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id="toc-Jedlik_and_the_self-excitation_phenomenon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_current_generators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_current_generators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Direct current generators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_current_generators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synchronous_generators_(alternating_current_generators)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synchronous_generators_(alternating_current_generators)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Synchronous generators (alternating current generators)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synchronous_generators_(alternating_current_generators)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-excitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-excitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Self-excitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-excitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialised_types_of_generator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialised_types_of_generator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Specialised types of generator</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specialised_types_of_generator-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specialised types of generator subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specialised_types_of_generator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_current_(DC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_current_(DC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Direct current (DC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_current_(DC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Homopolar_generator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homopolar_generator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Homopolar generator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homopolar_generator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetohydrodynamic_(MHD)_generator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetohydrodynamic_(MHD)_generator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetohydrodynamic_(MHD)_generator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternating_current_(AC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternating_current_(AC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alternating current (AC)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternating_current_(AC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Induction_generator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Induction_generator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Induction generator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Induction_generator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linear_electric_generator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linear_electric_generator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Linear electric generator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linear_electric_generator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variable-speed_constant-frequency_generators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable-speed_constant-frequency_generators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Variable-speed constant-frequency generators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable-speed_constant-frequency_generators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_use_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_use_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Common use cases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_use_cases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common use cases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_use_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Power_station" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_station"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Power station</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_station-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicular_generators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicular_generators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Vehicular generators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicular_generators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roadway_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roadway_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Roadway vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roadway_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bicycles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bicycles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Bicycles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bicycles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sailboats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sailboats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Sailboats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sailboats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreational_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreational_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Recreational vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreational_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electric_scooters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electric_scooters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Electric scooters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electric_scooters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Genset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_powered_electrical_generators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_powered_electrical_generators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Human powered electrical generators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_powered_electrical_generators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanical_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanical_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Mechanical measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanical_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equivalent_circuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equivalent_circuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Equivalent circuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equivalent_circuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electric generator</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektriese_generator" title="Elektriese generator – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektriese generator" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="مولد كهربائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مولد كهربائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%A0%DC%95%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܡܘܠܕܢܐ ܒܪܩܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܠܕܢܐ ܒܪܩܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator" title="Generator – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Generator" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B0" title="বৈদ্যুতিক জেনারেটর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈদ্যুতিক জেনারেটর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Електрически генератор – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрически генератор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatoa" title="Generatoa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Generatoa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_generator" title="Električni generator – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Električni generator" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generador_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Generador elèctric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Generador elèctric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrick%C3%BD_gener%C3%A1tor" title="Elektrický generátor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektrický generátor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_generator" title="Elektrisk generator – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektrisk generator" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جينيراتور – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جينيراتور" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrischer_Generator" title="Elektrischer Generator – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrischer Generator" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrigeneraator" title="Elektrigeneraator – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektrigeneraator" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Γεννήτρια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γεννήτρια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generador_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Generador eléctrico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Generador eléctrico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatoro" title="Generatoro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Generatoro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorgailu_elektriko" title="Sorgailu elektriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sorgailu elektriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="مولد الکتریکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مولد الکتریکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9rateur_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Générateur électrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Générateur électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerador_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Xerador eléctrico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xerador eléctrico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0" title="발전기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발전기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Էլեկտրական գեներատոր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրական գեներատոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="विद्युत जनित्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युत जनित्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_generator" title="Električni generator – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Električni generator" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_listrik" title="Generator listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Generator listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafall" title="Rafall – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rafall" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generatore_elettrico" title="Generatore elettrico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Generatore elettrico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99" title="גנרטור חשמלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנרטור חשמלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95" title="ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಜನಕ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಜನಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Электр генераторы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электр генераторы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenerat%C3%A8_elektrik" title="Jeneratè elektrik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jeneratè elektrik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83" title="Электр генератору – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Электр генератору" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro%C4%A3enerators" title="Elektroģenerators – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektroģenerators" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektros_generatorius" title="Elektros generatorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elektros generatorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gener%C3%A1tor" title="Generátor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Generátor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Електричен генератор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електричен генератор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="വൈദ്യുതജനിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വൈദ്യുതജനിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जनित्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जनित्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penjana_elektrik" title="Penjana elektrik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penjana elektrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Цахилгаан үүсгүүр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахилгаан үүсгүүр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_(energietechniek)" title="Generator (energietechniek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Generator (energietechniek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BA%E9%9B%BB%E6%A9%9F" title="発電機 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="発電機" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator" title="Generator – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Generator" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_generator" title="Elektrisk generator – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Elektrisk generator" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%88%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0" title="ବୈଦୁତିକ ଜନିତ୍ର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୈଦୁତିକ ଜନିତ୍ର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro-generator" title="Elektro-generator – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektro-generator" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬਿਜਲਈ ਜਨਰੇਟਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਿਜਲਈ ਜਨਰੇਟਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%B1" title="الیکٹرک جینریٹر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الیکٹرک جینریٹر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1)" title="برېښنایي مولد (جنراتور) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېښنایي مولد (جنراتور)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_elektryczny" title="Generator elektryczny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Generator elektryczny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerador_el%C3%A9trico" title="Gerador elétrico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gerador elétrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrik_generatori" title="Elektrik generatori – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Elektrik generatori" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator_electric" title="Generator electric – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Generator electric" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinchikilla_ruraq" title="Pinchikilla ruraq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pinchikilla ruraq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Электрический генератор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрический генератор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Electric generator" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjeneratori_elektrik" title="Gjeneratori elektrik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjeneratori elektrik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="විදිලි දනවනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විදිලි දනවනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_generator" title="Electrical generator – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electrical generator" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gener%C3%A1tor_elektrick%C3%A9ho_nap%C3%A4tia" title="Generátor elektrického napätia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Generátor elektrického napätia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_generator" title="Električni generator – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Električni generator" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Електрични генератор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Електрични генератор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dni_generator" title="Električni generator – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Električni generator" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generaattori" title="Generaattori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Generaattori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generator" title="Generator – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Generator" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De-kuryenteng_henerador" title="De-kuryenteng henerador – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="De-kuryenteng henerador" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="மின்னியற்றி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்னியற்றி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="ఎలక్ట్రిక్ జనరేటర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎలక్ట్రిక్ జనరేటర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device that converts other energy to electrical energy</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about electromagnetic power generation. For electrostatic generators like the Van de Graaff machine, see <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_generator" title="Electrostatic generator">Electrostatic generator</a>. For devices to convert photons into electricity, see <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">Photovoltaic panel</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_Steam_Turbine_Generator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Modern_Steam_Turbine_Generator.jpg/300px-Modern_Steam_Turbine_Generator.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Modern_Steam_Turbine_Generator.jpg/450px-Modern_Steam_Turbine_Generator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Modern_Steam_Turbine_Generator.jpg/600px-Modern_Steam_Turbine_Generator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">NRC</a> image of a modern steam turbine generator (STG).</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a>, a <b>generator</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a device that converts motion-based power (<a href="/wiki/Mechanical_energy" title="Mechanical energy">potential and kinetic energy</a>) or fuel-based power (<a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a>) into <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a> for use in an external <a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">circuit</a>. Sources of mechanical energy include <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_turbine" title="Water turbine">water turbines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> and even hand <a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">cranks</a>. The first electromagnetic generator, the <a href="/wiki/Faraday_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday disk">Faraday disk</a>, was invented in 1831 by British scientist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>. Generators provide nearly all the power for <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grids</a>. </p><p>In addition to electricity- and motion-based designs, <a href="/wiki/Photovoltaics" title="Photovoltaics">photovoltaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a> powered generators use solar power and hydrogen-based fuels, respectively, to generate electrical output. </p><p>The reverse conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by an <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motor</a>, and motors and generators are very similar. Many motors can generate electricity from mechanical energy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Generator-20071117.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Generator-20071117.jpg/220px-Generator-20071117.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Generator-20071117.jpg/330px-Generator-20071117.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Generator-20071117.jpg/440px-Generator-20071117.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Early <a href="/wiki/Ganz" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganz">Ganz</a> Generator in <a href="/wiki/Zwevegem" title="Zwevegem">Zwevegem</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Flanders" title="West Flanders">West Flanders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetic</a> generators fall into one of two broad categories, dynamos and alternators. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamos</a> generate pulsing <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> through the use of a <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">Alternators</a> generate <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a>.</li></ul> <p>Mechanically, a generator consists of a rotating part and a stationary part which together form a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_circuit" title="Magnetic circuit">magnetic circuit</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotor_(electric)" title="Rotor (electric)">Rotor</a>: The rotating part of an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical machine">electrical machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">Stator</a>: The stationary part of an electrical machine, which surrounds the rotor.</li></ul> <p>One of these parts generates a magnetic field, the other has a wire winding in which the changing field induces an electric current: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_coil" title="Field coil">Field winding</a> or field (permanent) magnets: The <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a>-producing component of an electrical machine. The magnetic field of the dynamo or alternator can be provided by either wire windings called <a href="/wiki/Field_coil" title="Field coil">field coils</a> or <a href="/wiki/Permanent_magnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent magnet">permanent magnets</a>. Electrically-excited generators include an <a href="/wiki/Excitation_(magnetic)" title="Excitation (magnetic)">excitation system</a> to produce the field flux. A generator using <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">permanent magnets</a> (PMs) is sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Magneto" title="Magneto">magneto</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_magnet_synchronous_generator" title="Permanent magnet synchronous generator">permanent magnet synchronous generator</a> (PMSG).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armature_(electrical_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Armature (electrical engineering)">Armature</a>: The power-producing component of an electrical machine. In a generator, alternator, or dynamo, the armature windings generate the electric current, which provides power to an external circuit.</li></ul> <p>The armature can be on either the rotor or the stator, depending on the design, with the field coil or magnet on the other part. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the connection between <a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">magnetism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> was discovered, <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_generator" title="Electrostatic generator">electrostatic generators</a> were invented. They operated on <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic">electrostatic</a> principles, by using moving <a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">electrically charged</a> belts, plates and disks that carried charge to a high potential electrode. The charge was generated using either of two mechanisms: <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_induction" title="Electrostatic induction">electrostatic induction</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Triboelectric_effect" title="Triboelectric effect">triboelectric effect</a>. Such generators generated very high <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> and low <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a>. Because of their inefficiency and the difficulty of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">insulating</a> machines that produced very high voltages, electrostatic generators had low power ratings, and were never used for generation of commercially significant quantities of electric power. Their only practical applications were to power early <a href="/wiki/X-ray_tube" title="X-ray tube">X-ray tubes</a>, and later in some atomic <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faraday_disk_generator">Faraday disk generator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Faraday disk generator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faraday_disk_generator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Faraday_disk_generator.jpg/220px-Faraday_disk_generator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Faraday_disk_generator.jpg/330px-Faraday_disk_generator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Faraday_disk_generator.jpg/440px-Faraday_disk_generator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Faraday_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday disk">Faraday disk</a> was the first electric generator. The horseshoe-shaped magnet <i>(A)</i> created a magnetic field through the disk <i>(D)</i>. When the disk was turned, this induced an electric current radially outward from the center toward the rim. The current flowed out through the sliding spring contact <i>m</i>, through the external circuit, and back into the center of the disk through the axle.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homopolar_generator" title="Homopolar generator">Homopolar generator</a></div> <p>The operating principle of electromagnetic generators was discovered in the years of 1831–1832 by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>. The principle, later called <a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">Faraday's law</a>, is that an <a href="/wiki/Electromotive_force" title="Electromotive force">electromotive force</a> is generated in an electrical conductor which encircles a varying <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_flux" title="Magnetic flux">magnetic flux</a>. </p><p>Faraday also built the first electromagnetic generator, called the <a href="/wiki/Faraday_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday disk">Faraday disk</a>; a type of <a href="/wiki/Homopolar_generator" title="Homopolar generator">homopolar generator</a>, using a <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> disc rotating between the poles of a horseshoe <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a>. It produced a small <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC voltage</a>. </p><p>This design was inefficient, due to self-cancelling counterflows of <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">current</a> in regions of the disk that were not under the influence of the magnetic field. While current was induced directly underneath the magnet, the current would circulate backwards in regions that were outside the influence of the magnetic field. This counterflow limited the power output to the pickup wires and induced waste heating of the copper disc. Later homopolar generators would solve this problem by using an array of magnets arranged around the disc perimeter to maintain a steady field effect in one current-flow direction. </p><p>Another disadvantage was that the output <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> was very low, due to the single current path through the magnetic flux. Experimenters found that using multiple turns of wire in a coil could produce higher, more useful voltages. Since the output voltage is proportional to the number of turns, generators could be easily designed to produce any desired voltage by varying the number of turns. Wire windings became a basic feature of all subsequent generator designs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jedlik_and_the_self-excitation_phenomenon">Jedlik and the self-excitation phenomenon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jedlik and the self-excitation phenomenon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Independently of Faraday, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlik" title="Ányos Jedlik">Ányos Jedlik</a> started experimenting in 1827 with the electromagnetic rotating devices which he called <a href="/wiki/Jedlik%27s_dynamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jedlik's dynamo">electromagnetic self-rotors</a>. In the prototype of the single-pole electric starter (finished between 1852 and 1854) both the stationary and the revolving parts were electromagnetic. It was also the discovery of the principle of dynamo <a href="/wiki/Self-excitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-excitation">self-excitation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which replaced permanent magnet designs. He also may have formulated the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamo</a> in 1861 (before <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Werner_von_Siemens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Werner von Siemens">Siemens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Wheatstone</a>) but did not patent it as he thought he was not the first to realize this.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_current_generators">Direct current generators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Direct current generators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wechselstromerzeuger_Crop_LevelAdj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wechselstromerzeuger_Crop_LevelAdj.jpg/180px-Wechselstromerzeuger_Crop_LevelAdj.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wechselstromerzeuger_Crop_LevelAdj.jpg/270px-Wechselstromerzeuger_Crop_LevelAdj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Wechselstromerzeuger_Crop_LevelAdj.jpg/360px-Wechselstromerzeuger_Crop_LevelAdj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="603" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Pixii" title="Hippolyte Pixii">Hippolyte Pixii</a>'s dynamo. The commutator is located on the shaft below the spinning magnet.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High-Current_Copper-Brush_Commutated_Dynamo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/High-Current_Copper-Brush_Commutated_Dynamo.jpg/180px-High-Current_Copper-Brush_Commutated_Dynamo.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/High-Current_Copper-Brush_Commutated_Dynamo.jpg/270px-High-Current_Copper-Brush_Commutated_Dynamo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/High-Current_Copper-Brush_Commutated_Dynamo.jpg/360px-High-Current_Copper-Brush_Commutated_Dynamo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2439" data-file-height="1953" /></a><figcaption>This large belt-driven high-current <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamo</a> produced 310 amperes at 7 volts. Dynamos are no longer used due to the size and complexity of the <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a> needed for high power applications.</figcaption></figure> <p>A coil of wire rotating in a magnetic field produces a current which changes direction with each 180° rotation, an <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC). However many early uses of electricity required <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">direct current</a> (DC). In the first practical electric generators, called <i><a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamos</a></i>, the AC was converted into DC with a <i><a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a></i>, a set of rotating switch contacts on the armature shaft. The commutator reversed the connection of the armature winding to the circuit every 180° rotation of the shaft, creating a pulsing DC current. One of the first dynamos was built by <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Pixii" title="Hippolyte Pixii">Hippolyte Pixii</a> in 1832. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamo</a> was the first electrical generator capable of delivering power for industry. The <a href="/wiki/Woolrich_Electrical_Generator" title="Woolrich Electrical Generator">Woolrich Electrical Generator</a> of 1844, now in <a href="/wiki/Thinktank,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Thinktank, Birmingham">Thinktank, Birmingham Science Museum</a>, is the earliest electrical generator used in an industrial process.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was used by the firm of <a href="/wiki/Elkington_Silver_Electroplating_Works" title="Elkington Silver Electroplating Works">Elkingtons</a> for commercial <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thomas_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thomas-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern dynamo, fit for use in industrial applications, was invented independently by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Wheatstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Wheatstone">Sir Charles Wheatstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alfred_Varley" title="Samuel Alfred Varley">Samuel Alfred Varley</a>. Varley took out a patent on 24 December 1866, while Siemens and Wheatstone both announced their discoveries on 17 January 1867 by delivering papers at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Siemens1867_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siemens1867-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wheatstone1867_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheatstone1867-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "dynamo-electric machine" employed self-powering electromagnetic field coils rather than permanent magnets to create the stator field.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wheatstone's design was similar to Siemens', with the difference that in the Siemens design the stator electromagnets were in series with the rotor, but in Wheatstone's design they were in parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-Siemens1867_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siemens1867-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wheatstone1867_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheatstone1867-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of electromagnets rather than permanent magnets greatly increased the power output of a dynamo and enabled high power generation for the first time. This invention led directly to the first major industrial uses of electricity. For example, in the 1870s Siemens used electromagnetic dynamos to power <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc_furnace" title="Electric arc furnace">electric arc furnaces</a> for the production of metals and other materials. </p><p>The dynamo machine that was developed consisted of a stationary structure, which provides the magnetic field, and a set of rotating windings which turn within that field. On larger machines the constant magnetic field is provided by one or more electromagnets, which are usually called field coils. </p><p>Large power generation dynamos are now rarely seen due to the now nearly universal use of <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> for power distribution. Before the adoption of AC, very large direct-current dynamos were the only means of power generation and distribution. AC has come to dominate due to the ability of AC to be easily <a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">transformed</a> to and from very high voltages to permit low losses over large distances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synchronous_generators_(alternating_current_generators)"><span id="Synchronous_generators_.28alternating_current_generators.29"></span>Synchronous generators (alternating current generators)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Synchronous generators (alternating current generators)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">Alternator</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferranti_two-phase_generator_set_(Rankin_Kennedy,_Electrical_Installations,_Vol_III,_1903).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ferranti_two-phase_generator_set_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Electrical_Installations%2C_Vol_III%2C_1903%29.jpg/220px-Ferranti_two-phase_generator_set_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Electrical_Installations%2C_Vol_III%2C_1903%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ferranti_two-phase_generator_set_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Electrical_Installations%2C_Vol_III%2C_1903%29.jpg/330px-Ferranti_two-phase_generator_set_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Electrical_Installations%2C_Vol_III%2C_1903%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ferranti_two-phase_generator_set_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Electrical_Installations%2C_Vol_III%2C_1903%29.jpg/440px-Ferranti_two-phase_generator_set_%28Rankin_Kennedy%2C_Electrical_Installations%2C_Vol_III%2C_1903%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="1183" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Ziani_de_Ferranti" title="Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti">Ferranti</a> <a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">alternating current generator</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Through a series of discoveries, the dynamo was succeeded by many later inventions, especially the AC <a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">alternator</a>, which was capable of generating <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a>. It is commonly known to be the Synchronous Generators (SGs). The synchronous machines are directly connected to the grid and need to be properly synchronized during startup.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, they are excited with special control to enhance the stability of the power system.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternating current generating systems were known in simple forms from <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>'s original discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">magnetic induction of electric current</a>. Faraday himself built an early alternator. His machine was a "rotating rectangle", whose operation was <i>heteropolar</i>: each active conductor passed successively through regions where the magnetic field was in opposite directions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large two-phase alternating current generators were built by a British electrician, <a href="/wiki/James_Edward_Henry_Gordon" title="James Edward Henry Gordon">J. E. H. Gordon</a>, in 1882. The first public demonstration of an "alternator system" was given by <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jr." title="William Stanley Jr.">William Stanley Jr.</a>, an employee of <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric (1886)">Westinghouse Electric</a> in 1886.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Ferranti_steam_generating_plants"></span><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Ziani_de_Ferranti" title="Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti">Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti</a> established <i>Ferranti, Thompson and Ince</i> in 1882, to market his <i>Ferranti-Thompson Alternator</i>, invented with the help of renowned physicist <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His early alternators produced frequencies between 100 and 300 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>. Ferranti went on to design the <a href="/wiki/Deptford_Power_Station" title="Deptford Power Station">Deptford Power Station</a> for the London Electric Supply Corporation in 1887 using an alternating current system. On its completion in 1891, it was the first truly modern power station, supplying high-voltage AC power that was then "stepped down" for consumer use on each street. This basic system remains in use today around the world. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murray_Alternator_with_Belt-Driven_Exciter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Murray_Alternator_with_Belt-Driven_Exciter.jpg/200px-Murray_Alternator_with_Belt-Driven_Exciter.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Murray_Alternator_with_Belt-Driven_Exciter.jpg/300px-Murray_Alternator_with_Belt-Driven_Exciter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Murray_Alternator_with_Belt-Driven_Exciter.jpg/400px-Murray_Alternator_with_Belt-Driven_Exciter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="374" /></a><figcaption>A small early 1900s 75 <a href="/wiki/Kilovolt-ampere" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilovolt-ampere">kVA</a> direct-driven power station AC alternator, with a separate belt-driven exciter generator.</figcaption></figure> <p>After 1891, <a href="/wiki/Polyphase_system" title="Polyphase system">polyphase</a> alternators were introduced to supply currents of multiple differing phases.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later alternators were designed for varying alternating-current frequencies between sixteen and about one hundred hertz, for use with arc lighting, incandescent lighting and electric motors.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-excitation">Self-excitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Self-excitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Excitation_(magnetic)" title="Excitation (magnetic)">Excitation (magnetic)</a></div> <p>As the requirements for larger scale power generation increased, a new limitation rose: the magnetic fields available from permanent magnets. Diverting a small amount of the power generated by the generator to an electromagnetic <a href="/wiki/Field_coil" title="Field coil">field coil</a> allowed the generator to produce substantially more power. This concept was dubbed <a href="/wiki/Self-excitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-excitation">self-excitation</a>. </p><p>The field coils are connected in series or parallel with the armature winding. When the generator first starts to turn, the small amount of <a href="/wiki/Remanent_magnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Remanent magnetism">remanent magnetism</a> present in the iron core provides a magnetic field to get it started, generating a small current in the armature. This flows through the field coils, creating a larger magnetic field which generates a larger armature current. This "bootstrap" process continues until the magnetic field in the core levels off due to <a href="/wiki/Saturation_(magnetic)" title="Saturation (magnetic)">saturation</a> and the generator reaches a steady state power output. </p><p>Very large power station generators often utilize a separate smaller generator to excite the field coils of the larger. In the event of a severe widespread <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outage</a> where <a href="/wiki/Islanding" title="Islanding">islanding</a> of power stations has occurred, the stations may need to perform a <a href="/wiki/Black_start" title="Black start">black start</a> to excite the fields of their largest generators, in order to restore customer power service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specialised_types_of_generator">Specialised types of generator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Specialised types of generator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_current_(DC)"><span id="Direct_current_.28DC.29"></span>Direct current (DC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Direct current (DC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamo</a> uses commutators to produce direct current. It is self-<a href="/wiki/Excitation_(magnetic)" title="Excitation (magnetic)">excited</a>, i.e. its field electromagnets are powered by the machine's own output. Other types of DC generators use a separate source of direct current to energise their field magnets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Homopolar_generator">Homopolar generator</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Homopolar generator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Homopolar_generator" title="Homopolar generator">Homopolar generator</a></div> <p>A homopolar generator is a <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC</a> <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generator</a> comprising an electrically conductive disc or cylinder rotating in a plane perpendicular to a uniform static magnetic field. A potential difference is created between the center of the disc and the rim (or ends of the cylinder), the <a href="/wiki/Electrical_polarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical polarity">electrical polarity</a> depending on the direction of rotation and the orientation of the field. </p><p>It is also known as a <b>unipolar generator</b>, <b>acyclic generator</b>, <b>disk dynamo</b>, or <b>Faraday disc</b>. The voltage is typically low, on the order of a few volts in the case of small demonstration models, but large research generators can produce hundreds of volts, and some systems have multiple generators in series to produce an even larger voltage.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are unusual in that they can produce tremendous electric current, some more than a million <a href="/wiki/Amperes" class="mw-redirect" title="Amperes">amperes</a>, because the homopolar generator can be made to have very low internal resistance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnetohydrodynamic_(MHD)_generator"><span id="Magnetohydrodynamic_.28MHD.29_generator"></span>Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamic_generator" title="Magnetohydrodynamic generator">Magnetohydrodynamic generator</a></div> <p>A magnetohydrodynamic generator directly extracts electric power from moving hot gases through a magnetic field, without the use of rotating electromagnetic machinery. MHD generators were originally developed because the output of a plasma MHD generator is a flame, well able to heat the boilers of a <a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">steam</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plant</a>. The first practical design was the AVCO Mk. 25, developed in 1965. The U.S. government funded substantial development, culminating in a 25 MW demonstration plant in 1987. In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> from 1972 until the late 1980s, the MHD plant U 25 was in regular utility operation on the Moscow power system with a rating of 25 MW, the largest MHD plant rating in the world at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MHD generators operated as a <a href="/wiki/Topping_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Topping cycle">topping cycle</a> are currently (2007) less efficient than <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined cycle">combined cycle</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbines" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas turbines">gas turbines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternating_current_(AC)"><span id="Alternating_current_.28AC.29"></span>Alternating current (AC)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Alternating current (AC)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Induction_generator">Induction generator</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Induction generator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">Induction AC motors</a> may be used as generators, turning mechanical energy into electric current. Induction generators operate by mechanically turning their rotor faster than the simultaneous speed, giving negative slip. A regular AC non-simultaneous motor usually can be used as a generator, without any changes to its parts. Induction generators are useful in applications like minihydro power plants, wind turbines, or in reducing high-pressure gas streams to lower pressure, because they can recover energy with relatively simple controls. They do not require another circuit to start working because the turning magnetic field is provided by induction from the one they have. They also do not require speed governor equipment as they inherently operate at the connected grid frequency. </p><p>An induction generator must be powered with a leading voltage; this is usually done by connection to an electrical grid, or by powering themselves with phase correcting capacitors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linear_electric_generator">Linear electric generator</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Linear electric generator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linear_alternator" title="Linear alternator">Linear alternator</a></div> <p>In the simplest form of linear electric generator, a sliding <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">magnet</a> moves back and forth through a <a href="/wiki/Solenoid" title="Solenoid">solenoid</a>, a copper wire or a coil. An <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> is induced in the wire, or loops of wire, by <a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">Faraday's law of induction</a> each time the magnet slides through. This type of generator is used in the <a href="/wiki/Faraday_flashlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday flashlight">Faraday flashlight</a>. Larger linear electricity generators are used in <a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">wave power</a> schemes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variable-speed_constant-frequency_generators">Variable-speed constant-frequency generators</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Variable-speed constant-frequency generators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grid-connected generators deliver power at a constant frequency. For generators of the synchronous or induction type, the prime mover speed turning the generator shaft must be at a particular speed (or narrow range of speed) to deliver power at the required utility frequency. Mechanical speed-regulating devices may waste a significant fraction of the input energy to maintain a required fixed frequency. </p><p>Where it is impractical or undesired to tightly regulate the speed of the prime mover, <a href="/wiki/Doubly_fed_electric_machine" title="Doubly fed electric machine">doubly fed electric machines</a> may be used as generators. With the assistance of power electronic devices, these can regulate the output frequency to a desired value over a wider range of generator shaft speeds. Alternatively, a standard generator can be used with no attempt to regulate frequency, and the resulting power converted to the desired output frequency with a rectifier and converter combination. Allowing a wider range of prime mover speeds can improve the overall energy production of an installation, at the cost of more complex generators and controls. For example, where a wind turbine operating at fixed frequency might be required to spill energy at high wind speeds, a variable speed system can allow recovery of energy contained during periods of high wind speed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_use_cases">Common use cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Common use cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_station">Power station</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Power station"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG/260px-Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG/390px-Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG/520px-Greater_Cape_Town_12.02.2007_16-41-31.2007_16-41-33.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Athlone_Power_Station" title="Athlone Power Station">Athlone Power Station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSCN1028.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DSCN1028.JPG/260px-DSCN1028.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DSCN1028.JPG/390px-DSCN1028.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DSCN1028.JPG/520px-DSCN1028.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Hydroelectric power station at <a href="/wiki/Gab%C4%8D%C3%ADkovo_Dam" title="Gabčíkovo Dam">Gabčíkovo Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glen_Canyon_Dam_and_Bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Glen_Canyon_Dam_and_Bridge.JPG/260px-Glen_Canyon_Dam_and_Bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Glen_Canyon_Dam_and_Bridge.JPG/390px-Glen_Canyon_Dam_and_Bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Glen_Canyon_Dam_and_Bridge.JPG/520px-Glen_Canyon_Dam_and_Bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>Hydroelectric power station at <a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon_Dam" title="Glen Canyon Dam">Glen Canyon Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Page,_Arizona" title="Page, Arizona">Page, Arizona</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <i>power station</i>, also known as a <i>power plant</i> or <i>powerhouse</i> and sometimes <i>generating station</i> or <i>generating plant</i>, is an industrial facility that <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">generates</a> <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>. Most power stations contain one or more generators, or spinning machines converting <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical power">mechanical power</a> into <a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electrical_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-phase electrical power">three-phase electrical power</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Relative_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative motion">relative motion</a> between a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_field" title="Magnetic field">magnetic field</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductor" title="Electrical conductor">conductor</a> creates an <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a>. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. Most power stations in the world burn <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> to generate electricity. Cleaner sources include <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>, and increasingly use <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewables</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">the sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">waves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">running water</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicular_generators">Vehicular generators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vehicular generators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mobile_electric_generator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mobile_electric_generator.jpg/260px-Mobile_electric_generator.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mobile_electric_generator.jpg/390px-Mobile_electric_generator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Mobile_electric_generator.jpg/520px-Mobile_electric_generator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Mobile electric generator</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roadway_vehicles">Roadway vehicles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Roadway vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">Alternator (automotive)</a></div> <p>Motor vehicles require electrical energy to power their instrumentation, keep the engine itself operating, and recharge their batteries. Until about the 1960s motor vehicles tended to use <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">DC generators (dynamos)</a> with electromechanical regulators. Following the historical trend above and for many of the same reasons, these have now been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Alternator_(automotive)" title="Alternator (automotive)">alternators</a> with built-in <a href="/wiki/Rectifier" title="Rectifier">rectifier</a> circuits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bicycles">Bicycles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bicycles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bicycles require energy to power running lights and other equipment. There are two common kinds of generator in use on bicycles: <a href="/wiki/Bottle_dynamo" title="Bottle dynamo">bottle dynamos</a> which engage the bicycle's tire on an as-needed basis, and <a href="/wiki/Hub_dynamo" title="Hub dynamo">hub dynamos</a> which are directly attached to the bicycle's drive train. The name is conventional as they are small permanent-magnet alternators, not self-excited DC machines as are <a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">dynamos</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Electric_bicycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric bicycles">electric bicycles</a> are capable of <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_braking" title="Regenerative braking">regenerative braking</a>, where the drive motor is used as a generator to recover some energy during braking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sailboats">Sailboats</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sailboats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sailing boats may use a water- or wind-powered generator to trickle-charge the batteries. A small <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propeller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> is connected to a low-power generator to supply currents at typical wind or cruising speeds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recreational_vehicles">Recreational vehicles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Recreational vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Recreational_vehicle" title="Recreational vehicle">Recreational vehicles</a> need an extra power supply to power their onboard accessories, including air conditioning units, and refrigerators. An RV power plug is connected to the electric generator to obtain a stable power supply.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electric_scooters">Electric scooters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Electric scooters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Electric_scooters" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric scooters">Electric scooters</a> with regenerative braking have become popular all over the world. Engineers use <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> recovery systems on the scooter to reduce energy consumption and increase its range up to 40-60% by simply recovering energy using the magnetic brake, which generates <a href="/wiki/Electric_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric energy">electric energy</a> for further use. Modern vehicles reach speed up to 25–30 km/h and can run up to 35–40 km. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genset">Genset</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Genset"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Engine-generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine-generator">Engine-generator</a></div> <p>An <i>engine-generator</i> is the combination of an electrical generator and an <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prime_mover" class="extiw" title="wikt:prime mover">prime mover</a>) mounted together to form a single piece of self-contained equipment. The engines used are usually piston engines, but gas turbines can also be used, and there are even hybrid diesel-gas units, called dual-fuel units. Many different versions of engine-generators are available – ranging from very small portable <a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">petrol</a> powered sets to large turbine installations. The primary advantage of engine-generators is the ability to independently supply electricity, allowing the units to serve as backup power sources.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_powered_electrical_generators">Human powered electrical generators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Human powered electrical generators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Self-powered_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-powered equipment">Self-powered equipment</a></div> <p>A generator can also be driven by human <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> power (for instance, in field radio station equipment). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Day_47_Occupy_Wall_Street_November_2_2011_Shankbone_15.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Day_47_Occupy_Wall_Street_November_2_2011_Shankbone_15.JPG/220px-Day_47_Occupy_Wall_Street_November_2_2011_Shankbone_15.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Day_47_Occupy_Wall_Street_November_2_2011_Shankbone_15.JPG/330px-Day_47_Occupy_Wall_Street_November_2_2011_Shankbone_15.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Day_47_Occupy_Wall_Street_November_2_2011_Shankbone_15.JPG/440px-Day_47_Occupy_Wall_Street_November_2_2011_Shankbone_15.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3450" data-file-height="2645" /></a><figcaption>Protesters at <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a> using bicycles connected to a motor and one-way diode to charge batteries for their electronics<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Human powered electric generators are commercially available, and have been the project of some <a href="/wiki/DIY" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY">DIY</a> enthusiasts. Typically operated by means of pedal power, a converted bicycle trainer, or a foot pump, such generators can be practically used to charge batteries, and in some cases are designed with an integral inverter. An average "healthy human" can produce a steady 75 watts (0.1 horsepower) for a full eight hour period, while a "first class athlete" can produce approximately 298 watts (0.4 horsepower) for a similar period, at the end of which an undetermined period of rest and recovery will be required. At 298 watts, the average "healthy human" becomes exhausted within 10 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The net electrical power that can be produced will be less, due to the efficiency of the generator. Portable radio receivers with a crank are made to reduce battery purchase requirements, see <a href="/wiki/Clockwork_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Clockwork radio">clockwork radio</a>. During the mid 20th century, pedal powered radios were used throughout the <a href="/wiki/Australian_outback" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian outback">Australian outback</a>, to provide schooling (<a href="/wiki/School_of_the_Air" title="School of the Air">School of the Air</a>), medical and other needs in remote stations and towns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanical_measurement">Mechanical measurement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mechanical measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tachogenerator is an electromechanical device which produces an output voltage proportional to its shaft speed. It may be used for a speed indicator or in a feedback speed control system. Tachogenerators are frequently used to power <a href="/wiki/Tachometer" title="Tachometer">tachometers</a> to measure the speeds of electric motors, engines, and the equipment they power. Generators generate voltage roughly proportional to shaft speed. With precise construction and design, generators can be built to produce very precise voltages for certain ranges of shaft speeds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equivalent_circuit">Equivalent circuit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Equivalent circuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Generator-model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Generator-model.svg/220px-Generator-model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Generator-model.svg/330px-Generator-model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Generator-model.svg/440px-Generator-model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Equivalent circuit of generator and load. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>G, generator</li><li>V<sub>G</sub>, generator open-circuit voltage</li><li>R<sub>G</sub>, generator internal resistance</li><li>V<sub>L</sub>, generator on-load voltage</li><li>R<sub>L</sub>, load resistance</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_circuit" title="Equivalent circuit">equivalent circuit</a> of a generator and load is shown in the adjacent diagram. The generator is represented by an <a href="/wiki/Generator_(circuit_theory)" title="Generator (circuit theory)">abstract generator</a> consisting of an ideal <a href="/wiki/Voltage_source" title="Voltage source">voltage source</a> and an internal impedance. The generator's <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{\text{G}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>G</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{\text{G}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebc085e59c98dd7f548f5383dff4e50e0fb4bf6e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.878ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{\text{G}}}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R_{\text{G}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>G</mtext> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R_{\text{G}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/778ce7545fa37c40ed5c9b9ba180aacb3f2a8ab9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.286ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R_{\text{G}}}"></span> parameters can be determined by measuring the winding resistance (corrected to <a href="/wiki/Operating_temperature" title="Operating temperature">operating temperature</a>), and measuring the open-circuit and loaded voltage for a defined current load. </p><p>This is the simplest model of a generator, further elements may need to be added for an accurate representation. In particular, inductance can be added to allow for the machine's windings and magnetic leakage flux,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a full representation can become much more complex than this.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_generator" title="Diesel generator">Diesel generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">Electricity generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engine-generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Engine-generator">Engine-generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction" title="Faraday's law of induction">Faraday's law of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_expansion_planning" title="Generation expansion planning">Generation expansion planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodness_factor" title="Goodness factor">Goodness factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_generator_(boiler)" title="Steam generator (boiler)">Steam generator (boiler)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_generator_(railroad)" title="Steam generator (railroad)">Steam generator (railroad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconducting_electric_machine" title="Superconducting electric machine">Superconducting electric machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric_generator" title="Thermoelectric generator">Thermoelectric generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">Thermal power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electric_generator&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also called <i>electric generator</i>, <i>electrical generator</i>, and <i>electromagnetic generator</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAugustus_Heller1896" class="citation journal cs1">Augustus Heller (April 2, 1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&q=jedlik+dynamo+1827&pg=PA516">"Anianus Jedlik"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>53</b> (1379). Norman Lockyer: 516. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1896Natur..53..516H">1896Natur..53..516H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F053516a0">10.1038/053516a0</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Anianus+Jedlik&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1379&rft.pages=516&rft.date=1896-04-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F053516a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1896Natur..53..516H&rft.au=Augustus+Heller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWojdmTmch0C%26q%3Djedlik%2Bdynamo%2B1827%26pg%3DPA516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+generator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustus_Heller1896" class="citation cs2">Augustus Heller (2 April 1896), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWojdmTmch0C&q=jedlik+dynamo+1827&pg=PA516">"Anianus Jedlik"</a>, <i>Nature</i>, <b>53</b> (1379), Norman Lockyer: 516, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1896Natur..53..516H">1896Natur..53..516H</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F053516a0">10.1038/053516a0</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Anianus+Jedlik&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1379&rft.pages=516&rft.date=1896-04-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F053516a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1896Natur..53..516H&rft.au=Augustus+Heller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWojdmTmch0C%26q%3Djedlik%2Bdynamo%2B1827%26pg%3DPA516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+generator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birmingham Museums trust catalogue, accession number: 1889S00044</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thomas-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thomas_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1991" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, John Meurig (1991). <i>Michael Faraday and the Royal Institution: The Genius of Man and Place</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hurricane+Preparedness%3A+Protection+Provided+by+Power+Generators+%26%23124%3B+Power+On+with+Mark+Lum&rft.pub=Wpowerproducts.com&rft.date=2011-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wpowerproducts.com%2Fblog%2Fhurricane-preparedness-protection-provided-by-power-generators&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+generator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/10/30/with-generators-gone-wall-street-protesters-try-bicycle-power/">With Generators Gone, Wall Street Protesters Try Bicycle Power</a>, Colin Moynihan, <i>New York Times</i>, 30 October 2011; accessed 2 November 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308073502/https://www.ohio.edu/mechanical/programming/hpv/hpv.html">"Program: hpv (updated 6/22/11)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Program%3A+hpv+%28updated+6%2F22%2F11%29&rft.pub=Ohio.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohio.edu%2Fmechanical%2Fprogramming%2Fhpv%2Fhpv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectric+generator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoff Klempner, Isidor Kerszenbaum, "1.7.4 Equivalent circuit", <i>Handbook of Large Turbo-Generator Operation and Maintenance</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2011 (Kindle edition) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1118210409" title="Special:BookSources/1118210409">1118210409</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yoshihide Hase, "10: Theory of generators", <i>Handbook of Power System Engineering</i>, John Wiley & Sons, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0470033665" title="Special:BookSources/0470033665">0470033665</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electric_machines" title="Template:Electric machines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electric_machines" title="Template talk:Electric machines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electric_machines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electric machines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electric_machines516" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electric_machine" title="Electric machine">Electric machines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>AC - <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">Alternating current</a></li> <li>DC - <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">Direct current</a></li> <li>PM - <a href="/wiki/Magnet" title="Magnet">Permanent magnet</a></li> <li>SC - Self-<a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Components and<br />accessories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armature_(electrical)" title="Armature (electrical)">Armature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braking_chopper" title="Braking chopper">Braking chopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brush_(electric)" title="Brush (electric)">Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coil_winding_technology" title="Coil winding technology">Coil winding technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">Commutator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damper_winding" title="Damper winding">Damper winding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_injection_braking" title="DC injection braking">DC injection braking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_coil" title="Field coil">Field coil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotor_(electric)" title="Rotor (electric)">Rotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_ring" title="Slip ring">Slip ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stator" title="Stator">Stator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_coil" title="Electromagnetic coil">Winding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Generators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternator" title="Alternator">Alternator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flux_switching_alternator" title="Flux switching alternator">Flux switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magneto" title="Magneto">Magneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_alternator" title="Linear alternator">Linear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamo" title="Dynamo">Dynamo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electric generator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_magnet_synchronous_generator" title="Permanent magnet synchronous generator">PM synchronous generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_fed_induction_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Doubly fed induction generator">Doubly fed (DFIG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-phase_generator" title="Single-phase generator">Single-phase generator</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Motors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_motor" title="AC motor">AC motor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">Induction motor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaded-pole_motor" title="Shaded-pole motor">Shaded-pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahlander_pole_changing_motor" title="Dahlander pole changing motor">Dahlander pole changing motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_rotor_motor" title="Wound rotor motor">Wound-rotor (WRIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_induction_motor" title="Linear induction motor">Linear induction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_motor" title="Synchronous motor">Synchronous motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repulsion_motor" title="Repulsion motor">Repulsion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DC_motor" title="DC motor">DC motor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homopolar_motor" title="Homopolar motor">Homopolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brushed_DC_electric_motor" title="Brushed DC electric motor">Brushed DC electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor" title="Brushless DC electric motor">Brushless DC electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unipolar_motor" title="Unipolar motor">Unipolar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_motor" title="Universal motor">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switched_reluctance_motor" title="Switched reluctance motor">Switched reluctance (SRM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reluctance_motor" title="Reluctance motor">Reluctance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_fed_electric_machine" title="Doubly fed electric machine">Doubly fed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_motor" title="Linear motor">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_magnet_motor" title="Permanent magnet motor">Permanent magnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-rotor_permanent_magnet_induction_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-rotor permanent magnet induction motor">Dual-rotor permanent magnet induction motor (DRPMIM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servomotor" title="Servomotor">Servomotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepper_motor" title="Stepper motor">Stepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traction_motor" title="Traction motor">Traction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_motor" title="Electrostatic motor">Electrostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric_motor" title="Piezoelectric motor">Piezoelectric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_motor" title="Ultrasonic motor">Ultrasonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEFC_motor" title="TEFC motor">TEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_flux_motor" title="Axial flux motor">Axial flux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motor_controller" title="Motor controller">Motor controllers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC-to-AC_converter" title="AC-to-AC converter">AC-to-AC converter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycloconverter" title="Cycloconverter">Cycloconverter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplidyne" title="Amplidyne">Amplidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_drive" title="Motor drive">Drives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variable-frequency_drive" title="Variable-frequency drive">Variable-frequency drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_torque_control" title="Direct torque control">Direct torque control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_control_(motor)" title="Vector control (motor)">Vector control</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metadyne" title="Metadyne">Metadyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_soft_starter" title="Motor soft starter">Motor soft starter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Leonard_control" title="Ward Leonard control">Ward Leonard control</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">History, education,<br />recreational use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_electric_motor" title="Timeline of the electric motor">Timeline of the electric motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_bearing_motor" title="Ball bearing motor">Ball bearing motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barlow%27s_wheel" title="Barlow's wheel">Barlow's wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_motor" title="Lynch motor">Lynch motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendocino_motor" title="Mendocino motor">Mendocino motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_mill_motor" title="Mouse mill motor">Mouse mill motor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental, futuristic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coilgun" title="Coilgun">Coilgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railgun" title="Railgun">Railgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconducting_electric_machine" title="Superconducting electric machine">Superconducting machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blocked_rotor_test" title="Blocked rotor test">Blocked-rotor test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_diagram" title="Circle diagram">Circle diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">Electromagnetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-circuit_test" title="Open-circuit test">Open-circuit test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-loop_controller" title="Open-loop controller">Open-loop controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-to-weight_ratio" title="Power-to-weight ratio">Power-to-weight ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-phase_electric_power" title="Two-phase electric power">Two-phase system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inchworm_motor" title="Inchworm motor">Inchworm motor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starter_(engine)" title="Starter (engine)">Starter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_controller" title="Voltage controller">Voltage controller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">Arago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Barlow_(mathematician)" title="Peter Barlow (mathematician)">Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Domenico_Botto" title="Giuseppe Domenico Botto">Botto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Davenport_(inventor)" title="Thomas Davenport (inventor)">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Davidson_(inventor)" title="Robert Davidson (inventor)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Dolivo-Dobrovolsky" title="Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky">Dolivo-Dobrovolsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Faraday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Ferraris" title="Galileo Ferraris">Ferraris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9nobe_Gramme" title="Zénobe Gramme">Gramme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Jacobi" title="Moritz von Jacobi">Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81nyos_Jedlik" title="Ányos Jedlik">Jedlik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Lenz" title="Emil Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Ørsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Park" title="Robert H. 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