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Ikona. XIX v. Rossiya.jpg|thumb|upright|Icon of the Protection, 19th century, Russia]] The '''Intercession of the Theotokos''', or the '''Protection of Our Most Holy Lady Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary''', is a Christian feast of the [[Mother of God]] celebrated in the [[Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Byzantine Catholic]] Churches on October 1 ([[Julian calendar]]: October 14). The feast celebrates the protection afforded the faithful through the [[intercession]]s of the [[Theotokos]] (''lit.'' Mother of God, one Eastern title of the [[Virgin Mary]]). The feast is commemorated in [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] as a whole, but by no means as fervently as it is in Russia, [[Belarus]], and, especially, [[Ukraine]]. In the Slavic Orthodox Churches it is celebrated as the most important solemnity besides the [[Twelve Great Feasts]] and [[Easter|Pascha]]. In Ukraine, it has a special meaning through its connection to the spirituality of the [[Ukrainian Cossacks]] and, accordingly and more recently, to [[Defenders of Ukraine Day]]. ==Etymology== The '''Protection of the Theotokos''' or the '''Intercession of the Theotokos''' ({{langx|cu|Покровъ}}, '''Pokrov''', {{langx|uk|Покрова}}, '''Pokrova'''), like the ({{langx|el|Σκέπη}}, '''Sképē''') has a complex meaning. First of all, it refers to a cloak or shroud, but it also means protection or intercession. For this reason, the name of the feast is variously translated as the '''Veil of Our Lady''', the '''Protecting Veil of the Theotokos'''. It is often translated as '''Feast of the Intercession''' or '''Feast of the Holy Protection'''. With some reservations, the Intercession icon may be related to the Western [[Virgin of Mercy]] image, in which the Virgin spreads wide her cloak to cover and protect a group of kneeling supplicants (first known from Italy from about 1280). == Tradition == [[File:Icon of theotokos pokrov naive.jpg|thumb|upright|Russian icon of Pokrov]] [[File:Icon 03050 Pokrova Bogorodicy. Seredina XVII v. Ukraina.jpg|thumb|upright|Icon, showing a broad protective cloak. Mid 17th century, Ukraine.]] According to Eastern Orthodox [[Sacred Tradition]], the apparition of Mary the [[Theotokos]] occurred during the 10th century at the [[Church of St. Mary of Blachernae (Istanbul)|Blachernae church]] in [[Constantinople]] (modern-day [[Istanbul]]) where several of her [[relic]]s (her robe, [[Virgin's veil|her veil]], and part of her belt) were kept. On Sunday, October 1 at four in the morning, [[Andrew of Constantinople|St. Andrew the Blessed]] [[Yurodivy|Fool-for-Christ]], who was a [[Slavic people|Slav]] by birth, saw the dome of the church open and the Virgin Mary enter, moving in the air above him, glowing and surrounded by [[angel]]s and [[saint]]s. She knelt and prayed with tears for all faithful Christians in the world. The Virgin Mary asked Her Son, [[Jesus Christ]], to accept the prayers of all the people entreating Him and looking for Her protection. Once Her prayer was completed, She walked to the altar and continued to pray. Afterwards, She spread Her veil over all the people in the church as a protection.<ref name="protectionbvmsolon.com" /> St. Andrew turned to his disciple, St. Epiphanius, who was standing near him, and asked, "Do you see, brother, the Holy Theotokos, praying for all the world?" Epiphanius answered, "Yes, Holy Father, I see it and am amazed!"<ref name="protectionbvmsolon.com" /> {{Eastern Orthodox sidebar|expanded=calendar}} According to the [[Primary Chronicle]] of [[Nestor the Chronicler|St. Nestor the Chronicler]], the inhabitants of Constantinople called upon the intercession of the Mother of God to protect them from [[Rus'–Byzantine War (860)|an attack]] by a large [[Rus' Khaganate|Rus']] army (Rus' was still [[pagan]] at the time). According to Nestor, the feast celebrates the destruction of this fleet sometime in the ninth century; according to some other legend, however, the outcome was the adoption of Christianity by the whole host (led by [[Askold and Dir|Askold]]). Veneration of the Intercession (Pokrov) in [[Kievan Rus'|Rus']] (and consequently [[Belarus]], Russia, and [[Ukraine]]) dates back to the 12th century. ==Icon== The icon of the feast, which is not found in [[Byzantine art]], depicts in its upper part the Virgin Mary surrounded by a luminous [[aureole]]. She holds in her outstreched arms an [[orarion]] or veil, which symbolizes the protection of her intercession.<ref name="ukrainianchurchesofcanada.ca" /> To either side of her stand numerous saints and angels, many of whom are recognizable to the experienced church-goer: the [[Apostles in the New Testament|apostles]], [[John the Baptist]], [[Saint Nicholas of Myra]], etc. Below, St. Andrew the Fool for Christ is depicted, pointing up at the Virgin Mary and turning to his disciple Epiphanius. Usually, the veil with which the Virgin protects mankind is small and held either in her outstretched hands or by two angels,<ref name="Neil" /> though a version similar to the Western European [[Virgin of Mercy]] image, with a larger cloak covering people is found in some Eastern Orthodox icons. == Feast== [[File:Pokrova (Intercession of the Holy Virgin) with the Portrait of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Kyiv Region.jpg|thumb|upright|The Holy Virgin protecting the Ukrainian cossack hetman [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] (at the right of image). Late 17 to early 18th century, Ukraine.]] The Feast of the Intercession commemorates the miracle as a joyous revelation of the Theotokos' protection, which is spread over the world, and the Mother of God's great love for mankind.<ref name="transf">[http://www.holy-transfiguration.org/library_en/moth_protection.html "Protection of the Holy Virgin", Tranfiguration of Our Laord Russian Orthodox Church, Baltimore, Maryland]</ref> It is a religious [[holy day of obligation|holy day]] or [[feast day]] of the [[Byzantine Rite]] [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]es.<ref name="protectionbvmsolon.com" /><ref name="risu.org.ua" /> It is served as an [[All-Night Vigil]], with many of the same elements as occur on Great Feasts of the Theotokos. However, Pokrov/Pokrova has no [[Afterfeast]]. In [[Ukraine]], it is celebrated on October 1 (before 2023: October 14) as a religious, national, and family holiday.<ref name="risu.org.ua" /> The concept of [[Theotokos|Mother of God]] as the Intercessor and Protectress (i.e. the Intercession, or 'Pokrova' in Ukrainian, as an aspect of [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]]) became firmly established among [[Ukrainians]] through their history. The Holy Lady of Protection was always considered the heavenly patroness of [[Zaporozhian Host]], and therefore [[Ukrainian Cossacks]]. As a legend has it,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2019 |title=14 жотвня: Покрова Пресвятої Богородиці, День українського козацтва, народини УПА, День захисника України – Рідна країна |url=https://ridna.ua/2019/10/14-zhotvnia-pokrova-presviatoi-bohorodytsi-den-ukrains-koho-kozatstva-narodyny-upa-den-zakhysnyka-ukrainy/ |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Рідна країна – світоглядний портал}}</ref> each of their campaign the Cossacks began with '''[[Sub tuum praesidium]]''' prayer to the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Holy Lady]] (in {{Langx|uk|«Під Твою милість прибігаємо, Богородице Діво, молитвами нашими в скорботах не погордуй, але від бід ізбав нас, єдина чиста і благословенна!»|links=no}}), by which making reference to the Intercession. Notably, an icon in the [[National Art Museum of Ukraine]] shows the Virgin Mary protecting the Ukrainian cossack [[hetman]] [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]]. The singular (as compared to the rest of the [[Christian world]]) devotion of Ukrainians to the Intercession feast (for them being the third important, after Easter and Christmas, holiday) was acknowledged in [[Constitution of Pylyp Orlyk|Pylyp Orlyk Constitution]], where Christmas, Easter and 'Pokrova' were set to be the three designated annual days of convention by the supreme cossack council that was supposed to rule the country. The tradition was referred to again in XX century, when the founding of [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army|the Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] was attributed (although retrospectively and probably inaccurately) to October 14, 1942. In 1990s, along with its religious meaning, the Pokrova Feast Day was also commemorated popularly as Ukrainian Cossack Day ({{langx|uk|[[:uk:День Українського козацтва|День Українського козацтва]]}}); then officially [[Promulgation|promulgated]] as such by decree of the [[President of Ukraine|Ukrainian President]] in 1999.<ref name="zakon">{{cite web |date=August 7, 1999 |title=Про День Українського козацтва Президент України; Указ від 07.08.1999 № 966/99 |url=http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/966/99 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |publisher=[[Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine]]}}</ref> Finally, on October 14, 2014, another President decree (approved by the [[Ukrainian parliament]] on March 5, 2015) promoted the day to the new public holiday "[[Defenders Day (Ukraine)|Defenders of Ukraine Day]]" ({{Langx|uk|День захи́сника́ Украї́ни|Den zakhysnyka Ukrainy|links=no}}), to replace the former "[[Defender of the Fatherland Day]]" inherited from the [[Soviet Union]]. The [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Lady of Intercession]] is regarded as a holy defender of both the Ukrainian nation at large and of the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]]. Some, but not all, regions of the [[Russian Federation]] celebrate the Feast of Intercession as a work holiday. It is not a part of the ritual traditions of, and therefore is not celebrated by, the [[Oriental Orthodox Churches]] or some jurisdictions that allow [[Western Rite Orthodoxy]]. Yet the feast is perfectly consistent with the theology of these sister churches. The Western Rite Communities of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR) do celebrate this feast on their calendar.<ref name="transf" /> October 1 (in the Julian calendar) is also the feast of St. [[Romanus the Melodist]], so he is often depicted on the same icon, even though he and St. Andrew lived at different times. He is often shown directly below the Virgin Mary, standing on a [[Bema#Christianity|bema]], or on a [[kathedra]], chanting from a scroll.<ref name="Neil" /> The scroll represents the various [[kontakion|kontakia]] which have been attributed to him. The feast day of [[Andrew of Constantinople|St. Andrew, the Fool-for-Christ]], falls on the following day, October 2 (in accordance with the Orthodox liturgical tradition of the [[Synaxis]]). == Churches dedicated to the Intercession == Churches with that name are numerous in the East Slavic Orthodoxy. [[File:Покровська церква-фортеця Сутківці.jpg|thumb|upright|Pokrova Church in Sutkivtsi]] [[File:Січова_церква_-_ІКК_"Запорізька_Січ".jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sich]] Pokrova Church on [[Khortytsia]]]] In [[Ukraine]], the oldest church dedicated to Pokrova is considered to be {{ill|Svyato-Pokrovska Church in Sutkivtsi|uk|Свято-Покровська церква (Сутківці)}}, built in 1476 to also serve as a fortress. The timber {{ill|Sich Pokrova Church|uk|Церква Покрови Пресвятої Богородиці (Хортиця)}} on [[Khortytsia]] island nowadays is a stylization for the church thought to have existed there since 1576. Other notable examples include [[Pokrovskyi Monastery, Kharkiv|Intercession Monastery Cathedral]] in [[Kharkiv]], {{ill|Svyato-Pokrovska Church|uk|Свято-Покровська Подільська церква}} in [[Podil]], [[Kyiv]], {{ill|Pokrova Cathedral|uk|Покровський собор (Охтирка)}} in [[Okhtyrka]], all or them built in the [[Ukrainian Baroque|Cossack Baroque]] style, and {{ill|Svyato-Pokrovska Church in Plishyvets|uk|Свято-Покровська церква (Плішивець)}}, in [[Baroque Revival architecture|Neo-Baroque]]. [[File:Sobor.JPG|thumb|upright|Pokrov Cathedral on the Moat, better known as [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]]]] Probably the most famous [[Russia]]n church named for Pokrov is [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]], [[Red Square]], Moscow, which is officially entitled "the Church of Intercession of Our Lady that Is on the Moat" ({{langx|ru|link=no|Собор Покрова пресвятой Богородицы, что на Рву}}) or shortly "Intercession Cathedral upon moat" ({{langx|ru|link=no|Храм Покрова "на рву"}}).<ref>{{cite book | author=Shvidkovsky, D. S. | author-link=Dmitry Shvidkovsky | title=Russian architecture and the West | publisher=Yale University Press | year=2007 | isbn=978-0300109122 |id= | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQy9TJ2yOQEC }} p. 126.</ref> The other one is the [[Church of the Intercession on the Nerl|Church of Intercession]] in [[Bogolyubovo, Vladimir Oblast|Bogolyubovo]] near [[Vladimir, Russia|Vladimir]] on the [[Nerl River (Klyazma)|Nerl River]] ({{langx|ru|link=no|Церковь Покрова на Нерли|Tserkov Pokrova na Nerli}}). Both churches are on the United Nations' [[World Heritage List]], the latter as part of the site [[White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal]]. There is also a Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin in [[St. Petersburg]].<ref>[http://www.saint-petersburg.com/churches/church-intercession-holy-virgin-polytechnic-institute.asp St. Petersburg website]. Accessed February 7, 2010.</ref> Other notable churches commemorating this feast are Intercession of the Holy Virgin Russian Orthodox Church in [[Manchester, England|Manchester]], England,<ref>[http://www.pokrov.org.uk/ Pokrov Church of the Russian Orthodox church website from UK]. Accessed February 7, 2010.</ref> and the Russian Orthodox Church of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin & [[St. Sergius]] in [[Glen Cove, New York]]. In north Wales there is the Church of the Holy Protection (Eglwys yr Amddiffyniad Sanctaidd) at 10 Manod Road, Blaenau Ffestiniog, where the liturgy is celebrated partly in Welsh, also English, Greek, and Church Slavonic. The church, under Igoumen Deiniol, is under the omophor of the diocese of Sourozh of the Moscow Patriarchate. == See also == * [[Blachernitissa]] * [[Virgin of Mercy|Western ''Mater Misericordia'' imagery]] * [[The Protecting Veil]], a musical work by [[John Tavener]], inspired by the Orthodox feast == References == {{Reflist|35em|refs= <ref name="risu.org.ua">{{cite web | url=http://risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/culture/religious_holidays/49887/ | title=Feast of Intercession Celebrated in Ukraine as Religious and National Holiday | publisher=RISU – Religious Information Service in Ukraine | date=October 14, 2012 | access-date=October 16, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="protectionbvmsolon.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.protectionbvmsolon.com/ | title=Holy Protection of the Virgin Mary | publisher=Protection of the Blessed Virgin Mary Ukrainian Catholic Church | access-date=October 16, 2013 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105025240/http://protectionbvmsolon.com/ | archive-date=January 5, 2014 }}</ref> <ref name="Neil">Neil K. Moran; [https://books.google.com/books?id=3dcUAAAAIAAJ&dq=pokrov+icon&pg=PA128 ''Singers in Late Byzantine and Slavonic Painting''], p. 126ff, Brill, 1986, {{ISBN|90-04-07809-6}}</ref> <ref name="ukrainianchurchesofcanada.ca">{{cite web | url=http://www.ukrainianchurchesofcanada.ca/iconography/uf_Theotokos.html | title=Icons of the Theotokos (Bohoroditsia) | work=Ukrainian Churches of Canada | access-date=October 16, 2013 | author=Demchinsky, Sterling}}</ref> }} == Bibliography == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050403094602/http://days.ru/Life/life1638.htm Покров Пресвятой Богородицы] {{in lang|ru}} The article was used for iconography description. * ''Basil Lourié.'' [https://www.academia.edu/454200/THE_FEAST_OF_POKROV_ITS_BYZANTINE_ORIGIN_AND_THE_CULT_OF_GREGORY_THE_ILLUMINATOR_AND_ISAAC_THE_PARTHIAN_SAHAK_PARTcEV_IN_BYZANTIUM The Feast of Pokrov, its Byzantine Origin, and the Cult of Gregory the Illuminator and Isaac the Parthian (Sahak Part<sup>c</sup>ev) in Byzantium] == External links == {{Commons category|Intercession of the Theotokos}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070227073114/http://www.wscsd.org/ejournal/article.php3?id_article=152 Celebration of Pokrov in Russia] * [http://www.icon-art.info/topic.php?lng=en&top_id=101 Icons of the Intercession] * [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsViewer.asp?SID=4&ID=1&FSID=102824 The Protection of our Most Holy Lady the Mother of God and Ever-Virgin Mary] Icon and [[Synaxarion]] of the feast * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081003155005/http://goarch.org/en/chapel/saints.asp?contentid=738 The Feast of the Holy Skepi of the Theotokos] from the Website of the [[Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070617072326/http://www.standrewfoolforchrist.org/patronst.htm Saint Andrew, Fool-for-Christ] * {{in lang|ru}} [http://www.vmonastyr.ru Pokrovsko-Vasil'evsky monastyr (Protection-Basil monastery)] * [http://pokrov-foundation.org Pokrov Foundation], a Bulgarian Orthodox Christian organization [[Category:Eastern Orthodox Mariology]] [[Category:October in the Eastern Orthodox calendar]] [[Category:Marian feast days]] [[Category:October observances]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Catalog_lookup_link" title="Template:Catalog lookup link">Template:Catalog lookup link</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Catalog_lookup_link&action=edit" title="Template:Catalog 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