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biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Capt._A.J._Drexel_Biddle_LCCN2014707451_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Capt._A.J._Drexel_Biddle_LCCN2014707451_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Capt._A.J._Drexel_Biddle_LCCN2014707451_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Capt._A.J._Drexel_Biddle_LCCN2014707451_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Capt._A.J._Drexel_Biddle_LCCN2014707451_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Capt._A.J._Drexel_Biddle_LCCN2014707451_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Capt._A.J._Drexel_Biddle_LCCN2014707451_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="5126" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Biddle in 1918</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1874 -10-01</span>)</span>October 1, 1874<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 27, 1948<span style="display:none">(1948-05-27)</span> (aged 73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/The_Woodlands_(Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Woodlands (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)">The Woodlands (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Cordelia Rundell Bradley</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Jr." title="Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr.">Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr.</a> (1897–1961)<br />Cordelia Drexel Biddle (1898–1984)<br />Livingston Ludlow Biddle (1899–1981)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Edward Biddle II<br />Emily Drexel</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel" title="Anthony Joseph Drexel">Anthony Joseph Drexel</a> (grandfather)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Biddle_(banker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Biddle (banker)">Nicholas Biddle</a> (great-grandfather)</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle,_Sr._in_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle%2C_Sr._in_1909.jpg/220px-Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle%2C_Sr._in_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle%2C_Sr._in_1909.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Biddle as a boxer in 1909</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.</b> (October 1, 1874 – May 27, 1948) was a millionaire whose fortune allowed him to pursue theatricals, self-published writing, athletics, and Christianity on a full-time basis.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He trained men in <a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-to-hand">hand-to-hand</a> combat in both World Wars,<sup id="cite_ref-obit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Geographical_Society" title="American Geographical Society">American Geographical Society</a> and founded a movement called "Athletic Christianity" that eventually attracted 300,000 members around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a></i> called him "boxing's greatest amateur" in 1955, as well as a "major factor in the re-establishment of boxing as a legal and, at that time, estimable sport."<sup id="cite_ref-SI_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A fictionalized Biddle appears in the 1967 Disney musical film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Happiest_Millionaire" title="The Happiest Millionaire">The Happiest Millionaire</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Sr.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was born on October 1, 1874, in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>, to Edward Biddle II and Emily Drexel.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a grandson of banker <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel" title="Anthony Joseph Drexel">Anthony Joseph Drexel</a>, and a great-grandson of banker <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Biddle_(banker)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Biddle (banker)">Nicholas Biddle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biddle was a graduate of Germany's <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-philly_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philly-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Sr.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An officer in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>, Biddle was an expert in close-quarters fighting and the author of <i>Do or Die: A Supplementary Manual on Individual Combat</i>, a book on combat methods, including knives and empty-hand skills, training both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> in two world wars and special agents of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>. He can be seen training Marines in the <a href="/wiki/RKO" class="mw-redirect" title="RKO">RKO</a> short documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_of_the_Sea" title="Soldiers of the Sea">Soldiers of the Sea</a></i>. He was considered not just an expert in fighting, but also a pioneer of United States Marine Corps training in the bayonet and hand-to-hand combat. He based his style on fencing, though this approach was sometimes criticized as being unrealistic for military combat.<sup id="cite_ref-fatwing_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fatwing-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Having joined the Marines in 1917 at the age of 41, he also convinced his superiors to include boxing in Marine Corps recruit training.<sup id="cite_ref-svinth_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svinth-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919, he was promoted to the rank of major, and became a lieutenant colonel in 1934. In <a href="/wiki/Lansdowne,_Pennsylvania" title="Lansdowne, Pennsylvania">Lansdowne, Pennsylvania</a>, right outside of Philadelphia, Biddle opened a military training facility, where he trained 4,000 men. His training included long hours of <a href="/wiki/Calisthenics" title="Calisthenics">calisthenics</a> and gymnastics, and taught skills such as machete, saber, dagger, and bayonet combat, as well as hand grenade use, boxing, wrestling, <a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">savate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiujitsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiujitsu">jiujitsu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-svinth_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-svinth-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served two years in the <a href="/wiki/Army_National_Guard" title="Army National Guard">National Guard</a>. </p><p>A keen boxer, Biddle sparred with <a href="/wiki/Jack_Johnson_(boxer)" title="Jack Johnson (boxer)">Jack Johnson</a> and taught boxing to <a href="/wiki/Gene_Tunney" title="Gene Tunney">Gene Tunney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He even hosted "boxing teas" in his home, where other boxers would spar a couple of rounds with him and then join the family for dinner. A February 1909 match with <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Jack_O%27Brien" title="Philadelphia Jack O'Brien">Philadelphia Jack O'Brien</a> was attended by society leaders including women in elegant <a href="/wiki/Evening_gown" title="Evening gown">evening gowns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He served as a judge in the fight between <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Jack Dempsey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jess_Willard" title="Jess Willard">Jess Willard</a> on 4 July 1919. </p><p>On February 5, 1920, Biddle, as chairman of the Army Navy and Civilian Board of Boxing Control of New York, became a member the <a href="/wiki/International_Boxing_Union_(1913%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Boxing Union (1913–1946)">International Boxing Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During World War II, Biddle returned to active duty with the Marine Corps with the rank of colonel and taught hand-to-hand combat to recruits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writings">Writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Sr.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biddle also worked in and on periodicals. He spent time as a sports reporter for the <i>Public Ledger</i>, and jokingly referred to himself as "the poorest and richest reporter in Philadelphia". He also revived the <i>Philadelphia Sunday Graphic</i> for a short interval, before it was forced to fold, and founded a short-lived "society weekly"–type publication, <i>The People</i>. After organizing the also short-lived Drexel Biddle Publishing House, he acted as its head for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-philly_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philly-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Books written by Biddle include: </p> <ul><li><i>A dual rôle: and other stories</i>. The Warwick Book Publishing Company. 1894.</li> <li><i>The Madeira Islands</i>. Philadelphia: Drexel, Biddle & Bradley Publishing Company. 1896.</li> <li><i>Shantytown Sketches</i>. Philadelphia: Drexel, Biddle & Bradley Publishing Company. 1897.</li> <li><i>The Froggy Fairy Book</i> (1896) and <i>The Second Froggy Fairy Book</i> (1900) Drexel, Biddle & Bradley publishing company</li> <li><i>The Flowers of Life</i>. Philadelphia: Drexel, Biddle & Bradley Publishing Company. 1897.</li> <li><i>Word for Word and Letter for Letter; a biographical romance</i>. Gay & Bird. 1898.</li> <li><i>The Land of the Wine</i>. London: The Author's Syndicate. 1901.</li> <li><i>Do or Die: A Supplementary Manual on Individual Combat</i>. U.S. Marine Corps. 1937. (reprinted 1944 with new material, reprinted 1975)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Sr.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1895, he married Cordelia Rundell Bradley. Together, they had: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Jr." title="Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr.">Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Jr.</a> (1897–1961), who married <a href="/wiki/Mary_Duke_Biddle" title="Mary Duke Biddle">Mary Duke</a> (1887–1960). They were the parents of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Duke_Biddle_Trent_Semans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Duke Biddle Trent Semans">Mary Duke Biddle</a> (1920–2012) and Nicholas Benjamin Duke Biddle</li> <li>Cordelia Drexel Biddle (1898–1984), who married firstly <a href="/wiki/Angier_Buchanan_Duke" title="Angier Buchanan Duke">Angier Buchanan Duke</a> (1884–1923), the son of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Newton_Duke" title="Benjamin Newton Duke">Benjamin Newton Duke</a>. They were the parents of <a href="/wiki/Angier_Biddle_Duke" title="Angier Biddle Duke">Angier Biddle Duke</a> (1915–1995) and Anthony Drexel Duke (1918–2014).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her second marriage was to then architect Thomas Markoe Robertson in 1924.</li> <li>Livingston Ludlow Biddle (1899–1981), who married Kate Raboteau Page (b. 1903), daughter of <a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Page" title="Robert N. Page">Robert N. Page</a>. They were the parents of Livingston Ludlow Biddle III.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kate obtained a divorce in Reno in 1937, citing cruelty. Biddle married Suzanne Hutchinson Burke (1909-2000) whose mother was Mary Forbes Fay, the daughter of Alfred Forbes Fay (1843-1881). Suzanne donated two paintings by Jane Stuart of her mother and great uncle Sigourney Webster Fay (1836-1908) to the Boston Athenaeum in 1983. Monsignor Cyril Sigourney Webster Fay (1875-1919) was her uncle.</li></ul> <p>He died May 27, 1948, from a <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral hemorrhage">cerebral hemorrhage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uremic_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Uremic poisoning">uremic poisoning</a><sup id="cite_ref-obit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-philly_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-philly-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is interred at the <a href="/wiki/Woodlands_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlands Cemetery">Woodlands Cemetery</a> in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Sr.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His daughter Cordelia Drexel Biddle collaborated with Kyle Crichton (father of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Crichton_(novelist)" title="Robert Crichton (novelist)">Robert Crichton</a>) to write the 1955 novel <i>My Philadelphia Father</i>, based on her family.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book was adapted as a stage play starring <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pidgeon" title="Walter Pidgeon">Walter Pidgeon</a> in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-mill_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mill-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of the eccentric millionaire patriarch was adapted as a <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">musical film</a> in 1967, with <a href="/wiki/Fred_MacMurray" title="Fred MacMurray">Fred MacMurray</a> portraying Biddle in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Happiest_Millionaire" title="The Happiest Millionaire">The Happiest Millionaire</a></i>, the last film to have personal involvement from <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book <i>Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.: Pioneer of Combatives in the U.S.A.</i> was published in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Sr.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">p.253 Baltzell, Edward Digby <i>Philadelphia Gentlemen: The Making of a National Upper Class</i> 1958 Free Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70F12FD3954177A93CAAB178ED85F4C8485F9">"Col. A. J. Biddle Sr. Dead at Age of 73. Trained Men in Two World Wars for Hand-to-Hand Combat. Sponsored Boxing Groups"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. May 28, 1948<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Col.+A.+J.+Biddle+Sr.+Dead+at+Age+of+73.+Trained+Men+in+Two+World+Wars+for+Hand-to-Hand+Combat.+Sponsored+Boxing+Groups&rft.date=1948-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fselect.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3DF70F12FD3954177A93CAAB178ED85F4C8485F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/shantytownsketches00biddiala/shantytownsketches00biddiala_djvu.txt">"Shantytown sketches"</a>. 1899.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shantytown+sketches&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fshantytownsketches00biddiala%2Fshantytownsketches00biddiala_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119105939/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,711672,00.html">"Foreign Service: Athletic Christian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a></i>. August 5, 1935. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,711672,00.html">the original</a> on November 19, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=Foreign+Service%3A+Athletic+Christian&rft.date=1935-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C711672%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SI_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628223411/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1129593/4/index.htm">"Events & Discoveries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a></i>. May 9, 1955. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1129593/4/index.htm">the original</a> on June 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sports+Illustrated&rft.atitle=Events+%26+Discoveries&rft.date=1955-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsportsillustrated.cnn.com%2Fvault%2Farticle%2Fmagazine%2FMAG1129593%2F4%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography</i>, v.7, 1897</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVcEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA2">"Letters to the editor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life magazine</a></i>. October 25, 1943. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life+magazine&rft.atitle=Letters+to+the+editor&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1943-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVcEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-philly-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-philly_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-philly_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-philly_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Philadelphia Inquirer</i>, Friday Morning, 28 May 1948</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fatwing-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fatwing_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_N._Wright1940" class="citation news cs1">James N. Wright (April 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jimmy_fatwing/Military/biddle.htm">"On the Art of Hand to Hand: An Interview with Col. A. J. Drexel Biddle, USMCR"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Leatherneck_Magazine" title="Leatherneck Magazine">Leatherneck Magazine</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leatherneck+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+Art+of+Hand+to+Hand%3A+An+Interview+with+Col.+A.+J.+Drexel+Biddle%2C+USMCR&rft.date=1940-04&rft.au=James+N.+Wright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.ntlworld.com%2Fjimmy_fatwing%2FMilitary%2Fbiddle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-svinth-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-svinth_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-svinth_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_R._Svinth2001" class="citation news cs1">Joseph R. Svinth (December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejmas.com/jnc/jncart_Svinth_1201.htm">"Anthony J. Drexel Biddle, USMC CQB Pioneer"</a>. <i>Journal of Non-Lethal Combatives</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Non-Lethal+Combatives&rft.atitle=Anthony+J.+Drexel+Biddle%2C+USMC+CQB+Pioneer&rft.date=2001-12&rft.au=Joseph+R.+Svinth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejmas.com%2Fjnc%2Fjncart_Svinth_1201.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1909/02/24/106117845.pdf">"Women See Biddle Box: Bout with "Jack" O'Brien for Society Friends at Philadelphia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 24 February 1909<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Women+See+Biddle+Box%3A+Bout+with+%22Jack%22+O%27Brien+for+Society+Friends+at+Philadelphia&rft.date=1909-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1909%2F02%2F24%2F106117845.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k243913f/f5.item">"Le congrès de l'International Boxing Union"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Temps_(Paris)" title="Le Temps (Paris)">Le Temps</a></i> (in French). February 6, 1920<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Temps&rft.atitle=Le+congr%C3%A8s+de+l%27International+Boxing+Union&rft.date=1920-02-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k243913f%2Ff5.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501112730/http://library.duke.edu/lilly/about/lillyartproj/angier-buchanan-duke.html">"Angier Buchanan Duke"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/lilly/about/lillyartproj/angier-buchanan-duke.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Angier+Buchanan+Duke&rft.pub=Duke+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.duke.edu%2Flilly%2Fabout%2Flillyartproj%2Fangier-buchanan-duke.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourfamtree.org/browse.php/Livingston-Ludlow-Biddle/p549679">"Livingston Ludlow Biddle, III"</a>. <i>Our Family Tree</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+Family+Tree&rft.atitle=Livingston+Ludlow+Biddle%2C+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourfamtree.org%2Fbrowse.php%2FLivingston-Ludlow-Biddle%2Fp549679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Schuon1963" class="citation book cs1">Karl Schuon (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usmarinecorpsbio017890mbp"><i>U S Marine Corps Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. New York: Franklin Watts. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/usmarinecorpsbio017890mbp/page/n29">16</a>–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U+S+Marine+Corps+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Franklin+Watts&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Karl+Schuon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fusmarinecorpsbio017890mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://woodlandsphila.org/notables">Woodlands Cemetery</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrichtonBiddle1955" class="citation book cs1">Crichton, Kyle; Biddle, Cordelia Drexel (1955). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/myphiladelphiafa0000bidd"><i>My Philadelphia Father</i></a></span>. Doubleday – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Philadelphia+Father&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Crichton&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft.au=Biddle%2C+Cordelia+Drexel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmyphiladelphiafa0000bidd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mill-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mill_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208174257/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866393,00.html">"The Theater: New Plays in Manhattan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a></i>. December 3, 1956. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866393,00.html">the original</a> on February 8, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 17,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+magazine&rft.atitle=The+Theater%3A+New+Plays+in+Manhattan&rft.date=1956-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C866393%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.afi.com/Film/23697-THE-HAPPIESTMILLIONAIRE?sid=5a462cdc-a7ae-4213-87a6-e85b0551f575&sr=9.714488&cp=1&pos=0">"The Happiest Millionaire"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films" title="AFI Catalog of Feature Films">AFI Catalog of Feature Films</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Film_Institute" title="American Film Institute">American Film Institute</a>. 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AFI+Catalog+of+Feature+Films&rft.atitle=The+Happiest+Millionaire&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.afi.com%2FFilm%2F23697-THE-HAPPIESTMILLIONAIRE%3Fsid%3D5a462cdc-a7ae-4213-87a6-e85b0551f575%26sr%3D9.714488%26cp%3D1%26pos%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabet2023" class="citation book cs1">Sabet, Robert H and Fred Bauer (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/82380003-anthony-joseph-drexel-biddle-sr"><i>Anthony Joseph Drexel Biddle Sr.: Pioneer of Combatives in the U.S.A.</i></a> LuLu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781387379620" title="Special:BookSources/9781387379620"><bdi>9781387379620</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr.%3A+Pioneer+of+Combatives+in+the+U.S.A.&rft.pub=LuLu.com&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781387379620&rft.aulast=Sabet&rft.aufirst=Robert+H+and+Fred+Bauer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F82380003-anthony-joseph-drexel-biddle-sr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnthony+Joseph+Drexel+Biddle+Sr." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Joseph_Drexel_Biddle_Sr.&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Physical_culture" title="Template:Physical culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Physical_culture" title="Template talk:Physical culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Physical_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Physical culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Physical_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">Physical culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antecedents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Friedrich_GutsMuths" title="Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths">Johann Christoph Friedrich GutsMuths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ludwig_Jahn" title="Friedrich Ludwig Jahn">Friedrich Ludwig Jahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Krebs" title="Johann Baptist Krebs">Johann Baptist Krebs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Henrik_Ling" title="Pehr Henrik Ling">Pehr Henrik Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Nachtegall" title="Franz Nachtegall">Franz Nachtegall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Amor%C3%B3s_y_Ondeano" title="Francisco Amorós y Ondeano">Francisco Amorós y Ondeano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Spiess" title="Adolf Spiess">Adolf Spiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Topham" title="Thomas Topham">Thomas Topham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Assirati" title="Bert Assirati">Bert Assirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bankier" title="William Bankier">William Bankier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_William_Barton-Wright" title="Edward William Barton-Wright">Edward William Barton-Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zishe_Breitbart" title="Zishe Breitbart">Zishe Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bukh" title="Niels Bukh">Niels Bukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Dane" title="Victor Dane">Victor Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Delsarte" title="François Delsarte">François Delsarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Desbonnet" title="Edmond Desbonnet">Edmond Desbonnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launceston_Elliot" title="Launceston Elliot">Launceston Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Emmott" title="Tony Emmott">Tony Emmott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ferrero" title="Juan Ferrero">Juan Ferrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Fowler" title="Eileen Fowler">Eileen Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fitzsimmons" title="Bob Fitzsimmons">Bob Fitzsimmons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fri%C5%A1tensk%C3%BD" title="Gustav Frištenský">Gustav Frištenský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Margaret_Garrud" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Margaret Garrud">Edith Margaret Garrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6rner" title="Hermann Görner">Hermann Görner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hackenschmidt" title="George Hackenschmidt">George Hackenschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_H%C3%A9bert" title="Georges Hébert">Georges Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Heidenstam" title="Oscar Heidenstam">Oscar Heidenstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Hornibrook" title="F. A. Hornibrook">F. A. Hornibrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Inch" title="Thomas Inch">Thomas Inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lees_(bodybuilder)" title="John Lees (bodybuilder)">John Lees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_McLeod_(wrestler)" title="Dan McLeod (wrestler)">Dan McLeod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Jørgen Peter Müller">Jørgen Peter Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartvig_Nissen_(gymnast)" title="Hartvig Nissen (gymnast)">Hartvig Nissen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reg_Park" title="Reg Park">Reg Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pullum" title="William Pullum">William Pullum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Rhodes" title="Joan Rhodes">Joan Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Sandow" title="Eugen Sandow">Eugen Sandow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Saxon" title="Arthur Saxon">Arthur Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schlaffhorst" title="Clara Schlaffhorst">Clara Schlaffhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokol_(sport_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokol (sport organization)">Sokol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bagot_Stack" title="Mary Bagot Stack">Mary Bagot Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Strongfort" title="Lionel Strongfort">Lionel Strongfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxalding" title="Maxalding">Maxalding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Sick" title="Max Sick">Maxick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Saldo" title="Monte Saldo">Monte Saldo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcana" title="Vulcana">Vulcana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Walker_(weightlifter)" title="Ronald Walker (weightlifter)">Ronald Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Diana_Watts" title="Emily Diana Watts">Emily Diana Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Welsh" title="Freddie Welsh">Freddie Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Agniel" title="Marguerite Agniel">Marguerite Agniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Atlas" title="Charles Atlas">Charles Atlas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Bass" title="Clarence Bass">Clarence Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_Bennett" title="Sanford Bennett">Sanford Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bernard_(yogi)" title="Pierre Bernard (yogi)">Pierre Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Berry_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Berry (author)">Mark Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bonomo_(strongman)" title="Joe Bonomo (strongman)">Joe Bonomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brosius" title="George Brosius">George Brosius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Drexel Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Bjelke_Petersen" title="Marie Bjelke Petersen">Marie Bjelke Petersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blaikie" title="William Blaikie">William Blaikie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bragg" title="Paul Bragg">Paul Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Calvert" title="Alan Calvert">Alan Calvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Checkley" title="Edwin Checkley">Edwin Checkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Ward_Crampton" title="C. Ward Crampton">C. Ward Crampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Delinger" title="Jack Delinger">Jack Delinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Durlacher" title="Ludwig Durlacher">Ludwig Durlacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Eiferman" title="George Eiferman">George Eiferman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrica_Le_Favre" title="Carrica Le Favre">Carrica Le Favre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keene_Fitzpatrick" title="Keene Fitzpatrick">Keene Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Forest" title="Mark Forest">Mark Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Fury" title="Ed Fury">Ed Fury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Gagnon" title="John B. Gagnon">John B. Gagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vince_Gironda" title="Vince Gironda">Vince Gironda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Greenstein" title="Joe Greenstein">Joe Greenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Grimek" title="John Grimek">John Grimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo_Hastings" title="Milo Hastings">Milo Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Hilligenn" title="Roy Hilligenn">Roy Hilligenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hoffman_(sports_promoter)" title="Bob Hoffman (sports promoter)">Bob Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Jowett" title="George F. Jowett">George F. Jowett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Kellerman" title="Annette Kellerman">Annette Kellerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegmund_Klein" title="Siegmund Klein">Siegmund Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_LaLanne" title="Jack LaLanne">Jack LaLanne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._R._C._Latson" title="W. R. C. Latson">W. R. C. Latson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian_Lewis" title="Diocletian Lewis">Diocletian Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilman_Low" title="Gilman Low">Gilman Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lurie" title="Dan Lurie">Dan Lurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernarr_Macfadden" title="Bernarr Macfadden">Bernarr Macfadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artie_McGovern" title="Artie McGovern">Artie McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Muldoon" title="William Muldoon">William Muldoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Parcaut" title="Ralph Parcaut">Ralph Parcaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kid_Parker" title="Kid Parker">Kid Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Paschall" title="Harry Paschall">Harry Paschall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Pearl" title="Bill Pearl">Bill Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Reeves" title="Steve Reeves">Steve Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Robert" title="Leo Robert">Leo Robert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Rollino" title="Joe Rollino">Joe Rollino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Sansone" title="Tony Sansone">Tony Sansone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Allen_Sargent" title="Dudley Allen Sargent">Dudley Allen Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Scott_(bodybuilder)" title="Larry Scott (bodybuilder)">Larry Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Alonzo_Stagg" title="Amos Alonzo Stagg">Amos Alonzo Stagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_Stebbins" title="Genevieve Stebbins">Genevieve Stebbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_P._Swoboda" title="Alois P. Swoboda">Alois P. Swoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Tanny" title="Armand Tanny">Armand Tanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vic_Tanny" title="Vic Tanny">Vic Tanny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Terpak" title="John Terpak">John Terpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Lincoln_Travis" title="Warren Lincoln Travis">Warren Lincoln Travis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Treloar" title="Al Treloar">Al Treloar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turners" title="Turners">Turners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_physical_culture_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional physical culture of India">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodybuilding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manohar_Aich" title="Manohar Aich">Manohar Aich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Balsekar" title="Ramesh Balsekar">Ramesh Balsekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gama" title="The Great Gama">The Great Gama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnu_Charan_Ghosh" title="Bishnu Charan Ghosh">B. C. Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambika_Charan_Guha" title="Ambika Charan Guha">Ambika Charan Guha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Charan_Guho" title="Jatindra Charan Guho">Jatindra Charan Guho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hanuman" title="Guru Hanuman">Guru Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._V._Iyer" title="K. V. Iyer">K. V. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodi_Rammurthy_Naidu" title="Kodi Rammurthy Naidu">Kodi Rammurthy Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandgi_Ram" title="Chandgi Ram">Chandgi Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotosh_Roy" title="Monotosh Roy">Monotosh Roy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yogic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnamacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnamacharya">Krishnamacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvalayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuvalayananda">Kuvalayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seetharaman_Sundaram" title="Seetharaman Sundaram">Seetharaman Sundaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Yogendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shri Yogendra">Shri Yogendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malladihalli_Raghavendra" title="Malladihalli Raghavendra">Tiruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhawanrao_Shriniwasrao_Pant_Pratinidhi" title="Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi">Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Systems" title="Battle of the Systems">Battle of the Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_culture" title="Fitness culture">Fitness culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Muscular_religion" title="Category:Muscular religion">Muscular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Natural 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