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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Visokoi Island</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visokoi-%C4%ABeg" title="Visokoi-īeg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Visokoi-īeg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%B1sokiy_adas%C4%B1_(C%C9%99nubi_Sandvi%C3%A7)" title="Vısokiy adası (Cənubi Sandviç) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vısokiy adası (Cənubi Sandviç)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_Visokoi" title="Illa Visokoi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illa Visokoi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visokoi_Island" title="Visokoi Island – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Visokoi Island" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visokoi_Island" title="Visokoi Island – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Visokoi Island" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Visokoi" title="Isla Visokoi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla Visokoi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C" title="جزیره ویسوکوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزیره ویسوکوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Visokoi" title="Île Visokoi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Île Visokoi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola_di_Visokoi" title="Isola di Visokoi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isola di Visokoi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visokija" title="Visokija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Visokija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visokoi-eiland" title="Visokoi-eiland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Visokoi-eiland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="ビソコイ島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビソコイ島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visokoi_Island" title="Visokoi Island – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Visokoi Island" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visokoi_Island" title="Visokoi Island – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Visokoi Island" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_Visokoi" title="Ilha Visokoi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilha Visokoi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Высокий (остров, Южные Сандвичевы острова) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Высокий (остров, Южные Сандвичевы острова)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visokoi_Island" title="Visokoi Island – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Visokoi Island" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visokoi_Adas%C4%B1" title="Visokoi Adası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Visokoi Adası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8)" title="Високий (острів, Південні Сандвічеві острови) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Високий (острів, Південні Сандвічеві острови)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%A2%E7%A7%91%E4%BC%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="維索科伊島 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Visokoi_Island&params=56_42_S_27_09_W_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°42′S</span> <span class="longitude">27°09′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.700°S 27.150°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-56.700; -27.150</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990363_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990363-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Uninhabited island in the South Sandwich Islands</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wordie Point" redirects here. For the site in the South Shetland Islands, see <a href="/wiki/Point_Wordie_(South_Shetland_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Wordie (South Shetland Islands)">Point Wordie (South Shetland Islands)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Visokoi Island</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:South_sandwich_islands.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/South_sandwich_islands.png/260px-South_sandwich_islands.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/South_sandwich_islands.png/390px-South_sandwich_islands.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/South_sandwich_islands.png 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="629" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">South Sandwich Islands</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Zavodovski-Location.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Zavodovski-Location.JPG/260px-Zavodovski-Location.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Zavodovski-Location.JPG/390px-Zavodovski-Location.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Zavodovski-Location.JPG/520px-Zavodovski-Location.JPG 2x" data-file-width="872" data-file-height="872" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Location of Visokoi Island</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Visokoi_Island&params=56_42_S_27_09_W_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">56°42′S</span> <span class="longitude">27°09′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">56.700°S 27.150°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-56.700; -27.150</span></span></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990363_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990363-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note">South Sandwich Islands</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">8 km (5 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">6 km (3.7 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">1,005 m (3297 ft)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hodson" title="Mount Hodson">Mount Hodson</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b>United Kingdom</b></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">Uninhabited</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Visokoi Island</b> is an uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_island" title="Volcanic island">volcanic island</a> and one the three <a href="/wiki/Traversay_Islands" title="Traversay Islands">Traversay Islands</a> that constitute a subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>. </p><p>Visokoi consists of one major volcano, Mount Hodson, whose height is usually given as 1,005 metres (3,297 ft). The mountain is mostly covered by <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, except for several low areas on the coast like the northern Finger Point and eastern Irving Point. Several <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_vent" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic vent">parasitic vents</a> are found especially on the eastern side, and one vent close to Finger Point is still hot. Eruptions were reported in 1830, 1927 and 1930. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_geomorphology">Geography and geomorphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visokoi_Island&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography and geomorphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Visokoi is one of the <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a>, which lie southeast of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia" title="South Georgia">South Georgia</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr2000318_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr2000318-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynchWhiteNaveenBlack20161615_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELynchWhiteNaveenBlack20161615-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and extend over a distance of 350 kilometres (220 mi) in north-south direction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990361_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990361-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leskov_Island" title="Leskov Island">Leskov Island</a> is 58 kilometres (36 mi) west and <a href="/wiki/Zavodovski_Island" title="Zavodovski Island">Zavodovski Island</a> 45 kilometres (28 mi) north from Visokoi;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197922_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197922-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together they makes up the <a href="/wiki/Traversay_Islands" title="Traversay Islands">Traversay Islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr2000317_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr2000317-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subgroup of the South Sandwich Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr2000318_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr2000318-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">Icebergs</a> occur in the surrounding waters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWild192384_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWild192384-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island has an oval shape with a length of 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) and a width of 6 kilometres (3.7 mi);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the surface area is about 30.7 square kilometres (11.9 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargelLeonardBishopKääb2014773_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargelLeonardBishopKääb2014773-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pointy end is east and ends at Irving Point, and the blunt end west with the western Sulphur Point and southwestern Wordie Point. The northernmost point is Finger Point and the southernmost Mikhaylov Point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliffs</a> and ice falls make up most of the coastline, except at Irving Point where there are an offshore reef and sandy beaches<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197922_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197922-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Finger Point which is a low-lying <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">lava flow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197923_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197923-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island is asymmetric, with the western side having higher cliffs and steeper slopes than the eastern side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010117_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010117-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the inside of the island is covered with heavily <a href="/wiki/Crevasse" title="Crevasse">crevassed</a> ice,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which reaches the coast in several locations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total surface area covered by ice in 1962 amounted to 24.1 square kilometres (9.3 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargelLeonardBishopKääb2014773_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargelLeonardBishopKääb2014773-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 835 metres (2,740 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGVP2023General_Information_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGVP2023General_Information-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or (more commonly mentioned) 1,005 metres (3,297 ft) high Mount Hodson rises on the western side of the island<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has a flat summit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It features a 900 metres (3,000 ft) wide <a href="/wiki/Summit_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit crater">summit crater</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrickSmellie2013484_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrickSmellie2013484-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surrounded by two concentric <a href="/wiki/Sector_collapse" title="Sector collapse">sector collapse</a> scars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrickSmellie2013483_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrickSmellie2013483-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several <a href="/wiki/Scoria_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Scoria cone">scoria cones</a> rise from the eastern part, including Shamrock Hill<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an unnamed but probably young cone<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197924_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197924-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which form a <a href="/wiki/Nunatak" title="Nunatak">nunatak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They rise slightly above the ice level and bear no evidence of craters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197926_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197926-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finger Point appears to consist of a <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">lava flow</a> with preserved surface features that extends northwards from the <a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">scree</a>-covered slopes of Visokoi, forming a low-lying coastal platform.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197925_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197925-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several islets lie around Visokoi, such as Coffin Rock off the northeastern coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island is surrounded by a 2.3–6 kilometres (1.4–3.7 mi) wide shelf at less than 200 metres (660 ft) depth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010117_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010117-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shelf broadens with depth to form a large submarine volcano, which reaches a width of 57 kilometres (35 mi) at 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) depth. The total volume of Visokoi complete with the submarine parts is about 3,000 cubic kilometres (720 cu mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010121_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010121-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The submarine edifice has an east-west extension, with numerous small volcanoes, chutes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010120_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010120-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and traces (hummocky terrain) of a <a href="/wiki/Sector_collapse" title="Sector collapse">sector collapse</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010123_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010123-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the western side and a more extensive shelf cut by submarine canyons on the eastern side. From there, a submarine ridge connects Visokoi with <a href="/wiki/Candlemas_Island" title="Candlemas Island">Candlemas Island</a> farther south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010120_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010120-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visokoi_Island&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>East of the South Sandwich Islands, the <a href="/wiki/South_America_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South America Plate">South America Plate</a> <a href="/wiki/Subduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduct">subducts</a> beneath the <a href="/wiki/Scotia_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotia Plate">Scotia Plate</a> at a rate of 70 millimetres per year (2.8 in/year). The subduction is responsible for the existence of the South Sandwich <a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">island arc</a>, which is constituted by about eleven islands<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990361_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990361-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in an eastward curving chain,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker19793_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker19793-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">submarine volcanoes</a> such as Protector in the north and Adventure and <a href="/wiki/Kemp_Caldera" title="Kemp Caldera">Kemp</a> in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010111_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010111-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From north to south Zavodovski, Leskov Island, Visokoi Island, <a href="/wiki/Candlemas_Island" title="Candlemas Island">Candlemas Island</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vindication_Island" title="Vindication Island">Vindication Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saunders_Island_(South_Sandwich_Islands)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saunders Island (South Sandwich Islands)">Saunders Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montagu_Island" title="Montagu Island">Montagu Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Island" title="Bristol Island">Bristol Island</a>-<a href="/wiki/Freezland_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Freezland Rock">Freezland Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Island" title="Bellingshausen Island">Bellingshausen Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Cook Island, South Sandwich Islands">Cook Island</a>-<a href="/wiki/Thule_Island" title="Thule Island">Thule Island</a> emerge from the sea. Most of the islands are stratovolcanoes of various sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990362_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990362-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Composition">Composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visokoi_Island&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volcanic rocks are mostly <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">basaltic andesite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a> are also found.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker19789_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker19789-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phenocryst" title="Phenocryst">Phenocrysts</a> include <a href="/wiki/Clinopyroxene" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinopyroxene">clinopyroxene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypersthene" title="Hypersthene">hypersthene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rocks are notably <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>-rich<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker197818_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker197818-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and define a <a href="/wiki/Tholeiitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tholeiitic">tholeiitic</a> suite.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearceBakerHarveyLuff19951101_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearceBakerHarveyLuff19951101-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geologic_history">Geologic history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visokoi_Island&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geologic history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island grew during the past one million years by an alternation of <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastic rocks</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">lava flows</a> with columnar jointing,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGVP2023Photo_Gallery_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGVP2023Photo_Gallery-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cut by <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dykes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker19786_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker19786-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> building one volcano.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerHoldgateLongtonTilbrook1964693_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerHoldgateLongtonTilbrook1964693-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the eastern cinder cones formed, and the western side of the island was subject to <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Potassium-argon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium-argon dating">Potassium-argon dating</a> has yielded an age of 300,000 ± 100,000 years for a rock at Sulphur Point,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990365_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990365-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but activity continued into the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990363_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990363-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Finger Point lava flow may be recent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010117_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010117-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An 18,000 years old <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> layer in the <a href="/wiki/Vostok_ice_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok ice core">Vostok</a> <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice core</a> has been attributed to Visokoi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEコウノミカ,フジイヨシユキ1999127_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEコウノミカ,フジイヨシユキ1999127-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The occurrence of historical eruptions is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010117_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010117-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eruptions were recorded in 1830, 1927 and 1930<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when passing ships observed smoke columns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no tephra layers embedded in ice<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">scoria</a> lying on ice may represent either recent activity or older eruptions whose products were covered by ice and then re-exposed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197924_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197924-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fumarole">Fumarole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visokoi_Island&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fumarole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An active <a href="/wiki/Fumarole" title="Fumarole">fumarole</a> associated with the scoria cone at Finger Point was observed in 1930. In 1962 this fumarole was gone, but volcanically heated ground was reported from the same site in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thermal anomalies are not visible from satellite images.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrickSmellie2013484_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrickSmellie2013484-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fumarole was surrounded by a concentric area of <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongtonHoldgate197939_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongtonHoldgate197939-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visokoi_Island&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Away from the fumarole, vegetation is largely absent from Visokoi<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongtonHoldgate197940_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongtonHoldgate197940-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and consists mostly of <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> growing on bare rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-vertebrates include <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Springtail" title="Springtail">springtails</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerHoldgateLongtonTilbrook1964693_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerHoldgateLongtonTilbrook1964693-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Amphipod" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphipod">amphipods</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlonsoRauschertde_Broyer200823_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlonsoRauschertde_Broyer200823-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brittle_star" title="Brittle star">brittle stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryozoan">bryozoans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrattDearborn1984130_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrattDearborn1984130-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrozoan">hydrozoans</a> have been recovered from the shallow water surrounding Visokoi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanteroVervoort2004808_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECanteroVervoort2004808-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fulmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic fulmar">Antarctic fulmars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_petrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape petrel">cape petrels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinstrap_penguin" title="Chinstrap penguin">chinstrap penguins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gentoo_penguin" title="Gentoo penguin">gentoo penguins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelp_gull" title="Kelp gull">kelp gulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macaroni_penguin" title="Macaroni penguin">macaroni penguins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skua" title="Skua">skuas</a> nest in the cliffs which are ice-free, and on the low coastal platforms especially at Finger Point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 100,000 chinstrap penguin breeding pairs occur on Visokoi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartConvey201827_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartConvey201827-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> visit the island without clear evidence of reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927–28_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927–28-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost a thousand <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seals</a> were seen at Irving Point in 1964, making it the largest occurrence in the South Sandwich Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197928_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197928-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_history">Human history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visokoi_Island&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Visokoi was discovered on the 23 December 1819 by the <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_von_Bellingshausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaddeus von Bellingshausen">Thaddeus von Bellingshausen</a> expedition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker19795_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker19795-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proper spelling of the island name is <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru">Vysokij</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulkeley2021235_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulkeley2021235-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island can be accessed from Wordie Point and Finger Point, where there are low-lying platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visokoi_Island&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990363-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990363_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990363_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990">LeMasurier et al. 1990</a>, p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr2000318-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr2000318_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr2000318_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarr2000">Barr 2000</a>, p. 318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELynchWhiteNaveenBlack20161615-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELynchWhiteNaveenBlack20161615_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLynchWhiteNaveenBlack2016">Lynch et al. 2016</a>, p. 1615.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990361-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990361_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990361_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990">LeMasurier et al. 1990</a>, p. 361.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197922-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197922_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197922_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoldgateBaker1979">Holdgate & Baker 1979</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarr2000317-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarr2000317_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarr2000">Barr 2000</a>, p. 317.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWild192384-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWild192384_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWild1923">Wild 1923</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990372_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990">LeMasurier et al. 1990</a>, p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKargelLeonardBishopKääb2014773-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargelLeonardBishopKääb2014773_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKargelLeonardBishopKääb2014773_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKargelLeonardBishopKääb2014">Kargel et al. 2014</a>, p. 773.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990371_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990">LeMasurier et al. 1990</a>, p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197923-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197923_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoldgateBaker1979">Holdgate & Baker 1979</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010117-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010117_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010117_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010117_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010117_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeatTateTappinDay2010">Leat et al. 2010</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGVP2023General_Information-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGVP2023General_Information_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGVP2023">GVP 2023</a>, General Information.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrickSmellie2013484-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrickSmellie2013484_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrickSmellie2013484_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrickSmellie2013">Patrick & Smellie 2013</a>, p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatrickSmellie2013483-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatrickSmellie2013483_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatrickSmellie2013">Patrick & Smellie 2013</a>, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197924-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197924_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197924_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoldgateBaker1979">Holdgate & Baker 1979</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197926-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197926_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoldgateBaker1979">Holdgate & Baker 1979</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197925-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197925_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoldgateBaker1979">Holdgate & Baker 1979</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010121-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010121_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeatTateTappinDay2010">Leat et al. 2010</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010120-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010120_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010120_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeatTateTappinDay2010">Leat et al. 2010</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010123-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010123_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeatTateTappinDay2010">Leat et al. 2010</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker19793-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker19793_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoldgateBaker1979">Holdgate & Baker 1979</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010111-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeatTateTappinDay2010111_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeatTateTappinDay2010">Leat et al. 2010</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990362-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990362_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990">LeMasurier et al. 1990</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker19789-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker19789_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1978">Baker 1978</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker197818-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker197818_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1978">Baker 1978</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearceBakerHarveyLuff19951101-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPearceBakerHarveyLuff19951101_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPearceBakerHarveyLuff1995">Pearce et al. 1995</a>, p. 1101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGVP2023Photo_Gallery-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGVP2023Photo_Gallery_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGVP2023">GVP 2023</a>, Photo Gallery.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker19786-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker19786_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker1978">Baker 1978</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerHoldgateLongtonTilbrook1964693-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerHoldgateLongtonTilbrook1964693_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakerHoldgateLongtonTilbrook1964693_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBakerHoldgateLongtonTilbrook1964">Baker et al. 1964</a>, p. 693.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990365-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990365_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeMasurierThomsonBakerKyle1990">LeMasurier et al. 1990</a>, p. 365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEコウノミカ,フジイヨシユキ1999127-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEコウノミカ,フジイヨシユキ1999127_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFコウノミカ,フジイヨシユキ1999">コウノミカ,フジイヨシユキ 1999</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoldgateBaker1979">Holdgate & Baker 1979</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongtonHoldgate197939-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongtonHoldgate197939_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongtonHoldgate1979">Longton & Holdgate 1979</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELongtonHoldgate197940-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELongtonHoldgate197940_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLongtonHoldgate1979">Longton & Holdgate 1979</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlonsoRauschertde_Broyer200823-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlonsoRauschertde_Broyer200823_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlonsoRauschertde_Broyer2008">Alonso, Rauschert & de Broyer 2008</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrattDearborn1984130-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrattDearborn1984130_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrattDearborn1984">Fratt & Dearborn 1984</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECanteroVervoort2004808-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECanteroVervoort2004808_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCanteroVervoort2004">Cantero & Vervoort 2004</a>, p. 808.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartConvey201827-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartConvey201827_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartConvey2018">Hart & Convey 2018</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927–28-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197927–28_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoldgateBaker1979">Holdgate & Baker 1979</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197928-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker197928_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoldgateBaker1979">Holdgate & Baker 1979</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker19795-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoldgateBaker19795_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoldgateBaker1979">Holdgate & Baker 1979</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBulkeley2021235-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBulkeley2021235_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBulkeley2021">Bulkeley 2021</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visokoi_Island&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFコウノミカ,フジイヨシユキ1999" class="citation journal cs1">コウノミカ,フジイヨシユキ, Mika (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nipr.repo.nii.ac.jp/records/2896">"Major element analysis of fine tephras found in an ice core from Dome Fuji Station, Antarctica"</a>. <i>Polar Meteorology and Glaciology</i>. <b>13</b>: 123–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15094%2F00002896">10.15094/00002896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Meteorology+and+Glaciology&rft.atitle=Major+element+analysis+of+fine+tephras+found+in+an+ice+core+from+Dome+Fuji+Station%2C+Antarctica&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=123-132&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15094%2F00002896&rft.aulast=%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A6%E3%83%8E%E3%83%9F%E3%82%AB%2C%E3%83%95%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A8%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A6%E3%82%AD&rft.aufirst=Mika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnipr.repo.nii.ac.jp%2Frecords%2F2896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVisokoi+Island" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlonsoRauschertde_Broyer2008" class="citation journal cs1">Alonso, Gloria Maria; Rauschert, Martin; de Broyer, Claude (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/135292">"A catalogue of the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic Phoxocephalidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Gammaridea) with taxonomic, distribution and ecological data"</a>. <i>Zootaxa</i>. <b>1752</b>: 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fzootaxa.1752.1.1">10.11646/zootaxa.1752.1.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F135292">11336/135292</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1175-5326">1175-5326</a>.</cite><span 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(2): 73–97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1923GeogJ..61...73W">1923GeogJ..61...73W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1781104">10.2307/1781104</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1781104">1781104</a>.</cite><span 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="375" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Coat of arms of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_for_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Commissioner for South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="History of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_Georgians" title="List of South Georgians">List of South Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paraquet" title="Operation Paraquet">Operation "Paraquet"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Public holidays in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toothfish_Day" title="Toothfish Day">Toothfish Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Museum" title="South Georgia Museum">South Georgia Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.gs" title=".gs">.gs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands_sovereignty_dispute" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_South_Georgia" title="Invasion of South Georgia">Invasion of South Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Settlements / Whaling stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Bird Island, South Georgia">Bird Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grytviken" title="Grytviken">Grytviken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godthul" title="Godthul">Godthul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husvik" title="Husvik">Husvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith_Harbour" title="Leith Harbour">Leith Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Harbour" title="Ocean Harbour">Ocean Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Olav_Harbour" title="Prince Olav Harbour">Prince Olav Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness,_South_Georgia" title="Stromness, South Georgia">Stromness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbeta_Uruguay_base" title="Corbeta Uruguay base">Corbeta Uruguay base</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Georgia islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annenkov_Island" title="Annenkov Island">Annenkov Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Bird Island, South Georgia">Bird Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rock,_South_Georgia" title="Black Rock, South Georgia">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rocks,_South_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Rocks, South Georgia">Black Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerke_Rocks" title="Clerke Rocks">Clerke Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Island_(South_Georgia)" title="Cooper Island (South Georgia)">Cooper Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Grass Island, South Georgia">Grass Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassholm,_South_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grassholm, South Georgia">Grassholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupriyanov_Islands" title="Kupriyanov Islands">Kupriyanov Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickersgill_Islands" title="Pickersgill Islands">Pickersgill Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prion_Island" title="Prion Island">Prion Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddle_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Saddle Island, South Georgia">Saddle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shag_Rocks_(South_Georgia)" title="Shag Rocks (South Georgia)">Shag Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welcome_Islands" title="Welcome Islands">Welcome Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Islands" title="Willis Islands">Willis Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Sandwich Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Island" title="Bristol Island">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montagu_Island" title="Montagu Island">Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saunders_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Saunders Island, South Sandwich Islands">Saunders</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Candlemas_Islands" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Candlemas_Islands" title="Candlemas Islands">Candlemas Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candlemas_Island" title="Candlemas Island">Candlemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindication_Island" title="Vindication Island">Vindication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traversay_Islands" title="Traversay Islands">Traversay Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leskov_Island" title="Leskov Island">Leskov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Visokoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavodovski_Island" title="Zavodovski Island">Zavodovski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thule" title="Southern Thule">Southern Thule</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Island" title="Bellingshausen Island">Bellingshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Island,_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Cook Island, South Sandwich Islands">Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_Island" title="Thule Island">Thule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seamounts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protector_Shoal" title="Protector Shoal">Protector Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemp_Caldera" title="Kemp Caldera">Kemp Caldera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Peak" title="Admiralty Peak">Admiralty Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allardyce_Range" title="Allardyce Range">Allardyce Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barff_Peninsula" title="Barff Peninsula">Barff Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortuna_Glacier" title="Fortuna Glacier">Fortuna Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Harbour" title="Gold Harbour">Gold Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen_Harbour" title="Larsen Harbour">Larsen Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Baume" title="Mount Baume">Mount Baume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Belinda" title="Mount Belinda">Mount Belinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cunningham" title="Mount Cunningham">Mount Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Paget" title="Mount Paget">Mount Paget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Roots" title="Mount Roots">Mount Roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orca_Peak" title="Orca Peak">Orca Peak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggotty_Bluff" class="mw-redirect" title="Peggotty Bluff">Peggotty Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain,_South_Georgia" title="Salisbury Plain, South Georgia">Salisbury Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvesen_Range" title="Salvesen Range">Salvesen Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Thule" title="Southern Thule">Southern Thule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcher_Peninsula" title="Thatcher Peninsula">Thatcher Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Isles" title="Bay of Isles">Bay of Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromness_Bay,_South_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromness Bay, South Georgia">Stromness Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_Bay" title="Cumberland Bay">Cumberland Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_Bay" title="Possession Bay">Possession Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busen_Point" title="Busen Point">Busen Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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