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Famous Federal Trials | Federal Judicial Center

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region-two-66-33-first h2.block-title"> <div class="inside panels-flexible-region-inside panels-flexible-region-flexible_66_33-center-inside panels-flexible-region-inside-first panels-flexible-region-inside-last"> <div class="panel-pane pane-views pane-famous-trials-option1"> <div class="view view-famous-trials-option1 view-id-famous_trials_option1 view-display-id-default not-striped view-dom-id-fc77c318f5811e56ea08c32073502409"> <div class="view-content"> <table class="views-table cols-0"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-lyon-us-v-cooper-and-us-v-callender-sedition-act-trials"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/sedition.jpg?itok=bLoFkfr9" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-lyon-us-v-cooper-and-us-v-callender-sedition-act-trials"><em>U.S. v. Lyon, U.S. v. Cooper,</em> and <em>U.S. v. Callender</em>: The Sedition Act Trials</a> – The rise of political parties and the threat of war raise questions about the rights of free speech and a free press. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/seditionacts.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Sedition%20Act%20Trials_0.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Sedition%20Act%20Teacher%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a> | <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-lyon-us-v-cooper-and-us-v-callender-sedition-act-trials#qt-famous_federal_trials-ui-tabs2">Other Resources</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/united-states-v-smith-and-united-states-v-ogden"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/Smith2.png?itok=i6be4lyJ" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/united-states-v-smith-and-united-states-v-ogden"><em>United States v. Smith</em> and <em>United States v. Ogden</em></a> – Low politics and high diplomacy meet in the controversial trials of Federalists accused of violating American neutrality in the Age of Revolution. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/US%20v%20Smith_Ogden%202.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Smith%20and%20Ogden%20PowerPoint.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Smith%20and%20Ogden%20Teacher%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-aaron-burr-treason-trial"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/burr_edited.jpg?itok=TOZOnFu0" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-aaron-burr-treason-trial"><em>U.S. v. Aaron Burr</em>: The Treason Trial</a> – John Marshall presides over the treason trial of a former vice president, and the subpoena of President Thomas Jefferson threatens the balance of judicial and executive authority. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/burrtrial.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Burr%20Conspiracy.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Burr%20Teacher%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a> | <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-aaron-burr-treason-trial#qt-famous_federal_trials-ui-tabs2">Other Resources</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/amistad-mende-slave-revolt"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/amistad.gif?itok=5HPcoakz" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/amistad-mende-slave-revolt"><em>The Amistad</em>: The Mende Slave Revolt</a> – A group of enslaved Africans, who broke free of their captors, enter a federal court proceeding that will determine whether slave property rights are protected by federal law. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/amistad.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Amistad.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Amistad%20Teacher%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a> | <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/amistad-mende-slave-revolt#qt-famous_federal_trials-ui-tabs2">Other Resources</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/ex-parte-merryman-habeas-corpus-during-civil-war"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/merryman_edited.jpg?itok=yWEGOQxa" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/ex-parte-merryman-habeas-corpus-during-civil-war"><em>Ex parte Merryman</em>: Habeas Corpus During the Civil War</a> – In the opening weeks of the Civil War, the Chief Justice of the United States publicly challenges President Lincoln to protect the civil liberties of a Confederate sympathizer. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/merryman.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Merryman.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Merryman%20Teacher%20Handout2.pdf">Student Handout</a> | <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/ex-parte-merryman-habeas-corpus-during-civil-war#qt-famous_federal_trials-ui-tabs2">Other Resources</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-susan-b-anthony-fight-womens-suffrage"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/anthony_edited.jpg?itok=ELGVh0k7" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-susan-b-anthony-fight-womens-suffrage"><em>U.S. v. Susan B. Anthony</em>: The Fight for Women's Suffrage</a> – When the leading advocate of woman suffrage votes in a federal election, a federal court must decide what political rights are protected by the Constitution. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/susanbanthony.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Susan%20B%20Anthony.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Anthony%20Teacher%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a> | <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-susan-b-anthony-fight-womens-suffrage#qt-famous_federal_trials-ui-tabs2">Other Resources</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/united-states-v-guiteau-assassination-and-insanity-gilded-age"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/Guiteau%20Website%20Image.png?itok=pk3cThzj" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/united-states-v-guiteau-assassination-and-insanity-gilded-age"><em>United States v. Guiteau</em>: Assassination and Insanity in Gilded Age America</a> – The first judicial trial of a presidential assassin forces the courts to defend their independence and define the bounds of criminal insanity. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/U.S.%20v.%20Guiteau%20final_0.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Guiteau.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Guiteau%20Teacher%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/chew-heong-v-us-chinese-exclusion-and-federal-courts"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/chewheong_edited.jpg?itok=By7WkuFi" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/chew-heong-v-us-chinese-exclusion-and-federal-courts"><em>Chew Heong v. U.S.</em>: Chinese Exclusion and the Federal Courts</a> – A Chinese immigrant's petition to reenter the United States divides a California federal court and forces the Supreme Court to decide if immigrants' rights are protected by the nation's treaties. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/exclusion.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Chew%20Heong_0.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Chew%20Heong%20Teacher%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a> | <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/chew-heong-v-us-chinese-exclusion-and-federal-courts#qt-famous_federal_trials-ui-tabs2">Other Resources</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/re-eugene-v-debs-pullman-strike-and-american-railway-union"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/debs_edited.png?itok=U2yh29VD" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/re-eugene-v-debs-pullman-strike-and-american-railway-union"><em>In re Eugene V. Debs</em>: The Pullman Strike and American Railway Union Boycott</a> – In the depths of an economic depression, government attorneys seek court orders to halt a strike, and labor leaders defend the right of unions to organize and represent the interests of workers. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/debs.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Debs.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Debs%20Teacher%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a> | <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/re-eugene-v-debs-pullman-strike-and-american-railway-union#qt-famous_federal_trials-ui-tabs2">Other Resources</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-albert-b-fall-teapot-dome-scandal"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/Albert%20B%20Fall.jpg?itok=ToR7cQCv" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-albert-b-fall-teapot-dome-scandal"><em>U.S. v. Albert B. Fall</em>: The Teapot Dome Scandal</a> – Corrupt deals for drilling rights in naval oil reserves spark a national scandal and give rise to a host of civil and criminal trials in the federal courts. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Teapot%20Dome_1.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Teapot%20Dome.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Teapot%20Dome%20Student%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/olmstead-v-us-prohibition-trial-seattle-bootlegger"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/olmstead_edited.jpg?itok=S8fStSwS" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/olmstead-v-us-prohibition-trial-seattle-bootlegger"><em>Olmstead v. U.S.</em>: The Prohibition Trial of a Seattle Bootlegger</a> – The trial of a well-known bootlegger increases public doubts about the "Noble Experiment" and presents the courts with questions about civil liberties in the age of telecommunications. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/olmstead--revd_0.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Olmstead.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Olmstead%20Teacher%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a> | <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/olmstead-v-us-prohibition-trial-seattle-bootlegger#qt-famous_federal_trials-ui-tabs2">Other Resources</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/gobitis-v-minersville-school-district-and-barnette-v-west"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/flag.jpg?itok=CALb4bDt" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/gobitis-v-minersville-school-district-and-barnette-v-west"><em>Gobitis v. Minersville School District</em> and <em>Barnette v. West Virginia State Board of Education</em>: The Flag Salute Cases</a> – School children objecting to flag salute laws in the 1930s and 40s challenge and then change the judiciary’s approach to the Constitution’s protection of freedom of conscience. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Flag_Salute_Cases.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Flag%20Salute%20Cases2.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Flag%20Salute%20Teacher%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a> | <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/gobitis-v-minersville-school-district-and-barnette-v-west#qt-famous_federal_trials-ui-tabs2">Other Resources</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-julius-rosenberg-atomic-spy-trial"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/rosenberg.jpg?itok=CW1t0h2l" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-julius-rosenberg-atomic-spy-trial"><em>U.S. v. Julius Rosenberg</em>: The Atomic Spy Trial</a> – The trial of three Communists accused of conspiring to spy for the Soviet Union reflects fears of nuclear war, Soviet aggression, and Communist subversion during the Cold War. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Rosenberg_Trial_1.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Rosenberg.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Rosenberg%20Teacher%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/bush-v-orleans-parish-school-board-desegregation-new-orleans"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/bush.jpg?itok=ZcSkKt5U" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/bush-v-orleans-parish-school-board-desegregation-new-orleans"><em>Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board</em>: The Desegregation of New Orleans Public Schools</a> – The federal courts' enforcement of the landmark Brown decision provokes a prolonged struggle over state and federal authority. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/bush.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Bush.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Bush%20Teacher%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a> | <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/bush-v-orleans-parish-school-board-desegregation-new-orleans#qt-famous_federal_trials-ui-tabs2">Other Resources</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-cassius-clay-muhammad-alis-fight-against-vietnam-draft"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/Picture2.jpg?itok=2eQ3ebIA" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-cassius-clay-muhammad-alis-fight-against-vietnam-draft"><em>U.S. v. Cassius Clay</em>: Muhammad Ali's Fight against the Vietnam Draft</a> – Boxing legend Muhammad Ali objects to serving in the military in Vietnam, incurring the anger of the American public and risking a five-year prison term for his religious and political beliefs. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/U.S._v._Clay_Muhammad_Ali%27s_Fight.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/US%20v%20Clay%203.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Clay%20Teacher%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-dellinger-chicago-seven-conspiracy-trial"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/chicago7_edited.gif?itok=QqTVRZR0" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-dellinger-chicago-seven-conspiracy-trial"><em>U.S. v. Dellinger</em>: The Chicago Seven Conspiracy Trial</a> – Organizers of demonstrations at the 1968 Democratic Convention are charged with inciting riots, and an unorthodox trial reflects the cultural and political divisions of the era of the Vietnam War. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/chicago7.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Chicago%20Seven.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Chicago%207%20Teacher%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a> | <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-dellinger-chicago-seven-conspiracy-trial#qt-famous_federal_trials-ui-tabs2">Other Resources</a></p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="views-field views-field-field-image"> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-new-york-times-pentagon-papers"><img typeof="foaf:Image" src="https://www.fjc.gov/sites/default/files/styles/history_famous_trials_thumbnails/public/trials/Daniel%20Ellsberg%20cropped.jpg?itok=KS7GdRUr" width="150" height="150" alt="" /></a> </td> <td> <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/us-v-new-york-times-pentagon-papers"><em>U.S. v. New York Times</em>: The Pentagon Papers</a> – The publication of secret government documents about the Vietnam War leads to a federal court conflict pitting national security against&nbsp;freedom of the press. <p class='trial_links'><a href="/sites/default/files/trials/The%20Pentagon%20Papers%20in%20the%20Federal%20Courts%202e_2019_1.pdf">Learn about the Case</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Pentagon%20Papers.pptx">PowerPoint Lecture</a> | <a href="/sites/default/files/trials/Pentagon%20Papers%20Student%20Handout.pdf">Student Handout</a></p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="panels-flexible-column panels-flexible-column-flexible_66_33-1 panels-flexible-column-last "> <div class="inside panels-flexible-column-inside panels-flexible-column-flexible_66_33-1-inside panels-flexible-column-inside-last"> <div class="panels-flexible-region panels-flexible-region-flexible_66_33-right panels-flexible-region-first panels-flexible-region-last region-two-66-33-second"> <div class="inside panels-flexible-region-inside panels-flexible-region-flexible_66_33-right-inside panels-flexible-region-inside-first panels-flexible-region-inside-last"> <div class="panel-pane pane-node"> <h2 class="pane-title">Federal Trials and Great Debates in U.S. History</h2> <div about="/history/teaching/federal-trials-and-great-debates-in-us-history" typeof="sioc:Item foaf:Document" class="ds-1col node node--history-page view-mode-full legislative-history-table node--full node--history-page--full clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item even" property="content:encoded"><p>Since 2006, the Federal Judicial Center, in partnership with the American Bar Association Division for Public Education, has hosted Federal Trials and Great Debates, an annual summer institute for teachers of history, law, and government. Participants from across the country come to Washington, D.C., each June to meet with federal judges, scholars, and curriculum experts to examine the history of the federal judiciary and to study three historic cases in the federal trial courts. The materials on these cases, while designed for teachers, are valuable resources for all seeking to learn more about the role the federal judiciary has played in our nation’s history.</p> <p>In 2020, the ABA and FJC partnered to hold a two-session virtual series about teaching <em>Chew Heong v. United States: </em>Chinese Exclusion and the Federal Courts and another series about <em>Gobitis v. Minersville School District</em> and <em>Barnette v. West Virginia State Board of Education</em>: The Flag Salute Cases. For each topic, the first session featured a scholar discussing the cases in their historical context and the second session featured experienced teachers sharing strategies for teaching the cases. Click <a href="/history/cases/famous-federal-trials/chew-heong-v-united-states-videos-teachers" target="_blank">here to watch recordings of the <em>Chew Heong</em> series</a> and <a href="/history/teaching/flag-salute-cases-videos-teachers" target="_blank">here to watch recordings of the Flag Salute series.</a></p> <p>In 2021, the ABA and FJC created a four-video series on judicial independence. The series featured an overview of the topic and an examination of three key cases by a law professor, a discussion with two federal judges, and an analysis of primary sources by two FJC historians. <a href="/history/teaching/federal-trials-and-great-debates-in-us-history-judicial-independence" target="_blank">Click here to watch recordings of the Federal Trials and Great Debates in U.S. History: Judicial Independence series.</a></p> <p>For more information about Federal Trials and Great Debates, go to the American Bar Association Division for Public Education website.</p> </div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="l-footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="l-region l-region--footer"> <div id="block-addtoany-addtoany-button" class="block block--addtoany block-addtoany-addtoany-button block--addtoany-addtoany-button"> <div class="block__content"> <span class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_24 a2a_target addtoany_list" id="da2a_1"> <a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share#url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fcases%2Ffamous-federal-trials&amp;title=Famous%20Federal%20Trials"><img src="/sites/all/themes/fjc_omega/images/share-btn-18x20.png" alt="Share"/> Share this page</a> </span> <script type="text/javascript"> <!--//--><![CDATA[//><!-- if(window.da2a)da2a.script_load(); //--><!]]> </script> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-26" class="block block--block block-block-26 block--block-26"> <div class="block__content"> <div id="footer-bottom"> <div class="footer-about"> <div align="center">Thurgood Marshall Federal Judiciary Building</div> <div align="center">One Columbus Circle NE</div> <div align="center">Washington, DC 20002-8003</div> <div align="center">202-502-4000</div> <div align="center"> </div> <div align="center"><a href="http://www.supremecourtus.gov">Supreme Court of the United States</a>  <a href="http://www.uscourts.gov">USCourts.gov</a>  <a href="http://www.ussc.gov">U.S. Sentencing Commission</a>  <a href="https://fjcfoundation.org">Federal Judicial Center Foundation</a></div> <div align="center"> </div> <div align="center"><em>This website is produced and published at U.S. taxpayer expense.</em></div> <div align="center"> </div> <p>The Federal Judicial Center produced and maintains this site in furtherance of its statutory mission. The Center regards the contents of this site to be responsible and valuable, but these contents do not reflect official policy or recommendation of the Board of the Federal Judicial Center. The site also contains links to relevant information on websites maintained by other organizations; providing these external links is for the convenience of this site's users and does not constitute verification or endorsement of the information or the sites to which the links are produced. Opinions expressed in the materials found on this site are those of the authors, and not necessarily those of the Federal Judicial Center.</p> </div> <p><a href="/sitemap">Site Map</a> | <a href="mailto:webmaster@fjc.gov">Contact Webmaster</a> | <a href="/node/947711">Privacy and Security Notice</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <script>da2a.targets=[ {title:"Famous Federal Trials",url:"https:\/\/www.fjc.gov\/history\/cases\/famous-federal-trials"}]; da2a.html_done=true;if(da2a.script_ready&&!da2a.done)da2a.init();da2a.script_load();</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_Incapsula_Resource?SWJIYLWA=719d34d31c8e3a6e6fffd425f7e032f3&ns=4&cb=801721195" async></script></body> </html>

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