A comparison of some American, British, Australian, and Swedish signs: evidence on historical changes in signs and some family relationships of sign languages</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittmann, Henri (1991). "Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement." Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 10:1.215–88.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1991a-class.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReagan2019" class="citation book cs1">Reagan, Timothy (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofCKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA140"><i>Linguistic Legitimacy and Social Justice</i></a>. Palgrave Mcmillan. pp. 138–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783030109677" title="Special:BookSources/9783030109677"><bdi>9783030109677</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Legitimacy+and+Social+Justice&rft.pages=138-141&rft.pub=Palgrave+Mcmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9783030109677&rft.aulast=Reagan&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DofCKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Sign+Language+family" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hollman2016-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hollman2016_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollman2016" class="citation book cs1">Hollman, Liivi (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYqlCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">"Colour terms, kinship terms and numerals in Estonian Sign Language"</a>. <i>Semantic Fields in Sign Languages: Colour, Kinship and Quantification</i>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 41–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501503429" title="Special:BookSources/9781501503429"><bdi>9781501503429</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colour+terms%2C+kinship+terms+and+numerals+in+Estonian+Sign+Language&rft.btitle=Semantic+Fields+in+Sign+Languages%3A+Colour%2C+Kinship+and+Quantification&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=41-72&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781501503429&rft.aulast=Hollman&rft.aufirst=Liivi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKYqlCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Sign+Language+family" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">SIL reports that it is mutually intelligible with <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish Sign Language</a>, which Wittmann assigns to the <a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a> family and other authors suspect is an independent family.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCaskill, Carolyn, Ceil Lucas, Robert Bayley, and Joseph Hill. 2011. The Hidden Treasure of Black ASL: Its History and Structure. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-489-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56368-489-0">978-1-56368-489-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bickford-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bickford_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickford2017" class="citation web cs1">Bickford, J. Albert (2017-03-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2017/2017-013.pdf">"Request Number 2017-013 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. SIL International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Request+Number+2017-013+for+Change+to+ISO+639-3+Language+Code&rft.pub=SIL+International&rft.date=2017-03-09&rft.aulast=Bickford&rft.aufirst=J.+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Fsites%2Fiso639-3%2Ffiles%2Fchange_requests%2F2017%2F2017-013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrench+Sign+Language+family" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sign_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sign_language_navigation" title="Template:Sign language navigation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sign_language_navigation" title="Template talk:Sign language navigation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sign_language_navigation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sign language navigation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sign_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">List of sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages_by_number_of_native_signers" title="List of sign languages by number of native signers">List by number of signers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language<br />families<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_a"><a href="#endnote_note_a">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages_by_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sign languages by family</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_sign_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal sign languages">Australian<br /> Aboriginal</a><br /> (<small>multiple families</small>)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dieri_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri Sign Language">Diyari</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djingili_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Djingili Sign Language">Djingili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitiri_Sign_Language" title="Akitiri Sign Language">Eltye eltyarrenke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte Sign Language">Iltyeme iltyeme</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jaralde_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaralde Sign Language">Jaralde</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalkutungu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkutungu Sign Language">Kalkutungu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriwoong_Sign_Language" title="Miriwoong Sign Language">Miriwoong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudburra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitha_Pitha_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitha Pitha Sign Language">Pitha Pitha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Rdaka rdaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpila_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpila Sign Language">Umpila</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlmanpa_Sign_Language" title="Warlmanpa Sign Language">Warlmanpa</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warluwara_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warluwara Sign Language">Warluwara</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_Sign_Language" title="Warumungu Sign Language">Warramunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worora_Kinship_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Worora Kinship Sign Language">Worora Kinship</a></li> <li>Yan-nhaŋu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yir_Yoront_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yir Yoront Sign Language">Yir Yoront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartutjarra_language#Sign_language" title="Kartutjarra language">Kartutjarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaatjatjarra_dialect#Sign_language" title="Ngaatjatjarra dialect">Ngaatjatjarra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zendath Kesign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Meriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Western Torres Strait Islander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab (Ishaaric)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Sign_Language" title="Egyptian Sign Language">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Sign_Language" title="Kuwaiti Sign Language">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sign_Language" title="Libyan Sign Language">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Unified_Sign_Language" title="Qatari Unified Sign Language">Qatari Unified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Sign_Language" title="Yemeni Sign Language">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraqi–<br /> Levantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_Sign_Language" title="Levantine Arabic Sign Language">Levantine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jordanian</li> <li>Lebanese</li> <li>Palestinian</li> <li>Syrian</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Possible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Sign_Language" title="Emirati Sign Language">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Sign_Language" title="Omani Sign Language">Omani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British (BSL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland (NISL)</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fijian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime (MSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand (NZSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African (SASL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Sign_Language" title="Eritrean Sign Language">Eritrean (EriSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland-Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Finland-Swedish Sign Language">Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese (LGP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish (Teckenspråk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish (Viittomakieli)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese (CSL/ZGS)</a> <ul><li>Shanghai <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong (HKSL)</a> <ul><li>Macau</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chilean-Paraguayan-<br /> Uruguayan Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean (LSCh)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paraguay-Uruguay_Sign_Language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguay-Uruguay Sign Language family">Paraguayan-<br /> Uruguayan Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraguay Sign Language">Paraguay (LSPY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruguay Sign Language">Uruguay (LSU)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francosign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian (LSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German (DSGS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish (ISL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Irish_Sign_Language" title="Australian Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian (Libras)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan (LSC)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian (LSV)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French (LSF)</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Sign_Language" title="Romanian Sign Language">Romanian (LSR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">American<br /> (ASLic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black ASL (BASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bolivian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_sign_language" title="Burmese sign language">Burmese</a> <ul><li>Yangon</li> <li>Mandalay</li></ul></li> <li>Cambodian</li> <li>Costa Rican</li> <li>Dominican</li> <li>Jamaican</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian (BIM)</a></li> <li>Oneida (OSL)</li> <li>Panamanian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino (FSL)</a></li> <li>Puerto Rican (PRSL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec (LSQ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singapore (SgSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesian (Nusantaric)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian (Bisindo)</a> <ul><li>Jakarta</li> <li>Yogyakarta</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Francophone African<br />(Françafrosign)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ethiopian</li> <li>Chadian</li> <li>Ghanaian</li> <li>Guinean</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako (LaSiMa)</a></li> <li>Moroccan</li> <li>Nigerian</li> <li>Sierra Leonean</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oneida (OSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Sign_Language" title="Hawaiʻi Sign Language">Hoailona ʻŌlelo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French (LSF)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Sign_Language" title="Cypriot Sign Language">Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austro-<br /> Hungarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Sign_Language" title="Bulgarian Sign Language">Bulgarian (БЖЕ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian (LSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian (РЖЯ)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yugoslavic Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian (HZJ)</a></li> <li>Kosovar</li> <li>Serbian</li> <li>Slovenian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav (YSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dutch Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch (NGT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Sign_Language" title="Gambian Sign Language">Gambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italian Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian (LIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Sign_Language" title="Tunisian Sign Language">Tunisian (TSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexican Sign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican (LSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Sign_Language" title="Honduran Sign Language">Honduran (LESHO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish (VGT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian (LSFB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language_family" title="Danish Sign Language family">Danish (Tegnic)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Sign_Language" title="Malagasy Sign Language">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic (Táknmál)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian (Tegnspråk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish (Tegnsprog)</a></li> <li>Teknmál</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Viet-Thai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Hai Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi_Sign_Language" title="Hanoi Sign Language">Hanoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saigon_Sign_Language" title="Saigon Sign Language">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai (TSL/MSTSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">German Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German (DGS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish (PJM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli (Shassi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani<br /> Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bangalore-Madras</li> <li>Beluchistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></li> <li>Bombay</li> <li>Calcutta</li> <li>Delhi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_Sign_Language" title="Nepali Sign Language">Nepali</a></li> <li>North West Frontier Province</li> <li>Punjab-Sindh</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kentish</i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kentish</a></i></li> <li><i>Chilmark</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan (Meemul Tziij)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Highland Maya</li> <li>Yucatec <ul><li>Chicán</li> <li>Nohkop</li> <li>Nohya</li> <li>Trascorral</li> <li>Cepeda Peraza</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangmai_Sign_Language" title="Chiangmai Sign Language">Chiangmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiphong_Sign_Language" title="Haiphong Sign Language">Hai Phong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_Sign_Language" title="Namibian Sign Language">Namibian (NSL)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Anishinaabe</li> <li>Apsáalooke</li> <li>Arikara</li> <li>Chaticks si Chaticks</li> <li>Cheyenne</li> <li>Coahuilteco</li> <li>Dane-zaa</li> <li>Diné</li> <li>Hinono'eino</li> <li>Hiraacá</li> <li>Icāk</li> <li>Karankawa</li> <li>Liksiyu</li> <li>Maagiadawa</li> <li>Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk</li> <li>Nakota</li> <li>Ni Mii Puu</li> <li>Niimíipuu</li> <li>Niitsítapi</li> <li>Nųmą́khų́·ki</li> <li>Nʉmʉnʉʉ</li> <li>Omaha</li> <li>Palus</li> <li>Piipaash</li> <li>Ppáⁿkka</li> <li>Schitsu'umsh</li> <li>Shiwinna</li> <li>Sioux</li> <li>Taos</li> <li>Tickanwa•tic</li> <li>Tháumgá</li> <li>Tsuu T'ina</li> <li>Umatilla</li> <li>Wazhazhe</li> <li>Wichita</li> <li>Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e</li> <li>Wyandot</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed, <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Oneida (OSL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>A'aninin</li> <li>Kalispel</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ktunaxa_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ktunaxa Sign Language (page does not exist)">Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)</a></li> <li>Nesilextcl'n</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuswap_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuswap Sign Language (page does not exist)">Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)</a></li> <li>Sqeliz</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Providencia%E2%80%93Cayman_Sign_Language_family" title="Providencia–Cayman Sign Language family">Providencia–<br /> Cayman Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_Sign_Language" title="Providence Island Sign Language">Providence Island (Provisle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cayman_Sign_Language" title="Old Cayman Sign Language">Old Cayman (Guyanese)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Sign_Language" title="Afghan Sign Language">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Sign_Language" title="Albanian Sign Language">Albanian (AlbSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alipur_Sign_Language" title="Alipur Sign Language">Alipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine (LSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Sign_Language" title="Caucasian Sign Language">Caucasian (Harsneren)</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani (AİD)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belizean_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belizean Sign Language (page does not exist)">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Sign_Language" title="Bhutanese Sign Language">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribri_Sign_Language" title="Bribri Sign Language">Bribri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunca_Sign_Language" title="Brunca Sign Language">Brunca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cena_(sign_language)" title="Cena (sign language)">Cena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban (LSC)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo_Family_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navajo Family Sign Language (page does not exist)">Navajo/Diné Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon Sign Language">Dogon/Douentza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadorian (LSEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enga_Sign_Language" title="Enga Sign Language">Enga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia (AJSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Sign_Language" title="Guatemalan Sign Language">Guatemalan (Lensegua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau_Sign_Language" title="Guinea-Bissau Sign Language">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%27i_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai'i Sign Language">Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)</a> <ul><li>Creole HSL</li></ul></li> <li>Inuit <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Atgangmuurniq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_Sign_Language" title="Ka'apor Sign Language">Ka'apor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajana_Sign_Language" title="Kajana Sign Language">Kajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan (KSL/LAK)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali (SSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)</a></li> <li>Kisindo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Country_Sign_Language" title="Jamaican Country Sign Language">Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Sign_Language" title="Maltese Sign Language">Maltese (LSM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_Sign_Language" title="Mauritian Sign Language">Mauritian (MSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbour_Sign_Language" title="Mbour Sign Language">M'bour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo Shuwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Sign_Language" title="Burkina Sign Language">Burkina (Mossi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Sign_Language" title="Mozambican Sign Language">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_Naga_Sign_Language" title="Angami Naga Sign Language">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan (ISN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Old Costa Rican Sign Language">Old Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sign_Language" title="Ottoman Sign Language">Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian (LSP)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahveh_Khaneh_Sign_Language" title="Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language">Qahveh Khaneh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rennellese_Sign_Language" title="Rennellese Sign Language">Rennellese</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Sign_Language" title="Rwandan Sign Language">Rwandan (AKR/AMR)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River</a></i><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_c"><a href="#endnote_note_c">[c]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish (LSE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Sign_Language" title="Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language">Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish (TİD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan (USL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></li> <li>West African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura (Burasl)</a></li> <li>Mofu-Gudur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin (NanabinSL)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Sign_Language" title="Yoruba Sign Language">Yoruban (YSL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Amami Shuwa languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_sign_languages" title="Ethiopian sign languages">Ethiopian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_sign_languages" title="Sudanese sign languages">Sudanese languages</a> (~150)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_b"><a href="#endnote_note_b">[b]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian languages</a> (7+)<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_b"><a href="#endnote_note_b">[b]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_sign_languages" title="Zimbabwean sign languages">Zimsign languages</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region<sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_note_a"><a href="#endnote_note_a">[a]</a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sign languages by region</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Algeria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dt>Cameroon</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maroua_Sign_Language" title="Maroua Sign Language">Maroua</a></dd> <dt>Ghana</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adamorobe_Sign_Language" title="Adamorobe Sign Language">Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nanabin_Sign_Language" title="Nanabin Sign Language">Nanabin</a></dd> <dt>Ivory Coast</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bouakako_Sign_Language" title="Bouakako Sign Language">Bouakako (LaSiBo)</a></dd> <dt>Kenya</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan</a></dd> <dt>Mali</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tebul_Sign_Language" title="Tebul Sign Language">Tebul</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bamako_Sign_Language" title="Bamako Sign Language">Bamako (LaSiMa)</a></dd> <dt>Nigeria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa (Magannar Hannu)</a></dd> <dt>Senegal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mbour_Sign_Language" title="Mbour Sign Language">Mbour</a></dd> <dt>Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Somali_Sign_Language" title="Somali Sign Language">Somali</a></dd> <dt>South Africa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">South African</a></dd> <dt>Tanzania</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a></dd> <dt>Uganda</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Sign_Language" title="Ugandan Sign Language">Ugandan</a></dd> <dt>Zambia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Sign_Language" title="Zambian Sign Language">Zambian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Bengal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></dd> <dt>Cambodia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Sign_Language" title="Cambodian Sign Language">Cambodian</a></dd> <dt>China</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></dd> <dt>Hong Kong</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sign_Language" title="Hong Kong Sign Language">Hong Kong (HKSL)</a></dd> <dt>India</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Alipur_Sign_Language" title="Alipur Sign Language">Alipur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengali Sign Language">Bengali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Naga_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Naga Sign Language">Naga</a></dd> <dt>Indonesia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Sign_Language" title="Indonesian Sign Language">Indonesian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kata_Kolok" title="Kata Kolok">Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)</a></dd> <dt>Iran</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian</a></dd> <dt>Iraq</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Sign_Language" title="Kurdish Sign Language">Kurdish</a></dd> <dt>Israel</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Al-Sayyid_Bedouin_Sign_Language" title="Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language">Al-Sayyid Bedouin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Israeli</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Qasem_Sign_Language" title="Kafr Qasem Sign Language">Kafr Qasem</a></dd> <dt>Japan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language" title="Japanese Sign Language">Japanese</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Koniya_Sign_Language" title="Koniya Sign Language">Koniya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Miyakubo_Sign_Language" title="Miyakubo Sign Language">Miyakubo</a></dd> <dt>Korea</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean</a></dd> <dt>Kazakhstan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Sign_Language" title="Kazakh Sign Language">Kazakh-Russian</a></dd> <dt>Laos</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian</a></dd> <dt>Malaysia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">Malaysian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sign_Language" title="Penang Sign Language">Penang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selangor_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangor Sign Language">Selangor</a></dd> <dt>Maldives</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maldives_Sign_Language" title="Maldives Sign Language">Maldives</a></dd> <dt>Mongolia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></dd> <dt>Nepal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghandruk_Sign_Language" title="Ghandruk Sign Language">Ghandruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jhankot_Sign_Language" title="Jhankot Sign Language">Jhankot</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jumla_Sign_Language" title="Jumla Sign Language">Jumla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese Sign Language">Nepalese</a></dd> <dt>Philippines</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino</a></dd> <dt>Saudi Arabia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Sign_Language" title="Saudi Sign Language">Saudi</a></dd> <dt>Singapore</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sign_language_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign language in Singapore">Singapore</a></dd> <dt>Sri Lanka</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan</a></dd> <dt>Taiwan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwanese</a></dd> <dt>Tajikistan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Tibet</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Sign_Language" title="Tibetan Sign Language">Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)</a></dd> <dt>Thailand</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Bangkok_Sign_Language" title="Old Bangkok Sign Language">Old Bangkok</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chiangmai_Sign_Language" title="Chiangmai Sign Language">Chiangmai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ban_Khor_Sign_Language" title="Ban Khor Sign Language">Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)</a></dd> <dt>Vietnam</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_sign_languages" title="Vietnamese sign languages">Vietnamese</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Armenia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Sign_Language" title="Armenian Sign Language">Armenian</a></dd> <dt>Austria</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian</a></dd> <dt>Azerbaijan</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Sign_Language" title="Azerbaijani Sign Language">Azerbaijani</a></dd> <dt>Belgium</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian</a></dd> <dt>United Kingdom</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British</a></dd> <dt>Croatia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian</a></dd> <dt>Denmark</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faroese_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faroese Sign Language (page does not exist)">Faroese (Teknmál)</a></dd> <dt>Estonia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian</a></dd> <dt>Finland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Sign_Language" title="Finnish Sign Language">Finnish</a></dd> <dt>France</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ghardaia_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia Sign Language">Ghardaia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyons Sign Language">Lyons</a></dd> <dt>Germany</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German</a></dd> <dt>Greece</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek</a></dd> <dt>Hungary</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian</a></dd> <dt>Iceland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic</a></dd> <dt>Ireland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish</a></dd> <dt>Italy</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian</a></dd> <dt>Kosovo</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav (Kosovar)</a></dd> <dt>Latvia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian</a></dd> <dt>Lithuania</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></dd> <dt>Moldova</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Netherlands</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch</a></dd> <dt>North Macedonia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Sign_Language" title="Macedonian Sign Language">Macedonian</a></dd> <dt>Northern Ireland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland</a></dd> <dt>Norway</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian</a></dd> <dt>Poland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Polish_Sign_Language" title="Polish Sign Language">Polish</a></dd> <dt>Portugal</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Sign_Language" title="Portuguese Sign Language">Portuguese</a></dd> <dt>Russia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></dd> <dt>Slovenia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Slovenian</a></dd> <dt>Spain</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian</a></dd> <dt>Sweden</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language" title="Swedish Sign Language">Swedish</a></dd> <dt>Switzerland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German</a></dd> <dt>Turkey</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Central_Taurus_Sign_Language" title="Central Taurus Sign Language">Central Taurus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mardin_Sign_Language" title="Mardin Sign Language">Mardin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Sign_Language" title="Turkish Sign Language">Turkish</a></dd> <dt>Ukraine</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North and<br />Central<br />America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a></dd> <dt>Belize</dt> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belizean_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belizean Sign Language (page does not exist)">Belizean</a></dd> <dt>Canada</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Black_ASL" class="mw-redirect" title="Black ASL">Black ASL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Blackfoot</dd> <dd>Cree</dd> <dd>Ojibwa</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneida_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneida Sign Language (page does not exist)">Oneida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime (MSL)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language"><i>Plateau</i></a></dd> <dt>Cayman</dt> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Cayman_Sign_Language" title="Old Cayman Sign Language">Old Cayman</a></i></dd> <dt>Costa Rica</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bribri_Sign_Language" title="Bribri Sign Language">Bribri</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brunca_Sign_Language" title="Brunca Sign Language">Brunca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" title="Old Costa Rican Sign Language">Old Costa Rican</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="New Costa Rican Sign Language">New Costa Rican</a></dd> <dt>Cuba</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Sign_Language" title="Cuban Sign Language">Cuban</a></dd> <dt>Greenland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenlandic Sign Language">Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)</a></dd> <dt>Guatemala</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Sign_Language" title="Guatemalan Sign Language">Guatemalan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan</a></dd> <dt>Haiti</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Sign Language">Haitian</a></dd> <dt>Honduras</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Honduras_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Honduras Sign Language">Honduran</a></dd> <dt>Mexico</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Albarradas_Sign_Language" title="Albarradas Sign Language">Albarradas</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chatino_Sign_Language" title="Chatino Sign Language">Chatino</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mayan_Sign_Language" title="Mayan Sign Language">Mayan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican</a></dd> <dt>Nicaragua</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Sign_Language" title="Nicaraguan Sign Language">Nicaraguan</a></dd> <dt>Panama</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chiriqui_Sign_Language" title="Chiriqui Sign Language">Chiriqui</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamanian Sign Language">Panamanian</a></dd> <dt>El Salvador</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Sign_Language" title="Salvadoran Sign Language">Salvadoran</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Salvadoran_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Salvadoran Sign Language (page does not exist)">Old Salvadoran</a></dd> <dt>United States</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American (ASL)</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Black_American_Sign_Language" title="Black American Sign Language">Black ASL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Blackfeet</dd> <dd>Cree</dd> <dd>Cheyenne</dd> <dd>Ojibwa</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oneida_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oneida Sign Language (page does not exist)">Oneida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keresan_Sign_Language" title="Keresan Sign Language">Keresan (Keresign)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"><i>Martha's Vineyard</i></a></dd> <dd>Navajo</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo_Family_Sign_Language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navajo Family Sign Language (page does not exist)">Navajo Family</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language"><i>Sandy River Valley</i></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language"><i>Henniker</i></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Australia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Auslan" title="Auslan">Auslan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Australian-Irish_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian-Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Akitiri_Sign_Language" title="Akitiri Sign Language">Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland Indigenous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arrernte_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrernte Sign Language">Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warlpiri_Sign_Language" title="Warlpiri Sign Language">Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Manjiljarra_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manjiljarra Sign Language">Manjiljarra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warlmanpa_Sign_Language" title="Warlmanpa Sign Language">Warlmanpa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Warumungu_Sign_Language" title="Warumungu Sign Language">Warumungu (Warramunga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mudbura_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudbura Sign Language">Mudbura (Mudburra)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ngada_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngada Sign Language">Ngada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umpila_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpila Sign Language">Umpila</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Far_North_Queensland_Indigenous_Sign_Language" title="Far North Queensland Indigenous Sign Language">Far North Queensland</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Sign Language">Western Desert</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Torres_Strait_Islander_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Torres Strait Islander Sign Language">Western Torres Strait Islander</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yir_Yoront_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yir Yoront Sign Language">Yir Yoront</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yol%C5%8Bu_Sign_Language" title="Yolŋu Sign Language">Yolŋu</a></dd> <dt>Hawaii (USA)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian Sign Language">Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)</a></dd> <dt>New Zealand</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Sign_Language" title="New Zealand Sign Language">New Zealand (NZSL)</a></dd> <dt>Papua New Guinea</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enga_Sign_Language" title="Enga Sign Language">Enga</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kailge_Sign_Language" title="Kailge Sign Language">Kailge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mehek_Sign_Language" title="Mehek Sign Language">Mehek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mount_Avejaha_Sign_Language" title="Mount Avejaha Sign Language">Mount Avejaha</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_Sign_Language" title="Papua New Guinean Sign Language">Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rossel_Island_Sign_Language" title="Rossel Island Sign Language">Rossel Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinasina_Sign_Language" title="Sinasina Sign Language">Sinasina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wanib_Sign_Language" title="Wanib Sign Language">Wanib</a></dd> <dt>Samoa and American Samoa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Sign_Language" title="Samoan Sign Language">Samoan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Argentina</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sign_Language" title="Argentine Sign Language">Argentine (LSA)</a></dd> <dt>Bolivia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian</a></dd> <dt>Brazil</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian (Libras)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cena_(sign_language)" title="Cena (sign language)">Cena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ka%27apor_Sign_Language" title="Ka'apor Sign Language">Ka'apor</a></dd> <dt>Chile</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean</a></dd> <dt>Colombia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Sign_Language" title="Colombian Sign Language">Colombian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Provisle" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisle">Provisle</a></dd> <dt>Ecuador</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Sign_Language" title="Ecuadorian Sign Language">Ecuadorian</a></dd> <dt>Paraguay</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Sign_Language" title="Paraguayan Sign Language">Paraguayan</a></dd> <dt>Peru</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Inmaculada_Sign_Language" title="Inmaculada Sign Language">Inmaculada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Sign_Language" title="Peruvian Sign Language">Peruvian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sivia_Sign_Language" title="Sivia Sign Language">Sivia</a></dd> <dt>Uruguay</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Sign_Language" title="Uruguayan Sign Language">Uruguayan</a></dd> <dt>Venezuela</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Sign_Language" title="Venezuelan Sign Language">Venezuelan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Sign" title="International Sign">International Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makaton" title="Makaton">Makaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalong" title="Signalong">Signalong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idioms_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Idioms in American Sign Language">Idioms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_literature" title="American Sign Language literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profanity_in_American_Sign_Language" title="Profanity in American Sign Language">Profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASL_name_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="ASL name sign">Name signs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct<br /> languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chilmark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieri_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieri Sign Language">Diyari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaralde_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaralde Sign Language">Jaralde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkutungu_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkutungu Sign Language">Kalkutungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henniker_Sign_Language" title="Henniker Sign Language">Henniker Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard_Sign_Language" title="Martha's Vineyard Sign Language">Martha's Vineyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Old French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kentish_Sign_Language" title="Old Kentish Sign Language">Old Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Sign_Language" title="Plateau Sign Language">Plateau Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitha_Pitha_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitha Pitha Sign Language">Pitha Pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_River_Valley_Sign_Language" title="Sandy River Valley Sign Language">Sandy River Valley Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warluwara_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Warluwara Sign Language">Warluwara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Linguistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">Grammar (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimodal_bilingualism" title="Bimodal bilingualism">Bimodal bilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_phonology" title="American Sign Language phonology">Phonology (ASL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handshape" title="Handshape">Handshape</a> / <a href="/wiki/Location_(sign_language)" title="Location (sign language)">Location</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(sign_language)" title="Orientation (sign language)">Orientation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Movement_(sign_language)" title="Movement (sign language)">Movement</a> / <a href="/wiki/Expression_(sign_language)" title="Expression (sign language)">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonmanual_feature" title="Nonmanual feature">Nonmanual feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_name" title="Sign name">Sign names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_sign" title="Home sign">Home sign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fingerspelling" title="Fingerspelling">Fingerspelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_manual_alphabet" title="American manual alphabet">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-handed_manual_alphabets" title="Two-handed manual alphabets">British (two-handed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_manual_alphabet" title="Catalan manual alphabet">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_manual_alphabet" title="Chilean manual alphabet">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_manual_alphabet" title="Esperanto manual alphabet">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_manual_alphabet" title="French manual alphabet">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_manual_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="German manual alphabet">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_manual_alphabet" title="Hungarian manual alphabet">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_manual_alphabet" title="Irish manual alphabet">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_manual_syllabary" title="Japanese manual syllabary">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_manual_alphabet" title="Korean manual alphabet">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_manual_alphabet" title="Polish manual alphabet">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_manual_alphabet" title="Russian manual alphabet">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_manual_alphabet" title="Yugoslav manual alphabet">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_manual_alphabet" title="Spanish manual alphabet">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_manual_alphabet" title="Ukrainian manual alphabet">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_manual_alphabet" title="Portuguese manual alphabet">Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASL-phabet" title="ASL-phabet">ASL-phabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Notation_System" title="Hamburg Notation System">Hamburg Notation System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a> (<span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ASLwrite.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/60px-ASLwrite.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/90px-ASLwrite.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/ASLwrite.png/120px-ASLwrite.png 2x" data-file-width="5608" data-file-height="2001" /></a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">Language<br /> contact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contact_sign" title="Contact sign">Contact sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initialized_sign" title="Initialized sign">Initialized sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthing" title="Mouthing">Mouthing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Signed Oral<br /> Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Signing_System" title="Indian Signing System">Indian Signing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_English" title="Manually coded English">Manually coded English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language_in_South_Africa" title="Manually coded language in South Africa">Manually coded language in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_Coded_Malay" title="Manually Coded Malay">Manually Coded Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paget_Gorman_Sign_System" title="Paget Gorman Sign System">Paget Gorman Sign System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Dutch" title="Signed Dutch">Signed Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_French" title="Signed French">Signed French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_German" title="Signed German">Signed German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Italian" title="Signed Italian">Signed Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Japanese" title="Signed Japanese">Signed Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Polish" class="mw-redirect" title="Signed Polish">Signed Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signed_Spanish" title="Signed Spanish">Signed Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_Exact_English" title="Signing Exact English">Signing Exact English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecknad_svenska" title="Tecknad svenska">Signed Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilingual%E2%80%93bicultural_education" title="Bilingual–bicultural education">Bilingual–bicultural education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language" title="Manually coded language">Manually coded language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign-language_media" title="Sign-language media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign-language_films" title="Category:Sign-language films">Films (list)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sign_language_television_shows" title="Category:Sign language television shows">Television shows (list)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Baghtcheban" title="Jabbar Baghtcheban">Jabbar Baghtcheban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanette_Berglind" title="Jeanette Berglind">Jeanette Berglind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Aron_Borg" title="Pär Aron Borg">Pär Aron Borg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Braidwood" title="Thomas Braidwood">Thomas Braidwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Clerc" title="Laurent Clerc">Laurent Clerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Michel_de_l%27%C3%89p%C3%A9e" title="Charles-Michel de l'Épée">Abbé de l'Épée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fouts" title="Roger Fouts">Roger Fouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerie_Sutton" title="Valerie Sutton">Valerie Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hopkins_Gallaudet" title="Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet">Thomas Gallaudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roch-Ambroise_Cucurron_Sicard" title="Roch-Ambroise Cucurron Sicard">Abbé Sicard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stokoe" title="William Stokoe">William Stokoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_P%C3%A9lissier" title="Pierre Pélissier">Pierre Pélissier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Visual_Language_Interpreters_of_Canada" title="Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada">Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Center_on_Deafness_and_the_Arts" title="International Center on Deafness and the Arts">International Center on Deafness and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimics_and_Gesture_Theatre" title="Mimics and Gesture Theatre">Mimics and Gesture Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Association_of_Sign_Language_Interpreters" title="World Association of Sign Language Interpreters">World Association of Sign Language Interpreters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baby_sign_language" title="Baby sign language">Baby sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee_and_Human_Communication_Institute" title="Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute">CHCI chimpanzee center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washoe_(chimpanzee)" title="Washoe (chimpanzee)">Washoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loulis" title="Loulis">Loulis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_signaling_(open_outcry)" title="Hand signaling (open outcry)">Open Outcry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_recognition_of_sign_languages" title="Legal recognition of sign languages">Legal recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_hand_and_arm_signals" title="U.S. Army hand and arm signals">U.S. Army hand and arm signals </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactile" title="Protactile">Protactile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tic-tac_(horse_racing)" title="Tic-tac (horse racing)">Tic-tac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:left"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_a"><b><a href="#ref_note_a">^a</a></b></span> Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely, <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">BSL</a> both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a>. <p><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_b"><b><a href="#ref_note_b">^b</a></b></span> Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages. </p> <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_note_c"><b><a href="#ref_note_c">^c</a></b></span> <i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct languages</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Francosign_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Francosign_languages" title="Template:Francosign languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Francosign_languages" title="Template talk:Francosign languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Francosign_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Francosign languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Francosign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francosign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_French_Sign_Language" title="Old French Sign Language">Proto-LSF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Sign Language">Algerian</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">ASLic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_African_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone African Sign Language">Francophone African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian Sign Language">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Sign Language">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Sign Language">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Leonean Sign Language">Sierra Leonean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language_family" title="Danish Sign Language family">Danish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_Sign_Language" title="Malagasy Sign Language">Malagasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Sign_Language" title="Gambian Sign Language">Gambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Sign_Language" title="Tunisian Sign Language">Tunisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Libras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sign_Language" title="Chilean Sign Language">Chilean</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">ASLic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian Sign Language">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Costa Rican Sign Language">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Sign Language">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaican Sign Language">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Panamanian Sign Language">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Sign Language">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mexican</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Sign_Language" title="Mexican Sign Language">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Sign_Language" title="Honduran Sign Language">Honduran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">ASLic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuala Lumpur Sign Language">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_sign_language" title="Burmese sign language">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Sign Language">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_Sign_Language" title="Singapore Sign Language">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Sign_Language" title="Thai Sign Language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BIM" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">BIM</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Sign_Language" title="Malaysian Sign Language">BIM</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BISINDO" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian sign languages">BISINDO</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jakarta</li> <li>Yogyakarta</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Sign_Language" title="Mongolian Sign Language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Sign_Language" title="Dutch Sign Language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Sign_Language" title="Italian Sign Language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Sign_Language" title="Latvian Sign Language">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Sign_Language" title="Romanian Sign Language">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss-German_Sign_Language" title="Swiss-German Sign Language">Swiss-German</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_American_Sign_Language" title="Varieties of American Sign Language">ASLic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Sign_Language" title="Greek Sign Language">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Sign_Language" title="Cypriot Sign Language">Cypriot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austro-<br />Hungarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Sign_Language" title="Austrian Sign Language">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Sign_Language" title="Czech Sign Language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Sign_Language" title="Hungarian Sign Language">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Sign_Language" title="Slovak Sign Language">Slovak</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Sign_Language" title="Bulgarian Sign Language">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Sign_Language" title="Estonian Sign Language">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Sign_Language" title="Georgian Sign Language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Sign_Language" title="Ukrainian Sign Language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yugoslav</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Sign_Language" title="Croatian Sign Language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Sign_Language" title="Yugoslav Sign Language">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Catalan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Sign_Language" title="Catalan Sign Language">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_Sign_Language" title="Valencian Sign Language">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Belgian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Sign_Language" title="Flemish Sign Language">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Belgian_Sign_Language" title="French Belgian Sign Language">French Belgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language_family" title="Danish Sign Language family">Danish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Sign_Language" title="Danish Sign Language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Sign_Language" title="Icelandic Sign Language">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sign_Language" title="Norwegian Sign Language">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian-Irish_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian-Irish Sign Language">Australian-Irish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&oldid=1218817442">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&oldid=1218817442</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:French_Sign_Language_family" title="Category:French Sign Language family">French Sign Language family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaf_culture" title="Category:Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 April 2024, at 01:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Sign_Language_family&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-rs6rl","wgBackendResponseTime":118,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.773","walltime":"0.962","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4877,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":383529,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4492,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":47217,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 717.438 1 -total"," 18.93% 135.822 21 Template:Navbox"," 17.37% 124.619 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.26% 123.835 1 Template:Lang"," 15.94% 114.357 1 Template:Language_families"," 11.80% 84.677 2 Template:Cite_book"," 10.19% 73.075 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.58% 61.550 1 Template:Infobox_language_family"," 8.26% 59.289 1 Template:Sign_language_navigation"," 8.16% 58.569 4 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.401","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13689610,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-rvwp8","timestamp":"20241130024834","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"French Sign Language family","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Sign_Language_family","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5501921","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5501921","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-11-30T02:54:02Z","dateModified":"2024-04-14T01:16:54Z","headline":"family of sign languages derived from French Sign Language"}</script> </body> </html>