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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> Communism (from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> communis, 'common, universal')<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Sociopolitical" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociopolitical">sociopolitical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosophical</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_ideology" title="Economic ideology">economic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> within the <a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">socialist movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a> whose goal is the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> order centered on <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in society based on need.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Steele_p.43-5">[5]</a> A communist society would entail the absence of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a> and ultimately <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> (or <a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">nation state</a>).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialist</a> approach of <a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">communization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_spontaneity" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary spontaneity">revolutionary spontaneity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">workers' self-management</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">authoritarian socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanguardist" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguardist">vanguardist</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">party</a>-driven approach under a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a>, which is eventually expected to <a href="/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_state" title="Withering away of the state">wither away</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kinna_2012-10">[10]</a> Communist parties and movements have been described as radical left or far-left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2009126%E2%80%93143-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeWilcox199695-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[note 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Variants_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Variants of communism">Variants of communism</a> have been developed throughout history, including <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">anarchist communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Marxist schools of thought</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">religious communism</a>, among others. Communism encompasses a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> communism, as well as the political ideologies grouped around those. All of these different ideologies generally share the analysis that the current order of society stems from <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalism</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>, that in this system there are two major social classes, that the relationship between these two classes is exploitative, and that this situation can only ultimately be resolved through a <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marx_&_Engels_1848-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[note 2]</a> The two classes are the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>, who make up the majority of the population within society and must sell their <a href="/wiki/Labour_power" title="Labour power">labor power</a> to survive, and the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, a small minority that derives profit from employing the working class through private ownership of the means of production.<a href="#cite_note-Marx_&_Engels_1848-21">[20]</a> According to this analysis, a <a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">communist revolution</a> would put the working class in power,<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> and in turn establish common ownership of property, the primary element in the transformation of society towards a <a href="/wiki/Communist_mode_of_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist mode of production">communist mode of production</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Steele_1992,_pp._44%E2%80%9345-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gregory_&_Stuart_2003,_p._118-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bockman_2011,_p._20-27">[25]</a> Communism in its modern form grew out of the socialist movement in 18th-century <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Criticism of the idea of private property in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> of the 18th century through such thinkers as <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Henri de Saint-Simon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> During the upheaval of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, communism emerged as a political doctrine under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">François-Noël Babeuf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Restif_de_la_Bretonne" title="Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne">Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a>, all of whom can be considered the progenitors of modern communism, according to <a href="/wiki/James_H._Billington" title="James H. Billington">James H. Billington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Billington-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a> In the 20th century, several ostensibly <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist governments</a> espousing <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> and its variants came into power,<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[note 3]</a> first in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917, and then in portions of Eastern Europe, Asia, and a few other regions after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> As one of the many <a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">types of socialism</a>, communism became the dominant political tendency, along with <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>, within the international socialist movement by the early 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman20055-38">[35]</a> During most of the 20th century, around one-third of the world's population lived under Communist governments. These governments were characterized by <a href="/wiki/One-party_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="One-party rule">one-party rule</a> by a communist party, the rejection of private property and capitalism, state control of economic activity and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">restrictions on</a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, and suppression of opposition and dissent. With the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, several previously Communist governments repudiated or abolished Communist rule altogether.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dunn-40">[37]</a> Afterwards, only a small number of nominally Communist governments remained, such as <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NKorea-48">[note 4]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansford20079%E2%80%9324,_36%E2%80%9344-49">[45]</a> With the exception of North Korea, all of these states have started allowing more economic competition while maintaining one-party rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a> The decline of communism in the late 20th century has been attributed to the inherent inefficiencies of communist economies and the general trend of communist governments towards <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansford20079%E2%80%9324,_36%E2%80%9344-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-50">[46]</a> While the emergence of the Soviet Union as the world's first nominally <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a> led to communism's widespread association with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_economic_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet economic model">Soviet economic model</a>, several scholars posit that in practice the model functioned as a form of <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky,_Howard,_Fitzgibbons-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> Public memory of 20th-century Communist states has been described as a battleground between <a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">anti anti-communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodseeSehonDresser2018-53">[49]</a> Many authors have written about <a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">mass killings under communist regimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rates</a>,<a href="#cite_note-third-67">[note 5]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Joseph_Stalin" title="Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin">excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-fourth-72">[note 6]</a> which remain controversial, polarized, and debated topics in academia, historiography, and politics when discussing communism and the legacy of Communist states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodsee2014-73">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumayer2018-74">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology_and_terminology">1 Etymology and terminology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Communism_and_socialism">1.1 Communism and socialism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Associated_usage_and_Communist_states">1.2 Associated usage and Communist states</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Early_communism">2.1 Early communism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Revolutionary_wave_of_1917%E2%80%931923">2.2 Revolutionary wave of 1917–1923</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Communist_states">2.3 Communist states</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Soviet_Union">2.3.1 Soviet Union</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#China">2.3.2 China</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Cold_War">2.4 Cold War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union">2.5 Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Post-Soviet_communism">2.6 Post-Soviet communism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Theory">3 Theory</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Marxist_communism">3.1 Marxist communism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Marxist_concepts">3.1.1 Marxist concepts</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-16"><a href="#Class_conflict_and_historical_materialism">3.1.1.1 Class conflict and historical materialism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-17"><a href="#Critique_of_political_economy">3.1.1.2 Critique of political economy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-18"><a href="#Marxian_economics">3.1.1.3 Marxian economics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="#Socialization_versus_nationalization">3.1.1.4 Socialization versus nationalization</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a href="#Democracy_in_Marxism">3.1.1.5 Democracy in Marxism</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Leninist_communism">3.2 Leninist communism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism">3.2.1 Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-23"><a href="#Stalinism">3.2.1.1 Stalinism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-24"><a href="#Trotskyism">3.2.1.2 Trotskyism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-25"><a href="#Maoism">3.2.1.3 Maoism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Eurocommunism">3.2.2 Eurocommunism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Libertarian_Marxist_communism">3.3 Libertarian Marxist communism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Council_communism">3.3.1 Council communism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Left_communism">3.3.2 Left communism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Other_types_of_communism">3.4 Other types of communism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Anarcho-communism">3.4.1 Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Christian_communism">3.4.2 Christian communism</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Analysis">4 Analysis</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Reception">4.1 Reception</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Excess_mortality_in_Communist_states">4.2 Excess mortality in Communist states</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Memory_and_legacy">4.3 Memory and legacy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#References">6 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Citations">6.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Explanatory_footnotes">6.2 Explanatory footnotes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Quotes">6.3 Quotes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Bibliography">7 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Further_reading">8 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology_and_terminology">Etymology and terminology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Communism derives from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> word communisme, a combination of the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word communis (which literally means common) and the suffix ‑isme (an act, practice, or process of doing something).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper2020-75">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[70]</a> Semantically, communis can be translated to "of or for the community", while isme is a suffix that indicates the abstraction into a state, condition, action, or <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>. Communism may be interpreted as "the state of being of or for the community"; this semantic constitution has led to numerous usages of the word in its evolution. Prior to becoming associated with its more modern conception of an economic and political organization, it was initially used to designate various social situations. After 1848, communism came to be primarily associated with <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, most specifically embodied in <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a>, which proposed a particular type of communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morris-77">[71]</a> One of the first uses of the word in its modern sense is in a letter sent by <a href="/wiki/Victor_d%27Hupay" title="Victor d'Hupay">Victor d'Hupay</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Restif_de_la_Bretonne" title="Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne">Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne</a> around 1785, in which d'Hupay describes himself as an auteur communiste ("communist author").<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> In 1793, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Restif_de_la_Bretonne" title="Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne">Restif</a> first used communisme to describe a social order based on egalitarianism and the common ownership of property.<a href="#cite_note-Hodges-79">[73]</a> Restif would go on to use the term frequently in his writing and was the first to describe communism as a <a href="/wiki/Government#Forms" title="Government">form of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Goodwyn_Barmby" title="John Goodwyn Barmby">John Goodwyn Barmby</a> is credited with the first use of communism in English, around 1840.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper2020-75">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communism_and_socialism">Communism and socialism</h3></div> Since the 1840s, the term communism has usually been distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. The modern definition and usage of the term socialism was settled by the 1860s, becoming predominant over alternative terms such as associationism (<a href="/wiki/Fourierism" title="Fourierism">Fourierism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">mutualism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative">co-operative</a>, which had previously been used as synonyms. Meanwhile, the term communism fell out of use during this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailskeywordsvocabula00willrichpage289_289%5D-81">[75]</a> An early distinction between communism and socialism was that the latter aimed to only socialize <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a>, whereas the former aimed to socialize both production and <a href="/wiki/Consumption_(economics)" title="Consumption (economics)">consumption</a> (in the form of common access to <a href="/wiki/Final_good" title="Final good">final goods</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Steele_p.43-5">[5]</a> This distinction can be observed in Marx's communism, where the distribution of products is based on the principle of "<a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_needs" class="mw-redirect" title="To each according to his needs">to each according to his needs</a>", in contrast to a socialist principle of "<a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">to each according to his contribution</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Gregory_&_Stuart_2003,_p._118-26">[24]</a> Socialism has been described as a philosophy seeking distributive justice, and communism as a subset of socialism that prefers economic equality as its form of distributive justice.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> In 19th century Europe, the use of the terms communism and socialism eventually accorded with the cultural attitude of adherents and opponents towards <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>. In European <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a>, communism was believed to be the <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> way of life. In <a href="/wiki/Protestant_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant England">Protestant England</a>, communism was too <a href="/wiki/Phonetically" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonetically">phonetically</a> similar to the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Communion_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion rite">communion rite</a>, hence English atheists denoted themselves socialists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailskeywordsvocabula00willrichpage289_289%5D-81">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> stated that in 1848, at the time when <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> was first published,<a href="#cite_note-83">[77]</a> socialism was respectable on the continent, while communism was not; the <a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenites</a> in England and the Fourierists in France were considered respectable socialists, while working-class movements that "proclaimed the necessity of total social change" denoted themselves communists. This latter branch of socialism produced the communist work of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Cabet" title="Étienne Cabet">Étienne Cabet</a> in France and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Weitling" title="Wilhelm Weitling">Wilhelm Weitling</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democrats</a> looked to the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_revolution" title="Democratic revolution">democratic revolution</a>, which in the long run ensured <a href="/wiki/Liberty,_equality,_and_fraternity" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty, equality, and fraternity">liberty, equality, and fraternity</a>, Marxists denounced 1848 as a betrayal of working-class ideals by a <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> indifferent to the legitimate demands of the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> By 1888, Marxists employed the term socialism in place of communism, which had come to be considered an old-fashioned synonym for the former. It was not until 1917, with the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, that socialism came to be used to refer to a distinct stage between <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and communism. This intermediate stage was a concept introduced by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> as a means to defend the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> seizure of power against traditional Marxist criticism that Russia's <a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">productive forces</a> were not sufficiently developed for <a href="/wiki/Socialist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist revolution">socialist revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Steele_1992,_pp._44%E2%80%9345-25">[23]</a> A distinction between communist and socialist as descriptors of political ideologies arose in 1918 after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> renamed itself as the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>, which resulted in the adjective Communist being used to refer to socialists who supported the politics and theories of Bolshevism, <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>, and later in the 1920s those of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[80]</a> In spite of this common usage, <a href="/wiki/Communist_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist parties">Communist parties</a> also continued to describe themselves as socialists dedicated to socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailskeywordsvocabula00willrichpage289_289%5D-81">[75]</a> According to The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx, "Marx used many terms to refer to a post-capitalist society – positive humanism, socialism, Communism, realm of free individuality, free association of producers, etc. He used these terms completely interchangeably. The notion that 'socialism' and 'Communism' are distinct historical stages is alien to his work and only entered the lexicon of Marxism after his death."<a href="#cite_note-Hudis_et_al._2018-87">[81]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, "Exactly how communism differs from socialism has long been a matter of debate, but the distinction rests largely on the communists' adherence to the revolutionary socialism of Karl Marx."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_usage_and_Communist_states">Associated usage and Communist states</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammer_and_Sickle_and_Star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hammer_and_Sickle_and_Star.svg/150px-Hammer_and_Sickle_and_Star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="692"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 203px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hammer_and_Sickle_and_Star.svg/150px-Hammer_and_Sickle_and_Star.svg.png" data-width="150" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hammer_and_Sickle_and_Star.svg/225px-Hammer_and_Sickle_and_Star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hammer_and_Sickle_and_Star.svg/300px-Hammer_and_Sickle_and_Star.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">hammer and sickle</a> is a common theme of <a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">communist symbolism</a>. This is an example of a hammer and sickle and <a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">red star</a> design from the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">flag of the Soviet Union</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the United States, communism is widely used as a pejorative term as part of a <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a>, much like socialism, and mainly in reference to <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">authoritarian socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist states</a>. The emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as the world's first nominally Communist state led to the term's widespread association with <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economic planning</a> model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> In his essay "Judging Nazism and Communism",<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Malia" title="Martin Malia">Martin Malia</a> defines a "generic Communism" category as any Communist <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> movement led by <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a>; this <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> allows grouping together such different <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regimes</a> as radical <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> industrialism and the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>'s anti-urbanism.<a href="#cite_note-David-Fox_2004-91">[85]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dallin" title="Alexander Dallin">Alexander Dallin</a>, the idea to group together different countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a>, has no adequate explanation.<a href="#cite_note-Dallin_2000-92">[86]</a> While the term Communist state is used by Western historians, political scientists, and news media to refer to countries ruled by Communist parties, these <a href="/wiki/Socialist_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist states">socialist states</a> themselves did not describe themselves as communist or claim to have achieved communism; they referred to themselves as being a socialist state that is in the process of constructing communism.<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> Terms used by Communist states include <a href="/wiki/National-democratic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="National-democratic state">national-democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)">people's democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist-leaning_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist-leaning countries">socialist-oriented</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">workers and peasants'</a> states.<a href="#cite_note-94">[88]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History of communism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_communism">Early communism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pipes-95">[89]</a> the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">classless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> society first emerged in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>. Since the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> has been examined in this context, as well as thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>. Plato, in particular, has been considered as a possible communist or socialist theorist,<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a> or as the first author to give communism a serious consideration.<a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> The 5th-century <a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a> movement in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> (modern-day Iran) has been described as communistic for challenging the enormous privileges of the <a href="/wiki/Noble_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble class">noble classes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a>, criticizing the institution of <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, and striving to create an egalitarian society.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ermak_2019-99">[93]</a> At one time or another, various small communist communities existed, generally under the inspiration of <a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">religious text</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansford200724%E2%80%9325-56">[52]</a> In the medieval <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastic</a> communities and <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">religious orders</a> shared their land and their other property. Sects deemed heretical such as the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> preached an early form of <a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Busky_2002_p._33-100">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boer_2019_p._12-101">[95]</a> As summarized by historians Janzen Rod and Max Stanton, the <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a> believed in strict adherence to biblical principles, church discipline, and practised a form of communism. In their words, the Hutterites "established in their communities a rigorous system of Ordnungen, which were codes of rules and regulations that governed all aspects of life and ensured a unified perspective. As an economic system, communism was attractive to many of the peasants who supported social revolution in sixteenth century central Europe."<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> This link was highlighted in one of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s early writings; Marx stated that "[a]s Christ is the intermediary unto whom man unburdens all his divinity, all his religious bonds, so the state is the mediator unto which he transfers all his Godlessness, all his human liberty."<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Thomas Müntzer</a> led a large <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> communist movement during the <a href="/wiki/German_Peasants%27_War" title="German Peasants' War">German Peasants' War</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> analyzed in his 1850 work <a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_War_in_Germany" title="The Peasant War in Germany">The Peasant War in Germany</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> communist ethos that aims for unity reflects the <a href="/wiki/Christian_universalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian universalist">Christian universalist</a> teaching that humankind is one and that there is only one god who does not discriminate among people.<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein,_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4667" data-file-height="5807"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 212px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger_-_Sir_Thomas_More_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia</a> portrayed a society based on common ownership of property</figcaption></figure> Communist thought has also been traced back to the works of the 16th-century English writer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> In his 1516 <a href="/wiki/Treatise" title="Treatise">treatise</a> titled <a href="/wiki/Utopia_(More_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopia (More book)">Utopia</a>, More portrayed a society based on <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> of property, whose rulers administered it through the application of <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">virtue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> Marxist communist theoretician <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Karl Kautsky</a>, who popularized Marxist communism in Western Europe more than any other thinker apart from Engels, published Thomas More and His Utopia, a work about More, whose ideas could be regarded as "the foregleam of Modern Socialism" according to Kautsky. During the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> suggested that a monument be dedicated to More, alongside other important Western thinkers.<a href="#cite_note-Papke_2016-107">[101]</a> In the 17th century, communist thought surfaced again in England, where a <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> religious group known as the <a href="/wiki/Diggers" title="Diggers">Diggers</a> advocated the abolition of private ownership of land. In his 1895 Cromwell and Communism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein1895-108">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Eduard Bernstein</a> stated that several groups during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (especially the Diggers) espoused clear communistic, <a href="/wiki/Agrarianist" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrarianist">agrarianist</a> ideals and that <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>'s attitude towards these groups was at best ambivalent and often hostile.<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[104]</a> Criticism of the idea of private property continued into the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> of the 18th century through such thinkers as <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bonnot_de_Mably" title="Gabriel Bonnot de Mably">Gabriel Bonnot de Mably</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Gabriel_Morelly" title="Étienne-Gabriel Morelly">Étienne-Gabriel Morelly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> During the upheaval of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, communism emerged as a political doctrine under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">François-Noël Babeuf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Restif_de_la_Bretonne" title="Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne">Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a>, all of whom can be considered the progenitors of modern communism, according to <a href="/wiki/James_H._Billington" title="James H. Billington">James H. Billington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Billington-29">[27]</a> In the early 19th century, various social reformers founded communities based on common ownership. Unlike many previous communist communities, they replaced the religious emphasis with a rational and philanthropic basis.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-112">[106]</a> Notable among them were <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a>, who founded <a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony, Indiana</a>, in 1825, and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a>, whose followers organized other settlements in the United States, such as <a href="/wiki/Brook_Farm" title="Brook Farm">Brook Farm</a> in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a> In its modern form, communism grew out of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">socialist movement</a> in 19th-century Europe. As the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> advanced, socialist critics blamed capitalism for the misery of the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> – a new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions. Foremost among these critics were Marx and his associate Engels. In 1848, Marx and Engels offered a new definition of communism and popularized the term in their famous pamphlet <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolutionary_wave_of_1917–1923">Revolutionary wave of 1917–1923</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_in_1920_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/142px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="189" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="2372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 142px;height: 189px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/142px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="142" data-height="189" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/213px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/284px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik party">Bolshevik party</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:189px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky_(3x4_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/142px-Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="190" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="1436"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 142px;height: 190px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/142px-Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="142" data-height="190" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/213px-Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg/284px-Leon_Trotsky_%283x4_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and a key figure in the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></div></div></div></div></div> In 1917, the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia set the conditions for the rise to state power of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, which was the first time any avowedly communist party reached that position. The revolution transferred power to the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Russian Congress of Soviets">All-Russian Congress of Soviets</a> in which the Bolsheviks had a majority.<a href="#cite_note-113">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[109]</a> The event generated a great deal of practical and theoretical debate within the Marxist movement, as Marx stated that socialism and communism would be built upon foundations laid by the most advanced capitalist development; however, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> was one of the poorest countries in Europe with an enormous, largely illiterate peasantry, and a minority of industrial workers. Marx warned against attempts "to transform my historical sketch of the genesis of capitalism in Western Europe into a historico-philosophy theory of the arche générale imposed by fate upon every people, whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself",<a href="#cite_note-116">[110]</a> and stated that Russia might be able to skip the stage of bourgeois rule through the <a href="/wiki/Obshchina" title="Obshchina">Obshchina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[note 7]</a> The moderate <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> (minority) opposed Lenin's Bolsheviks (majority) plan for <a href="/wiki/Socialist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist revolution">socialist revolution</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a> was more fully developed. The Bolsheviks' successful rise to power was based upon the slogans such as "Peace, Bread, and Land", which tapped into the massive public desire for an end to Russian involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the peasants' demand for <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a>, and popular support for the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> 50,000 workers had passed a resolution in favour of Bolshevik demand for transfer of power to the <a href="/wiki/Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviets">soviets</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> Lenin's government also instituted a number of progressive measures such as <a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">universal education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">equal rights for women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> The initial stage of the October Revolution which involved the assault on <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> occurred largely without any human <a href="/wiki/Casualty_(person)" title="Casualty (person)">casualties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] By November 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a> had been widely discredited by its failure to withdraw from World War I, implement land reform, or convene the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> to draft a constitution, leaving the soviets in <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> control of the country. The Bolsheviks moved to hand power to the <a href="/wiki/Second_All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets_of_Workers%27_and_Soldiers%27_Deputies" title="Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies">Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies</a> in the October Revolution; after a few weeks of deliberation, the <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist-Revolutionaries</a> formed a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> with the Bolsheviks from November 1917 to July 1918, while the right-wing faction of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> boycotted the soviets and denounced the October Revolution as an illegal <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election</a>, socialist parties totaled well over 70% of the vote. The Bolsheviks were clear winners in the urban centres, and took around two-thirds of the votes of soldiers on the Western Front, obtaining 23.3% of the vote; the Socialist Revolutionaries finished first on the strength of support from the country's rural peasantry, who were for the most part <a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics" title="Single-issue politics">single issue voters</a>, that issue being land reform, obtaining 37.6%, while the Ukrainian Socialist Bloc finished a distant third at 12.7%, and the Mensheviks obtained a disappointing fourth place at 3.0%.<a href="#cite_note-Dando_1966-131">[124]</a> Most of the Socialist Revolutionary Party's seats went to the right-wing faction. Citing outdated voter-rolls, which did not acknowledge the party split, and the assembly's conflicts with the Congress of Soviets, the Bolshevik–Left Socialist-Revolutionaries government moved to dissolve the Constituent Assembly in January 1918. The Draft Decree on the Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly was issued by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union">Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union</a>, a committee dominated by Lenin, who had previously supported a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> of free elections. After the Bolshevik defeat, Lenin started referring to the assembly as a "deceptive form of bourgeois-democratic parliamentarianism."<a href="#cite_note-Dando_1966-131">[124]</a> Some argued this was the beginning of the development of <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">vanguardism</a> as an hierarchical party–elite that controls society,<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> which resulted in a split between <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and Marxism">anarchism and Marxism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> communism assuming the dominant position for most of the 20th century, excluding rival socialist currents.<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> Other communists and Marxists, especially <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a> who favored the development of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> as a prerequisite to <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, were critical of the Bolsheviks from the beginning due to Russia being seen as too backward for a <a href="/wiki/Socialist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist revolution">socialist revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Steele_1992,_pp._44%E2%80%9345-25">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">left communism</a>, inspired by the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a> and the wide <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolutionary</a> wave, arose in response to developments in Russia and are critical of self-declared constitutionally <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a>. Some left-wing parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Socialist Party of Great Britain">Socialist Party of Great Britain</a>, boasted of having called the Bolsheviks, and by extension those <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist states</a> which either followed or were inspired by the Soviet Bolshevik model of development, establishing <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a> in late 1917, as would be described during the 20th century by several academics, economists, and other scholars,<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky,_Howard,_Fitzgibbons-51">[47]</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gregory_2004-135">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellman_2007-136">[129]</a> Before the Soviet path of development became known as socialism, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Two-stage_theory" title="Two-stage theory">two-stage theory</a>, communists made no major distinction between the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialist mode of production</a> and communism;<a href="#cite_note-Hudis_et_al._2018-87">[81]</a> it is consistent with, and helped to inform, early concepts of socialism in which the <a href="/wiki/Law_of_value" title="Law of value">law of value</a> no longer directs economic activity. Monetary relations in the form of <a href="/wiki/Exchange_value" title="Exchange value">exchange-value</a>, <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">wage labor</a> would not operate and apply to Marxist socialism.<a href="#cite_note-Bockman_2011,_p._20-27">[25]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> stated that the law of value would still apply to socialism and that the Soviet Union was socialist under this new definition, which was followed by other Communist leaders, many other communists maintain the original definition and state that Communist states never established socialism in this sense. Lenin described his policies as state capitalism but saw them as necessary for the development of socialism, which left-wing critics say was never established, while some <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninists">Marxist–Leninists</a> state that it was established only during the <a href="/wiki/Stalin_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin era">Stalin era</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mao_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao era">Mao era</a>, and then became capitalist states ruled by <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revisionists</a>; others state that Maoist China was always state capitalist, and uphold <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Socialist Republic of Albania</a> as the only <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> after the Soviet Union under Stalin,<a href="#cite_note-Bland_1995-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bland_1997-138">[131]</a> who first stated to have achieved socialism with the <a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communist_states">Communist states</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div> <a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a> was the first system adopted by the Bolsheviks during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> as a result of the many challenges.<a href="#cite_note-Peters_1998-140">[133]</a> Despite communism in the name, it had nothing to do with communism, with strict discipline for workers, <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike actions</a> forbidden, obligatory labor duty, and military-style control, and has been described as simple <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> control by the Bolsheviks to maintain power and control in the Soviet regions, rather than any coherent political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> The Soviet Union was established in 1922. Before the <a href="/wiki/Ban_on_factions_in_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">broad ban</a> in 1921, there were several factions in the Communist party, more prominently among them the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">Right Opposition</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a>, which debated on the path of development to follow. The Left and Workers' oppositions were more critical of the state-capitalist development and the Workers' in particular was critical of <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratization" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratization">bureaucratization</a> and development from above, while the Right Opposition was more supporting of state-capitalist development and advocated the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peters_1998-140">[133]</a> Following Lenin's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>, the Leninist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base. They were made up only of elite <a href="/wiki/Cadre_(politics)" title="Cadre (politics)">cadres</a> approved by higher members of the party as being reliable and completely subject to <a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">party discipline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World_War_II_2001-142">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> overtook the left communists as the main dissident communist current, while more <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian communism">libertarian communisms</a>, dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxist">libertarian Marxist</a> current of council communism, remained important dissident communisms outside the Soviet Union. Following Lenin's <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>, the Leninist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base. They were made up only of elite cadres approved by higher members of the party as being reliable and completely subject to <a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">party discipline</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> of 1936–1938 was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s attempt to destroy any possible opposition within the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a>, many old Bolsheviks who had played prominent roles during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> or in Lenin's Soviet government afterwards, including <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, were accused, pleaded guilty of conspiracy against the Soviet Union, and were executed.<a href="#cite_note-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_War_II_2001-142">[135]</a> The devastation of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> resulted in a massive recovery program involving the rebuilding of industrial plants, housing, and transportation as well as the demobilization and migration of millions of soldiers and civilians. In the midst of this turmoil during the winter of 1946–1947, the Soviet Union experienced the worst natural famine in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorlizki2004-144">[137]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] There was no serious opposition to Stalin as the secret police continued to send possible suspects to the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulag</a>. Relations with the United States and Britain went from friendly to hostile, as they denounced Stalin's political controls over eastern Europe and his <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a>. By 1947, the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> had begun. Stalin himself believed that capitalism was a hollow shell and would crumble under increased non-military pressure exerted through proxies in countries like Italy. He greatly underestimated the economic strength of the West and instead of triumph saw the West build up alliances that were designed to permanently stop or contain Soviet expansion. In early 1950, Stalin gave the go-ahead for <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>'s invasion of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, expecting a short war. He was stunned when the Americans entered and defeated the North Koreans, putting them almost on the Soviet border. Stalin supported <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>'s entry into the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, which drove the Americans back to the prewar boundaries, but which escalated tensions. The United States decided to mobilize its economy for a long contest with the Soviets, built the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen bomb">hydrogen bomb</a>, and strengthened the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> alliance that covered <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a> According to Gorlizki and Khlevniuk, Stalin's consistent and overriding goal after 1945 was to consolidate the nation's superpower status and in the face of his growing physical decrepitude, to maintain his own hold on total power. Stalin created a leadership system that reflected historic czarist styles of paternalism and repression yet was also quite modern. At the top, personal loyalty to Stalin counted for everything. Stalin also created powerful committees, elevated younger specialists, and began major institutional innovations. In the teeth of persecution, Stalin's deputies cultivated informal norms and mutual understandings which provided the foundations for collective rule after his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorlizki2004-144">[137]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] For most Westerners and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> Russians, Stalin is viewed overwhelmingly negatively as a <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murderer</a>; for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder.<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG/220px-Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="566"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG/220px-Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG/330px-Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG/440px-Mao_Proclaiming_New_China.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> proclaiming the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> on October 1, 1949.</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> came to power in 1949 as the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a> headed by the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> fled to the island of Taiwan. In 1950–1953, China engaged in a large-scale, undeclared war with the United States, South Korea, and United Nations forces in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>. While the war ended in a military stalemate, it gave Mao the opportunity to identify and purge elements in China that seemed supportive of capitalism. At first, there was close cooperation with Stalin, who sent in technical experts to aid the industrialization process along the line of the Soviet model of the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009179%E2%80%93193-147">[140]</a> After Stalin's death in 1953, relations with Moscow soured – Mao thought Stalin's successors had betrayed the Communist ideal. Mao charged that Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> was the leader of a "revisionist clique" which had turned against Marxism and Leninism and was now setting the stage for the restoration of capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> The two nations were at sword's point by 1960. Both began forging alliances with communist supporters around the globe, thereby splitting the worldwide movement into two hostile camps.<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> Rejecting the Soviet model of rapid urbanization, Mao Zedong and his top aide <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a> in 1957–1961 with the goal of industrializing China overnight, using the peasant villages as the base rather than large cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009316%E2%80%93332-150">[143]</a> Private ownership of land ended and the peasants worked in large collective farms that were now ordered to start up heavy industry operations, such as steel mills. Plants were built in remote locations, due to the lack of technical experts, managers, transportation, or needed facilities. Industrialization failed, and the main result was a sharp unexpected decline in agricultural output, which led to mass famine and millions of deaths. The years of the Great Leap Forward in fact saw economic regression, with 1958 through 1961 being the only years between 1953 and 1983 in which China's economy saw negative growth. Political economist <a href="/wiki/Dwight_H._Perkins_(economist)" title="Dwight H. Perkins (economist)">Dwight Perkins</a> argues: "Enormous amounts of investment produced only modest increases in production or none at all. ... In short, the Great Leap was a very expensive disaster."<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> Put in charge of rescuing the economy, Deng adopted pragmatic policies that the idealistic Mao disliked. For a while, Mao was in the shadows but returned to center stage and purged Deng and his allies in the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976).<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> was an upheaval that targeted intellectuals and party leaders from 1966 through 1976. Mao's goal was to purify communism by removing pro-capitalists and traditionalists by imposing <a href="/wiki/Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist">Maoist</a> orthodoxy within the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>. The movement paralyzed China politically and weakened the country economically, culturally, and intellectually for years. Millions of people were accused, humiliated, stripped of power, and either imprisoned, killed, or most often, sent to work as farm laborers. Mao insisted that those he labelled <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revisionists</a> be removed through violent <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>. The two most prominent militants were Marshall <a href="/wiki/Lin_Biao" title="Lin Biao">Lin Biao</a> of the army and Mao's wife <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing" title="Jiang Qing">Jiang Qing</a>. China's youth responded to Mao's appeal by forming <a href="/wiki/Red_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Guard">Red Guard</a> groups around the country. The movement spread into the military, urban workers, and the Communist party leadership itself. It resulted in widespread factional struggles in all walks of life. In the top leadership, it led to a mass purge of senior officials who were accused of taking a "<a href="/wiki/Capitalist_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist road">capitalist road</a>", most notably <a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>. During the same period, Mao's <a href="/wiki/Personality_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Personality cult">personality cult</a> grew to immense proportions. After Mao's death in 1976, the survivors were rehabilitated and many returned to power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2009-153">[146]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Mao's government was responsible for vast numbers of deaths with estimates ranging from 40 to 80 million victims through starvation, persecution, <a href="/wiki/Laogai" title="Laogai">prison labour</a>, and mass executions.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-155">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> Mao has also been praised for transforming China from a <a href="/wiki/Semi-colony" title="Semi-colony">semi-colony</a> to a leading world power, with greatly advanced literacy, women's rights, basic healthcare, primary education, and life expectancy.<a href="#cite_note-Bottelier-158">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Galtung-160">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-PopulationStudies2015-161">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communist_Block.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Communist_Block.svg/300px-Communist_Block.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 152px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Communist_Block.svg/300px-Communist_Block.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Communist_Block.svg/450px-Communist_Block.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Communist_Block.svg/600px-Communist_Block.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>States that had communist governments in red, states that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> believed at one point to be <a href="/wiki/Moving_toward_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Moving toward socialism">moving toward socialism</a> in orange, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states#Countries_with_constitutional_references_to_socialism" title="List of socialist states">states with constitutional references to socialism</a> in yellow</figcaption></figure> Its leading role in World War II saw the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Industrialized_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialized Soviet Union">industrialized Soviet Union</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Program_CPSS-162">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nossal-163">[156]</a> Marxist–Leninist governments modeled on the Soviet Union took power with Soviet assistance in <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a>, Hungary, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a>. A Marxist–Leninist government was also created under <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> in <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>; Tito's independent policies led to the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a> and expulsion of Yugoslavia from the <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a> in 1948, and <a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a> was branded <a href="/wiki/Deviationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deviationist">deviationist</a>. <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a> also became an independent Marxist–Leninist state following the <a href="/wiki/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split" title="Albanian–Soviet split">Albanian–Soviet split</a> in 1960,<a href="#cite_note-Bland_1995-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bland_1997-138">[131]</a> resulting from an ideological fallout between <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>, a Stalinist, and the Soviet government of <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, who enacted a period of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a> and re-approached diplomatic relations with Yugoslavia in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> The Communist Party of China, led by Mao Zedong, established the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, which would follow its own ideological path of development following the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> Communism was seen as a rival of and a threat to Western capitalism for most of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Georgakas1992-166">[159]</a> In Western Europe, communist parties were part of several post-war governments, and even when the Cold War forced many of those countries to remove them from government, such as in Italy, they remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal-democratic">liberal-democratic</a> process.<a href="#cite_note-Kindersley-167">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> There were also many developments in libertarian Marxism, especially during the 1960s with the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> By the 1960s and 1970s, many Western communist parties had criticized many of the actions of communist states, distanced from them, and developed a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_road_to_socialism" title="Democratic road to socialism">democratic road to socialism</a>, which became known as <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kindersley-167">[160]</a> This development was criticized by more orthodox supporters of the Soviet Union as amounting to <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> Since 1957, <a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">communists have been frequently voted into power</a> in the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> In 1959, <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Revolution" title="Cuban Revolution">Cuban communist revolutionaries</a> overthrew Cuba's previous government under the dictator <a href="/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista" title="Fulgencio Batista">Fulgencio Batista</a>. The leader of the Cuban Revolution, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, ruled Cuba from 1959 until 2008.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></div> With the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>, which led to the fall of most of the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, the Soviet Union was dissolved on 26 December 1991. It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_the_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet of the Republics">Soviet of the Republics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a> The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet republics">Soviet republics</a> and created the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>, although five of the signatories ratified it much later or did not do it at all. On the previous day, Soviet president <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (the eighth and final <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Soviet Union">leader of the Soviet Union</a>) resigned, declared his office extinct, and handed over its powers, including control of the <a href="/wiki/Cheget" title="Cheget">Cheget</a>, to Russian president <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>. That evening at 7:32, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet flag">Soviet flag</a> was lowered from the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Russian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian flag">Russian flag</a>. Previously, from August to December 1991, all the individual republics, including Russia itself, had seceded from the union. The week before the union's formal dissolution, eleven republics signed the <a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol</a>, formally establishing the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a>, and declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist.<a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Soviet_communism">Post-Soviet communism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_parties_with_national_parliamentary_representation" title="List of socialist parties with national parliamentary representation">List of socialist parties with national parliamentary representation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/220px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/220px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/330px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg/440px-18th_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">18th National Congress</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communist_flag_at_night_at_Ho_Chi_Minh_City,_Vietnam,_year_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Communist_flag_at_night_at_Ho_Chi_Minh_City%2C_Vietnam%2C_year_2024.jpg/220px-Communist_flag_at_night_at_Ho_Chi_Minh_City%2C_Vietnam%2C_year_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Communist_flag_at_night_at_Ho_Chi_Minh_City%2C_Vietnam%2C_year_2024.jpg/220px-Communist_flag_at_night_at_Ho_Chi_Minh_City%2C_Vietnam%2C_year_2024.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Communist_flag_at_night_at_Ho_Chi_Minh_City%2C_Vietnam%2C_year_2024.jpg/330px-Communist_flag_at_night_at_Ho_Chi_Minh_City%2C_Vietnam%2C_year_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Communist_flag_at_night_at_Ho_Chi_Minh_City%2C_Vietnam%2C_year_2024.jpg/440px-Communist_flag_at_night_at_Ho_Chi_Minh_City%2C_Vietnam%2C_year_2024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="Communist Party of Vietnam">Communist</a> flag at night at Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, year 2024</figcaption></figure> As of 2023, states controlled by Communist parties under a single-party system include the People's Republic of China, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cuba">Republic of Cuba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao People's Democratic Republic">Lao People's Democratic Republic</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Republic of Vietnam">Socialist Republic of Vietnam</a>. Communist parties, or their descendant parties, remain politically important in several other countries. With the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Communism">Fall of Communism</a>, there was a split between those hardline Communists, sometimes referred to in the media as <a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Stalinist">neo-Stalinists</a>, who remained committed to orthodox <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, and those, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Left_(Germany)" title="The Left (Germany)">The Left</a> in Germany, who work within the liberal-democratic process for a democratic road to socialism;<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> other ruling Communist parties became closer to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social-democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social-democratic">social-democratic</a> parties.<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> Outside Communist states, reformed Communist parties have led or been part of left-leaning government or regional coalitions, including in the former Eastern Bloc. In Nepal, Communists (<a href="/wiki/CPN_UML" class="mw-redirect" title="CPN UML">CPN UML</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nepal_Communist_Party" title="Nepal Communist Party">Nepal Communist Party</a>) were part of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Nepalese_Constituent_Assembly" title="1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly">1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly</a>, which abolished the monarchy in 2008 and turned the country into a federal liberal-democratic republic, and have democratically shared power with other communists, Marxist–Leninists, and <a href="/wiki/Maoists" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoists">Maoists</a> (<a href="/wiki/CPN_Maoist" class="mw-redirect" title="CPN Maoist">CPN Maoist</a>), social democrats (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_Congress" title="Nepali Congress">Nepali Congress</a>), and others as part of their <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Multiparty_Democracy" title="People's Multiparty Democracy">People's Multiparty Democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Communist Party of the Russian Federation">Communist Party of the Russian Federation</a> has some supporters, but is reformist rather than revolutionary, aiming to lessen the inequalities of Russia's market economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese economic reforms">Chinese economic reforms</a> were started in 1978 under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, and since then China has managed to bring down the poverty rate from 53% in the Mao era to just 8% in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a> After losing Soviet subsidies and support, Vietnam and Cuba have attracted more foreign investment to their countries, with their economies becoming more market-oriented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a> North Korea, the last Communist country that still practices Soviet-style Communism, is both repressive and isolationist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Communist political thought and theory are diverse but share several core elements.<a href="#cite_note-181">[a]</a> The dominant forms of communism are based on <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a> but non-Marxist versions of communism also exist, such as <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a>, which remain partly influenced by Marxist theories, such as <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">libertarian Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanist_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist Marxism">humanist Marxism</a> in particular. Common elements include being theoretical rather than ideological, identifying political parties not by ideology but by class and economic interest, and identifying with the proletariat. According to communists, the proletariat can avoid mass unemployment only if capitalism is overthrown; in the short run, state-oriented communists favor <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">commanding heights of the economy</a> as a means to defend the proletariat from capitalist pressure. Some communists are distinguished by other Marxists in seeing peasants and smallholders of property as possible allies in their goal of shortening the abolition of capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan20012332-182">[174]</a> For Leninist communism, such goals, including short-term proletarian interests to improve their political and material conditions, can only be achieved through <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">vanguardism</a>, an elitist form of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_from_above" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism from above">socialism from above</a> that relies on theoretical analysis to identify proletarian interests rather than consulting the proletarians themselves,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan20012332-182">[174]</a> as is advocated by <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> communists.<a href="#cite_note-Kinna_2012-10">[10]</a> When they engage in elections, Leninist communists' main task is that of educating voters in what are deemed their true interests rather than in response to the expression of interest by voters themselves. When they have gained control of the state, Leninist communists' main task was preventing other political parties from deceiving the proletariat, such as by running their own independent candidates. This vanguardist approach comes from their commitments to <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a> in which communists can only be cadres, i.e. members of the party who are full-time professional revolutionaries, as was conceived by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan20012332-182">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marxist_communism">Marxist communism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">List of communist ideologies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Marxist schools of thought</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg/180px-Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="291" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="1449"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 291px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg/180px-Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="291" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg/270px-Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg/360px-Marx_et_Engels_%C3%A0_Shanghai.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A monument dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> (right) in Shanghai</figcaption></figure> Marxism is a method of <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> analysis that uses a <a href="/wiki/Materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist">materialist</a> interpretation of historical development, better known as <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">historical materialism</a>, to understand <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> relations and <a href="/wiki/Social_conflict" title="Social conflict">social conflict</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectical</a> perspective to view <a href="/wiki/Social_transformation" title="Social transformation">social transformation</a>. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>. As Marxism has developed over time into various branches and <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools of thought">schools of thought</a>, no single, definitive <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist theory</a> exists.<a href="#cite_note-Wolff_and_Resnick,_1987-183">[175]</a> Marxism considers itself to be the embodiment of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a> but does not model an ideal society based on the design of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectuals</a>, whereby communism is seen as a <a href="/wiki/State_of_affairs_(sociology)" title="State of affairs (sociology)">state of affairs</a> to be established based on any intelligent design; rather, it is a non-<a href="/wiki/Idealist" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealist">idealist</a> attempt at the understanding of material history and society, whereby communism is the expression of a real movement, with parameters that are derived from actual life.<a href="#cite_note-184">[176]</a> According to Marxist theory, class conflict arises in capitalist societies due to contradictions between the material interests of the oppressed and exploited <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> – a class of wage laborers employed to produce goods and services – and the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> that owns the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> and extracts its wealth through appropriation of the <a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">surplus product</a> produced by the proletariat in the form of <a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">profit</a>. This class struggle that is commonly expressed as the revolt of a society's <a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">productive forces</a> against its <a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">relations of production</a>, results in a period of short-term crises as the bourgeoisie struggle to manage the intensifying <a href="/wiki/Alienation_of_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Alienation of labor">alienation of labor</a> experienced by the proletariat, albeit with varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>. In periods of deep crisis, the resistance of the oppressed can culminate in a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a> which, if victorious, leads to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialist mode of production</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a> of the means of production, "<a href="/wiki/To_each_according_to_his_contribution" title="To each according to his contribution">To each according to his contribution</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Production_for_use" title="Production for use">production for use</a>. As the productive forces continued to advance, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a>, i.e. a classless, stateless, humane society based on <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a>, follows the maxim "<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Hudis_et_al._2018-87">[81]</a> While it originates from the works of Marx and Engels, Marxism has developed into many different branches and schools of thought, with the result that there is now no single definitive Marxist theory.<a href="#cite_note-Wolff_and_Resnick,_1987-183">[175]</a> Different Marxian schools place a greater emphasis on certain aspects of <a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">classical Marxism</a> while rejecting or modifying other aspects. Many schools of thought have sought to combine Marxian concepts and non-Marxian concepts, which has then led to contradictory conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-185">[177]</a> There is a movement toward the recognition that historical materialism and <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical materialism</a> remain the fundamental aspects of all <a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Marxist schools of thought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ermak_2019-99">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> and its offshoots are the most well-known of these and have been a driving force in <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a> during most of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-186">[178]</a> Classical Marxism is the economic, philosophical, and sociological theories expounded by Marx and Engels as contrasted with later developments in Marxism, especially <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a> and Marxism–Leninism.<a href="#cite_note-187">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox Marxism</a> is the body of Marxist thought that emerged after the death of Marx and which became the official philosophy of the socialist movement as represented in the <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a> until World War I in 1914. Orthodox Marxism aims to simplify, codify, and systematize Marxist method and theory by clarifying the perceived ambiguities and contradictions of classical Marxism. The philosophy of orthodox Marxism includes the understanding that material development (advances in technology in the <a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">productive forces</a>) is the primary agent of change in the structure of society and of human social relations and that social systems and their relations (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, and so on) become contradictory and inefficient as the productive forces develop, which results in some form of social revolution arising in response to the mounting contradictions. This revolutionary change is the vehicle for fundamental society-wide changes and ultimately leads to the emergence of new <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[180]</a> As a term, orthodox Marxism represents the methods of historical materialism and of dialectical materialism, and not the normative aspects inherent to classical Marxism, without implying dogmatic adherence to the results of Marx's investigations.<a href="#cite_note-189">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marxist_concepts">Marxist concepts</h4></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Class_conflict_and_historical_materialism">Class conflict and historical materialism</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></div> At the root of Marxism is historical materialism, the <a href="/wiki/Materialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Materialist">materialist</a> conception of history which holds that the key characteristic of economic systems through history has been the <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a> and that the change between modes of production has been triggered by class struggle. According to this analysis, the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> ushered the world into the new <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a>. Before capitalism, certain <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working classes</a> had ownership of instruments used in production; however, because machinery was much more efficient, this property became worthless and the mass majority of workers could only survive by selling their labor to make use of someone else's machinery, and making someone else profit. Accordingly, capitalism divided the world between two major classes, namely that of the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>. These classes are directly antagonistic as the latter possesses <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, earning profit via the <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a> generated by the proletariat, who have no ownership of the means of production and therefore no option but to sell its labor to the bourgeoisie.<a href="#cite_note-190">[182]</a> According to the materialist conception of history, it is through the furtherance of its own material interests that the rising bourgeoisie within <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a> captured power and abolished, of all relations of private property, only the feudal privilege, thereby taking the feudal <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> out of existence. This was another key element behind the consolidation of capitalism as the new mode of production, the final expression of class and property relations that has led to a massive expansion of production. It is only in capitalism that private property in itself can be abolished.<a href="#cite_note-191">[183]</a> Similarly, the proletariat would capture political power, abolish bourgeois property through the <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> of the means of production, therefore abolishing the bourgeoisie, ultimately abolishing the proletariat itself and ushering the world into <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communism as a new mode of production</a>. In between capitalism and communism, there is the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>; it is the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois state">bourgeois state</a> but not yet of the capitalist mode of production, and at the same time the only element which places into the realm of possibility moving on from this mode of production. This dictatorship, based on the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>'s model,<a href="#cite_note-192">[184]</a> is to be the most democratic state where the whole of the public authority is elected and recallable under the basis of <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Critique_of_political_economy">Critique of political economy</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div> Critique of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Social_critique" class="mw-redirect" title="Social critique">social critique</a> that rejects the various social categories and structures that constitute the mainstream discourse concerning the forms and modalities of resource allocation and income distribution in the economy. Communists, such as Marx and Engels, are described as prominent critics of political economy.<a href="#cite_note-194">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a> The critique rejects economists' use of what its advocates believe are unrealistic <a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">axioms</a>, faulty historical assumptions, and the normative use of various descriptive narratives.<a href="#cite_note-197">[189]</a> They reject what they describe as mainstream economists' tendency to posit the economy as an <a href="/wiki/A_priori" class="mw-redirect" title="A priori">a priori</a> societal category.<a href="#cite_note-Reading_Capital-198">[190]</a> Those who engage in critique of economy tend to reject the view that the economy and its categories is to be understood as something <a href="/wiki/Transhistorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Transhistorical">transhistorical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPostone199544,_192%E2%80%93216-200">[192]</a> It is seen as merely one of many types of historically specific ways to distribute resources. They argue that it is a relatively new mode of resource distribution, which emerged along with modernity.<a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[195]</a> Critics of economy critique the given status of the economy itself, and do not aim to create theories regarding how to administer economies.<a href="#cite_note-204">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[197]</a> Critics of economy commonly view what is most commonly referred to as the economy as being bundles of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaphysical">metaphysical</a> concepts, as well as societal and normative practices, rather than being the result of any self-evident or proclaimed economic laws.<a href="#cite_note-Reading_Capital-198">[190]</a> They also tend to consider the views which are commonplace within the field of economics as faulty, or simply as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[199]</a> Into the 21st century, there are multiple critiques of political economy; what they have in common is the critique of what critics of political economy tend to view as <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a>, i.e. claims of the economy as a necessary and transhistorical societal category.<a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Marxian_economics">Marxian economics</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a></div> Marxian economics and its proponents view capitalism as economically unsustainable and incapable of improving the living standards of the population due to its need to compensate for <a href="/wiki/Falling_rates_of_profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Falling rates of profit">falling rates of profit</a> by cutting employee's wages, social benefits, and pursuing military aggression. The <a href="/wiki/Communist_mode_of_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist mode of production">communist mode of production</a> would succeed capitalism as humanity's new mode of production through workers' <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>. According to Marxian <a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">crisis theory</a>, communism is not an inevitability but an economic necessity.<a href="#cite_note-209">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Socialization_versus_nationalization">Socialization versus nationalization</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization (economics)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></div> An important concept in Marxism is socialization, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a>, versus <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>. Nationalization is <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a> of property whereas socialization is control and management of property by society. Marxism considers the latter as its goal and considers nationalization a tactical issue, as state ownership is still in the realm of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capitalist mode of production</a>. In the words of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, "the transformation ... into State-ownership does not do away with the capitalistic nature of the productive forces. ... State-ownership of the productive forces is not the solution of the conflict, but concealed within it are the technical conditions that form the elements of that solution."<a href="#cite_note-:0-210">[b]</a> This has led Marxist groups and tendencies critical of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet model">Soviet model</a> to label states based on nationalization, such as the Soviet Union, as <a href="/wiki/State_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="State capitalist">state capitalist</a>, a view that is also shared by several scholars.<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky,_Howard,_Fitzgibbons-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellman_2007-136">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Democracy_in_Marxism">Democracy in Marxism</h5></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy in Marxism</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democracy_in_Marxism&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> In <a href="/wiki/Marxist_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist theory">Marxist theory</a>, a new democratic society will arise through the organised actions of an international <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>, enfranchising the entire population and freeing up humans to act without being bound by the <a href="/wiki/Labour_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour market">labour market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_in_Marxism_Calhoun2002-23-211">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Democracy_in_Marxism_Clark1998-212">[203]</a> There would be little, if any, need for a state, the goal of which was to enforce the alienation of labor;<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_in_Marxism_Calhoun2002-23-211">[202]</a> as such, the state would eventually <a href="/wiki/Withering_away_of_the_state" title="Withering away of the state">wither away</a> as its conditions of existence disappear.<a href="#cite_note-213">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> stated in <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> and later works that "the first step in the revolution by the working class, is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class, to win the battle of democracy" and <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>, being "one of the first and most important tasks of the militant proletariat".<a href="#cite_note-216">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[209]</a> As Marx wrote in his <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of the Gotha Program">Critique of the Gotha Program</a>, "between capitalist and communist society there lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Democracy_in_Marxism_Karl_Marx:Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme-219">[210]</a> He allowed for the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transition</a> in some countries with strong democratic institutional structures (such as Britain, the US and the Netherlands), but suggested that in other countries in which workers can not "attain their goal by peaceful means" the "lever of our revolution must be force", stating that the working people had the right to revolt if they were denied political expression.<a href="#cite_note-220">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[212]</a> In response to the question "What will be the course of this revolution?" in <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Communism">Principles of Communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Above all, it will establish a democratic constitution, and through this, the direct or indirect dominance of the proletariat.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Communism">Principles of Communism</a></cite></div></blockquote> While Marxists propose replacing the bourgeois state with a proletarian semi-state through revolution (<a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>), which would eventually wither away, <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a> warn that the state must be abolished along with capitalism. Nonetheless, the desired end results, a stateless, <a href="/wiki/Communal_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Communal society">communal society</a>, are the same.<a href="#cite_note-222">[213]</a> Karl Marx criticized liberalism as not democratic enough and found the unequal social situation of the workers during the Industrial Revolution undermined the democratic agency of citizens.<a href="#cite_note-223">[214]</a> Marxists differ in their positions towards democracy.<a href="#cite_note-224">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[216]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">controversy over Marx's legacy today turns largely on its ambiguous relation to democracy<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Robert Meister<a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Some argue democratic decision-making consistent with Marxism should include voting on how <a href="/wiki/Surplus_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Surplus labor">surplus labor</a> is to be organized.<a href="#cite_note-227">[218]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leninist_communism">Leninist communism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> We want to achieve a new and better order of society: in this new and better society there must be neither rich nor poor; all will have to work. Not a handful of rich people, but all the working people must enjoy the fruits of their common labour. Machines and other improvements must serve to ease the work of all and not to enable a few to grow rich at the expense of millions and tens of millions of people. This new and better society is called socialist society. The teachings about this society are called "socialism". </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Vladimir Lenin, To the Rural Poor (1903)<a href="#cite_note-228">[219]</a></cite></div> </div> Leninism is a political ideology developed by Russian <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> that proposes the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat#Vladimir_Lenin" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>, led by a revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a>, as the political prelude to the establishment of communism. The function of the Leninist vanguard party is to provide the working classes with the <a href="/wiki/Political_consciousness" title="Political consciousness">political consciousness</a> (education and organisation) and revolutionary leadership necessary to depose <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1721–1917).<a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476-229">[220]</a> Leninist revolutionary leadership is based upon <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848), identifying the <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a> as "the most advanced and resolute section of the working class parties of every country; that section which pushes forward all others." As the vanguard party, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> viewed history through the theoretical framework of <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical materialism</a>, which sanctioned political commitment to the successful overthrow of capitalism, and then to instituting <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>; and as the revolutionary national government, to realize the socio-economic transition by all means.<a href="#cite_note-Leninism,_p._265-230">[221]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin-statue-in-Kolkata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lenin-statue-in-Kolkata.jpg/180px-Lenin-statue-in-Kolkata.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 240px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lenin-statue-in-Kolkata.jpg/180px-Lenin-statue-in-Kolkata.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lenin-statue-in-Kolkata.jpg/270px-Lenin-statue-in-Kolkata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lenin-statue-in-Kolkata.jpg/360px-Lenin-statue-in-Kolkata.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> statue in Kolkata, West Bengal, India</figcaption></figure> Marxism–Leninism is a political ideology developed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-made_by_stalin-231">[222]</a> According to its proponents, it is based on <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a>. It describes the specific political ideology which Stalin implemented in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> and in a global scale in the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a>. There is no definite agreement between historians about whether Stalin actually followed the principles of Marx and Lenin.<a href="#cite_note-stalin_follow_marx_lenin-232">[223]</a> It also contains aspects which according to some are deviations from Marxism such as <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sioc1-233">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-sioc2-234">[225]</a> Marxism–Leninism was the official ideology of 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Communist_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist parties">Communist parties</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a>), and was developed after the death of Lenin; its three principles were <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical materialism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Leading_role_of_the_Communist_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading role of the Communist party">leading role of the Communist party</a> through <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> with <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural collectivization">agricultural collectivization</a>. Marxism–Leninism is misleading because Marx and Lenin never sanctioned or supported the creation of an -ism after them, and is revealing because, being popularized after Lenin's death by Stalin, it contained those three doctrinal and institutionalized principles that became a model for later Soviet-type regimes; its global influence, having at its height covered at least one-third of the world's population, has made Marxist–Leninist a convenient label for the <a href="/wiki/Communist_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist bloc">Communist bloc</a> as a dynamic ideological order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan20012332,_3355Morgan2015-235">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[c]</a> During the Cold War, Marxism–Leninism was the ideology of the most clearly visible communist movement and is the most prominent ideology associated with communism.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia-186">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[note 8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a> was a theory supported by the Comintern and affiliated <a href="/wiki/Communist_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist parties">Communist parties</a> during the early 1930s, which held that <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> was a variant of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> because it stood in the way of a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>, in addition to a shared <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a> economic model.<a href="#cite_note-Haro_2011-240">[228]</a> At the time, leaders of the Comintern, such as Stalin and <a href="/wiki/Rajani_Palme_Dutt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajani Palme Dutt">Rajani Palme Dutt</a>, stated that <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> society had entered the <a href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a> in which a <a href="/wiki/Proletariat_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletariat revolution">proletariat revolution</a> was imminent but could be prevented by social democrats and other fascist forces.<a href="#cite_note-Haro_2011-240">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hoppe_2011-241">[229]</a> The term social fascist was used pejoratively to describe social-democratic parties, anti-Comintern and progressive socialist parties and dissenters within Comintern affiliates throughout the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>. The social fascism theory was advocated vociferously by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a>, which was largely controlled and funded by the Soviet leadership from 1928.<a href="#cite_note-Hoppe_2011-241">[229]</a> Within Marxism–Leninism, <a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">anti-revisionism</a> is a position which emerged in the 1950s in opposition to the reforms and <a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a> of Soviet leader <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>. Where Khrushchev pursued an interpretation that differed from Stalin, the anti-revisionists within the international communist movement remained dedicated to Stalin's ideological legacy and criticized the Soviet Union under Khrushchev and his successors as <a href="/wiki/State_capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="State capitalist">state capitalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social imperialist">social imperialist</a> due to its hopes of achieving peace with the United States. The term Stalinism is also used to describe these positions but is often not used by its supporters who opine that Stalin practiced <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxism</a> and Leninism. Because different political trends trace the historical roots of revisionism to different eras and leaders, there is significant disagreement today as to what constitutes anti-revisionism. Modern groups which describe themselves as anti-revisionist fall into several categories. Some uphold the works of Stalin and Mao Zedong and some the works of Stalin while rejecting Mao and universally tend to oppose <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>. Others reject both Stalin and Mao, tracing their ideological roots back to Marx and Lenin. In addition, other groups uphold various less-well-known historical leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a>, who also broke with Mao during the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Albanian_split" title="Sino-Albanian split">Sino-Albanian split</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bland_1995-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bland_1997-138">[131]</a> Social imperialism was a term used by Mao to criticize the Soviet Union post-Stalin. Mao stated that the Soviet Union had itself become an <a href="/wiki/Imperialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialist">imperialist</a> power while maintaining a socialist façade.<a href="#cite_note-242">[230]</a> Hoxha agreed with Mao in this analysis, before later using the expression to also condemn Mao's <a href="/wiki/Three_Worlds_Theory" title="Three Worlds Theory">Three Worlds Theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Stalinism">Stalinism</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StalinCropped1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/StalinCropped1943.jpg/150px-StalinCropped1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1285"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/StalinCropped1943.jpg/150px-StalinCropped1943.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="200" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/StalinCropped1943.jpg/225px-StalinCropped1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/StalinCropped1943.jpg/300px-StalinCropped1943.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, the longest-serving <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Soviet Union">leader of the Soviet Union</a></figcaption></figure> Stalinism represents Stalin's style of governance as opposed to Marxism–Leninism, the <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic system">socioeconomic system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Political ideology">political ideology</a> implemented by Stalin in the Soviet Union, and later adapted by other states based on the <a href="/wiki/Ideological_Soviet_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideological Soviet model">ideological Soviet model</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">central planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a>, and one-party state, along with <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>, accelerated <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, pro-active development of society's <a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">productive forces</a> (research and development), and nationalized <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a>. Marxism–Leninism remained after <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a> whereas Stalinism did not. In the last letters before his death, Lenin warned against the danger of Stalin's personality and urged the Soviet government to replace him.<a href="#cite_note-Ermak_2019-99">[93]</a> Until the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Joseph Stalin">death of Joseph Stalin</a> in 1953, the Soviet Communist party referred to its own ideology as Marxism–Leninism–Stalinism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan20012332-182">[174]</a> Marxism–Leninism has been criticized by other communist and Marxist tendencies, which state that Marxist–Leninist states did not establish socialism but rather <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chomsky,_Howard,_Fitzgibbons-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellman_2007-136">[129]</a> According to Marxism, the dictatorship of the proletariat represents the rule of the majority (democracy) rather than of one party, to the extent that the co-founder of Marxism, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, described its "specific form" as the <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">democratic republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[232]</a> According to Engels, state property by itself is private property of capitalist nature,<a href="#cite_note-:0-210">[b]</a> unless the proletariat has control of political power, in which case it forms public property.<a href="#cite_note-245">[e]</a> Whether the proletariat was actually in control of the Marxist–Leninist states is a matter of debate between Marxism–Leninism and other communist tendencies. To these tendencies, Marxism–Leninism is neither Marxism nor Leninism nor the union of both but rather an artificial term created to justify Stalin's ideological distortion,<a href="#cite_note-stalin_distortion-246">[233]</a> forced into the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Comintern. In the Soviet Union, this struggle against Marxism–Leninism was represented by <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>, which describes itself as a Marxist and Leninist tendency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2001-247">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_-_Bellas_Artes_-_Fresque_Riviera_%C2%AB_Man_at_the_Crossroads_%C2%BB.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mexico_-_Bellas_Artes_-_Fresque_Riviera_%C2%AB_Man_at_the_Crossroads_%C2%BB.JPG/220px-Mexico_-_Bellas_Artes_-_Fresque_Riviera_%C2%AB_Man_at_the_Crossroads_%C2%BB.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mexico_-_Bellas_Artes_-_Fresque_Riviera_%C2%AB_Man_at_the_Crossroads_%C2%BB.JPG/220px-Mexico_-_Bellas_Artes_-_Fresque_Riviera_%C2%AB_Man_at_the_Crossroads_%C2%BB.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mexico_-_Bellas_Artes_-_Fresque_Riviera_%C2%AB_Man_at_the_Crossroads_%C2%BB.JPG/330px-Mexico_-_Bellas_Artes_-_Fresque_Riviera_%C2%AB_Man_at_the_Crossroads_%C2%BB.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Mexico_-_Bellas_Artes_-_Fresque_Riviera_%C2%AB_Man_at_the_Crossroads_%C2%BB.JPG/440px-Mexico_-_Bellas_Artes_-_Fresque_Riviera_%C2%AB_Man_at_the_Crossroads_%C2%BB.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Detail of Man, Controller of the Universe, fresco at <a href="/wiki/Palacio_de_Bellas_Artes" title="Palacio de Bellas Artes">Palacio de Bellas Artes</a> in Mexico City showing <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></figcaption></figure> Trotskyism, developed by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatenaude2017199-248">[235]</a> is a Marxist and Leninist tendency that supports the theory of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Two-stage_theory" title="Two-stage theory">two-stage theory</a> and Stalin's <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a>. It supported another communist revolution in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">proletarian internationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatenaude2017193-249">[236]</a> Rather than representing the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a>, Trotsky claimed that the Soviet Union had become a <a href="/wiki/Degenerated_workers%27_state" title="Degenerated workers' state">degenerated workers' state</a> under the leadership of Stalin in which class relations had re-emerged in a new form. Trotsky's politics differed sharply from those of Stalin and Mao, most importantly in declaring the need for an international proletarian revolution – rather than socialism in one country – and support for a true dictatorship of the proletariat based on democratic principles. Struggling against Stalin for power in the Soviet Union, Trotsky and his supporters organized into the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[237]</a> the platform of which became known as Trotskyism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatenaude2017199-248">[235]</a> In particular, Trotsky advocated for a <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralised</a> form of <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a>,<a href="#cite_note-251">[238]</a> mass soviet <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">democratization</a>,<a href="#cite_note-252">[239]</a> elected representation of Soviet <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">socialist parties</a>,<a href="#cite_note-253">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[241]</a> the tactic of a <a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">united front</a> against far-right parties,<a href="#cite_note-255">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> autonomy for artistic movements,<a href="#cite_note-256">[243]</a> voluntary <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivisation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-257">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[245]</a> a <a href="/wiki/The_Death_Agony_of_Capitalism_and_the_Tasks_of_the_Fourth_International" title="The Death Agony of Capitalism and the Tasks of the Fourth International">transitional program</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[246]</a> and socialist <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">internationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[247]</a> Trotsky had the support of many party <a href="/wiki/Intellectuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectuals">intellectuals</a> but this was overshadowed by the huge apparatus which included the GPU and the party cadres who were at the disposal of Stalin.<a href="#cite_note-261">[248]</a> Stalin eventually succeeded in gaining control of the Soviet regime and Trotskyist attempts to remove Stalin from power resulted in Trotsky's exile from the Soviet Union in 1929. While in exile, Trotsky continued his campaign against Stalin, founding in 1938 the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a>, a Trotskyist rival to the Comintern.<a href="#cite_note-transitional-262">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatenaude2017189,_194-263">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonWalkerGray2014155Fourth_International_(FI)-264">[251]</a> In August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> on Stalin's orders. Trotskyist currents include <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Trotskyism" title="Orthodox Trotskyism">orthodox Trotskyism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_camp" title="Third camp">third camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Posadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Posadism">Posadism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pabloism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pabloism">Pabloism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[253]</a> The economic platform of a <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a> combined with an authentic <a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">worker's democracy</a> as originally advocated by Trotsky has constituted the programme of the Fourth International and the modern Trotskyist movement.<a href="#cite_note-267">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Maoism">Maoism</h5></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Statue_at_Zhong_Shan_Guang_Chang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mao_Statue_at_Zhong_Shan_Guang_Chang.jpg/180px-Mao_Statue_at_Zhong_Shan_Guang_Chang.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 240px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mao_Statue_at_Zhong_Shan_Guang_Chang.jpg/180px-Mao_Statue_at_Zhong_Shan_Guang_Chang.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mao_Statue_at_Zhong_Shan_Guang_Chang.jpg/270px-Mao_Statue_at_Zhong_Shan_Guang_Chang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Mao_Statue_at_Zhong_Shan_Guang_Chang.jpg/360px-Mao_Statue_at_Zhong_Shan_Guang_Chang.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Long_Live_the_Victory_of_Mao_Zedong_Thought" title="Long Live the Victory of Mao Zedong Thought">Long Live the Victory of Mao Zedong Thought</a> monument in Shenyang</figcaption></figure>Maoism is the theory derived from the teachings of the Chinese political leader <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>. Developed from the 1950s until the <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a> in the 1970s, it was widely applied as the guiding political and military ideology of the Communist Party of China and as the theory guiding <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement" title="Revolutionary movement">revolutionary movements</a> around the world. A key difference between Maoism and other forms of Marxism–Leninism is that <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a> should be the bulwark of the revolutionary energy which is led by the working class.<a href="#cite_note-268">[255]</a> Three common Maoist values are revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a>, being practical, and <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWormack2001-269">[256]</a> The synthesis of Marxism–Leninism–Maoism,<a href="#cite_note-270">[f]</a> which builds upon the two individual theories as the Chinese adaption of Marxism–Leninism, did not occur during the life of Mao. After <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a>, Marxism–Leninism was kept in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, while certain <a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionist">anti-revisionist</a> tendencies like <a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a> and Maoism stated that such had deviated from its original concept. Different policies were applied in Albania and China, which became more distanced from the Soviet Union. From the 1960s, groups who called themselves Maoists, or those who upheld Maoism, were not unified around a common understanding of Maoism, instead having their own particular interpretations of the political, philosophical, economical, and military works of Mao. Its adherents claim that as a unified, coherent higher stage of Marxism, it was not consolidated until the 1980s, first being formalized by the <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-On_Marxism-Leninism-Maoism-271">[257]</a> Through the experience of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">people's war</a> waged by the party, the Shining Path were able to posit Maoism as the newest development of Marxism.<a href="#cite_note-On_Marxism-Leninism-Maoism-271">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg/180px-Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="651"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 238px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg/180px-Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="238" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg/270px-Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg/360px-Enrico_Berlinguer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a>, the secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> and main proponent of Eurocommunism</figcaption></figure>Eurocommunism was a <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">revisionist</a> trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties, claiming to develop a theory and practice of <a href="/wiki/Social_transformation" title="Social transformation">social transformation</a> more relevant to their region. Especially prominent within the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">Communist Party of Spain</a>, Communists of this nature sought to undermine the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and its <a href="/wiki/All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kindersley-167">[160]</a> Eurocommunists tended to have a larger attachment to liberty and democracy than their Marxist–Leninist counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-272">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Enrico Berlinguer</a>, general secretary of Italy's major Communist party, was widely considered the father of Eurocommunism.<a href="#cite_note-273">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libertarian_Marxist_communism">Libertarian Marxist communism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian Marxism</a></div> Libertarian Marxism is a broad range of economic and political philosophies that emphasize the <a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-authoritarian">anti-authoritarian</a> aspects of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>. Early currents of libertarian Marxism, known as <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">left communism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-274">[260]</a> emerged in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorter_et_al._2007-275">[261]</a> and its derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[262]</a> Libertarian Marxism is also critical of <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a> positions such as those held by <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[263]</a> Libertarian Marxist currents often draw from Marx and Engels' later works, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Civil_War_in_France" title="The Civil War in France">The Civil War in France</a>,<a href="#cite_note-278">[264]</a> emphasizing the Marxist belief in the ability of the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> to forge its own destiny without the need for a revolutionary party or <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> to mediate or aid its liberation.<a href="#cite_note-279">[265]</a> Along with <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, libertarian Marxism is one of the main derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[266]</a> Aside from left communism, libertarian Marxism includes such currents as <a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">autonomism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">communization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">council communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Leonism" title="De Leonism">De Leonism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Johnson%E2%80%93Forest_Tendency" title="Johnson–Forest Tendency">Johnson–Forest Tendency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxemburgism" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxemburgism">Luxemburgism</a> <a href="/wiki/Situationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationism">Situationism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Socialisme ou Barbarie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(UK)" title="Solidarity (UK)">Solidarity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Movement" title="World Socialist Movement">World Socialist Movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">workerism</a>, as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-Marxism</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[267]</a> Moreover, libertarian Marxism has often had a strong influence on both <a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">post-left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">social anarchists</a>. Notable theorists of libertarian Marxism have included <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raya_Dunayevskaya" title="Raya Dunayevskaya">Raya Dunayevskaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Brinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice Brinton">Maurice Brinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Daniel Guérin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yanis_Varoufakis" title="Yanis Varoufakis">Yanis Varoufakis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-282">[268]</a> the latter of whom claims that Marx himself was a libertarian Marxist.<a href="#cite_note-283">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Council_communism">Council communism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg/150px-Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5044" data-file-height="7592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 226px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg/150px-Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="226" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg/225px-Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg/300px-Rosa_Luxemburg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></figcaption></figure> Council communism is a movement that originated from Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonWalkerGray2014313%E2%80%93314Pannekoek,_Antonie_(1873%E2%80%931960)-284">[270]</a> whose primary organization was the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers_Party_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Workers Party of Germany">Communist Workers Party of Germany</a>. It continues today as a theoretical and activist position within both <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">libertarian Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-285">[271]</a> The core principle of council communism is that the government and the economy should be managed by <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a>, which are composed of <a href="/wiki/Delegate_model_of_representation" title="Delegate model of representation">delegates</a> elected at workplaces and <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recallable</a> at any moment. Council communists oppose the perceived authoritarian and undemocratic nature of <a href="/wiki/Central_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Central planning">central planning</a> and of <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a>, labelled <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a>, and the idea of a revolutionary party,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_Blanquism-286">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[273]</a> since council communists believe that a revolution led by a party would necessarily produce a <a href="/wiki/Party_dictatorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Party dictatorship">party dictatorship</a>. Council communists support a workers' democracy, produced through a federation of workers' councils. In contrast to those of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> communism, the central argument of council communism is that democratic workers' councils arising in the factories and municipalities are the natural forms of working-class organizations and governmental power.<a href="#cite_note-288">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[275]</a> This view is opposed to both the <a href="/wiki/Reformist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist">reformist</a><a href="#cite_note-Socialism_and_Labor_Unionism-290">[276]</a> and the Leninist communist ideologies,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_Blanquism-286">[272]</a> which respectively stress parliamentary and <a href="/wiki/New_institutionalism" title="New institutionalism">institutional</a> government by applying <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">social reforms</a> on the one hand, and <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard parties">vanguard parties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">participative</a> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a> on the other.<a href="#cite_note-Socialism_and_Labor_Unionism-290">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_Blanquism-286">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Left_communism">Left communism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></div> Left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the communist left, which criticizes the political ideas and practices espoused, particularly following the series of revolutions that brought <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> to an end by <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[277]</a> Left communists assert positions which they regard as more authentically <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proletarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletarian">proletarian</a> than the views of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> espoused by the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> after its <a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Comintern" title="1st Congress of the Comintern">first congress</a> (March 1919) and during its <a href="/wiki/2nd_World_Congress_of_the_Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd World Congress of the Comintern">second congress</a> (July–August 1920).<a href="#cite_note-Gorter_et_al._2007-275">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[279]</a> Left communists represent a range of political movements distinct from <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninists">Marxist–Leninists</a>, whom they largely view as merely the left-wing of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communists">anarcho-communists</a>, some of whom they consider to be <a href="/wiki/Internationalist_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Internationalist socialists">internationalist socialists</a>, and from various other revolutionary socialist tendencies, such as <a href="/wiki/De_Leonists" class="mw-redirect" title="De Leonists">De Leonists</a>, whom they tend to see as being internationalist socialists only in limited instances.<a href="#cite_note-294">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bordigism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordigism">Bordigism</a> is a Leninist left-communist current named after <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a>, who has been described as being "more Leninist than Lenin", and considered himself to be a Leninist.<a href="#cite_note-295">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_types_of_communism">Other types of communism</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kropotkin2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kropotkin2.jpg/150px-Kropotkin2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 192px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kropotkin2.jpg/150px-Kropotkin2.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kropotkin2.jpg/225px-Kropotkin2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kropotkin2.jpg/300px-Kropotkin2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, main theorist of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a></figcaption></figure> Anarcho-communism is a <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> and communism which advocates the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> in favor of <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Mayne-296">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-297">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>; and a <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_integration" title="Horizontal integration">horizontal network</a> of <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">voluntary associations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_council" title="Workers' council">workers' councils</a> with production and consumption based on the guiding principle, "<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">From each according to his ability, to each according to his need</a>".<a href="#cite_note-298">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[285]</a> Anarcho-communism differs from Marxism in that it rejects its view about the need for a <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a> phase prior to establishing communism. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>, the main theorist of anarcho-communism, stated that a revolutionary society should "transform itself immediately into a communist society", that it should go immediately into what Marx had regarded as the "more advanced, completed, phase of communism".<a href="#cite_note-theanarchistlibrary.org-300">[286]</a> In this way, it tries to avoid the reappearance of class divisions and the need for a state to be in control.<a href="#cite_note-theanarchistlibrary.org-300">[286]</a> Some forms of anarcho-communism, such as <a href="/wiki/Insurrectionary_anarchism" title="Insurrectionary anarchism">insurrectionary anarchism</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Egoist_anarchism" title="Egoist anarchism">egoist</a> and strongly influenced by radical <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-301">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-creativenothing-302">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-303">[289]</a> believing that anarchist communism does not require a <a href="/wiki/Communitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Communitarian">communitarian</a> nature at all. Most anarcho-communists view anarchist communism as a way of reconciling the opposition between the individual and society.<a href="#cite_note-304">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian_communism">Christian communism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></div> Christian communism is a theological and political theory based upon the view that the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus Christ</a> compel <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> to support <a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">religious communism</a> as the ideal <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansford200724%E2%80%9325-56">[52]</a> Although there is no universal agreement on the exact dates when communistic ideas and practices in Christianity began, many Christian communists state that evidence from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> suggests that the first Christians, including the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles in the New Testament</a>, established their own small communist society in the years following Jesus' death and resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-307">[292]</a> Many advocates of Christian communism state that it was taught by Jesus and practiced by the apostles themselves,<a href="#cite_note-308">[293]</a> an argument that historians and others, including anthropologist Roman A. Montero,<a href="#cite_note-309">[294]</a> scholars like <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-310">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[296]</a> and theologians like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ellicott" title="Charles Ellicott">Charles Ellicott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Guthrie_(theologian)" title="Donald Guthrie (theologian)">Donald Guthrie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-312">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[298]</a> generally agree with.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansford200724%E2%80%9325-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[299]</a> Christian communism enjoys some support in Russia. Russian musician <a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Yegor Letov</a> was an outspoken Christian communist, and in a 1995 interview he was quoted as saying: "Communism is the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> on Earth."<a href="#cite_note-315">[300]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> Emily Morris from <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> wrote that because <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s writings have inspired many movements, including the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution of 1917">Russian Revolution of 1917</a>, communism is "commonly confused with the political and economic system that developed in the Soviet Union" after the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Morris-77">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[h]</a> Morris also wrote that Soviet-style communism "did not 'work'" due to "an over-centralised, oppressive, bureaucratic and rigid economic and political system."<a href="#cite_note-Morris-77">[71]</a> Historian Andrzej Paczkowski summarized communism as "an ideology that seemed clearly the opposite, that was based on the secular desire of humanity to achieve equality and social justice, and that promised a great leap forward into freedom."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaczkowski200132%E2%80%9333-63">[59]</a> In contrast, Austrian-American economist <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> argued that by abolishing free markets, <a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">communist officials would not have the price system</a> necessary to guide their planned production.<a href="#cite_note-:1-317">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> developed as soon as communism became a conscious political movement in the 19th century, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">anti-communist mass killings</a> have been reported against alleged communists, or their alleged supporters, which were committed by anti-communists and political organizations or governments opposed to communism. The communist movement has faced opposition since it was founded and the opposition to it has often been organized and violent. Many of these anti-communist mass killing campaigns, primarily during the Cold War,<a href="#cite_note-Aarons_2007-318">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBevins2020b-319">[303]</a> were supported by the United States and its <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a> allies,<a href="#cite_note-320">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[305]</a> including those who were formally part of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Guatemalan genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a> in South America.<a href="#cite_note-322">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excess_mortality_in_Communist_states">Excess mortality in Communist states</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity_under_communist_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimes against humanity under communist regimes">Crimes against humanity under communist regimes</a></div> Many authors have written about excess deaths under Communist states and <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rates</a>,<a href="#cite_note-third-67">[note 5]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Excess_mortality_in_the_Soviet_Union_under_Joseph_Stalin" title="Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin">excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fourth-72">[note 6]</a> Some authors posit that there is a Communist death toll, whose death estimates vary widely, depending on the definitions of the deaths that are included in them, ranging from lows of 10–20 million to highs over 100 million. The higher estimates have been criticized by several scholars as ideologically motivated and inflated; they are also criticized for being inaccurate due to incomplete data, inflated by counting any excess death, making an unwarranted link to communism, and the grouping and body-counting itself. Higher estimates account for actions that Communist governments committed against civilians, including executions, human-made famines, and deaths that occurred during, or resulted from, imprisonment, and forced deportations and labor. Higher estimates are criticized for being based on sparse and incomplete data when significant errors are inevitable, and for being skewed to higher possible values.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-62">[58]</a> Others have argued that, while certain estimates may not be accurate, "quibbling about numbers is unseemly. What matters is that many, many people were killed by communist regimes."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodseeSehonDresser2018-53">[49]</a> Historian Mark Bradley wrote that while the exact numbers have been in dispute, the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_magnitude" title="Order of magnitude">order of magnitude</a> is not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2017151%E2%80%93153-325">[309]</a> There is no consensus among <a href="/wiki/Genocide_scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide scholars">genocide scholars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scholars_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars of Communism">scholars of Communism</a> about whether some or all the events constituted a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[note 9]</a> Among genocide scholars, there is no consensus on a common terminology,<a href="#cite_note-Weiss-Wendt_2008-333">[317]</a> and the events have been variously referred to as excess mortality or mass deaths; other terms used to define some of such killings include <a href="/wiki/Classicide" title="Classicide">classicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">democide</a>, genocide, <a href="/wiki/Politicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicide">politicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Holocaust (disambiguation)">holocaust</a>, mass killing, and <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">repression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlssonSchoenhals2008-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[note 10]</a> These scholars state that most Communist states did not engage in mass killings;<a href="#cite_note-340">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[note 11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Valentino" title="Benjamin Valentino">Benjamin Valentino</a> proposes the category of <a href="/wiki/Communist_mass_killing" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist mass killing">Communist mass killing</a>, alongside colonial, counter-guerrilla, and ethnic mass killing, as a subtype of dispossessive mass killing to distinguish it from coercive mass killing.<a href="#cite_note-346">[327]</a> Genocide scholars do not consider ideology,<a href="#cite_note-Tago_&_Wayman_2010-336">[319]</a> or regime-type, as an important factor that explains mass killings.<a href="#cite_note-Straus_2007-347">[328]</a> Some authors, such as <a href="/wiki/John_Gray_(philosopher)" title="John Gray (philosopher)">John Gray</a>,<a href="#cite_note-348">[329]</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldhagen" title="Daniel Goldhagen">Daniel Goldhagen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen2009206-349">[330]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-350">[331]</a> consider the ideology of communism to be a significant causative factor in mass killings. Some connect killings in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s China, and <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>'s Cambodia on the basis that Stalin influenced Mao, who influenced Pol Pot; in all cases, scholars say killings were carried out as part of a policy of an unbalanced modernization process of rapid industrialization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlssonSchoenhals2008-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[note 12]</a> Daniel Goldhagen argues that 20th century communist regimes "have killed more people than any other regime type."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen200954-353">[333]</a> Some authors and politicians, such as <a href="/wiki/George_G._Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="George G. Watson">George G. Watson</a>, allege that <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> was dictated in otherwise forgotten works of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grant_1999-354">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[335]</a> Many commentators on the political right point to the mass deaths under Communist states, claiming them as an indictment of communism.<a href="#cite_note-Piereson-356">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel-Di_MauroEngel-Di_MauroFaberLabban2021-357">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-Satter_2017-358">[338]</a> Opponents of this view argue that these killings were aberrations caused by specific authoritarian regimes, and not caused by communism itself, and point to mass deaths in wars and famines that they argue were caused by <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, capitalism, and anti-communism as a counterpoint to those killings.<a href="#cite_note-359">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[340]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Dovid_Katz" title="Dovid Katz">Dovid Katz</a> and other historians, a <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical revisionist">historical revisionist</a> view of the <a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">double genocide theory</a>,<a href="#cite_note-361">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[342]</a> equating mass deaths under Communist states with the Holocaust, is popular in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern European">Eastern European</a> countries and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, and their approaches of history have been incorporated in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> agenda,<a href="#cite_note-Satori-363">[343]</a> among them the <a href="/wiki/Prague_Declaration" title="Prague Declaration">Prague Declaration</a> in June 2008 and the <a href="/wiki/European_Day_of_Remembrance_for_Victims_of_Stalinism_and_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism">European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism</a>, which was proclaimed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> in August 2008 and endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/OSCE_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="OSCE in Europe">OSCE in Europe</a> in July 2009. Some scholars in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> have rejected the comparison of the two regimes and the equation of their crimes.<a href="#cite_note-Satori-363">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory_and_legacy">Memory and legacy</h3></div> Criticism of communism can be divided into two broad categories, namely that <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Communist_party_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Communist party rule">criticism of Communist party rule</a> that concerns with the practical aspects of 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist states</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bruno_Bosteels_2014-364">[344]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">criticism of Marxism</a> and communism generally that concerns its principles and theory.<a href="#cite_note-365">[345]</a> Public memory of 20th-century Communist states has been described as a battleground between the communist-sympathetic or <a href="/wiki/Anti-anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-anti-communist">anti-anti-communist</a> political left and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Political_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Political right">political right</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodseeSehonDresser2018-53">[49]</a> Critics of communism on the political right point to the <a href="/wiki/Excess_deaths" class="mw-redirect" title="Excess deaths">excess deaths</a> under Communist states as an indictment of communism as an ideology.<a href="#cite_note-Piereson-356">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel-Di_MauroEngel-Di_MauroFaberLabban2021-357">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-Satter_2017-358">[338]</a> Defenders of communism on the political left say that the deaths were caused by specific authoritarian regimes and not communism as an ideology, while also pointing to <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">anti-communist mass killings</a> and deaths in wars that they argue were caused by capitalism and anti-communism as a counterpoint to the deaths under Communist states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBevins2020b-319">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodseeSehonDresser2018-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel-Di_MauroEngel-Di_MauroFaberLabban2021-357">[337]</a> According to Hungarian sociologist and politician <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Boz%C3%B3ki" title="András Bozóki">András Bozóki</a>, positive aspects of communist countries included support for social mobility and equality, the elimination of illiteracy, urbanization, more accessible healthcare and housing, regional mobility with public transportation, the elimination of semi-feudal hierarchies, more women entering the labor market, and free access to higher education. Negative aspects of communist countries, on the other hand according to Bozóki included the suppression of freedom, the loss of trust in civil society; a culture of fear and corruption; reduced international travel; dependency on the party and state; Central Europe becoming a satellite of the Soviet Union; the creation of closed societies, leading to xenophobia, racism, prejudice, cynicism and pessimism; women only being emancipated in the workforce; the oppression of national identity; and relativist ethical societal standards.<a href="#cite_note-366">[346]</a> <a href="/wiki/Memory_studies" title="Memory studies">Memory studies</a> have been done on how the events are memorized.<a href="#cite_note-367">[347]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Ghodsee" title="Kristen Ghodsee">Kristen R. Ghodsee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Sehon" title="Scott Sehon">Scott Sehon</a>, on the political left, there are "those with some sympathy for socialist ideals and the popular opinion of hundreds of millions of Russian and east European citizens nostalgic for their state socialist pasts.", while on the political right, there are "the committed anti-totalitarians, both east and west, insisting that all experiments with Marxism will always and inevitably end with the gulag."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodseeSehonDresser2018-53">[49]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Victims of Communism">victims of Communism</a>" concept,<a href="#cite_note-368">[348]</a> has become accepted scholarship, as part of the double genocide theory, in Eastern Europe and among anti-communists in general;<a href="#cite_note-369">[349]</a> it is rejected by some Western European<a href="#cite_note-Satori-363">[343]</a> and other scholars, especially when it is used to equate Communism and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, which is seen by scholars as a long-discredited perspective.<a href="#cite_note-Doumanis_2016-370">[350]</a> The narrative posits that famines and mass deaths by Communist states can be attributed to a single cause and that communism, as "the deadliest ideology in history", or in the words of <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rauch" title="Jonathan Rauch">Jonathan Rauch</a> as "the deadliest fantasy in human history",<a href="#cite_note-371">[351]</a> represents the greatest threat to humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel-Di_MauroEngel-Di_MauroFaberLabban2021-357">[337]</a> Proponents posit an alleged link between communism, left-wing politics, and socialism with genocide, mass killing, and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-372">[352]</a> Some authors, as <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Courtois" title="Stéphane Courtois">Stéphane Courtois</a>, propose a theory of equivalence between class and racial genocide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotS%C3%A9melin200937-373">[353]</a> It is supported by the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, with 100 million being the most common estimate used from <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a> despite some of the authors of the book distancing themselves from the estimates made by Stephen Courtois.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodseeSehonDresser2018-53">[49]</a> Various museums and monuments have been constructed in remembrance of the victims of Communism, with support of the European Union and various governments in Canada, Eastern Europe, and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodsee2014-73">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumayer2018-74">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Works such as The Black Book of Communism and <a href="/wiki/Bloodlands" title="Bloodlands">Bloodlands</a> legitimized debates on the <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">comparison of Nazism and Stalinism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotS%C3%A9melin200937-373">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[354]</a> and by extension communism, and the former work in particular was important in the criminalization of communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodsee2014-73">[67]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeumayer2018-74">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] According to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a>, Communism is "considered one of the two great totalitarian movements of the 20th century", the other being Nazism, but added that "there is an important difference in how the world has treated these two execrable phenomena.":<a href="#cite_note-375">[355]</a> The failure of Communist governments to live up to the ideal of a <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a>, their general trend towards increasing <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, their bureaucracy, and the inherent inefficiencies in their economies have been linked to the decline of communism in the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansford20079%E2%80%9324,_36%E2%80%9344-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-50">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheidel" title="Walter Scheidel">Walter Scheidel</a> stated that despite wide-reaching government actions, Communist states failed to achieve long-term economic, social, and political success.<a href="#cite_note-376">[356]</a> The experience of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">North Korean famine</a>, and alleged economic underperformance when compared to developed free market systems are cited as examples of Communist states failing to build a successful state while relying entirely on what they view as orthodox Marxism.<a href="#cite_note-377">[357]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[358]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Despite those shortcomings, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Ther" title="Philipp Ther">Philipp Ther</a> stated that there was a general increase in the standard of living throughout Eastern Bloc countries as the result of modernization programs under Communist governments.<a href="#cite_note-379">[359]</a> Most experts agree there was a significant increase in mortality rates following the years 1989 and 1991, including a 2014 <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> report which concluded that the "health of people in the former Soviet countries deteriorated dramatically after the collapse of the Soviet Union."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodseeOrenstein202178-380">[360]</a> Post-Communist Russia during the <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a>-backed economic reforms of <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> experienced surging <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a> as unemployment reached double digits by the early to mid 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-381">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[362]</a> By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> states of the former Eastern Bloc–Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia–showed healthy increases in life expectancy from the 1990s onward, compared to nearly thirty years of stagnation under Communism.<a href="#cite_note-383">[363]</a> Bulgaria and Romania followed this trend after the introduction of more serious economic reforms in the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-384">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[365]</a> The economies of Eastern Bloc countries had previously experienced stagnation in the 1980s under Communism.<a href="#cite_note-386">[366]</a> A common expression throughout Eastern Europe after 1989 was "everything they told us about communism was a lie, but everything they told us about capitalism was true."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodseeOrenstein2021192-387">[367]</a> The right-libertarian think tank <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a> has stated that the analyses done of post-communist countries in the 1990s were "premature" and "that early and rapid reformers by far outperformed gradual reformers" on <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_countries_by_GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of countries by GDP per capita">GDP per capita</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Development_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Human Development Index">United Nations Human Development Index</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">political freedom</a>, in addition to developing better institutions. The institute also stated that the process of privatization in Russia was "deeply flawed" due to Russia's reforms being "far less rapid" than those of Central Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[368]</a> The average post-Communist country had returned to 1989 levels of per-capita GDP by 2005.<a href="#cite_note-389">[369]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a> wrote in 2015 that following the end of the Cold War, many of those countries' economies declined to such an extent during the transition to capitalism that they have yet to return to the point they were prior to the collapse of communism.<a href="#cite_note-390">[370]</a> Several scholars state that the negative economic developments in post-Communist countries after the fall of Communism led to increased nationalist sentiment and <a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nostalgia for Communism">nostalgia for the Communist era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodseeSehonDresser2018-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[372]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> published an analysis of the former Soviet countries twenty years after the fall of the USSR. They found that "GDP fell as much as 50 percent in the 1990s in some republics... as capital flight, industrial collapse, hyperinflation and tax avoidance took their toll", but that there was a rebound in the 2000s, and by 2010 "some economies were five times as big as they were in 1991." Life expectancy has grown since 1991 in some of the countries, but fallen in others; likewise, some held free and fair elections, while others remained authoritarian.<a href="#cite_note-:22-393">[373]</a> By 2019, the majority of people in most Eastern European countries approved of the shift to multiparty democracy and a market economy, with approval being highest among residents of Poland and residents in the territory of what was once <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, and disapproval being the highest among residents of Russia and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. In addition, 61 percent said that standards of living were now higher than they had been under Communism, while only 31 percent said that they were worse, with the remaining 8 percent saying that they did not know or that standards of living had not changed.<a href="#cite_note-394">[374]</a> According to Grigore Pop-Eleches and Joshua Tucker in their book Communism's Shadow: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Political Attitudes, citizens of post-Communist countries are less supportive of democracy and more supportive of government-provided social welfare. They also found that those who lived under Communist rule were more likely to be left-authoritarian (referencing the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarian_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing authoritarian personality">right-wing authoritarian personality</a>) than citizens of other countries. Those who are left-authoritarian in this sense more often tend to be older generations that lived under Communism. In contrast, younger post-Communist generations continue to be anti-democratic but are not as left-wing ideologically, which in the words of Pop-Eleches and Tucker "might help explain the growing popularity of <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populists" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing populists">right-wing populists</a> in the region."<a href="#cite_note-395">[375]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatives">Conservatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a> generally view 20th-century Communist states as unqualified failures. Political theorist and professor <a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Jodi Dean</a> argues that this limits the scope of discussion around political alternatives to <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>. Dean argues that, when people think of capitalism, they do not consider what are its worst results (<a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">robber barons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a>) because the <a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalism" title="History of capitalism">history of capitalism</a> is viewed as dynamic and nuanced; the history of communism is not considered dynamic or nuanced, and there is a fixed historical narrative of communism that emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulag</a>, starvation, and violence.<a href="#cite_note-396">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-397">[377]</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Gary_Gerstle" title="Gary Gerstle">Gary Gerstle</a> posits that the collapse of communism "opened the entire world to capitalist penetration" and "shrank the imaginative and ideological space in which opposition to capitalist thought and practices might incubate."<a href="#cite_note-398">[378]</a> Ghodsee,<a href="#cite_note-399">[i]</a> along with Gerstle and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheidel" title="Walter Scheidel">Walter Scheidel</a>, suggest that the rise and fall of communism had a significant impact on the development and decline of <a href="/wiki/Labor_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor movement">labor movements</a> and social <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare states</a> in the United States and other Western societies. Gerstle argues that organized labor in the United States was strongest when the threat of communism reached its peak, and the decline of both organized labor and the welfare state coincided with the collapse of communism. Both Gerstle and Scheidel posit that as economic elites in the West became more fearful of possible communist revolutions in their own societies, especially as the tyranny and violence associated with communist governments became more apparent, the more willing they were to compromise with the working class, and much less so once the threat waned.<a href="#cite_note-400">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-401">[380]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" 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dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 17em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communism_by_country" title="Category:Communism by country">Communism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-communism" title="Crypto-communism">Crypto-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">List of communist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Marxism" title="Outline of Marxism">Outline of Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">Sociocultural evolution</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Works</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Communist_History" title="American Communist History">American Communist History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Century_Communism" title="Twentieth Century Communism">Twentieth Century Communism</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBallDagger2019_1-15">p</a> <a href="#CITEREFBallDagger2019">Ball & Dagger 2019</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Communism". <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia" title="World Book Encyclopedia">World Book Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 4. Chicago: World Book. 2008. p. 890. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7166-0108-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7166-0108-1"><bdi>978-0-7166-0108-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Communism&rft.btitle=World+Book+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=890&rft.pub=World+Book&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7166-0108-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEly1883" class="citation book cs1">Ely, Richard T (1883). French and German socialism in modern times. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper & Brothers">Harper & Brothers</a>. pp. 35–36. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/456632">456632</a>. <q>All communists without exception propose that the people as a whole, or some particular division of the people, as a village or commune, should own all the means of production – land, houses, factories, railroads, canals, etc.; that production should be carried on in common; and that officers, selected in one way or another, should distribute among the inhabitants the fruits of their labor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+and+German+socialism+in+modern+times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1883&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F456632&rft.aulast=Ely&rft.aufirst=Richard+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukharinPreobrazhensky1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin, Nikolai</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Preobrazhensky" title="Yevgeni Preobrazhensky">Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni</a> (1922) [1920]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250212173140/https://www.marxists.org/archive/bukharin/works/1920/abc/ABC-of-Communism.pdf#page=67">"Distribution in the communist system"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_ABC_of_Communism" title="The ABC of Communism">The ABC of Communism</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Paul" title="Cedar Paul">Paul, Cedar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eden_Paul" title="Eden Paul">Paul, Eden</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a>. pp. 72–73, § 20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/bukharin/works/1920/abc/ABC-of-Communism.pdf#page=67">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 February 2025. Retrieved 18 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Distribution+in+the+communist+system&rft.btitle=The+ABC+of+Communism&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E73%2C+%C2%A7+20&rft.pub=Communist+Party+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Bukharin&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rft.au=Preobrazhensky%2C+Yevgeni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fbukharin%2Fworks%2F1920%2Fabc%2FABC-of-Communism.pdf%23page%3D67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steele_p.43-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steele_p.43_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steele_p.43_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteele1992">Steele (1992)</a>, p. 43: "One widespread distinction was that socialism socialised production only while communism socialised production and consumption." </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (2005) [1847]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250209135705/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/11/prin-com.htm#18">"Section 18: What will be the course of this revolution?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Principles_of_Communism" title="The Principles of Communism">The Principles of Communism</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy, Paul</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/11/prin-com.htm#18">the original</a> on 9 February 2025. Retrieved 18 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <q>Finally, when all capital, all production, all exchange have been brought together in the hands of the nation, private property will disappear of its own accord, money will become superfluous, and production will so expand and man so change that society will be able to slough off whatever of its old economic habits may remain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Section+18%3A+What+will+be+the+course+of+this+revolution%3F&rft.btitle=The+Principles+of+Communism&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1847%2F11%2Fprin-com.htm%2318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukharinPreobrazhensky1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin, Nikolai</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Preobrazhensky" title="Yevgeni Preobrazhensky">Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni</a> (1922) [1920]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250212173140/https://www.marxists.org/archive/bukharin/works/1920/abc/ABC-of-Communism.pdf#page=67">"Administration in the communist system"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_ABC_of_Communism" title="The ABC of Communism">The ABC of Communism</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Paul" title="Cedar Paul">Paul, Cedar</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eden_Paul" title="Eden Paul">Paul, Eden</a>. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a>. pp. 73–75, § 21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/bukharin/works/1920/abc/ABC-of-Communism.pdf#page=67">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 February 2025. 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In Kurian, George (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Political Science. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/CQ_Press" title="CQ Press">CQ Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781608712434">10.4135/9781608712434</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933116-44-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933116-44-0"><bdi>978-1-933116-44-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 January 2016 – via <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Withering+Away+of+the+State&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Science&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=CQ+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781608712434&rft.isbn=978-1-933116-44-0&rft.aulast=Kurian&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsk.sagepub.com%2Freference%2Fthe-encyclopedia-of-political-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250211204523/https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism/Non-Marxian-communism">"Communism - Non-Marxian communism"</a>. Britannica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism/Non-Marxian-communism">the original</a> on 11 February 2025. Retrieved 13 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Communism+-+Non-Marxian+communism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fcommunism%2FNon-Marxian-communism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinna_2012-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kinna_2012_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinna_2012_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinna2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kinna" title="Ruth Kinna">Kinna, Ruth</a> (2012). Berry, Dave; <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Kinna" title="Ruth Kinna">Kinna, Ruth</a>; Pinta, Saku; Prichard, Alex (eds.). Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red. London: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 1–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137284754" title="Special:BookSources/9781137284754"><bdi>9781137284754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libertarian+Socialism%3A+Politics+in+Black+and+Red&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781137284754&rft.aulast=Kinna&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2009126–143-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch2009126%E2%80%93143_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarch2009">March 2009</a>, pp. 126–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorgeWilcox199695-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorgeWilcox199695_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgeWilcox1996">George & Wilcox 1996</a>, p. 95 "The far left in America consists principally of people who believe in some form of Marxism-Leninism, i.e., some form of Communism. A small minority of extreme leftists adhere to "pure" Marxism or collectivist anarchism. Most far leftists scorn reforms (except as a short-term tactic), and instead aim for the complete overthrow of the capitalist system including the U.S. government." </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250205002949/https://www.britannica.com/topic/left">"Left"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 15 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/left">the original</a> on 5 February 2025. Retrieved 22 May 2022. <q>... communism is a more radical leftist ideology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Left&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fleft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250210114719/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/radical-left">"Radical left"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/radical-left">the original</a> on 10 February 2025. Retrieved 16 July 2022. <q>Radical left is a term that refers collectively to people who hold left-wing political views that are considered extreme, such as supporting or working to establish communism, Marxism, Maoism, socialism, anarchism, or other forms of anticapitalism. The radical left is sometimes called the far left.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Radical+left&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fradical-left&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarch2009">March 2009</a>, p. 126: "The far left is becoming the principal challenge to mainstream social democratic parties, in large part because its main parties are no longer extreme, but present themselves as defending the values and policies that social democrats have allegedly abandoned." </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch2012" class="citation book cs1">March, Luke (2012). Radical Left Parties in Europe (E-book ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 1724. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57897-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57897-7"><bdi>978-1-136-57897-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radical+Left+Parties+in+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1724&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-57897-7&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosseron2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cosseron, Serge (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EgQFAQAAIAAJ">Dictionnaire de l'extrême gauche</a> [Dictionary of the far left] (in French) (paperback ed.). Paris: Larousse. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-035-82620-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-035-82620-6"><bdi>978-2-035-82620-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 November 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+de+l%27extr%C3%AAme+gauche&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=20&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Larousse&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-2-035-82620-6&rft.aulast=Cosseron&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEgQFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2009129-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarch2009129_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarch2009">March 2009</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch2012" class="citation journal cs1">March, Luke (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271926910">"Problems and Perspectives of Contemporary European Radical Left Parties: Chasing a Lost World or Still a World to Win?"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Critical_Thought&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Critical Thought (page does not exist)">International Critical Thought</a>. 2 (3). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>: 314–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21598282.2012.706777">10.1080/21598282.2012.706777</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-8312">2159-8312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154948426">154948426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Critical+Thought&rft.atitle=Problems+and+Perspectives+of+Contemporary+European+Radical+Left+Parties%3A+Chasing+a+Lost+World+or+Still+a+World+to+Win%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E339&rft.date=2012-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154948426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2159-8312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21598282.2012.706777&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F271926910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marx_&_Engels_1848-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marx_&_Engels_1848_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marx_&_Engels_1848_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelsMarx1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a> (1969) [1848]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250214015104/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm">"Bourgeois and Proletarians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a>. Marx/Engels Selected Works. Vol. 1. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Moore_(translator)" title="Samuel Moore (translator)">Moore, Samuel</a>. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. pp. 98–137. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch02.htm">the original</a> on 14 February 2025. Retrieved 1 March 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bourgeois+and+Proletarians&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Manifesto&rft.place=Moscow&rft.series=Marx%2FEngels+Selected+Works&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft.au=Marx%2C+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1848%2Fcommunist-manifesto%2Fch02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2005Morgan2015-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman2005Morgan2015_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman2005">Newman 2005</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2015">Morgan 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGasper2005" class="citation book cs1">Gasper, Phillip (2005). The Communist Manifesto: A Road Map to History's Most Important Political Document. <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931859-25-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931859-25-7"><bdi>978-1-931859-25-7</bdi></a>. <q>Marx and Engels never speculated on the detailed organization of a future socialist or communist society. The key task for them was building a movement to overthrow capitalism. If and when that movement was successful, it would be up to the members of the new society to decide democratically how it was to be organized, in the concrete historical circumstances in which they found themselves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Manifesto%3A+A+Road+Map+to+History%27s+Most+Important+Political+Document&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-931859-25-7&rft.aulast=Gasper&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steele_1992,_pp._44–45-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steele_1992,_pp._44%E2%80%9345_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steele_1992,_pp._44%E2%80%9345_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steele_1992,_pp._44%E2%80%9345_25-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteele1992">Steele (1992)</a>, pp. 44–45: "By 1888, the term 'socialism' was in general use among Marxists, who had dropped 'communism', now considered an old fashioned term meaning the same as 'socialism'. ... At the turn of the century, Marxists called themselves socialists. ... The definition of socialism and communism as successive stages was introduced into Marxist theory by Lenin in 1917 ..., the new distinction was helpful to Lenin in defending his party against the traditional Marxist criticism that Russia was too backward for a socialist revolution." </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory_&_Stuart_2003,_p._118-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_&_Stuart_2003,_p._118_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_&_Stuart_2003,_p._118_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoryStuart2003" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (2003). Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First (7th ed.). South-Western College Pub. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-26181-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-26181-8"><bdi>0-618-26181-8</bdi></a>. <q>Under socialism, each individual would be expected to contribute according to capability, and rewards would be distributed in proportion to that contribution. Subsequently, under communism, the basis of reward would be need.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+Economic+Systems+in+the+Twenty-First&rft.pages=118&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=South-Western+College+Pub.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-618-26181-8&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Stuart%2C+Robert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bockman_2011,_p._20-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bockman_2011,_p._20_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bockman_2011,_p._20_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBockman2011" class="citation book cs1">Bockman, Johanna (2011). Markets in the Name of Socialism: The Left-Wing Origins of Neoliberalism. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7566-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-7566-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-7566-3</bdi></a>. <q>According to nineteenth-century socialist views, socialism would function without capitalist economic categories – such as money, prices, interest, profits and rent – and thus would function according to laws other than those described by current economic science. While some socialists recognized the need for money and prices at least during the transition from capitalism to socialism, socialists more commonly believed that the socialist economy would soon administratively mobilize the economy in physical units without the use of prices or money.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Markets+in+the+Name+of+Socialism%3A+The+Left-Wing+Origins+of+Neoliberalism&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-7566-3&rft.aulast=Bockman&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerton" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hammerton, J. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S4h68smTPGYC&pg=PA4979">Illustrated Encyclopaedia of World History</a>. Vol. Eight. Mittal Publications. p. 4979. GGKEY:96Y16ZBCJ04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Encyclopaedia+of+World+History&rft.pages=4979&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.aulast=Hammerton&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS4h68smTPGYC%26pg%3DPA4979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Billington-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Billington_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Billington_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington2011" class="citation book cs1">Billington, James H. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=saTynFUNPD8C">Fire in the Minds of Men: Origins of the Revolutionary Faith</a>. <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction Publishers</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1401-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-1401-0"><bdi>978-1-4128-1401-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+in+the+Minds+of+Men%3A+Origins+of+the+Revolutionary+Faith&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-1401-0&rft.aulast=Billington&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsaTynFUNPD8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Stephen (2014). The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Communism&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241208123611/https://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/Website/Classroom%20Materials/Curriculum%20Packets/Cold%20War%20&%20Red%20Scare/IV.html">"IV. Glossary"</a>. Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washington.edu/uwired/outreach/cspn/Website/Classroom%20Materials/Curriculum%20Packets/Cold%20War%20&%20Red%20Scare/IV.html">the original</a> on 8 December 2024. Retrieved 13 August 2021. <q>... communism (noun) ... 2. The economic and political system instituted in the Soviet Union after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. Also, the economic and political system of several Soviet allies, such as China and Cuba. (Writers often capitalize Communism when they use the word in this sense.) These Communist economic systems often did not achieve the ideals of communist theory. For example, although many forms of property were owned by the government in the USSR and China, neither the work nor the products were shared in a manner that would be considered equitable by many communist or Marxist theorists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Center+for+the+Study+of+the+Pacific+Northwest&rft.atitle=IV.+Glossary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washington.edu%2Fuwired%2Foutreach%2Fcspn%2FWebsite%2FClassroom%2520Materials%2FCurriculum%2520Packets%2FCold%2520War%2520%26%2520Red%2520Scare%2FIV.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1995" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Sara (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w1bqY-DxHMEC">Roads to Dominion: Right-wing Movements and Political Power in the United States</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Press" title="Guilford Press">Guilford Press</a>. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8986-2864-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8986-2864-7"><bdi>978-0-8986-2864-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roads+to+Dominion%3A+Right-wing+Movements+and+Political+Power+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Guilford+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8986-2864-7&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw1bqY-DxHMEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtois1999" class="citation book cs1">Courtois, Stéphane; et al. (Bartosek, Karel; Margolin, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Panné, Jean-Louis; Werth, Nicolas) (1999) [1997]. "Introduction". 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An Inquiry into the Theoretical and Historical Sources of the Socialist Crisis</a> (PDF) (hardback ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745307169" title="Special:BookSources/9780745307169"><bdi>9780745307169</bdi></a>. 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Hodges">Hodges, Donald C.</a> (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pu7zAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">Sandino's Communism: Spiritual Politics for the Twenty-First Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71564-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71564-6"><bdi>978-0-292-71564-6</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sandino%27s+Communism%3A+Spiritual+Politics+for+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014-02&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71564-6&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPu7zAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy1992" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy, Jean-Luc</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250129190544/http://commoningtimes.org/texts/nancy-communism-the-word.pdf">"Communism, the Word"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 11 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communism%2C+the+Word&rft.pub=Commoning+Times&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Nancy&rft.aufirst=Jean-Luc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommoningtimes.org%2Ftexts%2Fnancy-communism-the-word.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983[httpsarchiveorgdetailskeywordsvocabula00willrichpage289_289]-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailskeywordsvocabula00willrichpage289_289%5D_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailskeywordsvocabula00willrichpage289_289%5D_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1983%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailskeywordsvocabula00willrichpage289_289%5D_81-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1983">Williams 1983</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich/page/289">289</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEly1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_T._Ely" title="Richard T. Ely">Ely, Richard T.</a> (1883). French and German socialism in modern times. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper & Brothers</a>. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/456632">456632</a>. <q>The central idea of communism is economic equality. It is desired by communists that all ranks and differences in society should disappear, and one man be as good as another ... The distinctive idea of socialism is distributive justice. It goes back of the processes of modern life to the fact that he who does not work, lives on the labor of others. It aims to distribute economic goods according to the services rendered by the recipients ... Every communist is a socialist, and something more. Not every socialist is a communist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=French+and+German+socialism+in+modern+times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1883&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F456632&rft.aulast=Ely&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (2002) [1888]. Preface to the 1888 English Edition of the Communist Manifesto. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. p. 202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preface+to+the+1888+English+Edition+of+the+Communist+Manifesto&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodorova2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Todorova" title="Maria Todorova">Todorova, Maria</a> (2020). The Lost World of Socialists at Europe's Margins: Imagining Utopia, 1870s–1920s (hardcover ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350150331" title="Special:BookSources/9781350150331"><bdi>9781350150331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+World+of+Socialists+at+Europe%27s+Margins%3A+Imagining+Utopia%2C+1870s%E2%80%931920s&rft.place=London&rft.edition=hardcover&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781350150331&rft.aulast=Todorova&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGildea2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gildea" title="Robert Gildea">Gildea, Robert</a> (2000). "1848 in European Collective Memory". In <a href="/wiki/R._J._W._Evans" title="R. J. W. Evans">Evans, Robert John Weston</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Pogge_von_Strandmann" title="Hartmut Pogge von Strandmann">Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge</a> (eds.). The Revolutions in Europe, 1848–1849: From Reform to Reaction (hardcover ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 207–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198208402" title="Special:BookSources/9780198208402"><bdi>9780198208402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1848+in+European+Collective+Memory&rft.btitle=The+Revolutions+in+Europe%2C+1848%E2%80%931849%3A+From+Reform+to+Reaction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E235&rft.edition=hardcover&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780198208402&rft.aulast=Gildea&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusky2000" class="citation book cs1">Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Santa Barbara, California: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger</a>. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96886-1"><bdi>978-0-275-96886-1</bdi></a>. <q>In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of Marxism-Leninism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Socialism%3A+A+Global+Survey&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96886-1&rft.aulast=Busky&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudis_et_al._2018-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hudis_et_al._2018_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hudis_et_al._2018_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hudis_et_al._2018_87-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudis2018" class="citation book cs1">Hudis, Peter (10 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190695545-e-50">"Marx's Concept of Socialism"</a>. In Hudis, Peter; <a href="/wiki/Matt_Vidal" title="Matt Vidal">Vidal, Matt</a>; Smith, Tony; Rotta, Tomás; Prew, Paul (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190695545">The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190695545.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190695545.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-069554-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-069554-5"><bdi>978-0-19-069554-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marx%27s+Concept+of+Socialism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Karl+Marx&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-09-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190695545.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-069554-5&rft.aulast=Hudis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190695545.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780190695545-e-50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusky2000" class="citation book cs1">Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey. Santa Barbara, California: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger</a>. pp. 6–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96886-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96886-1"><bdi>978-0-275-96886-1</bdi></a>. <q>In a modern sense of the word, communism refers to the ideology of Marxism–Leninism. ... [T]he adjective democratic is added by democratic socialists to attempt to distinguish themselves from Communists who also call themselves socialists. All but communists, or more accurately, Marxist–Leninists, believe that modern-day communism is highly undemocratic and totalitarian in practice, and democratic socialists wish to emphasise by their name that they disagree strongly with the Marxist–Leninist brand of socialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Socialism%3A+A+Global+Survey&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96886-1&rft.aulast=Busky&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Communism". The <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a> (6th ed.). 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Communism&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=6th&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalia2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Malia" title="Martin Malia">Malia, Martin</a> (Fall 2002). "Judging Nazism and Communism". The National Interest (69). Center for the National Interest: 63–78. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42895560">42895560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Judging+Nazism+and+Communism&rft.ssn=fall&rft.issue=69&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E78&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42895560%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Malia&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David-Fox_2004-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-David-Fox_2004_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-David-Fox_2004_91-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid-Fox2004" class="citation journal cs1">David-Fox, Michael (Winter 2004). "On the Primacy of Ideology: Soviet Revisionists and Holocaust Deniers (In Response to Martin Malia)". <a href="/wiki/Kritika_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kritika (journal)">Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</a>. 5 (1): 81–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fkri.2004.0007">10.1353/kri.2004.0007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159716738">159716738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kritika%3A+Explorations+in+Russian+and+Eurasian+History&rft.atitle=On+the+Primacy+of+Ideology%3A+Soviet+Revisionists+and+Holocaust+Deniers+%28In+Response+to+Martin+Malia%29&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fkri.2004.0007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159716738%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=David-Fox&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dallin_2000-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dallin_2000_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dallin_2000_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallin2000" class="citation journal cs1">Dallin, Alexander (Winter 2000). "The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression. By Stéphane Courtois, Nicolas Werth, Jean-Louis Panné, Andrzej Paczkowski, Karel Bartošek, and Jean-Louis Margolin. Trans. Jonathan Murphy and Mark Kramer. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999. xx, 858 pp. Notes. Index. Photographs. Maps. $37.50, hard bound". <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a>. 59 (4). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 882–883. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2697429">10.2307/2697429</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2697429">2697429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Black+Book+of+Communism%3A+Crimes%2C+Terror%2C+Repression.+By+St%C3%A9phane+Courtois%2C+Nicolas+Werth%2C+Jean-Louis+Pann%C3%A9%2C+Andrzej+Paczkowski%2C+Karel+Barto%C5%A1ek%2C+and+Jean-Louis+Margolin.+Trans.+Jonathan+Murphy+and+Mark+Kramer.+Cambridge%2C+Mass.%3A+Harvard+University+Press%2C+1999.+xx%2C+858+pp.+Notes.+Index.+Photographs.+Maps.+%2437.50%2C+hard+bound.&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E882-%3C%2Fspan%3E883&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2697429&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2697429%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dallin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilczynski2008">Wilczynski (2008)</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFSteele1992">Steele (1992)</a>, p. 45: "Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all."; <a href="#CITEREFRosserBarkley2003">Rosser & Barkley (2003)</a>, p. 14; <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1983">Williams (1983)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich/page/289">289</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNation1992" class="citation book cs1">Nation, R. 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Retrieved 19 December 2014 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Earth%2C+Red+Star%3A+A+History+of+Soviet+Security+Policy%2C+1917%E2%80%931991&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E85-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0801480072&rft.aulast=Nation&rft.aufirst=R.+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWK18-OoR0pIC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pipes-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Pipes_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (2001). 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"Digger no Millenarian: The Revolutionizing of Gerrard Winstanley". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Ideas" title="Journal of the History of Ideas">Journal of the History of Ideas</a>. 36 (2). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>: 263–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2708927">10.2307/2708927</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2708927">2708927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=Digger+no+Millenarian%3A+The+Revolutionizing+of+Gerrard+Winstanley&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E263-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=1974-04%2F1974-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2708927&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2708927%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Juretic&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammerton" class="citation book cs1">Hammerton, J. 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Cambridge and London: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674410305" title="Special:BookSources/9780674410305"><bdi>9780674410305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Soviet+Union+is+Governed&rft.place=Cambridge+and+London&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780674410305&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Jerry+F.&rft.au=Fainsod%2C+Merle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowlahElliott1997" class="citation book cs1">Dowlah, Alex F.; Elliott, John E. (1997). The Life and Times of Soviet Socialism. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275956295" title="Special:BookSources/9780275956295"><bdi>9780275956295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Soviet+Socialism&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780275956295&rft.aulast=Dowlah&rft.aufirst=Alex+F.&rft.au=Elliott%2C+John+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarples2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Marples" title="David R. Marples">Marples, David R.</a> (2010). 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"The Marxist View of Russian Society and Revolution". <a href="/wiki/World_Politics" title="World Politics">World Politics</a>. 12 (4). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 487–508. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2009334">10.2307/2009334</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2009334">2009334</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155515389">155515389</a>. <q>Quote at p. 493.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Marxist+View+of+Russian+Society+and+Revolution&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E487-%3C%2Fspan%3E508&rft.date=1960-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155515389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2009334%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2009334&rft.aulast=Wittfogel&rft.aufirst=Karl+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelman1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Edelman" title="Marc Edelman">Edelman, Marc</a> (December 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA3537723&sid=googleScholar&v=2.1&it=r&linkaccess=abs&issn=00270520&p=AONE&sw=w&userGroupName=anon%7E484b4f63">"Late Marx and the Russian Road: Marx and the 'Peripheries of Capitalism'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a>. 36: 1–55. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. pp. 34, 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745399041" title="Special:BookSources/9780745399041"><bdi>9780745399041</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/45628/625271.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 18 August 2021 – via OAPEN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+History+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=34%2C+177&rft.edition=hardback&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780745399041&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12657%2F45628%2F625271.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2010" class="citation book cs1">White, Elizabeth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lA_JBQAAQBAJ">The Socialist Alternative to Bolshevik Russia: The Socialist Revolutionary Party, 1921–39</a> (1st hardback ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415435840" title="Special:BookSources/9780415435840"><bdi>9780415435840</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>Narodniki had opposed the often mechanistic determinism of Russian Marxism with the belief that non-economic factors such as the human will act as the motor of history. The SRs believed that the creative work of ordinary people through unions and cooperatives and the local government organs of a democratic state could bring about social transformation. ... They, along with free soviets, the cooperatives and the mir could have formed the popular basis for a devolved and democratic rule across the Russian state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Socialist+Alternative+to+Bolshevik+Russia%3A+The+Socialist+Revolutionary+Party%2C+1921%E2%80%9339&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st+hardback&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780415435840&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlA_JBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241220231737/https://www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/n/a.htm">"Narodniks"</a>. Encyclopedia of Marxism. <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/glossary/orgs/n/a.htm">the original</a> on 20 December 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Narodniks&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Marxism&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fglossary%2Forgs%2Fn%2Fa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2009" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Leslie (2009). Communism: a very short introduction. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157088-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-157088-9"><bdi>978-0-19-157088-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500808890">500808890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism%3A+a+very+short+introduction&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500808890&rft.isbn=978-0-19-157088-9&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead2007" class="citation book cs1">Head, Michael (12 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYGNAgAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+50+000+workers&pg=PT83">Evgeny Pashukanis: A Critical Reappraisal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 1–288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-30787-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-30787-5"><bdi>978-1-135-30787-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evgeny+Pashukanis%3A+A+Critical+Reappraisal&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E288&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-09-12&rft.isbn=978-1-135-30787-5&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYGNAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Doctober%2Brevolution%2B50%2B000%2Bworkers%26pg%3DPT83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukman1994" class="citation book cs1">Shukman, Harold (5 December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ScabEAAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+50+000+workers&pg=PA21">The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19525-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19525-2"><bdi>978-0-631-19525-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1994-12-05&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19525-2&rft.aulast=Shukman&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DScabEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Doctober%2Brevolution%2B50%2B000%2Bworkers%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsKeene2014" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyaxYvSG6gAC&dq=lenin+universal+literacy+after+the+vote+was+won&pg=PA109">After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists</a>. McFarland. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5647-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-5647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Vote+Was+Won%3A+The+Later+Achievements+of+Fifteen+Suffragists&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5647-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Katherine+H.&rft.au=Keene%2C+Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyaxYvSG6gAC%26dq%3Dlenin%2Buniversal%2Bliteracy%2Bafter%2Bthe%2Bvote%2Bwas%2Bwon%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgri͡umov1976" class="citation book cs1">Ugri͡umov, Aleksandr Leontʹevich (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXknAQAAMAAJ&q=lenin+universal+literacy">Lenin's Plan for Building Socialism in the USSR, 1917–1925</a>. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Plan+for+Building+Socialism+in+the+USSR%2C+1917%E2%80%931925&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Novosti+Press+Agency+Publishing+House&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Ugri%CD%A1umov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Leont%CA%B9evich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXknAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlenin%2Buniversal%2Bliteracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService1985" class="citation book cs1">Service, Robert (24 June 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntiuCwAAQBAJ&q=universal+education&pg=PA98">Lenin: A Political Life: Volume 1: The Strengths of Contradiction</a>. Springer. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05591-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05591-3"><bdi>978-1-349-05591-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+A+Political+Life%3A+Volume+1%3A+The+Strengths+of+Contradiction&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1985-06-24&rft.isbn=978-1-349-05591-3&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntiuCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Duniversal%2Beducation%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukman1994" class="citation book cs1">Shukman, Harold (5 December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ScabEAAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PA343">The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19525-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19525-2"><bdi>978-0-631-19525-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1994-12-05&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19525-2&rft.aulast=Shukman&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DScabEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Doctober%2Brevolution%2Bbloodless%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2019" class="citation book cs1">Bergman, Jay (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5UKjDwAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PA224">The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884270-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-884270-5"><bdi>978-0-19-884270-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolutionary+Tradition+in+Russian+and+Soviet+Politics%2C+Political+Thought%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-19-884270-5&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5UKjDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Doctober%2Brevolution%2Bbloodless%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2017" class="citation book cs1">McMeekin, Sean (30 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXmZDgAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PT155">The Russian Revolution: A New History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09497-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09497-4"><bdi>978-0-465-09497-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft.isbn=978-0-465-09497-4&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaXmZDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Doctober%2Brevolution%2Bbloodless%26pg%3DPT155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dando_1966-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dando_1966_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dando_1966_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDando1966" class="citation journal cs1">Dando, William A. (June 1966). "A Map of the Election to the Russian Constituent Assembly of 1917". <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Review" title="Slavic Review">Slavic Review</a>. 25 (2): 314–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2492782">10.2307/2492782</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-6779">0037-6779</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2492782">2492782</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156132823">156132823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=A+Map+of+the+Election+to+the+Russian+Constituent+Assembly+of+1917&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E319&rft.date=1966-06&rft.issn=0037-6779&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156132823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2492782%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2492782&rft.aulast=Dando&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2010" class="citation book cs1">White, Elizabeth (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tFMuCgAAQBAJ">The Socialist Alternative to Bolshevik Russia: The Socialist Revolutionary Party, 1921–39</a> (1st hardback ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415435840" title="Special:BookSources/9780415435840"><bdi>9780415435840</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Socialist+Alternative+to+Bolshevik+Russia%3A+The+Socialist+Revolutionary+Party%2C+1921%E2%80%9339&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st+hardback&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780415435840&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtFMuCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks2012" class="citation journal cs1">Franks, Benjamin (May 2012). "Between Anarchism and Marxism: The Beginnings and Ends of the Schism". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Ideologies" title="Journal of Political Ideologies">Journal of Political Ideologies</a>. 17 (2): 202–227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13569317.2012.676867">10.1080/13569317.2012.676867</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-9317">1356-9317</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145419232">145419232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ideologies&rft.atitle=Between+Anarchism+and+Marxism%3A+The+Beginnings+and+Ends+of+the+Schism&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145419232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1356-9317&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13569317.2012.676867&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Soviet_Union_Has_an_Administered,_Not_a_Planned,_Economy,_1985_134-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm1985" class="citation journal cs1">Wilhelm, John Howard (1985). "The Soviet Union Has an Administered, Not a Planned, Economy". <a href="/wiki/Europe-Asia_Studies" title="Europe-Asia Studies">Soviet Studies</a>. 37 (1): 118–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668138508411571">10.1080/09668138508411571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Union+Has+an+Administered%2C+Not+a+Planned%2C+Economy&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668138508411571&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=John+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gregory_2004-135"><a href="#cite_ref-Gregory_2004_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Roderick_Gregory" title="Paul Roderick Gregory">Gregory, Paul Roderick</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250120041338/https://www.hoover.org/press-releases/political-economy-stalinism">The Political Economy of Stalinism</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511615856">10.1017/CBO9780511615856</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-61585-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-61585-6"><bdi>978-0-511-61585-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/press-releases/political-economy-stalinism">the original</a> on 20 January 2025. Retrieved 12 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a>. <q>'Although Stalin was the system's prime architect, the system was managed by thousands of 'Stalins' in a nested dictatorship,' Gregory writes. 'This study pinpoints the reasons for the failure of the system – poor planning, unreliable supplies, the preferential treatment of indigenous enterprises, the lack of knowledge of planners, etc. – but also focuses on the basic principal agent conflict between planners and producers, which created a sixty-year reform stalemate.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Stalinism&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511615856&rft.isbn=978-0-511-61585-6&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Paul+Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hoover.org%2Fpress-releases%2Fpolitical-economy-stalinism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellman_2007-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellman_2007_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellman_2007_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellman_2007_136-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllman2007">Ellman (2007)</a>, p. 22: "In the USSR in the late 1980s the system was normally referred to as the 'administrative-command' economy. What was fundamental to this system was not the plan but the role of administrative hierarchies at all levels of decision making; the absence of control over decision making by the population ... ." </li> <li id="cite_note-Bland_1995-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bland_1995_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bland_1995_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bland_1995_137-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBland1995" class="citation journal cs1">Bland, Bill (1995) [1980]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241219155044/https://revolutionarydemocracy.org/archive/BlandRestoration.pdf">"The Restoration of Capitalism in the Soviet Union"</a> (PDF). Revolutionary Democracy Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revolutionarydemocracy.org/archive/BlandRestoration.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 December 2024. Retrieved 16 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revolutionary+Democracy+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Restoration+of+Capitalism+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Bland&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevolutionarydemocracy.org%2Farchive%2FBlandRestoration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bland_1997-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bland_1997_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bland_1997_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bland_1997_138-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBland1997" class="citation book cs1">Bland, Bill (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250126211253/http://ml-review.ca/aml/China/historymaotable.html">Class Struggles in China</a> (revised ed.). London. 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The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191667527" title="Special:BookSources/9780191667527"><bdi>9780191667527</bdi></a>. <q>The 1936 Constitution described the Soviet Union for the first time as a 'socialist society', rhetorically fulfilling the aim of building socialism in one country, as Stalin had promised.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Communism&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780191667527&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters_1998-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_1998_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_1998_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1998" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, John E. 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"Communism". In Dear, I. C. B.; <a href="/wiki/M._R._D._Foot" title="M. R. D. Foot">Foot, M. R. D.</a> (eds.). The Oxford Companion to World War II. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Communism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+War+II&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedov1980" class="citation book cs1">Sedov, Lev (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241226131641/https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/sedov/works/red/index.htm">The Red Book on the Moscow Trial: Documents</a>. New York: New Park Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86151-015-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86151-015-1"><bdi>0-86151-015-1</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 18 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Who+Killed+More%3A+Hitler%2C+Stalin%2C+or+Mao%3F&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2018%2F02%2F05%2Fwho-killed-more-hitler-stalin-or-mao%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-155"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenby2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Fenby" title="Jonathan Fenby">Fenby, Jonathan</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/modernchinafallr00fenb/page/351/mode/2up">Modern China: The Fall and Rise of a Great Power, 1850 to the Present</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a>. p. 351. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061661167" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061661167"><bdi>978-0061661167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+China%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+a+Great+Power%2C+1850+to+the+Present&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0061661167&rft.aulast=Fenby&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernchinafallr00fenb%2Fpage%2F351%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchram2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_R._Schram" title="Stuart R. Schram">Schram, Stuart</a> (March 2007). "Mao: The Unknown Story". <a href="/wiki/The_China_Quarterly" title="The China Quarterly">The China Quarterly</a>. 189 (189): 205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs030574100600107x">10.1017/s030574100600107x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154814055">154814055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Mao%3A+The+Unknown+Story&rft.volume=189&rft.issue=189&rft.pages=205&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs030574100600107x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154814055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schram&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvangelista2005" class="citation book cs1">Evangelista, Matthew A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9IAfLDzySd4C&q=80+million">Peace Studies: Critical Concepts in Political Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415339230" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415339230"><bdi>978-0415339230</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Studies%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Political+Science&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415339230&rft.aulast=Evangelista&rft.aufirst=Matthew+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9IAfLDzySd4C%26q%3D80%2Bmillion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bottelier-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Bottelier_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottelier2018" class="citation book cs1">Bottelier, Pieter (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YMhUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131">Economic Policy Making In China (1949–2016): The Role of Economists</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351393812" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351393812"><bdi>978-1351393812</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>We should remember, however, that Mao also did wonderful things for China; apart from reuniting the country, he restored a sense of natural pride, greatly improved women's rights, basic healthcare and primary education, ended opium abuse, simplified Chinese characters, developed pinyin and promoted its use for teaching purposes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Policy+Making+In+China+%281949%E2%80%932016%29%3A+The+Role+of+Economists&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1351393812&rft.aulast=Bottelier&rft.aufirst=Pieter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYMhUDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantsovLevine2013" class="citation book cs1">Pantsov, Alexander V.; Levine, Steven I. (2013). Mao: The Real Story. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 574. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1451654486" title="Special:BookSources/978-1451654486"><bdi>978-1451654486</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+The+Real+Story&rft.pages=574&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1451654486&rft.aulast=Pantsov&rft.aufirst=Alexander+V.&rft.au=Levine%2C+Steven+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galtung-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Galtung_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaltungStenslie2014" class="citation book cs1">Galtung, Marte Kjær; Stenslie, Stig (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqqDBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">49 Myths about China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442236226" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442236226"><bdi>978-1442236226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=49+Myths+about+China&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1442236226&rft.aulast=Galtung&rft.aufirst=Marte+Kj%C3%A6r&rft.au=Stenslie%2C+Stig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqqqDBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PopulationStudies2015-161"><a href="#cite_ref-PopulationStudies2015_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabiarzEggleston2015" class="citation journal cs1">Babiarz, Kimberly Singer; Eggleston, Karen; et al. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4331212">"An exploration of China's mortality decline under Mao: A provincial analysis, 1950–80"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Population_Studies_(journal)" title="Population Studies (journal)">Population Studies</a>. 69 (1): 39–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00324728.2014.972432">10.1080/00324728.2014.972432</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4331212">4331212</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25495509">25495509</a>. <q>China's growth in life expectancy at birth from 35–40 years in 1949 to 65.5 years in 1980 is among the most rapid sustained increases in documented global history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Studies&rft.atitle=An+exploration+of+China%27s+mortality+decline+under+Mao%3A+A+provincial+analysis%2C+1950%E2%80%9380&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4331212%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25495509&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00324728.2014.972432&rft.aulast=Babiarz&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+Singer&rft.au=Eggleston%2C+Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4331212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Program_CPSS-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Program_CPSS_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011120447/http://aleksandr-kommari.narod.ru/kpss_programma_1961.htm">"Programma kommunisticheskoy partii sovetskogo Soyuza" <bdi lang="ru">Программа коммунистической партии советского Союза</bdi></a> [Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union] (in Russian). 1961. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleksandr-kommari.narod.ru/kpss_programma_1961.htm">the original</a> on 11 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Programma+kommunisticheskoy+partii+sovetskogo+Soyuza+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0&rft.date=1961&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faleksandr-kommari.narod.ru%2Fkpss_programma_1961.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nossal-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Nossal_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNossal" class="citation conference cs1">Nossal, Kim Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120807084022/http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm">Lonely Superpower or Unapologetic Hyperpower? Analyzing American Power in the post–Cold War Era</a>. Biennial meeting, South African Political Studies Association, 29 June–2 July 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://post.queensu.ca/~nossalk/papers/hyperpower.htm">the original</a> on 7 August 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Lonely+Superpower+or+Unapologetic+Hyperpower%3F+Analyzing+American+Power+in+the+post%E2%80%93Cold+War+Era&rft.aulast=Nossal&rft.aufirst=Kim+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpost.queensu.ca%2F~nossalk%2Fpapers%2Fhyperpower.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120322181503/http://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1880822">Kushtetuta e Republikës Popullore Socialiste të Shqipërisë: [miratuar nga Kuvendi Popullor më 28. 12. 1976]. SearchWorks (SULAIR)</a> [Constitution of the Socialist People's Republic of Albania: [approved by the People's Assembly on 28. 12. 1976]. SearchWorks (SULAIR)] (in Albanian). 8 Nëntori. 4 January 1977. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/1880822">the original</a> on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kushtetuta+e+Republik%C3%ABs+Popullore+Socialiste+t%C3%AB+Shqip%C3%ABris%C3%AB%3A+%5Bmiratuar+nga+Kuvendi+Popullor+m%C3%AB+28.+12.+1976%5D.+SearchWorks+%28SULAIR%29&rft.pub=8+N%C3%ABntori&rft.date=1977-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchworks.stanford.edu%2Fview%2F1880822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenmanAndersonMarsden2000" class="citation book cs1">Lenman, Bruce; Anderson, Trevor; Marsden, Hilary, eds. (2000). Chambers Dictionary of World History. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Chambers_(publisher)" title="Chambers (publisher)">Chambers</a>. p. 769. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780550100948" title="Special:BookSources/9780550100948"><bdi>9780550100948</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chambers+Dictionary+of+World+History&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=769&rft.pub=Chambers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780550100948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Georgakas1992-166"><a href="#cite_ref-Georgakas1992_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgakas1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Georgakas" title="Dan Georgakas">Georgakas, Dan</a> (1992). "The Hollywood Blacklist". Encyclopedia of the American Left (paperback ed.). Champaign: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252062506" title="Special:BookSources/9780252062506"><bdi>9780252062506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hollywood+Blacklist&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Left&rft.place=Champaign&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780252062506&rft.aulast=Georgakas&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kindersley-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kindersley_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kindersley_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kindersley_167-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindersley1981" class="citation book cs1">Kindersley, Richard, ed. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413200915/https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-349-16581-0">In Search of Eurocommunism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Press">Macmillan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-16581-0">10.1007/978-1-349-16581-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16581-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-16581-0"><bdi>978-1-349-16581-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781349165810">the original</a> on 13 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Eurocommunism&rft.pub=Macmillan+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-16581-0&rft.isbn=978-1-349-16581-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave.com%2Fgp%2Fbook%2F9781349165810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazar2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marc_Lazar" title="Marc Lazar">Lazar, Marc</a> (2011). "Communism". 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Retrieved 13 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=E.+H.+Carr+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3BA+Personal+Memoir&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=137&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1983-01%2F1983-02&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2FI%2F137%2Ftamara-deutscher-e-h-carr-a-personal-memoir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffeDoshi2018" class="citation news cs1">Jaffe, Greg; Doshi, Vidhi (1 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20171116200113/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/the-place-where-communists-can-still-dream/2017/10/26/55747cbe-9c98-11e7-b2a7-bc70b6f98089_story.html">"One of the few places where a communist can still dream"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/the-place-where-communists-can-still-dream/2017/10/26/55747cbe-9c98-11e7-b2a7-bc70b6f98089_story.html">the original</a> on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=One+of+the+few+places+where+a+communist+can+still+dream&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Jaffe&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Doshi%2C+Vidhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fasia_pacific%2Fthe-place-where-communists-can-still-dream%2F2017%2F10%2F26%2F55747cbe-9c98-11e7-b2a7-bc70b6f98089_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250215015717/https://www.britannica.com/event/Cuban-Revolution">"Cuban Revolution"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 15 May 2023. 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Retrieved 15 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Cuban+Revolution&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FCuban-Revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlimzhanov1991" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Alimzhanov, Anuarbek (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151220173637/http://vedomosti.sssr.su/1991/52/#1561">"Deklaratsiya Soveta Respublik Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR v svyazi s sozdaniyem Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv" <bdi lang="ru">Декларация Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР в связи с созданием Содружества Независимых Государств</bdi></a> [Declaration of the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in connection with the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States]. <a href="/wiki/Vedomosti" title="Vedomosti">Vedomosti</a> (in Russian). Vol. 52. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vedomosti.sssr.su/1991/52/#1561#1082">the original</a> on 20 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vedomosti&rft.atitle=Deklaratsiya+Soveta+Respublik+Verkhovnogo+Soveta+SSSR+v+svyazi+s+sozdaniyem+Sodruzhestva+Nezavisimykh+Gosudarstv+%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8+%D1%81+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2&rft.volume=52&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Alimzhanov&rft.aufirst=Anuarbek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvedomosti.sssr.su%2F1991%2F52%2F%231561%231082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988">. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%92%D0%A1_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0_%D0%BE%D1%82_December_26,_1991_%E2%84%96_142-%D0%9D" class="extiw" title="wikisource:ru:Декларация Совета Республик ВС СССР от December 26, 1991 № 142-Н">Declaration № 142-Н</a> (in Russian) of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, formally establishing the dissolution of the Soviet Union as a state and subject of international law. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241222132725/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-text-declaration-mutual-recognition-equal-basis.html">"The End of the Soviet Union; Text of Declaration: 'Mutual Recognition' and 'an Equal Basis'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 22 December 1991. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/22/world/end-soviet-union-text-declaration-mutual-recognition-equal-basis.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+End+of+the+Soviet+Union%3B+Text+of+Declaration%3A+%27Mutual+Recognition%27+and+%27an+Equal+Basis%27&rft.date=1991-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F12%2F22%2Fworld%2Fend-soviet-union-text-declaration-mutual-recognition-equal-basis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190207063853/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1225.html">"Gorbachev, Last Soviet Leader, Resigns; U.S. Recognizes Republics' Independence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 26 December 1991. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/1225.html">the original</a> on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Gorbachev%2C+Last+Soviet+Leader%2C+Resigns%3B+U.S.+Recognizes+Republics%27+Independence&rft.date=1991-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbig%2F1225.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSargent2008" class="citation book cs1">Sargent, Lyman Tower (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporarypoli00sarg_989">Contemporary Political Ideologies: A Comparative Analysis</a> (14th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wadsworth_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadsworth Publishing">Wadsworth Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporarypoli00sarg_989/page/n135">117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495569398" title="Special:BookSources/9780495569398"><bdi>9780495569398</bdi></a>. <q>Because many communists now call themselves democratic socialists, it is sometimes difficult to know what a political label really means. As a result, social democratic has become a common new label for democratic socialist political parties.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Political+Ideologies%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis&rft.pages=117&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780495569398&rft.aulast=Sargent&rft.aufirst=Lyman+Tower&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemporarypoli00sarg_989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb2015" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Peter (2015). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 415. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442258266" title="Special:BookSources/9781442258266"><bdi>9781442258266</bdi></a>. <q>In the 1990s, following the collapse of the communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the breakup of the Soviet Union, social democracy was adopted by some of the old communist parties. Hence, parties such as the Czech Social Democratic Party, the Bulgarian Social Democrats, the Estonian Social Democratic Party, and the Romanian Social Democratic Party, among others, achieved varying degrees of electoral success. Similar processes took place in Africa as the old communist parties were transformed into social democratic ones, even though they retained their traditional titles ... .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Socialism&rft.pages=415&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781442258266&rft.aulast=Lamb&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11057207&fsrc=nwl">"Nepal's election The Maoists triumph"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. 17 April 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214103506/http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11057207&fsrc=nwl">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Nepal%27s+election+The+Maoists+triumph&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fdisplaystory.cfm%3Fstory_id%3D11057207%26fsrc%3Dnwl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattarai2018" class="citation news cs1">Bhattarai, Kamal Dev (21 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241210004219/https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/the-rebirth-of-the-nepal-communist-party/">"The (Re)Birth of the Nepal Communist Party"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Diplomat_(magazine)" title="The Diplomat (magazine)">The Diplomat</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2018/02/the-rebirth-of-the-nepal-communist-party/">the original</a> on 10 December 2024. Retrieved 29 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=The+%28Re%29Birth+of+the+Nepal+Communist+Party&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.aulast=Bhattarai&rft.aufirst=Kamal+Dev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2018%2F02%2Fthe-rebirth-of-the-nepal-communist-party%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavallion2005" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ravallion" title="Martin Ravallion">Ravallion, Martin</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301071146/http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20634060~pagePK%3A64165401~piPK%3A64165026~theSitePK%3A469382%2C00.html">"Fighting Poverty: Findings and Lessons from China's Success"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20634060~pagePK%3A64165401~piPK%3A64165026~theSitePK%3A469382%2C00.html">the original</a> on 1 March 2018. Retrieved 10 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fighting+Poverty%3A+Findings+and+Lessons+from+China%27s+Success&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ravallion&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecon.worldbank.org%2FWBSITE%2FEXTERNAL%2FEXTDEC%2FEXTRESEARCH%2F0%252C%252CcontentMDK%253A20634060~pagePK%253A64165401~piPK%253A64165026~theSitePK%253A469382%252C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan20012332-182">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan20012332_182-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan20012332_182-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan20012332_182-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan20012332_182-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2001">Morgan 2001</a>, p. 2332. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolff_and_Resnick,_1987-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff_and_Resnick,_1987_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolff_and_Resnick,_1987_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolffResnick1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff, Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Resnick" title="Stephen Resnick">Resnick, Stephen</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsmarxian00wolf_0">Economics: Marxian versus Neoclassical</a>. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicsmarxian00wolf_0/page/130">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801834806" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801834806"><bdi>978-0801834806</bdi></a>. <q>The German Marxists extended the theory to groups and issues Marx had barely touched. Marxian analyses of the legal system, of the social role of women, of foreign trade, of international rivalries among capitalist nations, and the role of parliamentary democracy in the transition to socialism drew animated debates ... Marxian theory (singular) gave way to Marxian theories (plural).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economics%3A+Marxian+versus+Neoclassical&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0801834806&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Resnick%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicsmarxian00wolf_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxEngels1845" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01a.htm">"Idealism and Materialism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/german-ideology/ch01a.htm#p48">48</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <q>Communism is for us not a state of affairs which is to be established, an ideal to which reality [will] have to adjust itself. We call communism the real movement which abolishes the present state of things. The conditions of this movement result from the premises now in existence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Idealism+and+Materialism&rft.btitle=The+German+Ideology&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Engels%2C+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1845%2Fgerman-ideology%2Fch01a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara2003" class="citation book cs1">O'Hara, Phillip (2003). Encyclopedia of Political Economy. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24187-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24187-8"><bdi>978-0-415-24187-8</bdi></a>. <q>Marxist political economists differ over their definitions of capitalism, socialism and communism. These differences are so fundamental, the arguments among differently persuaded Marxist political economists have sometimes been as intense as their oppositions to political economies that celebrate capitalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Economy&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24187-8&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_186-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/co/communism.html">"Communism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Columbia_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Columbia Encyclopedia">The Columbia Encyclopedia</a> (6th ed.). 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Communism&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.edition=6th&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bartleby.com%2F65%2Fco%2Fcommunism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGluckstein2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gluckstein, Donny (26 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isj.org.uk/classical-marxism-and-the-question-of-reformism/">"Classical Marxism and the question of reformism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Socialism_(magazine)" title="International Socialism (magazine)">International Socialism</a>. Retrieved 19 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialism&rft.atitle=Classical+Marxism+and+the+question+of+reformism&rft.date=2014-06-26&rft.aulast=Gluckstein&rft.aufirst=Donny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisj.org.uk%2Fclassical-marxism-and-the-question-of-reformism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Rees_(activist)" title="John Rees (activist)">Rees, John</a> (1998). The Algebra of Revolution: The Dialectic and the Classical Marxist Tradition. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19877-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19877-6"><bdi>978-0-415-19877-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Algebra+of+Revolution%3A+The+Dialectic+and+the+Classical+Marxist+Tradition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19877-6&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukács1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács, György</a> (1967) [1919]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/orthodox.htm">"What is Orthodox Marxism?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness'</a>. Translated by Livingstone, Rodney. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merlin_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merlin Press (page does not exist)">Merlin Press</a>. Retrieved 22 September 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <q>Orthodox Marxism, therefore, does not imply the uncritical acceptance of the results of Marx's investigations. It is not the 'belief' in this or that thesis, nor the exegesis of a 'sacred' book. On the contrary, orthodoxy refers exclusively to method.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=What+is+Orthodox+Marxism%3F&rft.btitle=History+and+Class+Consciousness%27&rft.pub=Merlin+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Luk%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flukacs%2Fworks%2Fhistory%2Forthodox.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (1969). ""Principles of Communism". No. 4 – "How did the proletariat originate?"". Marx & Engels Selected Works. Vol. I. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. pp. 81–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Principles+of+Communism%22.+No.+4+%E2%80%93+%22How+did+the+proletariat+originate%3F%22&rft.btitle=Marx+%26+Engels+Selected+Works&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a>. [1847] (1969). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/11/prin-com.htm#015">"Was not the abolition of private property possible at an earlier time?</a>" <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of Communism">Principles of Communism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marx/Engels_Collected_Works" title="Marx/Engels Collected Works">Marx/Engels Collected Works</a>. I. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 81–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriestland2002" class="citation journal cs1">Priestland, David (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/libalt/journals/swetsfulltext/13937520.pdf">"Soviet Democracy, 1917–91"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/European_History_Quarterly" title="European History Quarterly">European History Quarterly</a>. 32 (1). Thousand Oaks, California: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: 111–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0269142002032001564">10.1177/0269142002032001564</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144067197">144067197</a>. Retrieved 19 August 2021 – via Bibliothek der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. <q>Lenin defended all four elements of Soviet democracy in his seminal theoretical work of 1917, State and Revolution. The time had come, Lenin argued, for the destruction of the foundations of the bourgeois state, and its replacement with an ultra-democratic 'Dictatorship of the Proletariat' based on the model of democracy followed by the communards of Paris in 1871. Much of the work was theoretical, designed, by means of quotations from Marx and Engels, to win battles within the international Social Democratic movement against Lenin's arch-enemy Kautsky. However, Lenin was not operating only in the realm of theory. He took encouragement from the rise of a whole range of institutions that seemed to embody class-based, direct democracy, and in particular the soviets and the factory committees, which demanded the right to 'supervise' ('kontrolirovat') (although not to take the place of) factory management.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Soviet+Democracy%2C+1917%E2%80%9391&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0269142002032001564&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144067197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Priestland&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Flibalt%2Fjournals%2Fswetsfulltext%2F13937520.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwiss2014" class="citation book cs1">Twiss, Thomas M. (2014). Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. pp. 28–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8"><bdi>978-90-04-26953-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+the+Problem+of+Soviet+Bureaucracy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26953-8&rft.aulast=Twiss&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2020" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Patrick (March 2020). "The Illusion of the Economic: Social Theory without Social Forms". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Critical_Historical_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critical Historical Studies (page does not exist)">Critical Historical Studies</a>. 7 (1): 19–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F708005">10.1086/708005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2326-4462">2326-4462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219746578">219746578</a>. <q>'There are no counterparts to Marx's economic concepts in either classical or utility theory.' I take this to mean that Marx breaks with economics, where economics is understood to be a generally applicable social science.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Illusion+of+the+Economic%3A+Social+Theory+without+Social+Forms&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219746578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2326-4462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F708005&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiedman2020" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Liedman, Sven-Eric (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fronesis.nu/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/FR02808.pdf">"Engelsismen"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Fronesis_(magazine)" title="Fronesis (magazine)">Fronesis</a> (in Swedish) (28): 134. <q>Engels var också först med att kritiskt bearbeta den nya nationalekonomin; hans 'Utkast till en kritik av nationalekonomin' kom ut 1844 och blev en utgångspunkt för Marx egen kritik av den politiska ekonomin</q> [Engels was the first to critically engage the new political economy his 'Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy' came out in 1844 and became a starting point for Marx's own critique of political economy.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fronesis&rft.atitle=Engelsismen&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=134&rft.date=2020-12&rft.aulast=Liedman&rft.aufirst=Sven-Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffronesis.nu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F12%2FFR02808.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMészáros2010" class="citation book cs1">Mészáros, István (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osf.io/65mxd/">"The Critique of Political Economy"</a>. Social Structure and Forms of Consciousness. Vol. 1. transcribed by Conttren, V. (2022). New York: <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Review Press">Monthly Review Press</a>. pp. 317–331. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17605%2FOSF.IO%2F65MXD">10.17605/OSF.IO/65MXD</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Critique+of+Political+Economy&rft.btitle=Social+Structure+and+Forms+of+Consciousness&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E317-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17605%2FOSF.IO%2F65MXD&rft.aulast=M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosf.io%2F65mxd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2000" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Willie (2000). John Ruskin's political economy. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-15946-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-15946-2"><bdi>0-203-15946-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48139638">48139638</a>. <q>... Ruskin attempted a methodological/scientific critique of political economy. He fixed on ideas of 'natural laws', 'economic man' and the prevailing notion of 'value' to point out gaps and inconsistencies in the system of classical economics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Ruskin%27s+political+economy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48139638&rft.isbn=0-203-15946-2&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Willie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reading_Capital-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reading_Capital_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reading_Capital_198-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouisBalibar1979" class="citation book cs1">Louis, Althusser; Balibar, Etienne (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/althusser/1968/reading-capital/ch02.htm">Reading Capital</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verso_Editions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verso Editions (page does not exist)">Verso Editions</a>. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/216233458">216233458</a>. <q>'To criticize Political Economy' means to confront it with a new problematic and a new object: i.e., to question the very object of Political Economy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Capital&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Verso+Editions&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F216233458&rft.aulast=Louis&rft.aufirst=Althusser&rft.au=Balibar%2C+Etienne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Falthusser%2F1968%2Freading-capital%2Fch02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFareldKuch2020" class="citation cs2">Fareld, Victoria; Kuch, Hannes (2020), From Marx to Hegel and Back, <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>, p. 142,182, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781350082700.ch-001">10.5040/9781350082700.ch-001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-8267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3500-8267-0"><bdi>978-1-3500-8267-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213805975">213805975</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Marx+to+Hegel+and+Back&rft.pages=142%2C182&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213805975%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781350082700.ch-001&rft.isbn=978-1-3500-8267-0&rft.aulast=Fareld&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Kuch%2C+Hannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPostone199544,_192–216-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPostone199544,_192%E2%80%93216_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPostone1995">Postone 1995</a>, pp. 44, 192–216. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortensen" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mortensen. "Ekonomi". Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap (in Swedish). 3 (4): 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tidskrift+f%C3%B6r+litteraturvetenskap&rft.atitle=Ekonomi&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=9&rft.au=Mortensen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostone1995" class="citation book cs1">Postone, Moishe (1995). Time, labor, and social domination: a reinterpretation of Marx's critical theory. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 130, 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56540-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56540-5"><bdi>0-521-56540-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/910250140">910250140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%2C+labor%2C+and+social+domination%3A+a+reinterpretation+of+Marx%27s+critical+theory&rft.pages=130%2C+5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F910250140&rft.isbn=0-521-56540-5&rft.aulast=Postone&rft.aufirst=Moishe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJönsson2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jönsson, Dan (7 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sverigesradio.se/avsnitt/1244376">"John Ruskin: En brittisk 1800-talsaristokrat för vår tid? - OBS"</a> (in Swedish). <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Radio" title="Sveriges Radio">Sveriges Radio</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200305082621/https://sverigesradio.se/avsnitt/1244376">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2020. Retrieved 24 September 2021. <q>Den klassiska nationalekonomin, som den utarbetats av John Stuart Mill, Adam Smith och David Ricardo, betraktade han som en sorts kollektivt hjärnsläpp ...</q> [The classical political economy as it was developed by John Stuart Mill, Adam Smith, and David Ricardo, as a kind of 'collective mental lapse' ...]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Ruskin%3A+En+brittisk+1800-talsaristokrat+f%C3%B6r+v%C3%A5r+tid%3F+-+OBS&rft.pub=Sveriges+Radio&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft.aulast=J%C3%B6nsson&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsverigesradio.se%2Favsnitt%2F1244376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamsay2009" class="citation web cs1">Ramsay, Anders (21 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurozine.com/marx-which-marx/">"Marx? Which Marx? Marx's work and its history of reception"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Eurozine" title="Eurozine">Eurozine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212144158/http://www.eurozine.com/marx-which-marx/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurozine&rft.atitle=Marx%3F+Which+Marx%3F+Marx%27s+work+and+its+history+of+reception&rft.date=2009-12-21&rft.aulast=Ramsay&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurozine.com%2Fmarx-which-marx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuccio2020" class="citation web cs1">Ruccio, David (10 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mronline.org/2020/12/10/toward-a-critique-of-political-economy/">"Toward a critique of political economy"</a>. MR Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215173028/https://mronline.org/2020/12/10/toward-a-critique-of-political-economy/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2020. Retrieved 20 September 2021. <q>Marx arrives at conclusions and formulates new terms that run directly counter to those of Smith, Ricardo, and the other classical political economists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MR+Online&rft.atitle=Toward+a+critique+of+political+economy&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.aulast=Ruccio&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmronline.org%2F2020%2F12%2F10%2Ftoward-a-critique-of-political-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2020" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Patrick (March 2020). "The Illusion of the Economic: Social Theory without Social Forms". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Critical_Historical_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Critical Historical Studies (page does not exist)">Critical Historical Studies</a>. 7 (1): 19–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F708005">10.1086/708005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2326-4462">2326-4462</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219746578">219746578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Illusion+of+the+Economic%3A+Social+Theory+without+Social+Forms&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219746578%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2326-4462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F708005&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPattersonFosse" class="citation news cs1">Patterson, Orlando; Fosse, Ethan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/02/09/are-economists-overrated/overreliance-on-the-pseudo-science-of-economics">"Overreliance on the Pseudo-Science of Economics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150209225723/http://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/02/09/are-economists-overrated/overreliance-on-the-pseudo-science-of-economics">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Overreliance+on+the+Pseudo-Science+of+Economics&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft.au=Fosse%2C+Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Froomfordebate%2F2015%2F02%2F09%2Fare-economists-overrated%2Foverreliance-on-the-pseudo-science-of-economics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudaHamza2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ruda, Frank; Hamza, Agon (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116135722/http://crisiscritique.org/political11/Introduction-2.pdf">"Introduction: Critique of Political Economy"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_and_Critique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis and Critique (page does not exist)">Crisis and Critique</a>. 3 (3): 5–7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crisiscritique.org/political11/Introduction-2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crisis+and+Critique&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+Critique+of+Political+Economy&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Ruda&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft.au=Hamza%2C+Agon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrisiscritique.org%2Fpolitical11%2FIntroduction-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Free will, non-predestination and non-determinism are emphasized in Marx's famous quote "Men make their own history". The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852). </li> <li id="cite_note-Democracy_in_Marxism_Calhoun2002-23-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Democracy_in_Marxism_Calhoun2002-23_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Democracy_in_Marxism_Calhoun2002-23_211-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalhoun2002">Calhoun 2002</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Democracy_in_Marxism_Clark1998-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Democracy_in_Marxism_Clark1998_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry_Stewart_Clark1998" class="citation book cs1">Barry Stewart Clark (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3bJHvA1H-2kC&pg=PA57">Political economy: a comparative approach</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 57–59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96370-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96370-5"><bdi>978-0-275-96370-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+economy%3A+a+comparative+approach&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96370-5&rft.au=Barry+Stewart+Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3bJHvA1H-2kC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1884/origin-family/ch09.htm">"IX. Barbarism and Civilization"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_Family,_Private_Property,_and_the_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State">Origins of the Family, Private Property, and the State</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022225930/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1884/origin-family/ch09.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 26 December 2012 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IX.+Barbarism+and+Civilization&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Family%2C+Private+Property%2C+and+the+State&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1884%2Forigin-family%2Fch09.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoDickson2001" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Jianmin; Dickson, Bruce J. 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NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-973-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85345-973-6"><bdi>978-0-85345-973-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Read+Karl+Marx&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-85345-973-6&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.au=Marek%2C+Franz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-LwUCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> [The Class Struggles In France Introduction by Frederick Engels <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/class-struggles-france/intro.htm">https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1850/class-struggles-france/intro.htm</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/hallas/works/1983/06/vote.htm">Marx, Engels and the vote (June 1983)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Democracy_in_Marxism_Karl_Marx:Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme-219"><a href="#cite_ref-Democracy_in_Marxism_Karl_Marx:Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme_219-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch04.htm">"Karl Marx:Critique of the Gotha Programme"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Karl+Marx%3ACritique+of+the+Gotha+Programme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1875%2Fgotha%2Fch04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Gabriel2011" class="citation web cs1">Mary Gabriel (29 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/29/opinion/gabriel-karl-marx/index.html">"Who was Karl Marx?"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+was+Karl+Marx%3F&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2011-10-29&rft.au=Mary+Gabriel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2F10%2F29%2Fopinion%2Fgabriel-karl-marx%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> "You know that the institutions, mores, and traditions of various countries must be taken into consideration, and we do not deny that there are countries – such as America, England, and if I were more familiar with your institutions, I would perhaps also add Holland – where the workers can attain their goal by peaceful means. This being the case, we must also recognise the fact that in most countries on the Continent the lever of our revolution must be force; it is force to which we must some day appeal to erect the rule of labour." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1872/09/08.htm">La Liberté Speech</a> delivered by Karl Marx on 8 September 1872, in Amsterdam </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHal_Draper1970" class="citation web cs1">Hal Draper (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1970/xx/state.html">"The Death of the State in Marx and Engels"</a>. 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North Korea Under Communism: Report of an Envoy to Paradise. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700716975" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700716975"><bdi>978-0700716975</bdi></a>. <q>Socialism in one country, a slogan that aroused protests as not only it implied a major deviation from Marxist internationalism, but was also strictly speaking incompatible with the basic tenets of Marxism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea+Under+Communism%3A+Report+of+an+Envoy+to+Paradise&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0700716975&rft.aulast=Erik&rft.aufirst=Cornell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan20012332,_3355Morgan2015-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan20012332,_3355Morgan2015_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2001">Morgan 2001</a>, pp. 2332, 3355; <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2015">Morgan 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2015-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2015_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2015">Morgan 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Haro_2011-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haro_2011_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haro_2011_240-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaro2011" class="citation journal cs1">Haro, Lea (2011). "Entering a Theoretical Void: The Theory of Social Fascism and Stalinism in the German Communist Party". <a href="/wiki/Critique:_Journal_of_Socialist_Theory" title="Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory">Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory</a>. 39 (4): 563–582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03017605.2011.621248">10.1080/03017605.2011.621248</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146848013">146848013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critique%3A+Journal+of+Socialist+Theory&rft.atitle=Entering+a+Theoretical+Void%3A+The+Theory+of+Social+Fascism+and+Stalinism+in+the+German+Communist+Party&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E563-%3C%2Fspan%3E582&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03017605.2011.621248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146848013%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haro&rft.aufirst=Lea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoppe_2011-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoppe_2011_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoppe_2011_241-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppe2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hoppe, Bert (2011). In Stalins Gefolgschaft: Moskau und die KPD 1928–1933 [In Stalin's Followers: Moscow and the KPD 1928–1933] (in German). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldenbourg_Verlag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oldenbourg Verlag (page does not exist)">Oldenbourg Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-71173-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-71173-8"><bdi>978-3-486-71173-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Stalins+Gefolgschaft%3A+Moskau+und+die+KPD+1928%E2%80%931933&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-486-71173-8&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMao1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao, Zedong</a> (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm">On Khrushchev's Phoney Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World</a>. Beijing: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Press" title="Foreign Languages Press">Foreign Languages Press</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Khrushchev%27s+Phoney+Communism+and+Its+Historical+Lessons+for+the+World&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Mao&rft.aufirst=Zedong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fmao%2Fworks%2F1964%2Fphnycom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoxha1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha, Enver</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/imp_rev/imp_ch4.htm">"The Theory of 'Three Worlds': A Counterrevolutionary Chauvinist Theory"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/hoxha/works/imp_rev/toc.htm">Imperialism and the Revolution</a>. Tirana: Foreign Language Press. Retrieved 1 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Theory+of+%27Three+Worlds%27%3A+A+Counterrevolutionary+Chauvinist+Theory&rft.btitle=Imperialism+and+the+Revolution&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=Foreign+Language+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Hoxha&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fhoxha%2Fworks%2Fimp_rev%2Fimp_ch4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a>. "A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic Program of 1891". <a href="/wiki/Marx/Engels_Collected_Works" title="Marx/Engels Collected Works">Marx/Engels Collected Works</a>. Vol. 27. p. 217. <q>If one thing is certain it is that our party and the working class can only come to power under the form of a democratic republic. This is even the specific form for the dictatorship of the proletariat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Critique+of+the+Draft+Social-Democratic+Program+of+1891&rft.btitle=Marx%2FEngels+Collected+Works&rft.pages=217&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-stalin_distortion-246"><a href="#cite_ref-stalin_distortion_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Allan. History for the IB Diploma: Communism in Crisis 1976–89. p. 16. <q>The term Marxism–Leninism, invented by Stalin, was not used until after Lenin's death in 1924. It soon came to be used in Stalin's Soviet Union to refer to what he described as 'orthodox Marxism'. This increasingly came to mean what Stalin himself had to say about political and economic issues. ... However, many Marxists (even members of the Communist Party itself) believed that Stalin's ideas and practices (such as socialism in one country and the purges) were almost total distortions of what Marx and Lenin had said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+for+the+IB+Diploma%3A+Communism+in+Crisis+1976%E2%80%9389&rft.pages=16&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2001-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorgan2001_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2001">Morgan 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatenaude2017199-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatenaude2017199_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatenaude2017199_248-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatenaude2017">Patenaude 2017</a>, p. 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatenaude2017193-249"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatenaude2017193_249-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatenaude2017">Patenaude 2017</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Vincent_Daniels" title="Robert Vincent Daniels">Daniels, Robert V.</a> (1993). A Documentary History of Communism in Russia (3rd ed.). Burlington, Vermont: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vermont_Press" title="University of Vermont Press">University of Vermont Press</a>. pp. 125–129, 158–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-616-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-616-6"><bdi>978-0-87451-616-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Documentary+History+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.place=Burlington%2C+Vermont&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E129%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Vermont+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-616-6&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwiss2014" class="citation book cs1">Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o2fAwAAQBAJ&dq=trotsky+decentralized+planning&pg=PA106">Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. pp. 105–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8"><bdi>978-90-04-26953-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+the+Problem+of+Soviet+Bureaucracy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E106&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26953-8&rft.aulast=Twiss&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o2fAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Bdecentralized%2Bplanning%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Ree1998" class="citation journal cs1">Van Ree, Erik (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20099669">"Socialism in One Country: A Reassessment"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Studies_in_East_European_Thought&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Studies in East European Thought (page does not exist)">Studies in East European Thought</a>. 50 (2): 77–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1008651325136">10.1023/A:1008651325136</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0925-9392">0925-9392</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20099669">20099669</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146375012">146375012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+East+European+Thought&rft.atitle=Socialism+in+One+Country%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0925-9392&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146375012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20099669%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1008651325136&rft.aulast=Van+Ree&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20099669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky+the+prophet">The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</a>. Verso Books. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78168-721-5"><bdi>978-1-78168-721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-1-78168-721-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGznDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaac%2Bdeutscher%2Btrotsky%2Bthe%2Bprophet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hiCYS9Z3lDoC">The Revolution Betrayed: What is the Soviet Union and where is it Going?</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mehring_Books" title="Mehring Books">Mehring Books</a>. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-929087-48-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-929087-48-1"><bdi>978-0-929087-48-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+Betrayed%3A+What+is+the+Soviet+Union+and+where+is+it+Going%3F&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-929087-48-1&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhiCYS9Z3lDoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTicktin1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hillel_Ticktin" title="Hillel Ticktin">Ticktin, Hillel</a> (1992). "Trotsky's political economy of capitalism". In Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul (eds.). 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New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13724-8"><bdi>978-0-300-13724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leon+Trotsky+%3A+a+revolutionary%27s+life&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13724-8&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleontrotskyrevol0000rube%2Fpage%2F160%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dforced%2Bcollectivization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLöwy2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy" title="Michael Löwy">Löwy, Michael</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gSrvmQeZyhoC&dq=trotsky+transitional+program&pg=PA191">The Theory of Revolution in the Young Marx</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931859-19-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931859-19-6"><bdi>978-1-931859-19-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+of+Revolution+in+the+Young+Marx&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-931859-19-6&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6wy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgSrvmQeZyhoC%26dq%3Dtrotsky%2Btransitional%2Bprogram%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox1992" class="citation journal cs1">Cox, Michael (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/131248">"Trotsky and His Interpreters; or, Will the Real Leon Trotsky Please Stand up?"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 July 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Review&rft.atitle=Socialism+and+Labor+Unionism&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=18&rft.date=1913-07&rft.aulast=Pannekoek&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fpannekoe%2F1913%2F07%2Fsocialism-labor-unionism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordiga1926" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga, Amadeo</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/bordiga/works/1926/comintern.htm">"The Communist Left in the Third International"</a>. www.marxists.org. Retrieved 23 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=The+Communist+Left+in+the+Third+International&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Bordiga&rft.aufirst=Amadeo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fbordiga%2Fworks%2F1926%2Fcomintern.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordiga" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga, Amadeo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/bordiga/works/1952/stalin.htm">"Dialogue with Stalin"</a>. Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 15 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dialogue+with+Stalin&rft.pub=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.aulast=Bordiga&rft.aufirst=Amadeo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fbordiga%2Fworks%2F1952%2Fstalin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKowalski1991" class="citation book cs1">Kowalski, Ronald I. (1991). The Bolshevik Party in Conflict: The Left Communist Opposition of 1918. Basingstoke, England: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_MacMillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Palgrave MacMillan">Palgrave MacMillan</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-10367-6">10.1007/978-1-349-10367-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-10369-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-10369-0"><bdi>978-1-349-10369-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolshevik+Party+in+Conflict%3A+The+Left+Communist+Opposition+of+1918&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-10367-6&rft.isbn=978-1-349-10369-0&rft.aulast=Kowalski&rft.aufirst=Ronald+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.internationalism.org/book/export/html/761">"The Legacy of De Leonism, part III: De Leon's misconceptions on class struggle"</a>. 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Italian Marxism. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04798-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04798-3"><bdi>978-0-520-04798-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Marxism&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04798-3&rft.aulast=Piccone&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayne-296"><a href="#cite_ref-Mayne_296-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayne1999" class="citation book cs1">Mayne, Alan James (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6MkTz6Rq7wUC&pg=PA131">From Politics Past to Politics Future: An Integrated Analysis of Current and Emergent Paradigms</a>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 316. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96151-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96151-0"><bdi>978-0-275-96151-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Politics+Past+to+Politics+Future%3A+An+Integrated+Analysis+of+Current+and+Emergent+Paradigms&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-275-96151-0&rft.aulast=Mayne&rft.aufirst=Alan+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6MkTz6Rq7wUC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Anarchism for Know-It-Alls. Filiquarian Publishing. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59986-218-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59986-218-7"><bdi>978-1-59986-218-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchism+for+Know-It-Alls&rft.pub=Filiquarian+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59986-218-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabbri2002" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Fabbri" title="Luigi Fabbri">Fabbri, Luigi</a> (13 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629024338/http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/fabbrianarandcom.html">"Anarchism and Communism. Northeastern Anarchist No. 4. 1922"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dwardmac.pitzer.edu/anarchist_archives/worldwidemovements/fabbrianarandcom.html">the original</a> on 29 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anarchism+and+Communism.+Northeastern+Anarchist+No.+4.+1922&rft.date=2002-10-13&rft.aulast=Fabbri&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdwardmac.pitzer.edu%2Fanarchist_archives%2Fworldwidemovements%2Ffabbrianarandcom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721225357/http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/platform/constructive.htm">"Constructive Section"</a>. The Nestor Makhno Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nestormakhno.info/english/platform/constructive.htm">the original</a> on 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nestor+Makhno+Archive&rft.atitle=Constructive+Section&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nestormakhno.info%2Fenglish%2Fplatform%2Fconstructive.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theanarchistlibrary.org-300">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theanarchistlibrary.org_300-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-theanarchistlibrary.org_300-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice" class="citation book cs1">Price, Wayne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101221140615/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Wayne_Price__What_is_Anarchist_Communism_.html">What is Anarchist Communism?</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Wayne_Price__What_is_Anarchist_Communism_.html">the original</a> on 21 December 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Anarchist+Communism%3F&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theanarchistlibrary.org%2FHTML%2FWayne_Price__What_is_Anarchist_Communism_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1998" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Christopher (1998). Leaving the 20th century: the incomplete work of the Situationist International. London: Rebel Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780946061150" title="Special:BookSources/9780946061150"><bdi>9780946061150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaving+the+20th+century%3A+the+incomplete+work+of+the+Situationist+International&rft.place=London&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Rebel+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780946061150&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-creativenothing-302"><a href="#cite_ref-creativenothing_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovatore" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Novatore" title="Renzo Novatore">Novatore, Renzo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728093004/http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Renzo_Novatore__Toward_the_Creative_Nothing.html">Towards the creative Nothing</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Renzo_Novatore__Toward_the_Creative_Nothing.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+the+creative+Nothing&rft.aulast=Novatore&rft.aufirst=Renzo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theanarchistlibrary.org%2FHTML%2FRenzo_Novatore__Toward_the_Creative_Nothing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-303"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101027102331/http://theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Bob_Black__Nightmares_of_Reason.html#toc22">Bob Black. Nightmares of Reason</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Bob_Black__Nightmares_of_Reason.html#toc22">the original</a> on 27 October 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bob+Black.+Nightmares+of+Reason&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theanarchistlibrary.org%2FHTML%2FBob_Black__Nightmares_of_Reason.html%23toc22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDielo_Truda_(Workers'_Cause)1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Delo_Truda" title="Delo Truda">Dielo Truda (Workers' Cause)</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728092719/http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Dielo_Truda__Workers__Cause___Organisational_Platform_of_the_Libertarian_Communists.html">Organisational Platform of the Libertarian Communists</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Dielo_Truda__Workers__Cause___Organisational_Platform_of_the_Libertarian_Communists.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2011. <q>This other society will be libertarian communism, in which social solidarity and free individuality find their full expression, and in which these two ideas develop in perfect harmony.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organisational+Platform+of+the+Libertarian+Communists&rft.date=1926&rft.au=Dielo+Truda+%28Workers%27+Cause%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theanarchistlibrary.org%2FHTML%2FDielo_Truda__Workers__Cause___Organisational_Platform_of_the_Libertarian_Communists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716084332/http://www.reocities.com/kk_abacus/vb/wd12persp.html">"MY PERSPECTIVES – Willful Disobedience Vol. 2, No. 12"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reocities.com/kk_abacus/vb/wd12persp.html">the original</a> on 16 July 2011. <q>I see the dichotomies made between individualism and communism, individual revolt and class struggle, the struggle against human exploitation and the exploitation of nature as false dichotomies and feel that those who accept them are impoverishing their own critique and struggle.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MY+PERSPECTIVES+%E2%80%93+Willful+Disobedience+Vol.+2%2C+No.+12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reocities.com%2Fkk_abacus%2Fvb%2Fwd12persp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontero2019" class="citation web cs1">Montero, Roman (30 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://churchlifejournal.nd.edu/articles/the-sources-of-early-christian-communism/">"The Sources of Early Christian Communism"</a>. Church Life Journal. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+Life+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Sources+of+Early+Christian+Communism&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft.aulast=Montero&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchurchlifejournal.nd.edu%2Farticles%2Fthe-sources-of-early-christian-communism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKautsky1953" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky, Karl</a> (1953) [1908]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1908/christ/ch10.htm#s3">"IV.II. The Christian Idea of the Messiah. Jesus as a Rebel."</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kautsky/1908/christ/index.htm">Foundations of Christianity</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atheneum_Books" title="Atheneum Books">Russell & Russell</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>. <q>Christianity was the expression of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> in Antiquity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IV.II.+The+Christian+Idea+of+the+Messiah.+Jesus+as+a+Rebel.&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Russell+%26+Russell&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Kautsky&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fkautsky%2F1908%2Fchrist%2Fch10.htm%23s3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontero2017" class="citation book cs1">Montero, Roman A. (2017). All Things in Common The Economic Practices of the Early Christians. 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First Persecution. Death of Stephen. Destruction of the First Church of Jerusalem"</a>. Origins of Christianity. Vol. II. The Apostles. 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(eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance">The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA71">71</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA81">80–81</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004156913" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004156913"><bdi>978-9004156913</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA69">the original</a> on 5 January 2016. 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In Esparza, Marcia; Huttenbach, Henry R.; Feierstein, Daniel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377">State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acGNAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107">107</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66457-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66457-8"><bdi>978-0-415-66457-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+%27Industrial+repression%27+and+Operation+Condor+in+Latin+America&rft.btitle=State+Violence+and+Genocide+in+Latin+America%3A+The+Cold+War+Years+%28Critical+Terrorism+Studies%29&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-415-66457-8&rft.aulast=McSherry&rft.aufirst=J.+Patrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FState-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years%2FEsparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780415496377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakeley2009" class="citation book cs1">Blakeley, Ruth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415462402/">State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">91–94</a>, 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415686174" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415686174"><bdi>978-0415686174</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+Terrorism+and+Neoliberalism%3A+The+North+in+the+South&rft.pages=91-94%2C+154&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415686174&rft.aulast=Blakeley&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fbooks%2Fdetails%2F9780415462402%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020a" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (18 May 2020a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2020/05/18/how-jakarta-became-the-codeword-for-us-backed-mass-killing/">"How 'Jakarta' Became the Codeword for US-Backed Mass Killing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. Retrieved 15 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=How+%27Jakarta%27+Became+the+Codeword+for+US-Backed+Mass+Killing&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2020%2F05%2F18%2Fhow-jakarta-became-the-codeword-for-us-backed-mass-killing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrashad2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad, Vijay</a> (2020). Washington Bullets: A History of the CIA, Coups, and Assassinations. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review Press</a>. pp. 13–14, 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1583679067" title="Special:BookSources/978-1583679067"><bdi>978-1583679067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington+Bullets%3A+A+History+of+the+CIA%2C+Coups%2C+and+Assassinations&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E14%2C+87&rft.pub=Monthly+Review+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1583679067&rft.aulast=Prashad&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradley2017151–153-325"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradley2017151%E2%80%93153_325-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBradley2017">Bradley 2017</a>, pp. 151–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharnyParsonsTotten2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Charny" title="Israel Charny">Charny, Israel W.</a>; Parsons, William S.; <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Totten" title="Samuel Totten">Totten, Samuel</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C">Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts</a>. <a href="/wiki/Psychology_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology Press">Psychology Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94430-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-94430-4"><bdi>978-0-415-94430-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+Genocide%3A+Critical+Essays+and+Eyewitness+Accounts&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-94430-4&rft.aulast=Charny&rft.aufirst=Israel+W.&rft.au=Parsons%2C+William+S.&rft.au=Totten%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Ef8Hrx8Cd0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2005" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGHGPgj1_tIC">The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53854-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53854-1"><bdi>978-0-521-53854-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Democracy%3A+Explaining+Ethnic+Cleansing&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-53854-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGHGPgj1_tIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSémelin2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_S%C3%A9melin" title="Jacques Sémelin">Sémelin, Jacques</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIS-AwAAQBAJ">Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14282-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14282-3"><bdi>978-0-231-14282-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purify+and+Destroy%3A+The+Political+Uses+of+Massacre+and+Genocide&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14282-3&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9melin&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHIS-AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrieuGensburgerSémelin2011" class="citation book cs1">Andrieu, Claire; Gensburger, Sarah; <a href="/wiki/Jacques_S%C3%A9melin" title="Jacques Sémelin">Sémelin, Jacques</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=61HEQ2Y9iQ8C">Resisting Genocide: The Multiple Forms of Rescue</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-80046-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-80046-4"><bdi>978-0-231-80046-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resisting+Genocide%3A+The+Multiple+Forms+of+Rescue&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-231-80046-4&rft.aulast=Andrieu&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft.au=Gensburger%2C+Sarah&rft.au=S%C3%A9melin%2C+Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D61HEQ2Y9iQ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentino2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Valentino" title="Benjamin Valentino">Valentino, Benjamin</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqedDgAAQBAJ">Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the 20th Century</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6717-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6717-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-6717-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Solutions%3A+Mass+Killing+and+Genocide+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-6717-2&rft.aulast=Valentino&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqqedDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFein1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Fein" title="Helen Fein">Fein, Helen</a> (1993). "Soviet and Communist Genocides and 'Democide'". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n4TaAAAAMAAJ">Genocide: A Sociological Perspective; Contextual and Comparative Studies I: Ideological Genocides</a>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-8829-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-8829-3"><bdi>978-0-8039-8829-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soviet+and+Communist+Genocides+and+%27Democide%27&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+Sociological+Perspective%3B+Contextual+and+Comparative+Studies+I%3A+Ideological+Genocides&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-8829-3&rft.aulast=Fein&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn4TaAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeder1997" class="citation journal cs1">Heder, Steve (July 1997). "Racism, Marxism, Labelling, and Genocide in Ben Kiernan's 'The Pol Pot Regime'". South East Asia. 5 (2). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: 101–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0967828X9700500202">10.1177/0967828X9700500202</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23746851">23746851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+East+Asia&rft.atitle=Racism%2C+Marxism%2C+Labelling%2C+and+Genocide+in+Ben+Kiernan%27s+%27The+Pol+Pot+Regime%27&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.date=1997-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0967828X9700500202&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23746851%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Heder&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiss-Wendt_2008-333">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weiss-Wendt_2008_333-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weiss-Wendt_2008_333-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss-Wendt2008" class="citation book cs1">Weiss-Wendt, Anton (2008). "Problems in Comparative Genocide Scholarship". In Stone, Dan (ed.). The Historiography of Genocide. London: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 42–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230297784_3">10.1057/9780230297784_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29778-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29778-4"><bdi>978-0-230-29778-4</bdi></a>. <q>There is barely any other field of study that enjoys so little consensus on defining principles such as definition of genocide, typology, application of a comparative method, and timeframe. Considering that scholars have always put stress on prevention of genocide, comparative genocide studies have been a failure. Paradoxically, nobody has attempted so far to assess the field of comparative genocide studies as a whole. This is one of the reasons why those who define themselves as genocide scholars have not been able to detect the situation of crisis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Problems+in+Comparative+Genocide+Scholarship&rft.btitle=The+Historiography+of+Genocide&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230297784_3&rft.isbn=978-0-230-29778-4&rft.aulast=Weiss-Wendt&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarff2017-335">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarff2017_335-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarff2017_335-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarff2017">Harff 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tago_&_Wayman_2010-336">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tago_&_Wayman_2010_336-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tago_&_Wayman_2010_336-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtsushiWayman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Atsushi, Tago; Wayman, Frank W. (2010). "Explaining the onset of mass killing, 1949–87". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Peace_Research" title="Journal of Peace Research">Journal of Peace Research</a>. 47 (1): 3–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343309342944">10.1177/0022343309342944</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433">0022-3433</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25654524">25654524</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145155872">145155872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+onset+of+mass+killing%2C+1949%E2%80%9387&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0022-3433&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145155872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25654524%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343309342944&rft.aulast=Atsushi&rft.aufirst=Tago&rft.au=Wayman%2C+Frank+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarff1996">Harff 1996</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKuromiya2001">Kuromiya 2001</a>; <a href="#CITEREFPaczkowski2001">Paczkowski 2001</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWeiner2002">Weiner 2002</a>; <a href="#CITEREFDuli%C4%872004">Dulić 2004</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKarlssonSchoenhals2008">Karlsson & Schoenhals 2008</a>, pp. 35, 79: "While Jerry Hough suggested Stalin's terror claimed tens of thousands of victims, R.J. Rummel puts the death toll of Soviet communist terror between 1917 and 1987 at 61,911,000. In both cases, these figures are based on an ideological preunderstanding and speculative and sweeping calculations. On the other hand, the considerably lower figures in terms of numbers of Gulag prisoners presented by Russian researchers during the glasnost period have been relatively widely accepted. ... It could, quite rightly, be claimed that the opinions that Rummel presents here (they are hardly an example of a serious and empirically-based writing of history) do not deserve to be mentioned in a research review, but they are still perhaps worth bringing up on the basis of the interest in him in the blogosphere." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDulić2004-338"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuli%C4%872004_338-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuli%C4%872004">Dulić 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentino2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Valentino" title="Benjamin Valentino">Valentino, Benjamin</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQfeXVU_EvgC">Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century</a>. Ithaca: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-47273-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-47273-2"><bdi>978-0-801-47273-2</bdi></a>. <q>Communism has a bloody record, but most regimes that have described themselves as communist or have been described as such by others have not engaged in mass killing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Solutions%3A+Mass+Killing+and+Genocide+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-801-47273-2&rft.aulast=Valentino&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQfeXVU_EvgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMecklenburgWippermann1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mecklenburg, Jens; Wippermann, Wolfgang, eds. (1998). 'Roter Holocaust'? Kritik des Schwarzbuchs des Kommunismus [A 'Red Holocaust'? A Critique of the Black Book of Communism] (in German). Hamburg: Konkret Verlag Literatur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89458-169-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-89458-169-7"><bdi>3-89458-169-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Roter+Holocaust%27%3F+Kritik+des+Schwarzbuchs+des+Kommunismus&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pub=Konkret+Verlag+Literatur&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-89458-169-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalia1999" class="citation book cs1">Malia, Martin (October 1999). "Preface". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC">The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07608-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07608-2"><bdi>978-0-674-07608-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>... commentators in the liberal Le Monde argue that it is illegitimate to speak of a single Communist movement from Phnom Penh to Paris. Rather, the rampage of the Khmer Rouge is like the ethnic massacres of third-world Rwanda, or the 'rural' Communism of Asia is radically different from the 'urban' Communism of Europe; or Asian Communism is really only anticolonial nationalism. ... conflating sociologically diverse movements is merely a stratagem to obtain a higher body count against Communism, and thus against all the left.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=The+Black+Book+of+Communism%3A+Crimes%2C+Terror%2C+Repression&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999-10&rft.isbn=978-0-674-07608-2&rft.aulast=Malia&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1jsgYCoRioC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackmann2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hackmann, Jörg (March 2009). "From National Victims to Transnational Bystanders? The Changing Commemoration of World War II in Central and Eastern Europe". <a href="/wiki/Constellations_(journal)" title="Constellations (journal)">Constellations</a>. 16 (1): 167–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8675.2009.00526.x">10.1111/j.1467-8675.2009.00526.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constellations&rft.atitle=From+National+Victims+to+Transnational+Bystanders%3F+The+Changing+Commemoration+of+World+War+II+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E181&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-8675.2009.00526.x&rft.aulast=Hackmann&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeni2008" class="citation journal cs1">Heni, Clemens (Fall 2008). "Secondary Anti-Semitism: From Hard-Core to Soft-Core Denial of the Shoah". <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Political_Studies_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Political Studies Review">Jewish Political Studies Review</a>. 20 (3/4). Jerusalem: 73–92. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834800">25834800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Political+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=Secondary+Anti-Semitism%3A+From+Hard-Core+to+Soft-Core+Denial+of+the+Shoah&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25834800%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Heni&rft.aufirst=Clemens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentino2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Valentino" title="Benjamin Valentino">Valentino, Benjamin</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LQfeXVU_EvgC">Final Solutions: Mass Killing and Genocide in the Twentieth Century</a>. Ithaca: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-801-47273-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-801-47273-2"><bdi>978-0-801-47273-2</bdi></a>. <q>I contend mass killing occurs when powerful groups come to believe it is the best available means to accomplish certain radical goals, counter specific types of threats, or solve difficult military problem.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Final+Solutions%3A+Mass+Killing+and+Genocide+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-801-47273-2&rft.aulast=Valentino&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLQfeXVU_EvgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Straus_2007-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_2007_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Straus_2007_347-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraus2007" class="citation journal cs1">Straus, Scott (April 2007). "Review: Second-Generation Comparative Research on Genocide". <a href="/wiki/World_Politics" title="World Politics">World Politics</a>. 59 (3). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 476–501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS004388710002089X">10.1017/S004388710002089X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40060166">40060166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144879341">144879341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Second-Generation+Comparative+Research+on+Genocide&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E476-%3C%2Fspan%3E501&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144879341%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40060166%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS004388710002089X&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1990" class="citation book cs1">Gray, John (1990). Totalitarianism at the crossroads. Ellen Frankel Paul. [Bowling Green, OH]: Social Philosophy & Policy Center. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88738-351-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88738-351-3"><bdi>0-88738-351-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20996281">20996281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarianism+at+the+crossroads&rft.place=%5BBowling+Green%2C+OH%5D&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Social+Philosophy+%26+Policy+Center&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F20996281&rft.isbn=0-88738-351-3&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen2009206-349"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen2009206_349-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldhagen2009">Goldhagen 2009</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes2001" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (2001). Communism: a history. New York: Modern Library. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-64050-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-64050-9"><bdi>0-679-64050-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47924025">47924025</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism%3A+a+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47924025&rft.isbn=0-679-64050-9&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2005" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Michael (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGHGPgj1_tIC">The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing</a> (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521538541" title="Special:BookSources/9780521538541"><bdi>9780521538541</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>. <q>As in other Communist development plans, this agricultural surplus, essentially rice, could be exported to pay for the import of machinery, first for agriculture and light industry, later for heavy industry (Chandler, 1992: 120–8).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dark+Side+of+Democracy%3A+Explaining+Ethnic+Cleansing&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=343&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521538541&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGHGPgj1_tIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen200954-353"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen200954_353-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldhagen2009">Goldhagen 2009</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grant_1999-354"><a href="#cite_ref-Grant_1999_354-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1999" class="citation journal cs1">Grant, Robert (November 1999). "Review: The Lost Literature of Socialism". The Review of English Studies. 50 (200): 557–559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fres%2F50.200.557">10.1093/res/50.200.557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+English+Studies&rft.atitle=Review%3A+The+Lost+Literature+of+Socialism&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=200&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E557-%3C%2Fspan%3E559&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fres%2F50.200.557&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIjabs2008" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ijabs, Ivars (23 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720194148/http://www.lv.lv/?menu=exblogi&sub=&type=full&id=44">"Cienīga atbilde: Soviet Story"</a> [Worthy answer: Soviet Story]. Latvijas Vēstnesis (in Latvian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lv.lv/?menu=exblogi&sub=&type=full&id=44">the original</a> on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2008. <q>To present Karl Marx as the 'progenitor of modern genocide' is simply to lie.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latvijas+V%C4%93stnesis&rft.atitle=Cien%C4%ABga+atbilde%3A+Soviet+Story&rft.date=2008-05-23&rft.aulast=Ijabs&rft.aufirst=Ivars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lv.lv%2F%3Fmenu%3Dexblogi%26sub%3D%26type%3Dfull%26id%3D44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piereson-356">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piereson_356-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piereson_356-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiereson2018" class="citation web cs1">Piereson, James (21 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newcriterion.com/blogs/dispatch/socialism-as-a-hate-crime-9746">"Socialism as a hate crime"</a>. New Criterion. Retrieved 22 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Criterion&rft.atitle=Socialism+as+a+hate+crime&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft.aulast=Piereson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewcriterion.com%2Fblogs%2Fdispatch%2Fsocialism-as-a-hate-crime-9746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel-Di_MauroEngel-Di_MauroFaberLabban2021-357">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel-Di_MauroEngel-Di_MauroFaberLabban2021_357-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel-Di_MauroEngel-Di_MauroFaberLabban2021_357-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel-Di_MauroEngel-Di_MauroFaberLabban2021_357-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel-Di_MauroEngel-Di_MauroFaberLabban2021_357-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngel-Di_MauroEngel-Di_MauroFaberLabban2021">Engel-Di Mauro et al. 2021</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Satter_2017-358">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Satter_2017_358-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Satter_2017_358-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatter2017" class="citation news cs1">Satter, David (6 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/100-years-of-communismand-100-million-dead-1510011810">"100 Years of Communism – and 100 Million Dead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. Retrieved 22 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=100+Years+of+Communism+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3Band+100+Million+Dead&rft.date=2017-11-06&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Satter&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2F100-years-of-communismand-100-million-dead-1510011810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBevins2020b">Bevins (2020b)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEngel-Di_MauroEngel-Di_MauroFaberLabban2021">Engel-Di Mauro et al. (2021)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGhodseeSehonDresser2018">Ghodsee, Sehon & Dresser (2018)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanHickel2022" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Dylan; <a href="/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Hickel, Jason</a> (2 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/12/2/how-british-colonial-policy-killed-100-million-indians">"How British colonialism killed 100 million Indians in 40 years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2022. <q>While the precise number of deaths is sensitive to the assumptions we make about baseline mortality, it is clear that somewhere in the vicinity of 100 million people died prematurely at the height of British colonialism. This is among the largest policy-induced mortality crises in human history. It is larger than the combined number of deaths that occurred during all famines in the Soviet Union, Maoist China, North Korea, Pol Pot's Cambodia, and Mengistu's Ethiopia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=How+British+colonialism+killed+100+million+Indians+in+40+years&rft.date=2022-12-02&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft.au=Hickel%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2022%2F12%2F2%2Fhow-british-colonial-policy-killed-100-million-indians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiedyRuble2011" class="citation web cs1">Liedy, Amy Shannon; Ruble, Blair (7 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/holocaust-revisionism-ultranationalism-and-the-nazisoviet-double-genocide-debate-eastern">"Holocaust Revisionism, Ultranationalism, and the Nazi/Soviet 'Double Genocide' Debate in Eastern Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_International_Center_for_Scholars" title="Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars">Wilson Center</a>. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Revisionism%2C+Ultranationalism%2C+and+the+Nazi%2FSoviet+%27Double+Genocide%27+Debate+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=Wilson+Center&rft.date=2011-03-07&rft.aulast=Liedy&rft.aufirst=Amy+Shannon&rft.au=Ruble%2C+Blair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fevent%2Fholocaust-revisionism-ultranationalism-and-the-nazisoviet-double-genocide-debate-eastern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShafir2016" class="citation journal cs1">Shafir, Michael (Summer 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsri.ro/ojs/index.php/jsri/article/viewFile/798/696">"Ideology, Memory and Religion in Post-Communist East Central Europe: A Comparative Study Focused on Post-Holocaust"</a>. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies. 15 (44): 52–110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Religions+and+Ideologies&rft.atitle=Ideology%2C+Memory+and+Religion+in+Post-Communist+East+Central+Europe%3A+A+Comparative+Study+Focused+on+Post-Holocaust&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Shafir&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjsri.ro%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjsri%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F798%2F696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Satori-363">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Satori_363-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Satori_363-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Satori_363-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://satori.lv/article/latvias-soviet-story-transitional-justice-and-the-politics-of-commemoration">"Latvia's 'Soviet Story'. Transitional Justice and the Politics of Commemoration"</a>. Satory. 26 October 2009. Retrieved 6 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Satory&rft.atitle=Latvia%27s+%27Soviet+Story%27.+Transitional+Justice+and+the+Politics+of+Commemoration&rft.date=2009-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsatori.lv%2Farticle%2Flatvias-soviet-story-transitional-justice-and-the-politics-of-commemoration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruno_Bosteels_2014-364"><a href="#cite_ref-Bruno_Bosteels_2014_364-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosteels2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Bosteels" title="Bruno Bosteels">Bosteels, Bruno</a> (2014). The Actuality of Communism (paper back ed.). New York City, New York: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781687673" title="Special:BookSources/9781781687673"><bdi>9781781687673</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Actuality+of+Communism&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.edition=paper+back&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781781687673&rft.aulast=Bosteels&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaras2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Taras" title="Raymond Taras">Taras, Raymond C.</a> (2015) [1992]. The Road to Disillusion: From Critical Marxism to Post-Communism in Eastern Europe (E-book ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317454786" title="Special:BookSources/9781317454786"><bdi>9781317454786</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Disillusion%3A+From+Critical+Marxism+to+Post-Communism+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317454786&rft.aulast=Taras&rft.aufirst=Raymond+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozóki2008" class="citation web cs1">Bozóki, András (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-Communist-Legacy-Pros-and-Cons-in-Retrospect_tbl2_228979606">"The Communist Legacy: Pros and Cons in Retrospect"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=The+Communist+Legacy%3A+Pros+and+Cons+in+Retrospect&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Boz%C3%B3ki&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FThe-Communist-Legacy-Pros-and-Cons-in-Retrospect_tbl2_228979606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaprāns2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kaprāns, Mārtiņš (2 May 2015). "Hegemonic representations of the past and digital agency: Giving meaning to 'The Soviet Story' on social networking sites". Memory Studies. 9 (2): 156–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1750698015587151">10.1177/1750698015587151</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142458412">142458412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memory+Studies&rft.atitle=Hegemonic+representations+of+the+past+and+digital+agency%3A+Giving+meaning+to+%27The+Soviet+Story%27+on+social+networking+sites&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E172&rft.date=2015-05-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1750698015587151&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142458412%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kapr%C4%81ns&rft.aufirst=M%C4%81rti%C5%86%C5%A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumayer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Neumayer, Laure (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2017.1364230">"Advocating for the Cause of the 'Victims of Communism' in the European Political Space: Memory Entrepreneurs in Interstitial Fields"</a>. Nationalities Papers. 45 (6). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 992–1012. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2017.1364230">10.1080/00905992.2017.1364230</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=Advocating+for+the+Cause+of+the+%27Victims+of+Communism%27+in+the+European+Political+Space%3A+Memory+Entrepreneurs+in+Interstitial+Fields&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E992-%3C%2Fspan%3E1012&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905992.2017.1364230&rft.aulast=Neumayer&rft.aufirst=Laure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00905992.2017.1364230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDujisin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dujisin, Zoltan (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11186-020-09401-5">"A History of Post-Communist Remembrance: From Memory Politics to the Emergence of a Field of Anticommunism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Theory_and_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory and Society">Theory and Society</a>. 50 (January 2021): 65–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11186-020-09401-5">10.1007/s11186-020-09401-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1765%2F128856">1765/128856</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225580086">225580086</a>. <q>This article invites the view that the Europeanization of an antitotalitarian 'collective memory' of communism reveals the emergence of a field of anticommunism. This transnational field is inextricably tied to the proliferation of state-sponsored and anticommunist memory institutes across Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), ... [and is proposed by] anticommunist memory entrepreneurs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+Society&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Post-Communist+Remembrance%3A+From+Memory+Politics+to+the+Emergence+of+a+Field+of+Anticommunism&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=January+2021&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1765%2F128856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225580086%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11186-020-09401-5&rft.aulast=Dujisin&rft.aufirst=Zoltan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs11186-020-09401-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doumanis_2016-370"><a href="#cite_ref-Doumanis_2016_370-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoumanis2016" class="citation book cs1">Doumanis, Nicholas, ed. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yd8mDAAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945</a> (E-book ed.). Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 377–378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191017759" title="Special:BookSources/9780191017759"><bdi>9780191017759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+European+History%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E377-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&rft.edition=E-book&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780191017759&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYd8mDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRauch2003" class="citation news cs1">Rauch, Jonathan (December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2003/12/the-forgotten-millions/302849/">"The Forgotten Millions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>. Retrieved 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Millions&rft.date=2003-12&rft.aulast=Rauch&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2003%2F12%2Fthe-forgotten-millions%2F302849%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMrozick2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mrozick, Agnieszka (2019). Kuligowski, Piotr; Moll, Łukasz; Szadkowski, Krystian (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=788051">"Anti-Communism: It's High Time to Diagnose and Counteract"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Praktyka_Teoretyczna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praktyka Teoretyczna (page does not exist)">Praktyka Teoretyczna</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praktyka_Teoretyczna" class="extiw" title="pl:Praktyka Teoretyczna">pl</a>]. 1 (31, Anti-Communisms: Discourses of Exclusion). Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań: 178–184. Retrieved 26 December 2020 – via Central and Eastern European Online Library. <q>First is the prevalence of a totalitarian paradigm, in which Nazism and Communism are equated as the most atrocious ideas and systems in human history (because communism, defined by Marx as a classless society with common means of production, has never been realised anywhere in the world, in further parts I will be putting this concept into inverted commas as an example of discursive practice). Significantly, while in the Western debate the more precise term 'Stalinism' is used – in 2008, on the 70th anniversary of the Ribbentrop–Molotov Pact, the European Parliament established 23 August as the European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism – hardly anyone in Poland is paying attention to niceties: 'communism' or the left, is perceived as totalitarian here. A homogenizing sequence of associations (the left is communism, communism is totalitarianism, ergo the left is totalitarian) and the ahistorical character of the concepts used (no matter if we talk about the USSR in the 1930s under Stalin, Maoist China from the period of the Cultural Revolution, or Poland under Gierek, 'communism' is murderous all the same) not only serves the denigration of the Polish People's Republic, expelling this period from Polish history, but also – or perhaps primarily – the deprecation of Marxism, leftist programs, and any hopes and beliefs in Marxism and leftist activity as a remedy for capitalist exploitation, social inequality, fascist violence on a racist and anti-Semitic basis, as well as homophobic and misogynist violence. The totalitarian paradigm not only equates fascism and socialism (in Poland and the countries of the former Eastern bloc stubbornly called 'communism' and pressed into the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union, which should additionally emphasize its foreignness), but in fact recognizes the latter as worse, more sinister (the Black Book of Communism (1997) is of help here as it estimates the number of victims of 'communism' at around 100 million; however, it is critically commented on by researchers on the subject, including historian Enzo Traverso in the book L'histoire comme champ de bataille (2011)). Thus, anti-communism not only delegitimises the left, including communists, and depreciates the contribution of the left to the breakdown of fascism in 1945, but also contributes to the rehabilitation of the latter, as we can see in recent cases in Europe and other places. (Quote at pp. 178–179)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Praktyka+Teoretyczna%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint%22+style%3D%22font-size%3A85%25%3B+font-style%3A+normal%3B+%22%3E+%26%2391%3Bpl%26%2393%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.atitle=Anti-Communism%3A+It%27s+High+Time+to+Diagnose+and+Counteract&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=31%2C+%27%27Anti-Communisms%3A+Discourses+of+Exclusion%27%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Mrozick&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D788051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotSémelin200937-373">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotS%C3%A9melin200937_373-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotS%C3%A9melin200937_373-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaffrelotS%C3%A9melin2009">Jaffrelot & Sémelin 2009</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKühne2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kühne, Thomas (May 2012). 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At the same time, they hoped to produce politically loyal working classes by mass employment in large state industries. Steelworks were built in Eisenhüttenstadt (GDR), Nowa Huta (Poland), Košice (Slovakia), and Miskolc (Hungary), as were various mechanical engineering and chemical combines and other industrial sites. As a result of communist modernization, living standards in Eastern Europe rose. Planned economies, moreover, meant that wages, salaries, and the prices of consumer goods were fixed. Although the communists were not able to cancel out all regional differences, they succeeded in creating largely egalitarian societies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Since+1989%3A+A+History&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691-16737-4&rft.aulast=Ther&rft.aufirst=Philipp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F10812.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGhodseeOrenstein202178-380"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGhodseeOrenstein202178_380-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGhodseeOrenstein2021">Ghodsee & Orenstein 2021</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheidel2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheidel" title="Walter Scheidel">Scheidel, Walter</a> (2017). 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(2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo181707138.html">The Capital Order: How Economists Invented Austerity and Paved the Way to Fascism</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. 301–302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226818399" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226818399"><bdi>978-0226818399</bdi></a>. <q>"If, in 1987–1988, 2 percent of the Russian people lived in poverty (i.e., survived on less than $4 a day), by 1993–1995 the number reached 50 percent: in just seven years half the Russian population became destitute.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Capital+Order%3A+How+Economists+Invented+Austerity+and+Paved+the+Way+to+Fascism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E302&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0226818399&rft.aulast=Mattei&rft.aufirst=Clara+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.uchicago.edu%2Fucp%2Fbooks%2Fbook%2Fchicago%2FC%2Fbo181707138.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHauck2016">Hauck (2016)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGerrRaskinaTsyplakova2017">Gerr, Raskina & Tsyplakova (2017)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSafaei2011">Safaei (2011)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMackenbach2012">Mackenbach (2012)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLeon2013">Leon (2013)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="#cite_ref-384">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoleaNolteMcKee2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dolea, C.; Nolte, E.; McKee, M. 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(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PHhTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">From Triumph to Crisis: Neoliberal Economic Reform in Postcommunist Countries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108435055" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108435055"><bdi>978-1108435055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Triumph+to+Crisis%3A+Neoliberal+Economic+Reform+in+Postcommunist+Countries&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1108435055&rft.aulast=Appel&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft.au=Orenstein%2C+Mitchell+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPHhTDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanović2015" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Milanović, Branko</a> (2015). "After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism". <a href="/wiki/Challenge_(economics_magazine)" title="Challenge (economics magazine)">Challenge</a>. 58 (2): 135–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F05775132.2015.1012402">10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153398717">153398717</a>. <q>So, what is the balance sheet of transition? Only three or at most five or six countries could be said to be on the road to becoming a part of the rich and (relatively) stable capitalist world. Many of the other countries are falling behind, and some are so far behind that they cannot aspire to go back to the point where they were when the Wall fell for several decades.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Challenge&rft.atitle=After+the+Wall+Fell%3A+The+Poor+Balance+Sheet+of+the+Transition+to+Capitalism&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F05775132.2015.1012402&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153398717%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Milanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Branko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2017" class="citation book cs1">Ghodsee, Kristen Rogheh (October 2017). Red hangover: legacies of twentieth-century communism. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-6934-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-6934-9"><bdi>978-0-8223-6934-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+hangover%3A+legacies+of+twentieth-century+communism&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2017-10&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-6934-9&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen+Rogheh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewglobal.org/2011/12/05/confidence-in-democracy-and-capitalism-wanes-in-former-soviet-union/">"Confidence in Democracy and Capitalism Wanes in Former Soviet Union"</a>. Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Global+Attitudes+Project&rft.atitle=Confidence+in+Democracy+and+Capitalism+Wanes+in+Former+Soviet+Union&rft.date=2011-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewglobal.org%2F2011%2F12%2F05%2Fconfidence-in-democracy-and-capitalism-wanes-in-former-soviet-union%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-393"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_393-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRice-OxleySedghiRidleyMagill2011" class="citation web cs1">Rice-Oxley, Mark; Sedghi, Ami; Ridley, Jenny; Magill, Sasha (17 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/aug/17/ussr-soviet-countries-data">"End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on | Russia"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=End+of+the+USSR%3A+visualising+how+the+former+Soviet+countries+are+doing%2C+20+years+on+%7C+Russia&rft.date=2011-08-17&rft.aulast=Rice-Oxley&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Sedghi%2C+Ami&rft.au=Ridley%2C+Jenny&rft.au=Magill%2C+Sasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheguardian.com%2Fnews%2Fdatablog%2F2011%2Faug%2F17%2Fussr-soviet-countries-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikePoushterSilverDevlin2019" class="citation web cs1">Wike, Richard; Poushter, Jacob; Silver, Laura; Devlin, Kat; Fetterolf, Janell; Castillo, Alexandra; Huang, Christine (15 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/15/european-public-opinion-three-decades-after-the-fall-of-communism/">"European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>'s Global Attitudes Project. Retrieved 15 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Global+Attitudes+Project&rft.atitle=European+Public+Opinion+Three+Decades+After+the+Fall+of+Communism&rft.date=2019-10-15&rft.aulast=Wike&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Poushter%2C+Jacob&rft.au=Silver%2C+Laura&rft.au=Devlin%2C+Kat&rft.au=Fetterolf%2C+Janell&rft.au=Castillo%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Huang%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fglobal%2F2019%2F10%2F15%2Feuropean-public-opinion-three-decades-after-the-fall-of-communism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPop-ElechesTucker2019" class="citation news cs1">Pop-Eleches, Grigore; Tucker, Joshua (12 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/11/12/europes-communist-regimes-began-collapse-years-ago-still-shape-political-views/">"Europe's communist regimes began to collapse 30 years ago, but still shape political views"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+communist+regimes+began+to+collapse+30+years+ago%2C+but+still+shape+political+views&rft.date=2019-11-12&rft.aulast=Pop-Eleches&rft.aufirst=Grigore&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2019%2F11%2F12%2Feuropes-communist-regimes-began-collapse-years-ago-still-shape-political-views%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhms2014" class="citation web cs1">Ehms, Jule (9 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxandphilosophy.org.uk/reviews/7871_the-communist-horizon-review-by-jule-ehms/">"The Communist Horizon"</a>. Marx & Philosophy Society. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Marx+%26+Philosophy+Society&rft.atitle=The+Communist+Horizon&rft.date=2014-03-09&rft.aulast=Ehms&rft.aufirst=Jule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarxandphilosophy.org.uk%2Freviews%2F7871_the-communist-horizon-review-by-jule-ehms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-397"><a href="#cite_ref-397">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodsee2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Ghodsee" title="Kristen Ghodsee">Ghodsee, Kristen</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QkJ5CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18">The Left Side of History: World War II and the Unfulfilled Promise of Communism in Eastern Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. p. xvi–xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822358350" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822358350"><bdi>978-0822358350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Left+Side+of+History%3A+World+War+II+and+the+Unfulfilled+Promise+of+Communism+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=xvi-xvii&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0822358350&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQkJ5CAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerstle2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gerstle" title="Gary Gerstle">Gerstle, Gary</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en&">The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197519646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197519646"><bdi>978-0197519646</bdi></a>. <q>The collapse of communism, then, opened the entire world to capitalist penetration, shrank the imaginative and ideological space in which opposition to capitalist thought and practices might incubate, and impelled those who remained leftists to redefine their radicalism in alternative terms, which turned out to be those that capitalist systems could more, rather than less, easily manage. This was the moment when neoliberalism in the United States went from being a political movement to a political order.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Neoliberal+Order%3A+America+and+the+World+in+the+Free+Market+Era&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0197519646&rft.aulast=Gerstle&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-400"><a href="#cite_ref-400">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerstle2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gerstle" title="Gary Gerstle">Gerstle, Gary</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646?cc=us&lang=en&">The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197519646" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197519646"><bdi>978-0197519646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Neoliberal+Order%3A+America+and+the+World+in+the+Free+Market+Era&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0197519646&rft.aulast=Gerstle&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobal.oup.com%2Facademic%2Fproduct%2Fthe-rise-and-fall-of-the-neoliberal-order-9780197519646%3Fcc%3Dus%26lang%3Den%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-401"><a href="#cite_ref-401">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2017" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Matt (22 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/ypxw55/one-recipe-for-a-more-equal-world-mass-death">"One Recipe for a More Equal World: Mass Death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vice_(magazine)" title="Vice (magazine)">Vice</a>. Retrieved 27 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=One+Recipe+for+a+More+Equal+World%3A+Mass+Death&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fypxw55%2Fone-recipe-for-a-more-equal-world-mass-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_footnotes">Explanatory footnotes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Communism is generally considered to be among the more radical ideologies of the <a href="/wiki/Political_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Political left">political left</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right politics</a>, for which there is general consensus among scholars on what it entails and its grouping (e.g. various academic handbooks studies), <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far-left politics</a> have been difficult to characterize, particularly where they begin on the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>, other than the general consensus of being to the left of a standard political left, and because many of their positions are not extreme,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> or because far-left and <a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">hard left</a> are considered to be pejoratives that imply they are marginal.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In regards to communism and communist parties and movements, some scholars narrow the far left to their left, while others include them by broadening it to be the left of mainstream socialist, social-democratic, and labourist parties.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> In general, they agree that there are various subgroupings within far-left politics, such as the radical left and the extreme left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch2009129-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Earlier forms of communism (<a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialism</a> and some earlier forms of <a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">religious communism</a>), shared support for a <a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">classless society</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a> but did not necessarily advocate <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary politics">revolutionary politics</a> or engage in scientific analysis; that was done by Marxist communism, which has defined mainstream, modern communism, and has influenced all modern forms of communism. Such communisms, especially new religious or utopian forms of communism, may share the Marxist analysis, while favoring evolutionary politics, <a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">localism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">reformism</a>. By the 20th century, communism has been associated with <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman2005Morgan2015-22">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Communism is capitalized by scholars when referring to <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a>-ruling states and governments, which are considered to be proper nouns as a result.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Following scholar <a href="/wiki/Joel_Kovel" title="Joel Kovel">Joel Kovel</a>, sociologist <a href="/wiki/Sara_Diamond_(sociologist)" title="Sara Diamond (sociologist)">Sara Diamond</a> wrote: "I use uppercase 'C' Communism to refer to actually existing governments and movements and lowercase 'c' communism to refer to the varied movements and political currents organized around the ideal of a classless society."<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a> also adopted such distinction, stating that communism exists since millennia, while Communism (used in reference to <a href="/wiki/Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninist">Leninist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> communism as applied by Communist states in the 20th century) only began in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_M._Wald" title="Alan M. Wald">Alan M. Wald</a> wrote: "In order to tackle complex and often misunderstood political-literary relationships, I have adopted methods of capitalization in this book that may deviate from editorial norms practiced at certain journals and publishing houses. In particular, I capitalize 'Communist' and 'Communism' when referring to official parties of the Third International, but not when pertaining to other adherents of Bolshevism or revolutionary Marxism (which encompasses small-'c' communists such as Trotskyists, Bukharinists, council communists, and so forth)."<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> In 1994, <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> activist <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Silber" title="Irwin Silber">Irwin Silber</a> wrote: "When capitalized, the International Communist Movement refers to the formal organizational structure of the pro-Soviet Communist Parties. In lower case, the international communist movement is a more generic term referring to the general movement for communism."<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NKorea-48"><a href="#cite_ref-NKorea_48-0">^</a> While it refers to its leading ideology as <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a>, which is portrayed as a development of Marxism–Leninism, the status of North Korea remains disputed. Marxism–Leninism was superseded by Juche in the 1970s and was made official in 1992 and 2009, when constitutional references to Marxism–Leninism were dropped and replaced with Juche.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that it removed all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, and also dropped all references to communism.<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> Juche has been described by Michael Seth as a version of <a href="/wiki/Korean_ultranationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ultranationalism">Korean ultranationalism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> which eventually developed after losing its original Marxist–Leninist elements.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> According to North Korea: A Country Study by Robert L. Worden, Marxism–Leninism was abandoned immediately after the start of <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">de-Stalinization</a> in the Soviet Union and has been totally replaced by Juche since at least 1974.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> Daniel Schwekendiek wrote that what made North Korean Marxism–Leninism distinct from that of China and the Soviet Union was that it incorporated national feelings and macro-historical elements in the socialist ideology, opting for its "own style of socialism". The major Korean elements are the emphasis on traditional <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and the memory of the traumatic experience of <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a>, as well as a focus on autobiographical features of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> as a guerrilla hero.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-third-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-third_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-third_67-1">b</a> Scholars generally write about individual events, and make estimates of any deaths like any other historical event, favouring background context and country specificities over generalizations, ideology, and Communist grouping as done by other scholars; some events are categorized by a Communist state's particular era, such as Stalinist repression,<a href="#cite_note-Wheatcroft_2000-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> rather than a connection to all Communist states, which came to cover one-third the world's population by 1985.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELansford200724%E2%80%9325-56">[52]</a> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Historians like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Robert Conquest</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._Arch_Getty" title="J. Arch Getty">J. Arch Getty</a> mainly wrote and focused on the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Stalin era</a>; they wrote about people who died in the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> or as a result of Stalinist repression, and discussed estimates about those specific events, as part of the excess mortality debate in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s Soviet Union, without connecting them to communism as a whole. They have vigorously debated, including on the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor_genocide_question" title="Holodomor genocide question">Holodomor genocide question</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Getty_7%E2%80%938-57">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a> but the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>, and the release of state archives put some of the heat out of the debate.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_&_Harris_2005,_pp._3%E2%80%935-59">[55]</a> Some historians, among them <a href="/wiki/Michael_Ellman" title="Michael Ellman">Michael Ellman</a>, have questioned "the very category 'victims of Stalinism'" as "a matter of political judgement" because mass deaths from famines are not a "uniquely Stalinist evil" and were widespread throughout the world in the 19th and 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> There exists very little literature that compares excess deaths under "the Big Three" of Stalin's Soviet Union, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s China, and <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>'s Cambodia, and that which does exist mainly enumerates the events rather than explain their ideological reasons. One such example is Crimes Against Humanity Under Communist Regimes – Research Review by <a href="/wiki/Klas-G%C3%B6ran_Karlsson" title="Klas-Göran Karlsson">Klas-Göran Karlsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Schoenhals" title="Michael Schoenhals">Michael Schoenhals</a>, a review study summarizing what others have stated about it, mentioning some authors who saw the origins of the killings in <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s writings; the geographical scope is "the Big Three", and the authors state that killings were carried out as part of an unbalanced modernizing policy of rapid industrialization, asking "what marked the beginning of the unbalanced Russian modernisation process that was to have such terrible consequences?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlssonSchoenhals2008-61">[57]</a> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> Notable scholarly exceptions are historian <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Courtois" title="Stéphane Courtois">Stéphane Courtois</a> and political scientist <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rudolph Rummel</a>, who have attempted a connection between all Communist states. Rummel's analysis was done within the framework of his proposed concept of <a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">democide</a>, which includes any direct and indirect deaths by government, and did not limit himself to Communist states, which were categorized within the framework of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> alongside other regime-types. Rummel's estimates are on the high end of the spectrum, have been criticized and scrutinized, and are rejected by most scholars. Courtois' attempts, as in the introduction to <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a>, which have been described by some critical observers as a crudely <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> work, are controversial; many reviewers of the book, including scholars, criticized such attempts of lumping all Communist states and different sociological movements together as part of a Communist death toll totalling more than 94 million.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-62">[58]</a> Reviewers also distinguished the introduction from the book proper, which was better received and only presented a number of chapters on single-country studies, with no cross-cultural comparison, or discussion of <a href="/wiki/Mass_killing" title="Mass killing">mass killings</a>; historian <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Paczkowski" title="Andrzej Paczkowski">Andrzej Paczkowski</a> wrote that only Courtois made the comparison between communism and Nazism, while the other sections of the book "are, in effect, narrowly focused monographs, which do not pretend to offer overarching explanations", and stated that the book is not "about communism as an ideology or even about communism as a state-building phenomenon."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaczkowski200132%E2%80%9333-63">[59]</a> More positive reviews found most of the criticism to be fair or warranted, with political scientist <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Hoffmann" title="Stanley Hoffmann">Stanley Hoffmann</a> stating that "Courtois would have been far more effective if he had shown more restraint",<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> and Paczkowski stating that it has had two positive effects, among them stirring a debate about the implementation of totalitarian ideologies and "an exhaustive balance sheet about one aspect of the worldwide phenomenon of communism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaczkowski2001-65">[61]</a> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> A <a href="/wiki/Soviet_and_communist_studies" title="Soviet and communist studies">Soviet and communist studies</a> example is <a href="/wiki/Steven_Rosefielde" title="Steven Rosefielde">Steven Rosefielde</a>'s Red Holocaust, which is controversial due to <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Holocaust trivialization</a>; nonetheless, Rosefielde's work mainly focused on "the Big Three" (Stalin era, <a href="/wiki/Mao_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao era">Mao era</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_rule_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia">Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia</a>), plus <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>'s North Korea and <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a>'s Vietnam. Rosefielde's main point is that Communism in general, although he focuses mostly on <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, is less genocidal and that is a key distinction from <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, and did not make a connection between all Communist states or communism as an ideology. Rosefielde wrote that "the conditions for the Red Holocaust were rooted in Stalin's, Kim's, Mao's, Ho's and Pol Pot's siege-mobilized terror-command economic systems, not in Marx's utopian vision or other pragmatic communist transition mechanisms. Terror-command was chosen among other reasons because of legitimate fears about the long-term viability of terror-free command, and the ideological risks of market communism."<a href="#cite_note-Rosefielde_2010-66">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-fourth-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fourth_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fourth_72-1">b</a> Some authors, such as <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Courtois" title="Stéphane Courtois">Stéphane Courtois</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a>, stated that Communism killed more than Nazism and thus was worse; several scholars have criticized this view.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> After assessing twenty years of historical research in Eastern European archives, lower estimates by the "revisionist school" of historians have been vindicated,<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> despite the popular press continuing to use higher estimates and containing serious errors.<a href="#cite_note-Wheatcroft_1999-70">[65]</a> Historians such as <a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Timothy D. Snyder</a> stated it is taken for granted that Stalin killed more civilians than Hitler; for most scholars, excess mortality under Stalin was about 6 million, which rise to 9 million if foreseeable deaths arising from policies are taken into account. This estimate is less than those killed by Nazis, who killed more noncombatants than the Soviets did.<a href="#cite_note-Snyder-71">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> rested on hope of success of the 1917–1923 wave of proletarian revolutions in Western Europe before resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a> policy after their failure, Marx's view on the mir was shared not by self-professed Russian Marxists, who were mechanistic <a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">determinists</a>, but by the <a href="/wiki/Narodniks" title="Narodniks">Narodniks</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a>,<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> one of the successors to the Narodniks, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialists_(Russia)" title="Popular Socialists (Russia)">Popular Socialists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Trudoviks" title="Trudoviks">Trudoviks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[114]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> According to their proponents, Marxist–Leninist ideologies have been adapted to the material conditions of their respective countries and include <a href="/wiki/Castroism" class="mw-redirect" title="Castroism">Castroism</a> (Cuba), <a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Ceaușism</a> (Romania), <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Thought" title="Gonzalo Thought">Gonzalo Thought</a> (Peru), <a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a> (Cuba), <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a> (Vietnam), <a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a> (anti-revisionist Albania), <a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a> (Czechoslovakia), <a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a> (North Korea), <a href="/wiki/Kadarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadarism">Kadarism</a> (Hungary), <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> (Cambodia), <a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a> (Soviet Union), <a href="/wiki/Prachanda_Path" class="mw-redirect" title="Prachanda Path">Prachanda Path</a> (Nepal), <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> (Peru), and <a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a> (anti-Stalinist Yugoslavia).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2015-237">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[d]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> Most genocide scholars do not lump Communist states together, and do not treat genocidical events as a separate subjects, or by regime-type, and compare them to genocidical events which happened under vastly different <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regimes</a>. Examples include Century of Genocide: Critical Essays and Eyewitness Accounts,<a href="#cite_note-326">[310]</a> The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing,<a href="#cite_note-327">[311]</a> Purify and Destroy: The Political Uses of Massacre and Genocide,<a href="#cite_note-328">[312]</a> Resisting Genocide: The Multiple Forms of Rescue,<a href="#cite_note-329">[313]</a> and Final Solutions.<a href="#cite_note-330">[314]</a> Several of them are limited to the geographical locations of "the Big Three", or mainly the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a>, whose culprit, the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> regime, was described by genocide scholar <a href="/wiki/Helen_Fein" title="Helen Fein">Helen Fein</a> as following a <a href="/wiki/Xenophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophobic">xenophobic</a> ideology bearing a stronger resemblance to "an almost forgotten phenomenon of national socialism", or <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, rather than communism,<a href="#cite_note-331">[315]</a> while historian <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Ben Kiernan</a> described it as "more racist and generically totalitarian than Marxist or specifically Communist",<a href="#cite_note-332">[316]</a> or do not discuss Communist states, other than passing mentions. Such work is mainly done in an attempt to prevent <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocides</a> but has been described by scholars as a failure.<a href="#cite_note-Weiss-Wendt_2008-333">[317]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> Genocide scholar <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Harff" title="Barbara Harff">Barbara Harff</a> maintains a global database on mass killings, which is intended mostly for statistical analysis of mass killings in attempt to identify the best predictors for their onset and data is not necessarily the most accurate for a given country, since some sources are general genocide scholars and not experts on local history;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarff2017-335">[318]</a> it includes <a href="/wiki/Anticommunist_mass_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticommunist mass killings">anticommunist mass killings</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%931966" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966</a> (genocide and politicide), and some events which happened under Communist states, such as the <a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a> (genocide and politicide), the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (genocide and politicide), and the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (politicide), but no comparative analysis or communist link is drawn, other than the events just happened to take place in some Communist states in Eastern Asia. The Harff database is the most frequently used by genocide scholars.<a href="#cite_note-Tago_&_Wayman_2010-336">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rudolph Rummel</a> operated a similar database, but it was not limited to Communist states, it is mainly for statistical analysis, and in a comparative analysis has been criticized by other scholars,<a href="#cite_note-337">[320]</a> over that of Harff,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarff2017-335">[318]</a> for his estimates and statistical methodology, which showed some flaws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuli%C4%872004-338">[321]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> In their criticism of <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a>, which popularized the topic, several scholars have questioned, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dallin" title="Alexander Dallin">Alexander Dallin</a>, "[w]hether all these cases, from Hungary to Afghanistan, have a single essence and thus deserve to be lumped together – just because they are labeled Marxist or communist – is a question the authors scarcely discuss."<a href="#cite_note-Dallin_2000-92">[86]</a> In particular, historians Jens Mecklenburg and Wolfgang Wippermann stated that a connection between the events in <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>'s Cambodia are far from evident and that Pol Pot's study of Marxism in Paris is insufficient for connecting radical Soviet industrialism and the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a>'s murderous anti-urbanism under the same category.<a href="#cite_note-341">[323]</a> Historian Michael David-Fox criticized the figures as well as the idea to combine loosely connected events under a single category of Communist death toll, blaming <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Courtois" title="Stéphane Courtois">Stéphane Courtois</a> for their manipulation and deliberate inflation which are presented to advocate the idea that communism was a greater evil than Nazism. David-Fox criticized the idea to connect the deaths with some "generic Communism" concept, defined down to the common denominator of party movements founded by intellectuals.<a href="#cite_note-David-Fox_2004-91">[85]</a> A similar criticism was made by <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[324]</a> Allegation of a communist or red Holocaust is not popular among scholars in Germany or internationally,<a href="#cite_note-343">[325]</a> and is considered a form of softcore antisemitism and Holocaust trivialization.<a href="#cite_note-344">[326]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> The Cambodia case is particular because it is different from the emphasis Stalin's Soviet Union and Mao's China gave to <a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">heavy industry</a>. The goal of Khmer Rouge's leaders goal was to introduce communism in an extremely short period of time through <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_of_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization of agriculture">collectivization of agriculture</a> in the effort to remove social differences and inequalities between rural and urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlssonSchoenhals2008-61">[57]</a> As there was not much industry in Cambodia at that time, Pol Pot's strategy to accomplish this was to increase agricultural production in order to obtain money for rapid industrialization.<a href="#cite_note-351">[332]</a> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> In analyzing the Khmer Rouge regime, scholars place it within the historical context. The Khmer Rouge came to power through the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a> (where unparalleled atrocities were executed on both sides) and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">Operation Menu</a>, resulting in the dropping of more than half a million tonnes of bombs in the country during the civil-war period; this was mainly directed to <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">Communist Vietnam</a> but it gave the Khmer Rouge a justification to eliminate the pro-Vietnamese faction and other communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlssonSchoenhals2008-61">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a>, which is described by many scholars as a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> and by others, such as Manus Midlarsky, as a <a href="/wiki/Politicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicide">politicide</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Straus_2007-347">[328]</a> was stopped by Communist Vietnam, and there have been <a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_United_States_support_for_the_Khmer_Rouge" title="Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge">allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge</a>. South East Asian communism was deeply divided, as China supported the Khmer Rouge, while the Soviet Union and Vietnam opposed it. The United States supported <a href="/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol">Lon Nol</a>, who seized power in the <a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 Cambodian coup d'état</a>, and research has shown that everything in Cambodia was seen as a legitimate target by the United States, whose verdict of its main leaders at that time (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>) has been harsh, and bombs were gradually dropped on increasingly densely populated areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlssonSchoenhals2008-61">[57]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quotes">Quotes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> March (2009), p. 127: "The 'communists' are a broad group. Without Moscow's pressure, 'orthodox' communism does not exist beyond a commitment to Marxism and the communist name and symbols. 'Conservative' communists define themselves as Marxist–Leninist, maintain a relatively uncritical stance towards the Soviet heritage, organize their parties through Leninist democratic centralism and still see the world through the Cold-War prism of 'imperialism,' although even these parties often appeal to nationalism and populism. 'Reform' communists, on the other hand, are more divergent and eclectic. They have discarded aspects of the Soviet model (for example, Leninism and democratic centralism), and have at least paid lip service to elements of the post-1968 'new left' agenda (a (feminism, environmentalism, grass-roots democracy, and so on)."<a href="#CITEREFMarch2009">March 2009</a>, p. 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_210-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels1970">Engels (1970)</a>, pp. 95–151: "But, the transformation – either into joint-stock companies and trusts, or into State-ownership – does not do away with the capitalistic nature of the productive forces. In the joint-stock companies and trusts, this is obvious. And the modern State, again, is only the organization that bourgeois society takes on in order to support the external conditions of the capitalist mode of production against the encroachments as well of the workers as of individual capitalists. The modern state, no matter what its form, is essentially a capitalist machine – the state of the capitalists, the ideal personification of the total national capital. The more it proceeds to the taking over of productive forces, the more does it actually become the national capitalist, the more citizens does it exploit. The workers remain wage-workers – proletarians. The capitalist relation is not done away with. It is, rather, brought to a head. But, brought to a head, it topples over. State-ownership of the productive forces is not the solution of the conflict, but concealed within it are the technical conditions that form the elements of that solution." </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2015">Morgan (2015)</a>: "'Marxism–Leninism' was the formal name of the official state ideology adopted by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), its satellite states in Eastern Europe, the Asian communist regimes, and various 'scientific socialist' regimes in the Third World during the Cold War. As such, the term is simultaneously misleading and revealing. It is misleading, since neither Marx nor Lenin ever sanctioned the creation of an eponymous 'ism'; indeed, the term Marxism–Leninism was formulated only in the period of Stalin's rise to power after Lenin's death. It is revealing, because the Stalinist institutionalization of Marxism–Leninism in the 1930s did contain three identifiable, dogmatic principles that became the explicit model for all later Soviet-type regimes: dialectical materialism as the only true proletarian basis for philosophy, the leading role of the communist party as the central principle of Marxist politics, and state-led planned industrialization and agricultural collectivization as the foundation of socialist economics. The global influence of these three doctrinal and institutional innovations makes the term Marxist–Leninist a convenient label for a distinct sort of ideological order – one which, at the height of its power and influence, dominated one-third of the world's population." </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2001">Morgan (2001)</a>: "As communist Parties emerged around the world, encouraged both by the success of the Soviet Party in establishing Russia's independence from foreign domination and by clandestine monetary subsidies from the Soviet comrades, they became identifiable by their adherence to a common political ideology known as Marxism–Leninism. Of course from the very beginning Marxism–Leninism existed in many variants. The conditions were themselves an effort to enforce a minimal degree of uniformity on diverse conceptions of communist identity. Adherence to the ideas of 'Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Trotsky' characterized the Trotskyists who soon broke off in a 'Fourth International'." </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels1970">Engels (1970)</a>: "The proletariat seizes the public power, and by means of this transforms the socialized means of production, slipping from the hands of the bourgeoisie, into public property. By this act, the proletariat frees the means of production from the character of capital they have thus far borne, and gives their socialized character complete freedom to work itself out." </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2001">Morgan (2001)</a>, p. 2332: "'Marxism–Leninism–Maoism' became the ideology of the Chinese Communist Party and of the splinter parties that broke off from national communist parties after the Chinese definitively split with the Soviets in 1963. Italian communists continued to be influenced by the ideas of Antonio Gramsci, whose independent conception of the reasons why the working class in industrial countries remained politically quiescent bore far more democratic implications than Lenin's own explanation of worker passivity. Until Stalin's death, the Soviet Party referred to its own ideology as 'Marxism–Leninism–Stalinism'." </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKropotkin1901" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin, Peter</a> (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728092851/http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin__Communism_and_Anarchy.html">"Communism and Anarchy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theanarchistlibrary.org/HTML/Petr_Kropotkin__Communism_and_Anarchy.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2011. <q>Communism is the one which guarantees the greatest amount of individual liberty – provided that the idea that begets the community be Liberty, Anarchy ... Communism guarantees economic freedom better than any other form of association, because it can guarantee wellbeing, even luxury, in return for a few hours of work instead of a day's work.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communism+and+Anarchy&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Kropotkin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theanarchistlibrary.org%2FHTML%2FPetr_Kropotkin__Communism_and_Anarchy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorgan2015">Morgan (2015)</a>: "Communist ideas have acquired a new meaning since 1918. They became equivalent to the ideas of Marxism–Leninism, that is, the interpretation of Marxism by Lenin and his successors. Endorsing the final objective, namely, the creation of a community owning means of production and providing each of its participants with consumption 'according to their needs', they put forward the recognition of the class struggle as a dominating principle of a social development. In addition, workers (i.e., the proletariat) were to carry out the mission of reconstruction of the society. Conducting a socialist revolution headed by the avant-garde of the proletariat, that is, the party, was hailed to be a historical necessity. Moreover, the introduction of the proletariat dictatorship was advocated and hostile classes were to be liquidated." </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGhodsee2018">Ghodsee (2018)</a>: "Throughout much of the twentieth century, state socialism presented an existential challenge to the worst excesses of the free market. The threat posed by Marxist ideologies forced Western governments to expand social safety nets to protect workers from the unpredictable but inevitable booms and busts of the capitalist economy. After the Berlin Wall fell, many celebrated the triumph of the West, cosigning socialist ideas to the dustbin of history. But for all its faults, state socialism provided an important foil for capitalism. It was in response to a global discourse of social and economic rights – a discourse that appealed not only to the progressive populations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America but also to many men and women in Western Europe and North America – that politicians agreed to improve working conditions for wage laborers as well as create social programs for children, the poor, the elderly, the sick, and the disabled, mitigating exploitation and the growth of income inequality. Although there were important antecedents in the 1980s, once state socialism collapsed, capitalism shook off the constraints of market regulation and income redistribution. Without the looming threat of a rival superpower, the last thirty years of global neoliberalism have witnessed a rapid shriveling of social programs that protect citizens from cyclical instability and financial crises and reduce the vast inequality of economic outcomes between those at the top and bottom of the income distribution." </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_works_about_communism" title="Bibliography of works about communism">Bibliography of works about communism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War">Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Post_Stalinist_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union">Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallDagger2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard, eds. (2019) [1999]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism">"Communism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (revised ed.). Retrieved 10 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Communism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=revised&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fcommunism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein1895" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein, Eduard</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/bernstein/works/1895/cromwell">Kommunistische und demokratisch-sozialistische Strömungen während der englischen Revolution</a> [Cromwell and Communism: Socialism and Democracy in the Great English Revolution] (in German). J. H. W. Dietz. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36367345">36367345</a>. Retrieved 1 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kommunistische+und+demokratisch-sozialistische+Str%C3%B6mungen+w%C3%A4hrend+der+englischen+Revolution&rft.pub=J.+H.+W.+Dietz&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36367345&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Freference%2Farchive%2Fbernstein%2Fworks%2F1895%2Fcromwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBevins2020b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Bevins, Vincent</a> (2020b). <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Method" title="The Jakarta Method">The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World</a>. <a href="/wiki/PublicAffairs" title="PublicAffairs">PublicAffairs</a>. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541742406" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541742406"><bdi>978-1541742406</bdi></a>. <q>... we do not live in a world directly constructed by Stalin's purges or mass starvation under Pol Pot. Those states are gone. Even Mao's Great Leap Forward was quickly abandoned and rejected by the Chinese Communist Party, though the party is still very much around. We do, however, live in a world built partly by US-backed Cold War violence. ... Washington's anticommunist crusade, with Indonesia as the apex of its murderous violence against civilians, deeply shaped the world we live in now ... .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541742406&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bradley, Mark Philip (2017). "Human Rights and Communism". In Fürst, Juliane; Pons, Silvio; Selden, Mark (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eBs0DwAAQBAJ">The Cambridge History of Communism</a>. Vol. 3: Endgames? Late Communism in Global Perspective, 1968 to the Present. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-50935-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-50935-0"><bdi>978-1-108-50935-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Human+Rights+and+Communism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Communism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-108-50935-0&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Mark+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeBs0DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Brown, Archie</a> (2009). The Rise and Fall of Communism. Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-022407-879-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-022407-879-5"><bdi>978-022407-879-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-022407-879-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Archie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Craig_Calhoun" title="Craig Calhoun">Calhoun, Craig J.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6mq-H3EcUx8C">Classical Sociological Theory</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21348-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-21348-2"><bdi>978-0-631-21348-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Sociological+Theory&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-631-21348-2&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Craig+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6mq-H3EcUx8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> (Spring–Summer 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chomsky.info/1986____/">"The Soviet Union Versus Socialism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Our_Generation_(journal)" title="Our Generation (journal)">Our Generation</a>. Retrieved 10 June 2020 – via Chomsky.info.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Our+Generation&rft.atitle=The+Soviet+Union+Versus+Socialism&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchomsky.info%2F1986____%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDulić2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dulić, Tomislav (January 2004). "Tito's Slaughterhouse: A Critical Analysis of Rummel's Work on Democide". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Peace_Research" title="Journal of Peace Research">Journal of Peace Research</a>. 41 (1). 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IPG. 1: 126–143. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/ipg/ipg-2009-1/10_a_march_us.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 December 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert_Foundation" title="Friedrich Ebert Foundation">Friedrich Ebert Foundation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IPG&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Far+Left+Parties+in+Europe%3A+From+Marxism+to+the+Mainstream%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.fes.de%2Fpdf-files%2Fipg%2Fipg-2009-1%2F10_a_march_us.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morgan, W. 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Retrieved 25 August 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Science_Direct" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Direct">Science Direct</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%3A+The+Ideology+of+Twentieth-Century+Communism&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+%26+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780080430768&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=W.+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Freferencework%2F9780080430768%2Finternational-encyclopedia-of-the-social-and-behavioral-sciences&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Morgan, W. 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The Criminalisation of Communism in the European Political Space after the Cold War. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351141741" title="Special:BookSources/9781351141741"><bdi>9781351141741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Criminalisation+of+Communism+in+the+European+Political+Space+after+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781351141741&rft.aulast=Neumayer&rft.aufirst=Laure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></ref> Works such as The Black Book of Communism and <a href="/wiki/Bloodlands" title="Bloodlands">Bloodlands</a> legitimized debates on the <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">comparison of Nazism and Stalinism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotS%C3%A9melin200937-402">[1]</a><ref><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKühne2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kühne, Thomas (May 2012). 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Well aware of this, the Soviet Communists never claimed to have achieved communism, always labeling their own system socialist rather than communist and viewing their system as in transition to communism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Economics+in+a+Transforming+World+Economy&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003-07-23&rft.isbn=978-0262182348&rft.aulast=Rosser&rft.aufirst=Mariana+V.&rft.au=Barkley%2C+J.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rummel, Rudolph Joseph</a> (November 1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180827103150/https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COM.ART.HTM">How Many did Communist Regimes Murder?</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a> Political Science Department, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/COM.ART.HTM#*">the original</a> on 27 August 2018, retrieved 15 September 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Many+did+Communist+Regimes+Murder%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Political+Science+Department&rft.date=1993-11&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Rudolph+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fpowerkills%2FCOM.ART.HTM%23%2A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafaei2011" class="citation journal cs1">Safaei, Jalil (31 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2012%2F137412">"Post-Communist Health Transitions in Central and Eastern Europe"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economics_Research_International&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economics Research International (page does not exist)">Economics Research International</a>. 2012: 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2012%2F137412">10.1155/2012/137412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economics+Research+International&rft.atitle=Post-Communist+Health+Transitions+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe&rft.volume=2012&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2011-08-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2012%2F137412&rft.aulast=Safaei&rft.aufirst=Jalil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2012%252F137412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Ci–Cz". The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. Scott Fetzer Company. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7166-0108-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7166-0108-1"><bdi>978-0-7166-0108-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ci%E2%80%93Cz&rft.btitle=The+World+Book+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Scott+Fetzer+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7166-0108-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Ramsay_Steele" title="David Ramsay Steele">Steele, David</a> (1992). From Marx to Mises: Post-Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation. <a href="/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company" title="Open Court Publishing Company">Open Court Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-449-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87548-449-5"><bdi>978-0-87548-449-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Marx+to+Mises%3A+Post-Capitalist+Society+and+the+Challenge+of+Economic+Calculation&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87548-449-5&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amir_Weiner" title="Amir Weiner">Weiner, Amir</a> (2002). "Review. Reviewed Work: The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression by Stéphane Courtois, Nicolas Werth, Jean-Louis Panné, Andrzej Paczkowski, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Margolin, Jonathan Murphy, Mark Kramer". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Interdisciplinary_History" title="Journal of Interdisciplinary History">Journal of Interdisciplinary History</a>. 32 (3). <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>: 450–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F002219502753364263">10.1162/002219502753364263</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3656222">3656222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142217169">142217169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=Review.+Reviewed+Work%3A+The+Black+Book+of+Communism%3A+Crimes%2C+Terror%2C+Repression+by+St%C3%A9phane+Courtois%2C+Nicolas+Werth%2C+Jean-Louis+Pann%C3%A9%2C+Andrzej+Paczkowski%2C+Karel+Barto%C5%A1ek%2C+Jean-Louis+Margolin%2C+Jonathan+Murphy%2C+Mark+Kramer&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E450-%3C%2Fspan%3E452&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142217169%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3656222%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F002219502753364263&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Amir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilczynski2008" class="citation book cs1">Wilczynski, J. (2008). The Economics of Socialism after World War Two: 1945–1990. Aldine Transaction. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0202362281" title="Special:BookSources/978-0202362281"><bdi>978-0202362281</bdi></a>. <q>Contrary to Western usage, these countries describe themselves as 'Socialist' (not 'Communist'). The second stage (Marx's 'higher phase'), or 'Communism' is to be marked by an age of plenty, distribution according to needs (not work), the absence of money and the market mechanism, the disappearance of the last vestiges of capitalism and the ultimate 'withering away' of the State.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economics+of+Socialism+after+World+War+Two%3A+1945%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Aldine+Transaction&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0202362281&rft.aulast=Wilczynski&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams, Raymond</a> (1983) [1976]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich/page/289">"Socialism"</a>. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keywordsvocabula00willrich/page/289">289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520469-8"><bdi>978-0-19-520469-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035920683">1035920683</a>. <q>The decisive distinction between socialist and communist, as in one sense these terms are now ordinarily used, came with the renaming, in 1918, of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) as the All-Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). From that time on, a distinction of socialist from communist, often with supporting definitions such as social democrat or democratic socialist, became widely current, although it is significant that all communist parties, in line with earlier usage, continued to describe themselves as socialist and dedicated to socialism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Socialism&rft.btitle=Keywords%3A+A+Vocabulary+of+Culture+and+Society&rft.pages=289&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035920683&rft.isbn=978-0-19-520469-8&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeywordsvocabula00willrich%2Fpage%2F289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Wright, C. Wright</a> (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/humanism/mills-c-wright/letter-new-left.htm">Letter to the New Left</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+to+the+New+Left&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=C.+Wright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fsubject%2Fhumanism%2Fmills-c-wright%2Fletter-new-left.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWormack2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brantly_Womack" title="Brantly Womack">Wormack, Brantly</a> (2001). "Maoism". In Baltes, Paul B.; Smelser, Neil J. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_%26_Behavioral_Sciences" title="International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences">International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</a>. Vol. 20 (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. pp. 9191–9193. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-043076-7%2F01173-6">10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/01173-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080430768" title="Special:BookSources/9780080430768"><bdi>9780080430768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maoism&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+%26+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9191-%3C%2Fspan%3E9193&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-043076-7%2F01173-6&rft.isbn=9780080430768&rft.aulast=Wormack&rft.aufirst=Brantly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Communism <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Communism&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Communism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Communism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamiMarrone2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Adami, Stefano; Marrone, G., eds. (2006). "Communism". Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-390-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-390-3"><bdi>978-1-57958-390-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Communism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Italian+Literary+Studies&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-390-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Vincent_Daniels" title="Robert Vincent Daniels">Daniels, Robert Vincent</a> (1994). A Documentary History of Communism and the World: From Revolution to Collapse. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">University Press of New England</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-678-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-678-4"><bdi>978-0-87451-678-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Documentary+History+of+Communism+and+the+World%3A+From+Revolution+to+Collapse&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-678-4&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Vincent_Daniels" title="Robert Vincent Daniels">Daniels, Robert Vincent</a> (2007). The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30010-649-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-30010-649-7"><bdi>978-0-30010-649-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-30010-649-7&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean, Jodi</a> (2012). The Communist Horizon. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-954-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-954-6"><bdi>978-1-84467-954-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Horizon&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-954-6&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDirlik1989" class="citation book cs1">Dirlik, Arif (1989). Origins of Chinese Communism. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505454-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505454-5"><bdi>978-0-19-505454-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Chinese+Communism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505454-5&rft.aulast=Dirlik&rft.aufirst=Arif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelsMarx1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx, Karl</a> (1998) [1848]. <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (reprint ed.). Signet Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-451-52710-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-451-52710-3"><bdi>978-0-451-52710-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Manifesto&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Signet+Classics&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-451-52710-3&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft.au=Marx%2C+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Sheila</a> (2007). "Revisionism in Soviet History". <a href="/wiki/History_and_Theory" title="History and Theory">History and Theory</a>. 46 (4): 77–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2303.2007.00429.x">10.1111/j.1468-2303.2007.00429.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4502285">4502285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Revisionism+in+Soviet+History&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2303.2007.00429.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4502285%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988">. 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Watts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-531-02571-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-531-02571-0"><bdi>978-0-531-02571-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism%3A+From+Marx%27s+Manifesto+to+20th-century+Reality&rft.pub=Watts&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-531-02571-0&rft.aulast=Forman&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchs-SchündelnSchündeln2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola; Schündeln, Matthias (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.34.2.172">"The Long-Term Effects of Communism in Eastern Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives" title="Journal of Economic Perspectives">Journal of Economic Perspectives</a>. 34 (2): 172–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.34.2.172">10.1257/jep.34.2.172</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219053421">219053421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Long-Term+Effects+of+Communism+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.34.2.172&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219053421%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fuchs-Sch%C3%BCndeln&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCndeln%2C+Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Fjep.34.2.172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988">. 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(English ed.). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-27341-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-27341-9"><bdi>978-0-226-27341-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passing+of+An+Illusion%3A+The+Idea+of+Communism+In+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-226-27341-9&rft.aulast=Furet&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFürstPonsSelden2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Fürst, Juliane; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Pons" class="extiw" title="it:Silvio Pons">Pons, Silvio</a> [in Italian]; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Selden" title="Mark Selden">Selden, Mark</a>, eds. 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Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31650-159-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31650-159-7"><bdi>978-1-31650-159-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Endgames%3F+Late+Communism+in+Global+Perspective%2C+1968+to+the+Present&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Communism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-31650-159-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlachSix2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Gerlach, Christian</a>; Six, Clemens, eds. (2020). 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Maoism: A Global History. Bodley Head. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-184792-250-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-184792-250-2"><bdi>978-184792-250-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maoism%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pub=Bodley+Head&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-184792-250-2&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2003" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, W. John (2003). 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"Communism, Post-Communism, and Moral Education". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Moral_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="The Journal of Moral Education">The Journal of Moral Education</a>. 34 (4). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1465-3877">1465-3877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Moral+Education&rft.atitle=Communism%2C+Post-Communism%2C+and+Moral+Education&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2005-12&rft.issn=1465-3877&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=W.+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988">. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0305-7240">0305-7240</a> (print).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimarkPons2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Naimark" title="Norman Naimark">Naimark, Norman</a>; <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Pons" class="extiw" title="it:Silvio Pons">Pons, Silvio</a> [in Italian], eds. (2017). "The Socialist Camp and World Power 1941–1960s". The Cambridge History of Communism. 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(2017). "World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941". The Cambridge History of Communism. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-31613-702-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-31613-702-4"><bdi>978-1-31613-702-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=World+Revolution+and+Socialism+in+One+Country+1917%E2%80%931941&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Communism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-31613-702-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPop-ElechesTucker2017" class="citation book cs1">Pop-Eleches, Grigore; Tucker, Joshua A. (2017). Communism's Shadow: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Political Attitudes (hardcover ed.). <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69117-558-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69117-558-4"><bdi>978-0-69117-558-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism%27s+Shadow%3A+Historical+Legacies+and+Contemporary+Political+Attitudes&rft.edition=hardcover&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-69117-558-4&rft.aulast=Pop-Eleches&rft.aufirst=Grigore&rft.au=Tucker%2C+Joshua+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriestland2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Priestland" title="David Priestland">Priestland, David</a> (2009). The Red Flag: A History of Communism. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80214-512-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80214-512-3"><bdi>978-0-80214-512-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Red+Flag%3A+A+History+of+Communism&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-80214-512-3&rft.aulast=Priestland&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabirov1987" class="citation book cs1">Sabirov, Kharis Fatykhovich (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whatiscommunism1987">What Is Communism?</a> (English ed.). <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82853-346-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82853-346-1"><bdi>978-0-82853-346-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Is+Communism%3F&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-82853-346-1&rft.aulast=Sabirov&rft.aufirst=Kharis+Fatykhovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhatiscommunism1987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service, Robert</a> (2010). Comrades!: A History of World Communism. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-67404-699-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-67404-699-3"><bdi>978-0-67404-699-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comrades%21%3A+A+History+of+World+Communism&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-67404-699-3&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2019" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Yu-ming (2019). Changes And Continuities In Chinese Communism: Volume I: Ideology, Politics, and Foreign Policy (hardcover ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-36716-385-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-36716-385-3"><bdi>978-0-36716-385-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changes+And+Continuities+In+Chinese+Communism%3A+Volume+I%3A+Ideology%2C+Politics%2C+and+Foreign+Policy&rft.edition=hardcover&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-36716-385-3&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Yu-ming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinoviev1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Zinoviev" title="Alexander Zinoviev">Zinoviev, Alexandre</a> (1984) [1980]. The Reality of Communism. <a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80523-901-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80523-901-0"><bdi>978-0-80523-901-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reality+of+Communism&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-80523-901-0&rft.aulast=Zinoviev&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 22px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Communism" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Communism">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6186" class="extiw" title="d:Q6186">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Communism">"Communism" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Communism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> Retrieved 18 August 2021.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/communism">"Communism"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 18 August 2021.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay1905" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lindsay, Samuel McCune (1905). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Communism">"Communism" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Communism&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Samuel+McCune&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommunism" class="Z3988"> Retrieved 18 August 2021.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/rad.html">The Radical Pamphlet Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> contains materials on the topic of communism. Retrieved 18 August 2021.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotSémelin200937-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaffrelotS%C3%A9melin200937_402-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaffrelotS%C3%A9melin2009">Jaffrelot & Sémelin 2009</a>, p. 37. </li> </ol></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communism&oldid=1276523301">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communism&oldid=1276523301</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Communism&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 19 February 2025, at 10:03 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunisme" title="Kommunisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kommunisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunismus" title="Kommunismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kommunismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%B0%E1%88%99%E1%8A%92%E1%88%B5%E1%88%9D" title="ኰሙኒስም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኰሙኒስም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="साम्यवाद – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="साम्यवाद" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gem%C3%A6nre_%C3%A6hte_r%C3%A6d" title="Gemænre æhte ræd – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gemænre æhte ræd" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شيوعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيوعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunismo" title="Comunismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Comunismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সাম্যবাদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সাম্যবাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunismu" title="Comunismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Comunismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="साम्यवाद – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="साम्यवाद" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amo%C3%B1o%27%E1%BB%B9tekuareko" title="Amoño'ỹtekuareko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Amoño'ỹtekuareko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunizm" title="Kommunizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kommunizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="کومونیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کومونیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সাম্যবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাম্যবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%8Dng-s%C3%A1n-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Kiōng-sán-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kiōng-sán-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Коммунизм – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Камунізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камунізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Камунізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Камунізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="साम्यवाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="साम्यवाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Komunismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Комунизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комунизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunismus" title="Kommunismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kommunismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunizam" title="Komunizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Komunizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunouriezh" title="Komunouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Komunouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Коммунизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunisme" title="Comunisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comunisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Komunismo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunismus" title="Komunismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Komunismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comiwnyddiaeth" title="Comiwnyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Comiwnyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunisme" title="Kommunisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kommunisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شيوعية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شيوعية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunisma" title="Kommunisma – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Kommunisma" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunismus" title="Kommunismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kommunismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunism" title="Kommunism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kommunism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Κομμουνισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κομμουνισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunismo" title="Comunismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comunismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komunismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunismu" title="Comunismu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Comunismu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Komunismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="کمونیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمونیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samyawaad" title="Samyawaad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Samyawaad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunisma" title="Kommunisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kommunisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communisme" title="Communisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunisme" title="Kommunisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kommunisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunisim" title="Comunisim – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Comunisim" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumannachas" title="Cumannachas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cumannachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-mhaoineas" title="Co-mhaoineas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Co-mhaoineas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunismo" title="Comunismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comunismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="共產主義 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="共產主義" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khiung-s%C3%A1n_ch%C3%BA-ngi" title="Khiung-sán chú-ngi – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khiung-sán chú-ngi" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%B0%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="공산주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공산주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaminisanci" title="Kwaminisanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwaminisanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Կոմունիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոմունիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="साम्यवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साम्यवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunizam" title="Komunizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Komunizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Komunismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Komunismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komunisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communismo" title="Communismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Communismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komm%C3%BAnismi" title="Kommúnismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kommúnismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunismo" title="Comunismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comunismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="קומוניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קומוניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumunisme" title="Kumunisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kumunisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komiinism" title="Komiinism – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Komiinism" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕಮ್ಯೂನಿಸಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಮ್ಯೂನಿಸಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Коммунизм – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კომუნიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომუნიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Коммунизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemynegoreth" title="Kemynegoreth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kemynegoreth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukomunisti" title="Ukomunisti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukomunisti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kominism" title="Kominism – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kominism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%BBn%C3%AEzm" title="Komûnîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Komûnîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Коммунизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ຄອມມິວນິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄອມມິວນິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communismus" title="Communismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Communismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisms" title="Komunisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Komunisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunismus" title="Kommunismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kommunismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Коммунизм – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunizmas" title="Komunizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Komunizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communisme" title="Communisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Communisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kominisim%C9%9B" title="Kominisimɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kominisimɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunisme" title="Comunisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Comunisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/kaurpo%27esi%27o" title="kaurpo'esi'o – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="kaurpo'esi'o" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunism" title="Comunism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Comunism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunizmus" title="Kommunizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kommunizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Комунизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Комунизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4monisma" title="Kômonisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kômonisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="കമ്യൂണിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കമ്യൂണിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komuni%C5%BCmu" title="Komuniżmu – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Komuniżmu" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="साम्यवाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साम्यवाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კომუნიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კომუნიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="شيوعيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شيوعيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="کمونیسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کمونیسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Komunisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuminih" title="Kuminih – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kuminih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3ng-s%C4%81ng-ci%C5%8D-ngi%C3%AA" title="Gê̤ṳng-sāng-ciō-ngiê – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gê̤ṳng-sāng-ciō-ngiê" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quemunismo" title="Quemunismo – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Quemunismo" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Коммунизмась – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Коммунизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Коммунизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%92" title="ကွန်မြူနစ်ဝါဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွန်မြူနစ်ဝါဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communisme" title="Communisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Communisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunisme" title="Kommunisme – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kommunisme" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="साम्यवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="साम्यवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="साम्यवाद – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="साम्यवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="共産主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="共産主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Коммунизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunismus" title="Komunismus – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Komunismus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunisme" title="Kommunisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kommunisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunisme" title="Kommunisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kommunisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commeunisme" title="Commeunisme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Commeunisme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunisme" title="Comunisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Comunisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltummaa" title="Waltummaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Waltummaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunizm" title="Kommunizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kommunizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE" title="ਕਮਿਊਨਿਜ਼ਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਮਿਊਨਿਜ਼ਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%85" title="کمیونزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کمیونزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85" title="کمونيزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کمونيزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamiunizam" title="Kamiunizam – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kamiunizam" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F" title="លទ្ធិកុម្មុយនីស្ត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="លទ្ធិកុម្មុយនីស្ត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conmunnime" title="Conmunnime – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Conmunnime" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunism" title="Comunism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Comunism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunismus" title="Kommunismus – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kommunismus" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunizm" title="Komunizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komunizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunismo" title="Comunismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comunismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunism" title="Comunism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comunism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communissem" title="Communissem – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Communissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumunismu" title="Kumunismu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kumunismu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Комунизм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Комунизм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Коммунизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Коммунизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%83" title="समानतावादः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="समानतावादः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" title="Communism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Communism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunismus" title="Kommunismus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kommunismus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bok%C3%B4minisii" title="Bokôminisii – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Bokôminisii" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunizmi" title="Komunizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Komunizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumunismu" title="Cumunismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cumunismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="කොමියුනිස්ට්වාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොමියුනිස්ට්වාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism" title="Communism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Communism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%85" title="ڪميونزم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪميونزم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukhomanisi" title="Bukhomanisi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Bukhomanisi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunizmus" title="Komunizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Komunizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunizem" title="Komunizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Komunizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuuciyad" title="Shuuciyad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shuuciyad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="کۆمۆنیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆمۆنیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Комунизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Комунизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunizam" title="Komunizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Komunizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunismi" title="Kommunismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kommunismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunism" title="Kommunism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kommunism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Komunismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="பொதுவுடைமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொதுவுடைமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Коммунизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82" title="కమ్యూనిజం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కమ్యూనిజం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="ลัทธิคอมมิวนิสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิคอมมิวนิสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Коммунизм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%BCnizm" title="Komünizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Komünizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Коммунизм – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Коммунизм – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Коммунизм" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Комунізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комунізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="اشتمالیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اشتمالیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%DB%87%D9%85%D9%85%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%85" title="كۇممۇنىزم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كۇممۇنىزم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunismo" title="Comunismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Comunismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunizm" title="Kommunizm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kommunizm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_c%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n" title="Chủ nghĩa cộng sản – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa cộng sản" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kob%C3%A4dim" title="Kobädim – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kobädim" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kommunism" title="Kommunism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kommunism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunisse" title="Comunisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Comunisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="共產主義 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="共產主義" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunismo" title="Komunismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Komunismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="共产主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="קאמוניזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמוניזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8C%E1%B9%A3ek%E1%BB%8D%CC%81m%C3%BAn%C3%ADst%C3%AC" title="Ìṣekọ́múnístì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìṣekọ́múnístì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="共產主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="共產主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunizm" title="Komunizm – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Komunizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komun%C4%97zmos" title="Komunėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Komunėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="共产主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Komunisme" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 February 2025, at 10:03 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b9576b97f-zkklx","wgBackendResponseTime":702,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"5.217","walltime":"5.763","ppvisitednodes":{"value":41927,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1476393,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":219154,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":66,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1581493,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4855.404 1 -total"," 44.52% 2161.549 3 Template:Reflist"," 25.51% 1238.461 222 Template:Cite_book"," 9.73% 472.326 91 Template:Sfn"," 9.61% 466.784 83 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.39% 358.624 1 Template:Columns-list"," 4.40% 213.453 1 Template:Excerpt"," 4.37% 212.219 45 Template:Cite_web"," 4.20% 203.717 17 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 3.74% 181.370 5 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.478","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20314107,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAarons2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdamiMarrone2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdamsKeene2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgranovsky1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlimzhanov1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrieuGensburgerSémelin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppelOrenstein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtsushiWayman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabiarzEggleston2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBallDagger2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeilharz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevins2020a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBevins2020b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattarai2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillington2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlakeley2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBland1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBland1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBockman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBordiga\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBordiga1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBostaph1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBosteels2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBottelier2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBozóki2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBukharinPreobrazhensky1922\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBusky2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBusky2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButenko1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalhoun2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharnyParsonsTotten2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChavez2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChomsky1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosseron2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCourtois1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDae-Kyu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDando1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniels1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniels1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniels2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDarity2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid-Fox2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesHarris2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutscher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDielo_Truda_(Workers\u0026#039;_Cause)1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDirlik1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDjilas1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoleaNolteMcKee2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoumanis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowlahElliott1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDujisin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDulić2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEagleton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdelman1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhms2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllicottPlumptre1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElmen1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEly1883\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEngel-Di_MauroEngel-Di_MauroFaberLabban2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelsMarx1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelsMarx1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErik2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErmak2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEscalona2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvangelista2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabbri2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFareldKuch2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarred2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaulkner2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFein1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFenby2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzgibbons2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlinn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForman1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranklin1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranks2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrenkielShaoguang2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuchs-SchündelnSchündeln2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuret2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFürstPonsSelden2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaddis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaltungStenslie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGasper2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeary2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgakas1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgeWilcox1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerber1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerlachSix2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerrRaskinaTsyplakova2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerstle2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGetty1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGettyRitterspornZemskov1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodsee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodsee2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodsee2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodsee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodseeOrenstein2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhodseeSehonDresser2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGildea2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGitlin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGittings2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGluckstein2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldhagen2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorlizki2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorterPannekoekPankhurstRühle2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrandjonc1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreaves1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregoryStuart2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuthrie1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackmann2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalfin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammerton\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHarff1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarff2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHauck2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHavrylyshynMengTupy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHead2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeder1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeni2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHimmer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiroaki2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirtSellarYoung2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodges2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoppe2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoughFainsod1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouldenMinard2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowardKing2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoxha1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIjabs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffeDoshi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaffrelotSémelin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanzenStanton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonWalkerGray2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuretic1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJönsson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaprāns2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlssonSchoenhals2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKautsky1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKindersley1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinna2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorolev2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKowalski1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKropotkin1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurian2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuromiya2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKühne2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLamb2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLansford2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaybournMurphy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazar2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenmanAndersonMarsden2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiedman2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiedyRuble2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindsay1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLink2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLisichkin1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouisBalibar1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLovell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLowry2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukács1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuthi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLöwy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackenbach2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalia1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalia2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMao1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarch2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMarot2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarples2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarples2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarxEngels1845\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattei2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayne1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMeekin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcSherry2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMecklenburgWippermann1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeisner1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMemos2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilanović2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontero2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontero2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortensen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMrozick2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMészáros2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaimarkPons2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNancy1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNandanwad2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNation1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Committee_of_the_SWP1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatsios2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeumayer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeumayer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNossal\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovatore\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hara2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaczkowski2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPannekoek1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPannekoek1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPantsovLevine2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapke2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatenaude2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattersonFosse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiccone1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierce\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiereson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPipes2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatkin1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPons2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPonsService2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPonsSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPop-ElechesTucker2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPop-ElechesTucker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPostone1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrashad2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriestland2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriestland2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuddington2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabinowitch2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamsay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRauch2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavallion2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenan1869\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRice-OxleySedghiRidleyMagill2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosefielde2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosserBarkley2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubenstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuccio2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudaHamza2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabirov1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSafaei2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSargent2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheidel2017\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSchram2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwekendiek2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScrepanti2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedov1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeth2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShafir2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShipway1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShukman1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSilber1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteele1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraus2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivanHickel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuny2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSurtz1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSémelin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaras2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTicktin1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodorova2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrotsky1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwiss2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFUgri͡umov1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentino2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFValentino2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Ree1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaroufakis\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVogel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVolkogonov2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWald2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiss-Wendt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheatcroft1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWheatcroft2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWikePoushterSilverDevlin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilczynski2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilhelm1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittfogel1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolffResnick1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorden2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWormack2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYarshater1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZinoviev1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Linden2004\"] = 1,\n [\"Hol09\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"Anti-communism\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 218,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 80,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 42,\n [\"Colend\"] = 2,\n [\"Cols\"] = 2,\n [\"Columns-list\"] = 1,\n [\"Communism\"] = 1,\n [\"Communism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Economic systems sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 8,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 42,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Lead too long\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 18,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbh\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 11,\n [\"Paragraph break\"] = 4,\n [\"Political ideologies\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 38,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 3,\n [\"Refn\"] = 14,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 91,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 23,\n [\"Toc limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","500","14.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","10.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","340","9.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","7.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","280","7.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","180","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","180","5.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","120","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","2.8"],["[others]","980","27.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-675c978746-8p98k","timestamp":"20250219155404","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Communism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6186","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6186","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-16T14:01:26Z","dateModified":"2025-02-19T10:03:50Z","headline":"far-left political and socioeconomic ideology"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var 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