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2.1 Antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modren_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modren_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Early modren period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modren_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_modren_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_modren_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Late modren period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_modren_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporar_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporar_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Contemporar history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporar_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geografie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_an_aa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_an_aa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See an aa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_an_aa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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Available in 309 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-309" aria-hidden="true" > 309 leids </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Франциа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Франциа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peurancih" title="Peurancih – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Peurancih" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Францие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Францие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featurt airticles"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%88%A3%E1%8B%AD" title="ፈረንሣይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፈረንሣይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francland" title="Francland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Francland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furans" title="Furans – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Furans" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرنسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرنسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%A2%DC%A3%DC%90" title="ܦܪܢܣܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܪܢܣܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرانسا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فرانسا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فرنسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرنسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্ৰান্স – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফ্ৰান্স" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Паранс – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Паранс" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca" title="Franca – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Franca" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phransiya" title="Phransiya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Phransiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABz%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Prancūzėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Prancūzėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paransis" title="Paransis – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Paransis" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransya" title="Pransya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pransya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Францыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Францыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Францыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Францыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasman" title="Prasman – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Prasman" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Bulgairien" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgairien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franis" title="Franis – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Franis" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parancis" title="Parancis – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Parancis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ပိဉ်တိစ်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပိဉ်တိစ်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A0ransi" title="Fàransi – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Fàransi" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্রান্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রান্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A5%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྥ་རན་སི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྥ་རན་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="ফ্রান্স – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ফ্রান্স" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bro-C%27hall" title="Bro-C'hall – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bro-C'hall" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Francuska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%84%E1%A8%9B%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%8F%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%97" title="ᨄᨛᨑᨏᨗᨔᨗ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨛᨑᨏᨗᨔᨗ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Франци – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Франци" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1k-gu%C3%B3k" title="Huák-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huák-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Франци – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Франци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featurt airticles"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%B1" title="ᎦᎸᏥᏱ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᎸᏥᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="فەڕەنسا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەڕەنسا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkistan" title="Frenkistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Frenkistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francie" title="Francie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%ABj%C3%B4" title="Francëjô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Francëjô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Франкїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Франкїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Франци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Франци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffrainc" title="Ffrainc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffrainc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrig" title="Frankrig – Dens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francojska" title="Francojska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Francojska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8A%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%AD%DE%90%DE%A8%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ފަރަންސޭސިވިލާތް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ފަރަންސޭސިވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B" title="ཕརཱནསི་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཕརཱནསི་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γαλλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαλλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza" title="Franza – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Franza" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Inglis" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inglis" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francio" title="Francio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Francio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Spainish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spainish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsusmaa" title="Prantsusmaa – Eastlands" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Prantsusmaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Eastlands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantzia" title="Frantzia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantzia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farayse" title="Farayse – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Farayse" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranska" title="Ranska – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ranska" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prantsusmaa" title="Prantsusmaa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Prantsusmaa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanise" title="Varanise – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Varanise" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakland" title="Frakland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Frakland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flans%C3%A9t%C3%B2" title="Flansétò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Flansétò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featurt airticles"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A5nkrik" title="Frånkrik – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Frånkrik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Frankryk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhrainc" title="An Fhrainc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Fhrainc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C5%A3iya" title="Franţiya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Franţiya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="法國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafrans" title="Lafrans – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lafrans" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Fhraing" title="An Fhraing – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Fhraing" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%A3sia" title="Hyãsia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hyãsia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3" title="𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌽𐌳" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8" title="ફ્રાન્સ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફ્રાન્સ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featurt airticles"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Rank" title="Yn Rank – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Rank" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransa" title="Faransa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Faransa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featurt airticles"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fap-koet" title="Fap-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fap-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palani" title="Palani – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Palani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA" title="צרפת – Ebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צרפת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ़्रान्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़्रान्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Francuska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoska" title="Francoska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Francoska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciaorsz%C3%A1g" title="Franciaország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Franciaország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featurt airticles"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ֆրանսիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1" title="Ֆրանսա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ֆրանսա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peranchis" title="Peranchis – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Peranchis" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransia" title="Pransia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pransia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Фаьренгехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Фаьренгехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featurt airticles"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frakkland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%97%E1%95%8C%E1%93%90%E1%94%85" title="ᕗᕌᓐᔅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕗᕌᓐᔅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9" title="フランス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/fasygu%27e" title="fasygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="fasygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საფრანგეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საფრანგეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciya" title="Franciya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Franciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Фрэндж – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Фрэндж" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C9%A9%C9%A9" title="Fransɩɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fransɩɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fi%CC%B1ransa_(a%CC%B1byin)" title="Fi̱ransa (a̱byin) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Fi̱ransa (a̱byin)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwalansa" title="Fwalansa – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Fwalansa" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranja" title="Baranja – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Baranja" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84" title="បារាំង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បារាំង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%A4" title="프랑스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81" title="Франс – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Франс" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%B3" title="فرٛانٛس – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="فرٛانٛس" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83" title="Прансузму – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Прансузму" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Frynk" title="Pow Frynk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Frynk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featurt airticles"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Laitin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Laitin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankr%C3%A4ich" title="Frankräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Frankräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bufalansa" title="Bufalansa – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bufalansa" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franzia" title="Franzia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Franzia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A0ncia" title="Frància – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Frància" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falansia" title="Falansia – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Falansia" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9D%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87" title="ປະເທດຝຣັ່ງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຝຣັ່ງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranc%C5%ABzija" title="Prancūzija – Lithuanie" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prancūzija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanie" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pra%C5%86ceja" title="Praņceja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Praņceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francija" title="Francija – Letts" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letts" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Кранцмастор – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кранцмастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsa" title="Frantsa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Frantsa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Франций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%ABw%C4%AB" title="Wīwī – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Wīwī" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parancih" title="Parancih – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Parancih" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Франција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫ്രാൻസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാൻസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Франц – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Франц" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%81" title="ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perancis" title="Perancis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perancis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza" title="Franza – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Franza" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1ncia" title="Fráncia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Fráncia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ပြင်သစ်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြင်သစ်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Франция Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Франция Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franza" title="Franza – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Franza" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रान्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फ्रान्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߝߊ߬ߙߊ߲߬ߛߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraunce" title="Fraunce – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Fraunce" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fora" title="Fora – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Fora" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1%C3%A1ghahii_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dáághahii Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dáághahii Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="França" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsii" title="Frantsii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Frantsii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaansi" title="Firaansi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Firaansi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Франц – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Франц" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransia" title="Fransia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Fransia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franche" title="Franche – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Franche" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankreich" title="Frankreich – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Frankreich" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8" title="फ्रांस – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="फ्रांस" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francja" title="Francja – Polls" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Francja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polls" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γαλλία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Γαλλία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87" title="فرانسه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانسه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featurt airticles"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransiya" title="Ransiya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ransiya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantscha" title="Frantscha – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Frantscha" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franchiya" title="Franchiya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Franchiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubufaransa" title="Ubufaransa – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Ubufaransa" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featurt airticles"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța – Roumains" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Franța" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roumains" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A2n%C8%9Bie" title="Frânție – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Frânție" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frange" title="Frange – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Frange" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Roushien" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Roushien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Франція – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Франція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubufaransa" title="Ubufaransa – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ubufaransa" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="फ्रान्सदेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फ्रान्सदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Быраансыйа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Быраансыйа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱷᱨᱟᱱᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantza" title="Frantza – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Frantza" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia" title="Francia – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Francia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriika" title="Frankriika – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Frankriika" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%C3%A2nzi" title="Farânzi – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Farânzi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featurt airticles"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francuska" title="Francuska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francuska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%E1%B9%9Ban%E1%B9%A3a" title="Fṛanṣa – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Fṛanṣa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BE%E1%80%9B%E1%81%A2%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B5%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၾရၢင်ႇသဵတ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၾရၢင်ႇသဵတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="ප්‍රංශය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franc%C3%BAzsko" title="Francúzsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Francúzsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francija" title="Francija – Slovein" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovein" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farani" title="Farani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Farani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranska" title="Ranska – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ranska" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furanzi" title="Furanzi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Furanzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransiiska" title="Faransiiska – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Faransiiska" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franca" title="Franca – Albainien" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Franca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albainien" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Француска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Француска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franskondre" title="Franskondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Franskondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFulansi" title="IFulansi – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IFulansi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fora" title="Fora – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Fora" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prancis" title="Prancis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Prancis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankrike" title="Frankrike – Swaidish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swaidish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufaransa" title="Ufaransa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ufaransa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francyj%C5%8F" title="Francyjŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Francyjŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="பிரான்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫ్రాన్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్రాన్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Фаронса – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фаронса" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="ประเทศฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B3" title="ፈረንሳ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፈረንሳ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransi%C3%BDa" title="Fransiýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Fransiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransiya" title="Pransiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pransiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyr%C9%99ngyston" title="Fyrəngyston – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Fyrəngyston" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fora" title="Fora – Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Fora" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falanis%C4%93" title="Falanisē – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Falanisē" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frens" title="Frens – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Frens" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furhwa" title="Furhwa – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Furhwa" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far%C4%81ni" title="Farāni – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Farāni" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Франция – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Франция" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="فرانسىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فرانسىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Франція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="فرانس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiya" title="Fransiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fransiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransa" title="Fransa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fransa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francii" title="Francii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Francii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p" title="Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrankryk" title="Vrankryk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vrankryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C3%A4n" title="Fransän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Fransän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="France" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransya" title="Fransya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fransya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraas" title="Faraas – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Faraas" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="法国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Пранцсин Орн – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Пранцсин Орн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransi" title="Fransi – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Fransi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="საფრანგეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="საფრანგეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A" title="פראנקרייך – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פראנקרייך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1ns%C3%AC" title="Fránsì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fránsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazgoz" title="Fazgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Fazgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankriek" title="Frankriek – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Frankriek" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%95%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9A%E2%B4%B0" title="ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴼⵕⴰⵏⵚⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国 – Cheenese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cheenese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="法國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoat-kok" title="Hoat-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoat-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="法國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFulansi" title="IFulansi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IFulansi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q142#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Eedit interleid airtins" class="wbc-editpage">Eedit airtins</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="fn org country-name">French Republic</div> <div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;">République française  (<a href="/wiki/French_leid" title="French leid">French</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"><div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banner o Fraunce"><img alt="Banner o Fraunce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/250px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Banner_o_Fraunce" title="Banner o Fraunce">Banner</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naitional emblem o Fraunce"><img alt="Naitional emblem o Fraunce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/85px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/128px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/170px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="199" /></a></div> <div style="font-size:90%;">Naitional emblem</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div style="line-height:1.2em;">Motto: "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité (page disna exeest)">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a>"</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="anthem" style="text-align:center"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Naitional_anthem" title="Naitional anthem">Anthem</a>: "<a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a>" <div style="padding-top:0.4em;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="80" data-mwtitle="La_Marseillaise.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/La_Marseillaise.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh-my&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-MY" label="中文（马来西亚） ‪(zh-my)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALa_Marseillaise.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:France_in_the_World_(%2BAntarctica_claims).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Territory o the French Republic (reid) Claimed territory (Adélie Laund; hatched)"><img alt="Territory o the French Republic (reid) Claimed territory (Adélie Laund; hatched)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/France_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg/250px-France_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/France_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg/375px-France_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/France_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg/500px-France_in_the_World_%28%2BAntarctica_claims%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2521" data-file-height="1260" /></a><div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;">Territory o the French Republic (reid) Claimed territory (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad%C3%A9lie_Laund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adélie Laund (page disna exeest)">Adélie Laund</a>; hatched)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location o  metropolitan Fraunce  (dark green) – on the European continent  (green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (green)"><img alt="Location o  metropolitan Fraunce  (dark green) – on the European continent  (green & dark grey) – in the European Union  (green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EU-France.svg/250px-EU-France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EU-France.svg/375px-EU-France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/EU-France.svg/500px-EU-France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a><div style="position:relative;top:0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;font-size:11px;line-height:1.15em;">Location o  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolitan Fraunce (page disna exeest)">metropolitan Fraunce</a>  (dark green)– on the <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European continent</a>  (green & dark grey) – in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>  (green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Caipital <div style="font-weight:normal">and largest city</div></th><td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r840235">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fraunce&params=48_51.4_N_2_21.05_E_type:city">48°51.4′N 2°21.05′E / 48.8567°N 2.35083°E / 48.8567; 2.35083</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Offeecial leid an naitional leid</th><td><a href="/wiki/French_leid" title="French leid">French</a><a href="#cite_note-one-1">[upper-roman 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>89.4% <a href="/wiki/French_fowk" title="French fowk">French</a></li><li>4.4% French (bi acquiseetion)</li><li>6.2% Foreigners</li><li>8.9% Immigrants<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Releegion <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">63-66% <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">7-9% <a href="/wiki/Muslim" title="Muslim">Muslim</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.5-0.75% <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.5-0.75% <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">0.5-1.0% ither</li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">23-28% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irreleegion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irreleegion (page disna exeest)">none</a><a href="#cite_note-cia-3">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/French_fowk" title="French fowk">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Govrenment</th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary state (page disna exeest)">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_seestem" title="Semi-presidential seestem">semi‑presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Preses_o_Fraunce" title="Preses o Fraunce">Preses</a> </div></th><td><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prime_Meenister_o_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prime Meenister o Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Prime Meenister</a> </div></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Barnier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Barnier (page disna exeest)">Michel Barnier</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_Preses_o_the_Senate_o_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o Preses o the Senate o Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Preses o the Senate</a> </div></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%A9rard_Larcher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gérard Larcher (page disna exeest)">Gérard Larcher</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_Preses_o_the_Naitional_Assembly_o_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o Preses o the Naitional Assembly o Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Preses o the Naitional Assembly</a> </div></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ya%C3%ABl_Braun-Pivet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaël Braun-Pivet (page disna exeest)">Yaël Braun-Pivet</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Legislatur</th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Pairlament&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Pairlament (page disna exeest)">Pairlament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Upper_house&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upper house (page disna exeest)">Upper house</a></div></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senate_(Fraunce)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senate (Fraunce) (page disna exeest)">Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_house&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lower house (page disna exeest)">Lower house</a></div></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naitional_Assembly_(Fraunce)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naitional Assembly (Fraunce) (page disna exeest)">Naitional Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_o_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History o Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Establishment</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francia (page disna exeest)">Francia</a> unified </div></th><td>486</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_o_Verdun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty o Verdun (page disna exeest)">Treaty o Verdun</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[upper-roman 2]</a> </div></th><td>August 843</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proclamation_o_the_aboleetion_o_the_monarchy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proclamation o the aboleetion o the monarchy (page disna exeest)">Republic established</a> </div></th><td>22 September 1792</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enlargement_o_the_European_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enlargement o the European Union (page disna exeest)">Founded</a> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=European_Economic_Community&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="European Economic Community (page disna exeest)">EEC</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[upper-roman 3]</a> </div></th><td>1 Januar 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_o_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution o Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Current constitution</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[upper-roman 4]</a> </div></th><td>4 October 1958</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;">Aurie</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Total</div></th><td>643,801 km2 (248,573 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-two-7">[upper-roman 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-areafactbook-8">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leet_o_kintras_an_dependencies_bi_aurie" class="mw-redirect" title="Leet o kintras an dependencies bi aurie">41st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolitan Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Metropolitan Fraunce</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_g%C3%A9ographique_national&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut géographique national (page disna exeest)">IGN</a>)</div></th><td>551,695 km2<a href="#cite_note-three-9">[upper-roman 6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leet_o_kintras_an_dependencies_bi_aurie" class="mw-redirect" title="Leet o kintras an dependencies bi aurie">50t</a>) 213,010 sq mi</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolitan Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Metropolitan Fraunce</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cadastre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cadastre (page disna exeest)">Cadastre</a>)</div></th><td>543,940.9 km2<a href="#cite_note-four-10">[upper-roman 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leet_o_kintras_an_dependencies_bi_aurie" class="mw-redirect" title="Leet o kintras an dependencies bi aurie">50t</a>) 210,026 sq mi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;text-align:left;">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Tot 2017 estimate</div></th><td>66,991,000<a href="#cite_note-insee.fr-12">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leet_o_kintras_an_dependencies_bi_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population">20t</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolitan Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Metropolitan Fraunce</a> Januar 2017 estimate</div></th><td>64,859,000<a href="#cite_note-insee.fr-12">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leet_o_kintras_an_dependencies_bi_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population">22nt</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Density</div></th><td>116/km2 (300.4/sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-five-13">[upper-roman 8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leet_o_kintras_an_territories_bi_population_density" title="Leet o kintras an territories bi population density">89t</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Purchasin_pouer_parity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purchasin pouer parity (page disna exeest)">PPP</a>)</th><td>2015 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Total</div></th><td>$2.647 trillion (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_kintras_bi_GDP_(PPP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o kintras bi GDP (PPP) (page disna exeest)">10t</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Per capita</div></th><td>$41,181<a href="#cite_note-imfFrance-14">[6]</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_kintras_bi_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o kintras bi GDP (PPP) per capita (page disna exeest)">24t</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (nominal)</th><td>2015 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Tot</div></th><td>$2.422 trillion (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_kintras_bi_GDP_(nominal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal) (page disna exeest)">6t</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Per capita</div></th><td>$37,675<a href="#cite_note-imfFrance-14">[6]</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_kintras_bi_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal) per capita (page disna exeest)">20t</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gini_coefficient&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gini coefficient (page disna exeest)">Gini</a> (2013)</th><td>30.1<a href="#cite_note-CIA-15">[7]</a> medium</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2015)</th><td><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.897<a href="#cite_note-HDI-16">[8]</a> verra heich · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_kintras_bi_Human_Development_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o kintras bi Human Development Index (page disna exeest)">21st</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Currency</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">EUR</a>)<a href="#cite_note-six-17">[upper-roman 9]</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CFP_franc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CFP franc (page disna exeest)">CFP franc</a> (XPF)<a href="#cite_note-seven-18">[upper-roman 10]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row">Time zone</th><td><a href="/wiki/Coordinatit_Universal_Time" title="Coordinatit Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (CET<a href="#cite_note-eight-19">[upper-roman 11]</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylicht_savin_time" title="Daylicht savin time">DST</a>)</div></th><td><a href="/wiki/Coordinatit_Universal_Time" title="Coordinatit Universal Time">UTC</a>+2 (CEST<a href="#cite_note-nine-20">[upper-roman 12]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Date format</th><td>dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caur-_an_richt-haund_traffic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caur- an richt-haund traffic (page disna exeest)">Drivin side</a></th><td>right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cawin code</th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telephone_nummers_in_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telephone nummers in Fraunce (page disna exeest)">+33</a><a href="#cite_note-eleven-21">[upper-roman 13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_3166&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 3166 (page disna exeest)">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO_3166-2:FR&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO 3166-2:FR (page disna exeest)">FR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kintra_code_tap-level_domain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kintra code tap-level domain (page disna exeest)">Internet TLD</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/.fr" class="mw-redirect" title=".fr">.fr</a><a href="#cite_note-ten-22">[upper-roman 14]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_d%C3%A9partementale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/France_d%C3%A9partementale.svg/220px-France_d%C3%A9partementale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/France_d%C3%A9partementale.svg/330px-France_d%C3%A9partementale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/France_d%C3%A9partementale.svg/440px-France_d%C3%A9partementale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>Territorial organization</figcaption></figure> Fraunce (French: France, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[fʁɑ̃s]</a>), offeecially the French Republic (République française, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]</a>), is a kintra wi territory in <a href="/wiki/Wastren_Europe" title="Wastren Europe">wastren Europe</a> an <a href="/wiki/Owerseas_depairtments_an_territories_o_Fraunce" class="mw-redirect" title="Owerseas depairtments an territories o Fraunce">several owerseas regions an territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-twelve-23">[upper-roman 15]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolitan Fraunce (page disna exeest)">European, or metropolitan, aurie o Fraunce</a> stends frae the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> tae the <a href="/wiki/Inglis_Channel" title="Inglis Channel">Inglis Channel</a> an the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, an frae the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> tae the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>. <a href="/wiki/Owerseas_Fraunce" title="Owerseas Fraunce">Owerseas Fraunce</a> include <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sooth_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Sooth American">Sooth American</a> continent an siveral island territories in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> an <a href="/wiki/Indie_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indie Ocean">Indie</a> oceans. Fraunce spans 643,801 square kilometre (248,573 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-areafactbook-8">[3]</a> an haed a tot population o awmaist 66,650,804 fowk as o Januar 2017. It is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary state (page disna exeest)">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_seestem" title="Semi-presidential seestem">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> wi the <a href="/wiki/Caipital_ceety" class="mw-redirect" title="Caipital ceety">caipital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, the kintra's lairgest ceety an main cultural an commercial centre. Ither major <a href="/wiki/Urban_unit" title="Urban unit">urban centres</a> include <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[upper-roman 16]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a> an <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Airn_Age" title="Airn Age">Airn Age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gauls</a>, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celts (page disna exeest)">Celtic</a> fowk, dwallt i whit is nou metropolitan Fraunce. The aurie wis annexed in 51 BC bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Republic (page disna exeest)">Roum</a>, whilk held Gaul till 486, whan the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_fowks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic fowks (page disna exeest)">Germanic</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franks (page disna exeest)">Franks</a> conquered the region an formed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinrick_o_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinrick o Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Kinrick o Fraunce</a>. Fraunce emerged as a major European pouer in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Middle_Ages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Late Middle Ages (page disna exeest)">Late Middle Ages</a>, wi its veectory in the <a href="/wiki/Hunder_Years%27_War" title="Hunder Years' War">Hunder Years' War</a> (1337 tae 1453) strenthenin <a href="/w/index.php?title=State-biggin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State-biggin (page disna exeest)">state-biggin</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitary_state&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitary state (page disna exeest)">poleetical centralisation</a>. Durin the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Renaissance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Renaissance (page disna exeest)">Renaissance</a>, French cultur flourisht and a <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">global colonial empire</a> wis estaiblisht, whilk bi the 20t century wad be the seicont lairgest in the warld.<a href="#cite_note-25">[9]</a> The 16t century wis dominatit bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Wars_o_Releegion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Wars o Releegion (page disna exeest)">releegious ceevil wars</a> atween <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Kirk" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Kirk">Catholics</a> an <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Huguenot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huguenot (page disna exeest)">Huguenots</a>). Fraunce acame Europe's dominant cultural, poleetical, an militar power unner <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[10]</a> In the late 18t century, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> owerthrew the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>, established ane o modren history's earliest <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">republics</a>, an saw the draftin o the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_o_the_Richts_o_Man_an_o_the_Ceetizen" title="Declaration o the Richts o Man an o the Ceetizen">Declaration o the Richts o Man an o the Ceetizen</a>, whilk expresses the naition's ideals tae this day. In the 19t century <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> teuk pouer an estaiblisht the <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_French_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First French Empire (page disna exeest)">First French Empire</a>, whase subsequent <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> shaped the coorse o continental Europe. Follaein the collapse o the Empire, Fraunce endured a tumultuous succession o govrenments culminatin wi the establishment o the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> in 1870. Fraunce wis a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triple_Entente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triple Entente (page disna exeest)">major pairteecipant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/First_Warld_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Warld War">First Warld War</a>, frae whilk it <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_o_Versailles_(1919)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty o Versailles (1919) (page disna exeest)">emerged victorious</a>, an wis ane o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allies_o_Warld_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allies o Warld War II (page disna exeest)">Allied Pouers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seicont_Warld_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Seicont Warld War">Seicont Warld War</a>, but cam unner <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_militar_admeenistration_in_occupied_Fraunce_during_World_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German militar admeenistration in occupied Fraunce during World War II (page disna exeest)">occupation</a> bi the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Axis_Pouers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Axis Pouers (page disna exeest)">Axis Pouers</a> in 1940. Follaein <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leeberation_o_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leeberation o Fraunce (page disna exeest)">leeberation</a> in 1944, a <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fowert_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Fowert Republic (page disna exeest)">Fowert Republic</a> wis established an later dissolved in the coorse o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Algerian_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algerian War (page disna exeest)">Algerian War</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fift_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Fift Republic (page disna exeest)">Fift Republic</a>, led bi <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, wis formed in 1958 an remeens tae this day. Algerie an nearly aw the ither colonies acame independent in the 1960s wi minimal controversy an teepically reteened <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7afrique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Françafrique (page disna exeest)">close economic an militar connections wi Fraunce</a>. Fraunce haes lang been a global centre o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_French_airtists_an_airteestic_muivements&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o French airtists an airteestic muivements (page disna exeest)">airt</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_French_scientists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o French scientists (page disna exeest)">science</a>, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_French_filosofers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o French filosofers (page disna exeest)">filosofie</a>. It hosts Europe's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_Warld_Heritage_Steids_in_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Fraunce (page disna exeest)">fowerth-lairgest</a> nummer o cultural <a href="/w/index.php?title=UNESCO_Warld_Heritage_Steids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids (page disna exeest)">UNESCO Warld Heritage Steids</a> an receives aroond 83 million foreign <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism in Fraunce (page disna exeest)">tourists</a> annually, the maist o ony kintra in the warld.<a href="#cite_note-tourism.stat-27">[11]</a> Fraunce is a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Developit_kintra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Developit kintra (page disna exeest)">developit kintra</a> wi the warld's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_kintras_bi_GDP_(nominal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal) (page disna exeest)">saxt-lairgest economy</a> bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nominal_GDP&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nominal GDP (page disna exeest)">nominal GDP</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[12]</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_kintras_bi_GDP_(PPP)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o kintras bi GDP (PPP) (page disna exeest)">nint-lairgest</a> bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Purchasin_pouer_parity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Purchasin pouer parity (page disna exeest)">purchasin pouer parity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-data.worldbank.org-29">[13]</a> In terms o aggregate hoosehauld wealth, it ranks fowert in the warld.<a href="#cite_note-30">[14]</a> Fraunce performs weel in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internaitional_rankings_o_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internaitional rankings o Fraunce (page disna exeest)">internaitional rankins</a> o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eddication_Index&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eddication Index (page disna exeest)">eddication</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heal_care_in_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heal care in Fraunce (page disna exeest)">heal care</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_kintras_bi_life_expectancy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o kintras bi life expectancy (page disna exeest)">life expectancy</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">human development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[16]</a> Fraunce remeens a <a href="/wiki/Great_pouer" title="Great pouer">great pouer</a> in the warld,<a href="#cite_note-33">[17]</a> bein ane o the five <a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanent_members_o_the_Unitit_Naitions_Security_Cooncil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permanent members o the Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil (page disna exeest)">permanent members o the Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil</a> wi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unitit_Naitions_Security_Cooncil_veto_pouer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil veto pouer (page disna exeest)">the pouer tae veto</a> an an offeecial <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_states_wi_nuclear_wappens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o states wi nuclear wappens (page disna exeest)">nuclear-wappen state</a>. It's a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Fower_(European_Union)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big Fower (European Union) (page disna exeest)">leadin</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_state_o_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member state o the European Union">member state o the European Union</a> an the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-superficy-34">[18]</a> It is a member o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=G7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G7 (page disna exeest)">Group o 7</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO), <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_an_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development</a> (OECD), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Warld_Tred_Organisation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Warld Tred Organisation (page disna exeest)">Warld Tred Organisation</a> (WTO), an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (page disna exeest)">La Francophonie</a> an aa. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Eedit section: Etymology" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">eedit</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etymology">eedit soorce</a>]</div> Oreeginally applee'd tae the hail <a href="/w/index.php?title=Empire_o_the_Franks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empire o the Franks (page disna exeest)">Frankish Empire</a>, the name "Fraunce" comes frae the <a href="/wiki/Laitin" title="Laitin">Laitin</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francia (page disna exeest)">Francia</a>, or "kintra o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franks (page disna exeest)">Franks</a>".<a href="#cite_note-35">[19]</a> Modren Fraunce is still named the day Francia in Italian an Spaingie, Frankreich in German an Frankrijk in Dutch, aw o whilk hae the same historical meanin. Thare is various theories as tae the origin o the name Frank. Follaein the precedents o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Gibbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Gibbon (page disna exeest)">Edward Gibbon</a> an <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[20]</a> the name o the Franks haes been airtit wi the wird frank (free) in Inglis.<a href="#cite_note-37">[21]</a> It haes been suggestit that the meanin o "free" wis adoptit acause, efter the conquest o Gaul, anerly Franks war free o taxation.<a href="#cite_note-38">[22]</a> Anither theory is that it is derived frae the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Germanic_leid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-Germanic leid (page disna exeest)">Proto-Germanic</a> wird frankon, whilk translates as javelin or lance as the thrawin axe o the Franks wis kent as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisca (page disna exeest)">francisca</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[23]</a> Housomeiver, it haes been determined that thir wappens war named acause o thair uise bi the Franks, nae the ither wey aroond.<a href="#cite_note-40">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Eedit section: History" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">eedit</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: History">eedit soorce</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Eedit section: Antiquity" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">eedit</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Antiquity">eedit soorce</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History of France</a> In 600 BC, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ionie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ionie (page disna exeest)">Ionie</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul (page disna exeest)">Greeks</a>, oreeginatin frae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phocaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phocaea (page disna exeest)">Phocaea</a>, foondit the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greek_colonies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greek colonies (page disna exeest)">colony o Massalia</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>), on the shores o the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. This maks it Fraunce's auldest ceety.<a href="#cite_note-The_Cambridge_ancient_history-41">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orrieux-42">[26]</a> At the same time, some Gallic Celtic tribes penetratit pairts o the current territory o Fraunce, an this occupation spread tae the rest o Fraunce atween the 5t an 3rd century BC.<a href="#cite_note-43">[27]</a> The concept o <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> emerged at that time; it corresponds tae the territories o Celtic settlement rangin atween the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> an the Mediterranean. Aroond 125 BC, the sooth o Gaul wis conquered bi the Romans, wha cried this region <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallia_Narbonensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallia Narbonensis (page disna exeest)">Provincia Nostra</a> ("Oor Province"), whilk ower time evolved intae the name <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provence (page disna exeest)">Provence</a> in French.<a href="#cite_note-44">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> conquered the remainder o Gaul an owercame a revolt carried oot bi the Gallic chieftain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vercingetorix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vercingetorix (page disna exeest)">Vercingetorix</a> in 52 BC.<a href="#cite_note-45">[29]</a> Gaul wis dividit bi <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> intae Roman provinces.<a href="#cite_note-c53-46">[30]</a> Mony ceeties war foondit durin the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roman_Gaul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roman Gaul (page disna exeest)">Gallo-Roman period</a>, includin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lugdunum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lugdunum (page disna exeest)">Lugdunum</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>), whilk is conseedert the caipital o the Gauls.<a href="#cite_note-c53-46">[30]</a> Frae the 250s tae the 280s AD, Roman Gaul suffert a serious crisis wi its <a href="/w/index.php?title=Limes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limes (page disna exeest)">fortified borders</a> bein attacked on several occasions bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbarian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbarian (page disna exeest)">barbarians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-c77-47">[31]</a> Nivertheless, the situation impruived in the first hauf o the 4t century, whilk wis a period o revival an prosperity for Roman Gaul.<a href="#cite_note-48">[32]</a> In 312, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantin I</a> convertit tae Christianity. Subsequently, Christians, wha haed been persecute till then, increased rapidly athort the entire Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-49">[33]</a> But, frae the beginnin o the 5t century, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Migration_Period&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Migration Period (page disna exeest)">Barbarian Invasions</a> resumed,<a href="#cite_note-50">[34]</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanic_fowks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanic fowks (page disna exeest)">Germanic tribes</a>, sic as the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alans (page disna exeest)">Alans</a> crossed the Rhine an settled in Gaul, Spain an ither pairts o the <a href="/wiki/Decline_o_the_Roman_Empire" title="Decline o the Roman Empire">collapsin Roman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Eedit section: Middle Ages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">eedit</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Middle Ages">eedit soorce</a>]</div> At the end o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Antiquity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Late Antiquity (page disna exeest)">Antiquity</a> period, auncient Gaul wis dividit intae several Germanic kinricks an a remeenin Gallo-Roman territory, kent as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Domeen_o_Soissons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domeen o Soissons (page disna exeest)">Kinrick o Syagrius</a>. Simultaneously, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Britons_(historical)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Britons (historical) (page disna exeest)">Celtic Britons</a>, fleein the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_settlement_o_Breetain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anglo-Saxon settlement o Breetain (page disna exeest)">Anglo-Saxon settlement o Breetain</a>, settled the wastren pairt o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armorica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armorica (page disna exeest)">Armorica</a>. As a result, the Armorican <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peninsula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peninsula (page disna exeest)">peninsula</a> wis renamed <a href="/wiki/Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celts (page disna exeest)">Celtic cultur</a> wis revived an independent <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petty_kinrick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petty kinrick (page disna exeest)">petty kinricks</a> arose in this region. The pagan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franks (page disna exeest)">Franks</a>, frae that the auncient name o "Francie" wis derived, oreeginally settlet the north pairt o <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, but unner <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a> conquered maist o the ither kinricks in northren an central Gaul. The Franks embraced the Christian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallo-Roman_cultur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallo-Roman cultur (page disna exeest)">Gallo-Roman cultur</a> an auncient Gaul wis hinderly renamed <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francia (page disna exeest)">Francia</a> ("Laund o the Franks"). The Germanic Franks adoptit <a href="/wiki/Romance_leids" title="Romance leids">Romanic leids</a>, except in northren Gaul whaur Roman settlements war less dense an whaur <a href="/wiki/Germanic_leids" title="Germanic leids">Germanic leids</a> emerged. Clovis made Paris his caipital an estaiblished the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingian dynasty</a>, but his kinrick wadnae survive his daith. The Franks treatit laund purely as a private possession an dividit it amang thair heirs, sae fower kinricks emerged frae Clovis's: Paris, <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Orléans">Orléans</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soissons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soissons (page disna exeest)">Soissons</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Rheims</a>. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roi_fain%C3%A9ant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roi fainéant (page disna exeest)">lest Merovingian keengs</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pouer_behind_the_throne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pouer behind the throne (page disna exeest)">lost pouer</a> tae thair <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayor_o_the_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayor o the Palace (page disna exeest)">mayors o the palace</a> (heid o hoosehauld). Ane mayor o the palace, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Martel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Martel (page disna exeest)">Charles Martel</a>, defeatit an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_invasion_o_Gaul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamic invasion o Gaul (page disna exeest)">Islamic invasion o Gaul</a> at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_o_Tours&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle o Tours (page disna exeest)">Battle o Tours</a> (732) an earned respect an pouer amang the Frankish kinricks. His son, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pepin_the_Short&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pepin the Short (page disna exeest)">Pepin the Short</a>, seized the croun o Francie frae the waikened Merovingians an foondit the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_dynasty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carolingian dynasty (page disna exeest)">Carolingian dynasty</a>. Pepin's son, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, reunitit the Frankish kinricks an biggit a vast empire athort <a href="/wiki/Wastren_Europe" title="Wastren Europe">Wastren</a> an Central Europe. Proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Haly_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Haly Roman Emperor">Haly Roman Emperor</a> bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pape_Leo_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pape Leo III (page disna exeest)">Pape Leo III</a> an sicweys establishin in earnest the French govrenment's langtime <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_o_Roman_Catholicism_in_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History o Roman Catholicism in Fraunce (page disna exeest)">historical association</a> wi the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Kirk" title="Catholic Kirk">Catholic Kirk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-georgetown1-52">[36]</a> Charlemagne tried tae revive the <a href="/wiki/Wastren_Roman_Empire" title="Wastren Roman Empire">Wastren Roman Empire</a> an its cultural grandeur. Charlemagne's son, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_the_Pious&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis the Pious (page disna exeest)">Louis I</a> (emperor 814–840), keepit the empire unitit; housomiver, this Carolingian Empire wadnae survive his daith. In 843, unner the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_o_Verdun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty o Verdun (page disna exeest)">Treaty o Verdun</a>, the empire wis dividit atween Louis' three sons, wi <a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Francia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Francia (page disna exeest)">East Francia</a> gangin tae <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Middle_Francia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Middle Francia (page disna exeest)">Middle Francia</a> tae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lothair_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lothair I (page disna exeest)">Lothair I</a>, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wast_Francia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wast Francia (page disna exeest)">Wast Francia</a> tae <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>. Wast Francia approximatit the aurie occupied bi, an wis the precursor, tae modren Fraunce.<a href="#cite_note-53">[37]</a> The Carolingian dynasty ruled Fraunce till 987, when <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Capet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Capet (page disna exeest)">Hugh Capet</a>, Duke o Fraunce an Coont o Paris, wis crouned <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_French_monarchs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o French monarchs (page disna exeest)">Keeng o the Franks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[38]</a> His stryndants—the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoose_o_Capet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoose o Capet (page disna exeest)">Capetians</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoose_o_Valois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoose o Valois (page disna exeest)">Hoose o Valois</a>, an the <a href="/wiki/Hoose_o_Bourbon" title="Hoose o Bourbon">Hoose o Bourbon</a>—progressively unified the kintra throu wars an dynastic inheritance intae the Kinrick o Fraunce, whilk wis fou declaret in 1190 bi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_II_o_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip II o Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Philip II Augustus</a>. Lik the rest o Europe, Fraunce wis struck bi the <a href="/wiki/Black_Daith" title="Black Daith">Black Daith</a>; hauf o the 17 million population o Fraunce dee'd.<a href="#cite_note-55">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modren_period">Early modren period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Eedit section: Early modren period" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">eedit</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Early modren period">eedit soorce</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_mappe_Francia,_1703_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13363829.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_mappe_Francia%2C_1703_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13363829.jpg/220px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_mappe_Francia%2C_1703_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13363829.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_mappe_Francia%2C_1703_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13363829.jpg/330px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_mappe_Francia%2C_1703_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13363829.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_mappe_Francia%2C_1703_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13363829.jpg/440px-Acta_Eruditorum_-_III_mappe_Francia%2C_1703_%E2%80%93_BEIC_13363829.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption>Francia, 1703</figcaption></figure> The French Renaissance saw a spectacular cultural development an the first staundartisation o the French leid, whilk wad acome the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordinance_o_Villers-Cotter%C3%AAts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordinance o Villers-Cotterêts (page disna exeest)">offeecial leid o Fraunce</a> an the leid o Europe's aristocracy. French explorers, sic as <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_de_Champlain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel de Champlain (page disna exeest)">Samuel de Champlain</a>, claimed lands in the Americas for Fraunce, pavin the wey for the expansion o the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire#First_French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">First French colonial empire</a>. The rise o Protestantism in Europe led Fraunce tae a ceevil war kent as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Wars_o_Releegion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Wars o Releegion (page disna exeest)">French Wars o Releegion</a>, whaur, in the maist notorious incident, thoosands o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Huguenot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huguenot (page disna exeest)">Huguenots</a> wis murthert in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (page disna exeest)">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a> o 1572.<a href="#cite_note-57">[41]</a> The Wars o Releegion war endit bi <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_o_Fraunce" title="Henry IV o Fraunce">Henry IV</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_o_Nantes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edict o Nantes (page disna exeest)">Edict o Nantes</a>, which granted some freedom o releegion tae the Huguenots. The monarchy reached its peak durin the 17t century an the reign o <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>. Fraunce obteened mony owerseas possessions in Americae, Africae an Asie. Louis XIV. amang mony things, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edict_o_Fontainebleau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edict o Fontainebleau (page disna exeest)">revoked the Edict o Nantes</a>, forcin thoosands o Huguenots intae exile. Unner <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_o_Fraunce" title="Louis XV o Fraunce">Louis XV</a>, Louis XIV's grandson, Fraunce lost <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Fraunce (page disna exeest)">New Fraunce</a> an maist o its <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Indie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Indie (page disna exeest)">Indie possessions</a> efter its defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Seiven_Years%27_War" title="Seiven Years' War">Seiven Years' War</a>, whilk endit in 1763. An unpopular king, Louis XV's waik rule, his ill-advised financial, poleetical an militar deceesions – as weel as the debauchery o his coort– discreditit the monarchy, whilk arguably paved the wey for the French Revolution 15 year efter his daith.<a href="#cite_note-58">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modren_period">Late modren period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Eedit section: Late modren period" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">eedit</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Late modren period">eedit soorce</a>]</div> Facin financial truibles, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_o_Fraunce" title="Louis XVI o Fraunce">Louis XVI</a> summoned the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estates-General_o_1789&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estates-General o 1789 (page disna exeest)">Estates-General</a> (gatherin the three <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estates_o_the_realm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estates o the realm (page disna exeest)">Estates o the realm</a>) in Mey 1789 tae propose solutions tae his govrenment. As it cam tae an impasse, the representatives o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commoner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commoner (page disna exeest)">Third Estate</a> formed intae a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naitional_Assembly_(French_Revolution)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naitional Assembly (French Revolution) (page disna exeest)">Naitional Assembly</a>, signallin the ootbreak o the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. Fearin that the king wad suppress the newly creatit Naitional Assembly, insurgents <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stormin_o_the_Bastille&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stormin o the Bastille (page disna exeest)">stormed the Bastille</a> on 14 Julie 1789, a date which wad acome <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bastille Day (page disna exeest)">Fraunce's Naitional Day</a>. The absolute monarchy wis subsequently replaced bi a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinrick_o_Fraunce_(1791%E2%80%931792)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinrick o Fraunce (1791–1792) (page disna exeest)">constitutional monarchy</a>. While Louis XVI, as a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinrick_o_Fraunce_(1791%E2%80%9392)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinrick o Fraunce (1791–92) (page disna exeest)">constitutional keeng</a>, enjoyed popularity amang the population, his disastrous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flicht_tae_Varennes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flicht tae Varennes (page disna exeest)">flicht tae Varennes</a> seemed tae juistify rumours he haed tied his howps o poleetical salvation tae the prospects o foreign invasion. His credibility wis sae deeply unnermined that the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abolished_monarchy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abolished monarchy (page disna exeest)">aboleetion o the monarchy</a> an establishment o a republic acame an increasin possibeelity. <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_o_Fraunce" title="Louis XVI o Fraunce">Louis XVI</a> wis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trial_o_Louis_XVI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trial o Louis XVI (page disna exeest)">convictit</a> o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Traison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traison (page disna exeest)">traison</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Execution_o_Louis_XVI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Execution o Louis XVI (page disna exeest)">guillotined</a> in 1793. Facin increasin pressur frae European monarchies, internal guerrilla wars an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coonter-revolutionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coonter-revolutionary (page disna exeest)">coonterrevolutions</a> (sic as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="War in the Vendée (page disna exeest)">War in the Vendée</a>), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naitional_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naitional Convention (page disna exeest)">young Republic</a> fell intae the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reign_o_Terror&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reign o Terror (page disna exeest)">Reign o Terror</a>. Atween 1793 an 1794, atween 16,000 an 40,000 fowk war executit. In Wastren Fraunce, the ceevil war atween the Bleus ("Blues", supporters o the Revolution) an the Blancs ("Whites", supporters o the Monarchy) lestit frae 1793 tae 1796 an led tae the loss o atween 200,000 an 450,000 lifes.<a href="#cite_note-60">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-hussenet-61">[45]</a> Baith foreign airmies an French coonter-revolutionaries wis crushed an the French Republic survived. Efter a <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Directory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Directory (page disna exeest)">short-lived govrenmental scheme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> Bonaparte <a href="/w/index.php?title=18_Brumaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18 Brumaire (page disna exeest)">seized control o the Republic</a> in 1799 acomin <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Consulate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Consulate (page disna exeest)">First Consul</a> an later <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_o_the_Year_XII&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitution o the Year XII (page disna exeest)">Emperor</a> o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_French_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First French Empire (page disna exeest)">French Empire</a> (1804–1814/1815). As a continuation o <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">the wars</a> sparked bi the European monarchies against the French Republic, chyngin sets o <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">European Coaleetions</a> declared wars on Napoleon's Empire. His airmies conquered maist o continental Europe wi swift victories sic as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_o_Jena-Auerstadt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle o Jena-Auerstadt (page disna exeest)">battles o Jena-Auerstadt</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_o_Austerlitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle o Austerlitz (page disna exeest)">Austerlitz</a>. He redrew the European poleetical cairt, while members o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoose_o_Bonaparte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoose o Bonaparte (page disna exeest)">Bonaparte</a> faimily war appyntit as monarchs in some o the newly established kinricks.<a href="#cite_note-Blanning-62">[46]</a> Thir victories led tae the warldwide expansion o French revolutionary ideals an reforms, sic as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metric_seestem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metric seestem (page disna exeest)">Metric seestem</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Napoleonic_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Napoleonic Code (page disna exeest)">Napoleonic Code</a> an the Declaration o the Richts o Man. Efter the catastrophic <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_o_Roushie" title="French invasion o Roushie">Roushie campaign</a>, an the ensuin <a href="/w/index.php?title=War_o_the_Saxt_Coaleetion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="War o the Saxt Coaleetion (page disna exeest)">uprisin o European monarchies</a> against his rule, Napoleon wis defeatit an the Bourbon monarchy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bourbon Restoration (page disna exeest)">restored</a>. Aboot a million Frenchmen died during the Napoleonic Wars.<a href="#cite_note-Blanning-62">[46]</a> Efter his <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Days">brief return</a> frae exile, Napoleon wis feenally defeatit in 1815 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_o_Waterloo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle o Waterloo (page disna exeest)">Battle o Waterloo</a>, the monarchy wis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bourbon_Restoration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bourbon Restoration (page disna exeest)">re-established</a> (1815–1830), wi new constitutional leemitations. The discreditit Bourbon dynasty wis owerthrawn bi the <a href="/wiki/Julie_Revolution" title="Julie Revolution">Julie Revolution</a> o 1830, whilk established the constitutional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julie_Monarchy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julie Monarchy (page disna exeest)">Julie Monarchy</a>, whilk lestit till 1848, whan the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Seicont_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Seicont Republic (page disna exeest)">French Seicont Republic</a> wis proclaimed, in the wake o the European <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutions_o_1848&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutions o 1848 (page disna exeest)">Revolutions o 1848</a>. In 1852, the <a href="/wiki/Preses_o_Fraunce" title="Preses o Fraunce">preses o the French Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</a>, Napoleon I's neffae, wis proclaimed emperor o the <a href="/wiki/Seicont_French_Empire" title="Seicont French Empire">seicont Empire</a>, as Napoleon III. Napoleon III wis unseatit follaein defeat in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Proushie_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franco-Proushie War (page disna exeest)">Franco-Proushie War</a> o 1870 an his regime wis replaced bi the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporar_history">Contemporar history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Eedit section: Contemporar history" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">eedit</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Contemporar history">eedit soorce</a>]</div> Fraunce wis a member o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triple_Entente&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triple Entente (page disna exeest)">Triple Entente</a> whan the First Warld War ootbrak. A smaw pairt o Northren Fraunce wis occupied, but Fraunce an its allies emerged victorious agin the <a href="/wiki/Central_Pouers" title="Central Pouers">Central Pouers</a> at a tremendous human an material cost. Warld War I left 1.4 million French sodgers deid, 4% o its population.<a href="#cite_note-63">[47]</a> In 1940 Fraunce wis <a href="/wiki/Battle_o_Fraunce" title="Battle o Fraunce">invadit</a> an occupied bi <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Metropolitan Fraunce wis dividit intae a <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_militar_admeenistration_in_occupied_Fraunce_durin_Warld_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German militar admeenistration in occupied Fraunce durin Warld War II (page disna exeest)">German occupation zone in the north</a> an <a href="/wiki/Vichy_Fraunce" title="Vichy Fraunce">Vichy Fraunce</a>, a newly established authoritarian regime collaboratin wi Germany, in the sooth, while <a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Free Fraunce</a>, the govrenment-in-exile led bi <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, wis set up in Lunnon.<a href="#cite_note-64">[48]</a> Frae 1942 tae 1944, aboot 160,000 French ceetizens, includin aroond <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Holocaust_in_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Holocaust in Fraunce (page disna exeest)">75,000 Jews</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[51]</a> war deportit tae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Extermination_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Extermination camps (page disna exeest)">daith camps</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Concentration camps (page disna exeest)">concentration camps</a> in Germany an Poland.<a href="#cite_note-68">[52]</a> On 6 Juin 1944 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allies_o_Warld_War_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allies o Warld War II (page disna exeest)">Allies</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_o_Normandy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Invasion o Normandy (page disna exeest)">invaded Normandy</a> an in August thay <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Dragoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operation Dragoon (page disna exeest)">invadit Provence</a>. Ower the follaein year the Allies an the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Resistance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Resistance (page disna exeest)">French Resistance</a> emerged victorious ower the <a href="/wiki/Axis_pouers" title="Axis pouers">Axis pouers</a> an French sovereignty wis restored wi the establishment o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proveesional_Govrenment_o_the_French_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proveesional Govrenment o the French Republic (page disna exeest)">Proveesional Govrenment o the French Republic</a> (GPRF). The GPRF laid the grundwark for a new constitutional order that resultit in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fowert_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Fowert Republic (page disna exeest)">Fowert Republic</a>, which saw spectacular economic growthe (les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trente_Glorieuses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trente Glorieuses (page disna exeest)">Trente Glorieuses</a>). Fraunce wis ane o the foondin members o <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> (1949). Fraunce attemptit tae <a href="/w/index.php?title=First_Indochina_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="First Indochina War (page disna exeest)">regain control o French Indocheenae</a> but wis defeatit bi the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> in 1954 at the climactic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_o_Dien_Bien_Phu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle o Dien Bien Phu (page disna exeest)">Battle o Dien Bien Phu</a>. Anerly months later, Fraunce faced anither <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-colonialist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-colonialist (page disna exeest)">anti-colonialist</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Algerie_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algerie War (page disna exeest)">conflict in Algerie</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tortur" title="Tortur">Tortur</a> and illegal executions war perpetratit bi baith sides an the debate ower whether or nae tae keep control o <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Algerie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Algerie (page disna exeest)">Algerie</a>, then hame tae ower ane million <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pied-Noir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pied-Noir (page disna exeest)">European settlers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[53]</a> wracked the kintra an nearly led tae a coup an ceevil war.<a href="#cite_note-70">[54]</a> In 1958, the waik an unstable Fowert Republic gae wey tae the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fift_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Fift Republic (page disna exeest)">Fift Republic</a>, which includit a strenthened Presidency.<a href="#cite_note-71">[55]</a> In the latter role, Charles de Gaulle managed tae keep the kintra thegether while takin steps tae end the war. The Algerie War wis concludit wi the <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89vian_Accords&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Évian Accords (page disna exeest)">Évian Accords</a> in 1962 that led tae Algerie unthirldom. In the context o the <a href="/wiki/Cauld_War" title="Cauld War">Cauld War</a>, de Gaulle pursued a policy o "naitional unthirldom" taewart the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wastren_Bloc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wastren Bloc (page disna exeest)">Wastren</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastren_bloc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastren bloc (page disna exeest)">Eastren blocs</a>. Tae this end, he widrew frae <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s militar integratit command, he launched a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Force_de_dissuasion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Force de dissuasion (page disna exeest)">nuclear development programme</a> an made Fraunce the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce_an_wappens_o_mass_destruction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fraunce an wappens o mass destruction (page disna exeest)">fowert nuclear pouer</a>. Syne the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1995_Paris_M%C3%A9tro_an_RER_bombins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1995 Paris Métro an RER bombins (page disna exeest)">1995 Paris Métro an RER bombins</a>, Fraunce haes been sporadically targetit bi Islamist organisations, notably the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Januar_2015_%C3%8Ele-de-France_attacks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Januar 2015 Île-de-France attacks (page disna exeest)">Charlie Hebdo attack</a> in Januar 2015 whilk provoked the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Republican_marches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republican marches (page disna exeest)">lairgest public rallies</a> in French history, getherin 4.4 million fowk,<a href="#cite_note-72">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcnews-73">[57]</a> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=November_2015_Paris_attacks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="November 2015 Paris attacks (page disna exeest)">November 2015 Paris attacks</a> which resultit in 130 daiths, the deidliest attack on French sile syne <a href="/wiki/Warld_War_II" title="Warld War II">Warld War II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[59]</a> an the deidliest in the European Union syne the <a href="/w/index.php?title=2004_Madrid_train_bombins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2004 Madrid train bombins (page disna exeest)">Madrid train bombins in 2004</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[60]</a> an the <a href="/wiki/2016_Nice_attack" title="2016 Nice attack">2016 Nice attack</a> which caused 87 daiths during <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bastille_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bastille Day (page disna exeest)">Bastille Day</a> celebrations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Eedit section: Geografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">eedit</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Geografie">eedit soorce</a>]</div> The European pairt o Fraunce is cried <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolitan Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Metropolitan Fraunce</a> an it is locatit in ane o the occidental ends o Europe. It is bordered bi the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> in the north, the <a href="/wiki/Inglis_Channel" title="Inglis Channel">Inglis Channel</a> in the northwast, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> in the wast an the Mediterranean sea in the sootheast. It borders <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> an <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> in the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swisserland" title="Swisserland">Swisserland</a> in the east, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> an <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> in the sootheast, an <a href="/wiki/Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain">Spain</a> an <a href="/wiki/Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> in the sooth an soothwast. The borders in the sooth an in the east o the kintra are moontain ranges: the Pyrenees, the Alps an the Jura, the mairch in the east is frae the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> river, while the mairch in the north an the northeast melts in na naitural elements. Fraunce haes <a href="/wiki/Owerseas_depairtments_an_territories_o_Fraunce" class="mw-redirect" title="Owerseas depairtments an territories o Fraunce">Owerseas regions</a> athort the warld. Thir territories hae varyin statuses in the territorial admeenistration o Fraunce an are locatit: <ul><li>In Sooth Americae: <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>.</li> <li>In the Atlantic Ocean: <a href="/wiki/Saunt_Pierre_an_Miquelon" title="Saunt Pierre an Miquelon">Saunt Pierre an Miquelon</a> an, in the Antilles: <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collectivity_o_Saunt_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collectivity o Saunt Martin (page disna exeest)">Saunt Martin</a> an <a href="/wiki/Saunt_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saunt Barthélemy">Saunt Barthélemy</a>.</li> <li>In the Paceefic Ocean: <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesie" title="French Polynesie">French Polynesie</a>, the special collectivity o <a href="/wiki/New_Caledon" title="New Caledon">New Caledon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_an_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wallis an Futuna (page disna exeest)">Wallis an Futuna</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clipperton_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clipperton Island (page disna exeest)">Clipperton Island</a>.</li> <li>In the Indie Ocean: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_island" class="mw-redirect" title="Réunion island">Réunion island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scaitert_Islands_in_the_Indie_Ocean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scaitert Islands in the Indie Ocean (page disna exeest)">Scaitert Islands in the Indie Ocean</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Crozet_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crozet Islands (page disna exeest)">Crozet Islands</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Île Saint-Paul (page disna exeest)">St. Paul</a> an <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> islands.</li> <li>In the Indie Ocean: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerguelen_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerguelen Islands (page disna exeest)">Kerguelen Islands</a>.</li> <li>In the Antarctic: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ad%C3%A9lie_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adélie Land (page disna exeest)">Adélie Land</a>.</li></ul> Fraunce haes laund borders wi <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> an <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> an wi the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinrick_o_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinrick o the Netherlands (page disna exeest)">Kinrick o the Netherlands</a> throu the French pairt o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saunt_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saunt Martin (page disna exeest)">Saunt Martin</a>. At 4,810.45 metre (15,782 ft)<a href="#cite_note-77">[61]</a> abuin sea level, the heichest pynt in Wastren Europe, <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a>, is situatit in the Alps on the French an Italian border. Fraunce haes extensive river seestems sic as the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garonne (page disna exeest)">Garonne</a>, an the <a href="/wiki/Rhone" title="Rhone">Rhone</a> an aa, which divides the Massif Central frae the Alps an flows intae the Mediterranean Sea at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Camargue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camargue (page disna exeest)">Camargue</a>. Corsica lies off the Mediterranean coast. Maist o the law-lyin auries o metropolitan Fraunce excludin Corsica are locatit in the oceanic climate zone, Cfb, Cwb an Cfc in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_clessification" title="Köppen climate clessification">Köppen clessification</a>. A smaw pairt o the territory borderin the mediterranean basin lies in the Csa an Csb zones. Fraunce wis ane o the first kintras tae creaut an environment meenistry, in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-78">[62]</a> Awtho it is ane o the maist industrialised kintras in the warld, Fraunce is ranked <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leet_o_kintras_bi_carbon_dioxide_emissions&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leet o kintras bi carbon dioxide emissions (page disna exeest)">anerly 17t bi carbon dioxide emeessions</a>, behind less populous naitions sic as Canadae or Australie. This is acause Fraunce decidit tae invest in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_pouer" title="Nuclear pouer">nuclear pouer</a> follaein the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1973_ile_crisis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1973 ile crisis (page disna exeest)">1973 ile crisis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[63]</a> which nou accoonts for 75% o its electricity production<a href="#cite_note-80">[64]</a> an results in less pollution.<a href="#cite_note-81">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[66]</a> Forests accoont for 28% o Fraunce's laund aurie,<a href="#cite_note-83">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[68]</a> an are some o the maist diverse in Europe, comprisin mair nor 140 species o trees.<a href="#cite_note-85">[69]</a> Thare are nine <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naitional_pairk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naitional pairk (page disna exeest)">naitional pairks</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[70]</a> an 46 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pertectit_aurie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pertectit aurie (page disna exeest)">naitural pairks</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-87">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_an_aa">See an aa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Eedit section: See an aa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">eedit</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: See an aa">eedit soorce</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraunce_owerseas_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunce owerseas territories">Fraunce owerseas territories</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Eedit section: Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">eedit</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Notes">eedit soorce</a>]</div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-one-1"><a href="#cite_ref-one_1-0">↑</a> For information aboot regional leids see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leids_o_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leids o Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Leids o Fraunce</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> Established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wast_Francie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wast Francie (page disna exeest)">Kinrick o the Wast Franks</a> (the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinrick_o_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinrick o Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Kinrick o Fraunce</a>) frae the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carolingian_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carolingian Empire (page disna exeest)">Carolingian Empire</a> o Francie. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> syne 1993. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> Established the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Fift_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Fift Republic (page disna exeest)">Fift Republic</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-two-7"><a href="#cite_ref-two_7-0">↑</a> Includin aw the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Owerseas_depairtment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Owerseas depairtment (page disna exeest)">owerseas depairtments</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-three-9"><a href="#cite_ref-three_9-0">↑</a> French <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_G%C3%A9ographique_National&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Géographique National (page disna exeest)">Naitional Geografic Institute</a> data, whilk includes bouks o watter. </li> <li id="cite_note-four-10"><a href="#cite_ref-four_10-0">↑</a> French <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laund_registration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laund registration (page disna exeest)">Laund Register</a> data, whilk exclude lochs, ponds an <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> lairger nor 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) as weel as the estuaries o rivers. </li> <li id="cite_note-five-13"><a href="#cite_ref-five_13-0">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolitan Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Metropolitan Fraunce</a> anly. The <a href="/wiki/Population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Population density">population density</a> for the whole territory o the French Republic (includin aw owerseas départements) is 103.49099/km2 (268.04043/sq mi). </li> <li id="cite_note-six-17"><a href="#cite_ref-six_17-0">↑</a> Whole o the French Republic except the owerseas territories in the Paceefic Ocean. </li> <li id="cite_note-seven-18"><a href="#cite_ref-seven_18-0">↑</a> French owerseas territories in the Pacific Ocean anerly. </li> <li id="cite_note-eight-19"><a href="#cite_ref-eight_19-0">↑</a> CET applies tae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metropolitan Fraunce (page disna exeest)">Metropolitan Fraunce</a> anly. <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zones</a> athort the French Republic span frae UTC-10 (<a href="/wiki/French_Polynesie" title="French Polynesie">PF</a>) tae UTC+12 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_an_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wallis an Futuna (page disna exeest)">WF</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-nine-20"><a href="#cite_ref-nine_20-0">↑</a> CEST applies tae Metropolitan Fraunce anly. Nae aw overseas territories observe <a href="/wiki/Daylicht_savin_time" title="Daylicht savin time">Daylicht Savin Time</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-eleven-21"><a href="#cite_ref-eleven_21-0">↑</a> The owerseas regions an collectivities form pairt o the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_telephone_nummerin_plan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French telephone nummerin plan (page disna exeest)">French telephone nummerin plan</a>, but hae thair awn kintra cawin codes: <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> +590; <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> +596; <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> +594, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> an <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> +262; <a href="/wiki/Saunt_Pierre_an_Miquelon" title="Saunt Pierre an Miquelon">Saunt Pierre an Miquelon</a> +508. The owerseas territories are nae pairt o the French telephone nummerin plan; thair kintra cawin codes are: <a href="/wiki/New_Caledon" title="New Caledon">New Caledon</a> +687, <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesie" title="French Polynesie">French Polynesie</a> +689; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_an_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wallis an Futuna (page disna exeest)">Wallis an Futuna</a> +681. </li> <li id="cite_note-ten-22"><a href="#cite_ref-ten_22-0">↑</a> In addeetion tae <a href="/wiki/.fr" class="mw-redirect" title=".fr">.fr</a>, several ither Internet TLDs are uised in French owerseas départements an territories: <a href="/w/index.php?title=.re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".re (page disna exeest)">.re</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.mq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".mq (page disna exeest)">.mq</a>, <a href="/wiki/.gp" class="mw-redirect" title=".gp">.gp</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.tf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".tf (page disna exeest)">.tf</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.nc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".nc (page disna exeest)">.nc</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.pf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".pf (page disna exeest)">.pf</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.wf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".wf (page disna exeest)">.wf</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=.pm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title=".pm (page disna exeest)">.pm</a>, <a href="/wiki/.gf" class="mw-redirect" title=".gf">.gf</a> an <a href="/wiki/.yt" class="mw-redirect" title=".yt">.yt</a>. Fraunce an aa uises <a href="/wiki/.eu" class="mw-redirect" title=".eu">.eu</a>, shared wi ither members o the European Union. The <a href="/wiki/.cat" class="mw-redirect" title=".cat">.cat</a> domain is uised in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catalan_Kintras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catalan Kintras (page disna exeest)">Catalan-speakin territories</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-twelve-23"><a href="#cite_ref-twelve_23-0">↑</a> <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> is locatit in <a href="/wiki/Sooth_Americae" title="Sooth Americae">Sooth Americae</a>; <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> an <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> are in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>; an <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> an <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> are in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, off the coast o <a href="/wiki/Africae" title="Africae">Africae</a>. Aw five <a href="/w/index.php?title=Admeenistrative_diveesions_o_Fraunce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Admeenistrative diveesions o Fraunce (page disna exeest)">are conseedert integral pairts o the republic</a>. Fraunce an aa comprises <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint_Pierre_an_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint Pierre an Miquelon (page disna exeest)">Saint Pierre an Miquelon</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Americae" title="North Americae">North Americae</a>; <a href="/wiki/Saunt_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saunt Barthélemy">Saunt Barthélemy</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saunt_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saunt Martin (page disna exeest)">Saunt Martin</a> in the Caribbean; <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesie" title="French Polynesie">French Polynesie</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledon" title="New Caledon">New Caledon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wallis_an_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wallis an Futuna (page disna exeest)">Wallis an Futuna</a> an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clipperton_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clipperton Island (page disna exeest)">Clipperton Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Paceefic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Paceefic Ocean">Paceefic Ocean</a>; an finally the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Soothren_an_Antarctic_Launds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Soothren an Antarctic Launds (page disna exeest)">French Soothren an Antarctic Launds</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> wi <a href="/wiki/Aix-en-Provence" title="Aix-en-Provence">Aix-en-Provence</a> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Eedit section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">eedit</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fraunce&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: References">eedit soorce</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=NATTEF02131">Part des populations étrangères et immigrées en 2013</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-3"><a href="#cite_ref-cia_3-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFCIA2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211127/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html">"The World Factbook: France"</a>. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/fr.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 19 Februar 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook%3A+France&rft.date=2015&rft.au=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Ffr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r809032">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style> </li> <li id="cite_note-areafactbook-8">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-areafactbook_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-areafactbook_8-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html">"The World Factbook – Field Listing – Area"</a>. CIA.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html">the original</a> on 31 Januar 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIA.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Field+Listing+%E2%80%93+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2147.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/comparateur.asp?codgeo=METRODOM-1">"France Métropolitaine"</a>. INSEE. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=France+M%C3%A9tropolitaine&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Fcomparateur.asp%3Fcodgeo%3DMETRODOM-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"> Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-insee.fr-12">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-insee.fr_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-insee.fr_12-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1912926">https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1912926</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-imfFrance-14">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-imfFrance_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imfFrance_14-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=8&sy=2014&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=132&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=">"France, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016"</a>. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 9 Mey 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France%2C+World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2016&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2016%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweorept.aspx%3Fpr.x%3D53%26pr.y%3D8%26sy%3D2014%26ey%3D2015%26scsm%3D1%26ssd%3D1%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1%26c%3D132%26s%3DNGDPD%252CNGDPDPC%252CPPPGDP%252CPPPPC%26grp%3D0%26a%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-15"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_15-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html">"CIA World Factbook"</a>. CIA. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html">the original</a> on 13 Juin 2007. Retrieved 16 Apryle 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2172.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-16"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_16-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2016_human_development_report.pdf">"2016 Human Development Report"</a> (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 2016. Retrieved 23 Mairch 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2016+Human+Development+Report&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2016_human_development_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFHargreaves,_Alan_G.2005" class="citation book cs1">Hargreaves, Alan G., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UX8aeX_Lbi4C&pg=PA1">Memory, Empire, and Postcolonialism: Legacies of French Colonialism</a>. Lexington Books. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0821-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-0821-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-0821-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memory%2C+Empire%2C+and+Postcolonialism%3A+Legacies+of+French+Colonialism&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-0821-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUX8aeX_Lbi4C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> R.R. Palmer and Joel Colton, A History of the Modern World (5th ed. 1978), p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-tourism.stat-27"><a href="#cite_ref-tourism.stat_27-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114073819/http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284416226">"UNWTO Highlights"</a>. United Nations World Tourism Organization. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284416226">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 Januar 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNWTO+Highlights&rft.pub=United+Nations+World+Tourism+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-unwto.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.18111%2F9789284416226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc">"GDP (current US$)"</a>. Data.worldbank.org. The World Bank Group. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GDP+%28current+US%24%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.CD%3Forder%3Dwbapi_data_value_2014%2Bwbapi_data_value%2Bwbapi_data_value-last%26sort%3Ddesc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-data.worldbank.org-29"><a href="#cite_ref-data.worldbank.org_29-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2014+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc">"GDP, PPP (current international $)"</a>. Data.worldbank.org. The World Bank Group. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GDP%2C+PPP+%28current+international+%24%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FNY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD%3Forder%3Dwbapi_data_value_2014%2Bwbapi_data_value%2Bwbapi_data_value-last%26sort%3Ddesc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piketty.pse.ens.fr/fichiers/enseig/ecoineg/EcoIneg_fichiers/DaviesShorrocks2010(CSGlobalWealthReport).pdf">"Global Wealth Report"</a> (PDF). Credit Suisse. Retrieved 27 October 2014. <q>"In euro and USD terms, the total wealth of French households is very sizeable. Although it has just 1% of the world's adults, France ranks fourth among nations in aggregate household wealth – behind China and just ahead of Germany. Europe as a whole accounts for 35% of the individuals in the global top 1%, but France itself contributes a quarter of the European contingent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Wealth+Report&rft.pub=Credit+Suisse&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpiketty.pse.ens.fr%2Ffichiers%2Fenseig%2Fecoineg%2FEcoIneg_fichiers%2FDaviesShorrocks2010%28CSGlobalWealthReport%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.who.int/whr/2000/media_centre/press_release/en/">"World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems"</a>. World Health Organization. 8 December 2010. Retrieved 16 Julie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Health+Organization+Assesses+the+World%27s+Health+Systems&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2010-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwhr%2F2000%2Fmedia_centre%2Fpress_release%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2006/WPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf">"World Population Prospects – The 2006 Revision"</a> (PDF). UN. Retrieved 27 Apryle 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+%E2%80%93+The+2006+Revision&rft.pub=UN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fwpp2006%2FWPP2006_Highlights_rev.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> Jack S. Levy, War in the Modern Great Power System, 1495–1975, (2014) p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-superficy-34"><a href="#cite_ref-superficy_34-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/about-eu/countries/member-countries/france/index_en.htm">"Europa Official Site – France"</a>. EU. Retrieved 28 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europa+Official+Site+%E2%80%93+France&rft.pub=EU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuropa.eu%2Fabout-eu%2Fcountries%2Fmember-countries%2Ffrance%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824051936/http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml">"History of France"</a>. Discoverfrance.net. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/History/DF_history.shtml">the original</a> on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 17 Julie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+France&rft.pub=Discoverfrance.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverfrance.net%2FFrance%2FHistory%2FDF_history.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> Perry, Walter Copland (1857). The Franks, from Their First Appearance in History to the Death of King Pepin. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, and Roberts. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> Examples: <cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"frank". American Heritage Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=frank&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"frank". Webster's Third New International Dictionary.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=frank&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Third+New+International+Dictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988">CS1 maint: ref=harv (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ref%3Dharv" title="Category:CS1 maint: ref=harv">link</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> And so on. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFMichel_Rouche1987" class="citation book cs1">Michel Rouche (1987). "The Early Middle Ages in the West". In Paul Veyne (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofprivate0000unse_y0g8">A History of Private Life: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium</a>. Belknap Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofprivate0000unse_y0g8/page/n458">425</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39974-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39974-9"><bdi>0-674-39974-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (page disna exeest)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/59830199">59830199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Early+Middle+Ages+in+the+West&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Private+Life%3A+From+Pagan+Rome+to+Byzantium&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59830199&rft.isbn=0-674-39974-9&rft.au=Michel+Rouche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofprivate0000unse_y0g8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFTarassukBlair1982" class="citation book cs1">Tarassuk, Leonid; Blair, Claude (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=UJbyPwAACAAJ">The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and airmour from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-42257-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-42257-X"><bdi>0-671-42257-X</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 Julie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Encyclopedia+of+Arms+and+Weapons%3A+the+most+comprehensive+reference+work+ever+published+on+arms+and+airmour+from+prehistoric+times+to+the+present+with+over+1%2C250+illustrations&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-671-42257-X&rft.aulast=Tarassuk&rft.aufirst=Leonid&rft.au=Blair%2C+Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DUJbyPwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isidore_o_Seville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isidore o Seville (page disna exeest)">Isidore o Seville</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etymologiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etymologiae (page disna exeest)">Etymologiarum sive originum</a>, libri XVIII </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Cambridge_ancient_history-41"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Cambridge_ancient_history_41-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&pg=RA1-PA754">The Cambridge ancient history</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2000. p. 754. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08691-2"><bdi>978-0-521-08691-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 Januar 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+ancient+history&rft.pages=754&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08691-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn1TmVvMwmo4C%26pg%3DRA1-PA754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orrieux-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Orrieux_42-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFClaude_Orrieux1999" class="citation book cs1">Claude Orrieux (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b8cA8hymTw8C&pg=PA62">A history of ancient Greece</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20309-4"><bdi>978-0-631-20309-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 Januar 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+ancient+Greece&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20309-4&rft.au=Claude+Orrieux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db8cA8hymTw8C%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/?id=ZEIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA77">"Provence in Stone"</a>. Life. 13 Julie 1953. p. 77. Retrieved 23 Januar 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=Provence+in+Stone&rft.pages=77&rft.date=1953-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DZEIEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 44–45 </li> <li id="cite_note-c53-46">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-c53_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-c53_46-1">b</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 53–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-c77-47"><a href="#cite_ref-c77_47-0">↑</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 76–77 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 79–82 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> Carpentier et al. 2000, pp. 84–88 </li> <li id="cite_note-georgetown1-52"><a href="#cite_ref-georgetown1_52-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110206213909/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france">"France"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs (page disna exeest)">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a>. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/france">the original</a> on 6 Februar 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=France&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fcountries%2Ffrance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> See drop-down essay on "Religion and Politics until the French Revolution" </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716063456/http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm">"Treaty of Verdun"</a>. History.howstuffworks.com. 27 Februar 2008. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.howstuffworks.com/european-history/treaty-of-verdun.htm">the original</a> on 16 Julie 2011. Retrieved 17 Julie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Treaty+of+Verdun&rft.pub=History.howstuffworks.com&rft.date=2008-02-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.howstuffworks.com%2Feuropean-history%2Ftreaty-of-verdun.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806020426/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc">"History of France – The Capetian kings of France: AD 987–1328"</a>. Historyworld.net. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=1008&HistoryID=ab03&gtrack=pthc">the original</a> on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 21 Julie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+France+%E2%80%93+The+Capetian+kings+of+France%3A+AD+987%E2%80%931328&rft.pub=Historyworld.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyworld.net%2Fwrldhis%2FPlainTextHistories.asp%3Fgroupid%3D1008%26HistoryID%3Dab03%26gtrack%3Dpthc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie (1987). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VT9rIMQFt2MC&pg=PA32">The French peasantry, 1450–1660</a>". University of California Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520055233" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-520-05523-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> Peter Turchin (2003). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mUoCrTUo-eEC&pg=PA179">Historical dynamics: why states rise and fall</a>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Link_rot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:Link rot (page disna exeest)">deid airtin</a>]". Princeton University Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691116695" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-11669-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/516821/Massacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day">"Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day"</a>. Britannica.com. Retrieved 21 Julie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Massacre+of+Saint+Bartholomew%27s+Day&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F516821%2FMassacre-of-Saint-Bartholomews-Day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/louis_xv.shtml">"BBC History: Louis XV (1710–1774)"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 21 Julie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+History%3A+Louis+XV+%281710%E2%80%931774%29&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Flouis_xv.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725101858/http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf">"Scholarly bibliography by Colin Jones (2002)"</a> (PDF). Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webspace.qmul.ac.uk/cdhjones/documents/gn_pdf.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scholarly+bibliography+by+Colin+Jones+%282002%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebspace.qmul.ac.uk%2Fcdhjones%2Fdocuments%2Fgn_pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFDr_Linton" class="citation news cs1">Dr Linton, Marisa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117152123/http://www.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter1/interviews/filetodownload%2C20545%2Cen.pdf">"The Terror in the French Revolution"</a> (PDF). Kingston University. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.port.ac.uk/special/france1815to2003/chapter1/interviews/filetodownload,20545,en.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 17 Januar 2012. Retrieved 1 Apryle 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Terror+in+the+French+Revolution&rft.aulast=Dr+Linton&rft.aufirst=Marisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.port.ac.uk%2Fspecial%2Ffrance1815to2003%2Fchapter1%2Finterviews%2Ffiletodownload%2C20545%2Cen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-hussenet-61"><a href="#cite_ref-hussenet_61-0">↑</a> Jacques Hussenet (dir.), " Détruisez la Vendée ! " Regards croisés sur les victimes et destructions de la guerre de Vendée, La Roche-sur-Yon, Centre vendéen de recherches historiques, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-Blanning-62">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Blanning_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blanning_62-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFBlanning1998" class="citation news cs1">Blanning, Tim (Apryle 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513171824/http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5001329960">"Napoleon and German identity"</a>. History Today. 48. London. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5001329960">the original</a> on 13 Mey 2012. Retrieved 1 Apryle 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Napoleon+and+German+identity&rft.volume=48&rft.date=1998-04&rft.aulast=Blanning&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2FgoogleScholar.qst%3FdocId%3D5001329960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7199127.stm">"France's oldest WWI veteran dies"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 20 Januar 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=France%27s+oldest+WWI+veteran+dies&rft.date=2008-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7199127.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7ORlIpHKLEC&pg=PA368">Vichy France and the Jews</a>". Michael Robert Marrus, Robert O. Paxton (1995). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford University Press (page disna exeest)">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 368.<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804724997" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8047-2499-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416061232/http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp">"The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies"</a>. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/deportationer.asp">the original</a> on 2014-04-16. Retrieved 2017-04-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Danish+Center+for+Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust-education.dk%2Fholocaust%2Fdeportationer.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/genocide/jewish_deportation_01.shtml">"BBC, The Vichy Policy on Jewish Deportation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC%2C+The+Vichy+Policy+on+Jewish+Deportation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fworldwars%2Fgenocide%2Fjewish_deportation_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> France, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429">http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005429</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> Noir sur Blanc: Les premières photos du camp de concentration de Buchenwald après la libération, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf">http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109055804/http://www.ain.fr/upload/docs/application/pdf/2011-05/dp_expo_schwartz_auf_weiss_nantua_2011bd.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (French) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFKimmelman2009" class="citation news cs1">Kimmelman, Michael (4 Mairch 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/05/arts/design/05abroad.html?_r=1">"In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+France%2C+a+War+of+Memories+Over+Memories+of+War&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft.aulast=Kimmelman&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F03%2F05%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F05abroad.html%3F_r%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFCrozierMansell,_Gerard1960" class="citation journal cs1">Crozier, Brian; Mansell, Gerard (Julie 1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_international-affairs_1960-07_36_3/page/310">"France and Algeria"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Affairs_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Affairs (journal) (page disna exeest)">International Affairs</a>. Blackwell Publishing. 36 (3): 310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2610008">10.2307/2610008</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JSTOR (identifier) (page disna exeest)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2610008">2610008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=France+and+Algeria&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=310&rft.date=1960-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2610008&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2610008&rft.aulast=Crozier&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Mansell%2C+Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_international-affairs_1960-07_36_3%2Fpage%2F310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm">From Fourth to Fifth Republic</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Sunderland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Sunderland (page disna exeest)">University of Sunderland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080523234726/http://seacoast.sunderland.ac.uk/~os0tmc/contem/fifth.htm">Archived</a> 23 Mey 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFHinnantAdamson2015" class="citation news cs1">Hinnant, Lori; Adamson, Thomas (11 Januar 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111213526/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46">"Officials: Paris Unity Rally Largest in French History"</a>. Associated Press. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/E/EU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY?SITE=AP&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT&CTIME=2015-01-11-12-51-46">the original</a> on 11 January 2015. Retrieved 11 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Officials%3A+Paris+Unity+Rally+Largest+in+French+History&rft.date=2015-01-11&rft.aulast=Hinnant&rft.aufirst=Lori&rft.au=Adamson%2C+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhosted.ap.org%2Fdynamic%2Fstories%2FE%2FEU_FRANCE_ATTACKS_RALLY%3FSITE%3DAP%26SECTION%3DHOME%26TEMPLATE%3DDEFAULT%26CTIME%3D2015-01-11-12-51-46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"> Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|deadurl=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcnews-73"><a href="#cite_ref-bbcnews_73-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30765824">"Paris attacks: Millions rally for unity in France"</a>. BBC News. 12 Januar 2015. Retrieved 12 Januar 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Paris+attacks%3A+Millions+rally+for+unity+in+France&rft.date=2015-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-30765824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/14/paris-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help">"Parisians throw open doors in wake of attacks, but Muslims fear repercussions"</a>. The Guardian. 14 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Parisians+throw+open+doors+in+wake+of+attacks%2C+but+Muslims+fear+repercussions&rft.date=2015-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fnov%2F14%2Fparis-attacks-people-throw-open-doors-to-help&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFSyeed2015" class="citation news cs1">Syeed, Nafeesa (15 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/world-news/europe/paris-terror-attacks/paris-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html">"Yes, Parisians are traumatised, but the spirit of resistance still lingers"</a>. The Irish Independent. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Parisians+are+traumatised%2C+but+the+spirit+of+resistance+still+lingers&rft.date=2015-11-15&rft.aulast=Syeed&rft.aufirst=Nafeesa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Fworld-news%2Feurope%2Fparis-terror-attacks%2Fparis-terror-attacks-yes-parisians-are-traumatised-but-the-spirit-of-resistance-still-lingers-34201891.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/europe-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486">"Europe's open-border policy may become latest victim of terrorism"</a>. The Irish Times. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+open-border+policy+may+become+latest+victim+of+terrorism&rft.date=2015-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Feurope-s-open-border-policy-may-become-latest-victim-of-terrorism-1.2435486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/environment/mont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html">"Mont Blanc shrinks by 45 cm (17.72 in) in two years"</a>. Sydney Morning Herald. 6 November 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Mont+Blanc+shrinks+by+45+cm+%2817.72+in%29+in+two+years&rft.date=2009-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fenvironment%2Fmont-blanc-shrinks-by-45cm-in-two-years-20091106-i0kk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425005903/http://www.ambafrance-ca.org/kid/pages_en/eco6.htm">"Ambassade de France au Canada – Le Coin des Enfants"</a>. ambafrance-ca.org. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambafrance-ca.org/kid/pages_en/eco6.htm">the original</a> on 25 Apryle 2011. Retrieved 1 Apryle 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ambafrance-ca.org&rft.atitle=Ambassade+de+France+au+Canada+%E2%80%93+Le+Coin+des+Enfants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambafrance-ca.org%2Fkid%2Fpages_en%2Feco6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719055222/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf40.html">"Nuclear Power in France"</a>. World-nuclear.org. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf40.html">the original</a> on 19 Julie 2011. Retrieved 17 Julie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nuclear+Power+in+France&rft.pub=World-nuclear.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-nuclear.org%2Finfo%2Finf40.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eoearth.org/article/Energy_profile_of_France">"Energy profile of France"</a>. Eoearth.org. Retrieved 17 Julie 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Energy+profile+of+France&rft.pub=Eoearth.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoearth.org%2Farticle%2FEnergy_profile_of_France&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usinenouvelle.com/article/co2-la-france-moins-pollueuse-grace-au-nucleaire.N133933">CO2 : la France mois pollueuse grâce au nucléaire</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambafrance-cn.org/L-energie-nucleaire-en-France.html">L'énergie nucléaire en France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100701211529/http://www.ambafrance-cn.org/L-energie-nucleaire-en-France.html">Archived</a> 2010-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Ambassade française en Chine </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723122206/http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph/env_for_are_of_lan_are-environment-forest-area-of-land%26date%3D2005%26b_map%3D1">"Forest area by country"</a>. Nationmaster.com. Archived frae <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationmaster.com/red/graph/env_for_are_of_lan_are-environment-forest-area-of-land&date=2005&b_map=1">the original</a> on 23 Julie 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forest+area+by+country&rft.pub=Nationmaster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationmaster.com%2Fred%2Fgraph%2Fenv_for_are_of_lan_are-environment-forest-area-of-land%26date%3D2005%26b_map%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifn.fr/spip/?rubrique83&lang=en">Evolution of the French forest from 1984 to 1996</a> – French National Forest Inventory </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lepapier.fr/foret_france.htm">Une situation privilégiée en France et en Europe</a> – Papier, bois et forêt </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parks.it/world/FR/Eindex.html">"Parks.it – Parks and other protected areas in France"</a>. parks.it.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=parks.it&rft.atitle=Parks.it+%E2%80%93+Parks+and+other+protected+areas+in+France&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parks.it%2Fworld%2FFR%2FEindex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsco.wikipedia.org%3AFraunce" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r809032" /> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parcs-naturels-regionaux.tm.fr/fr/accueil/">Fédération des parcs naturels régionaux de France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100712003310/http://www.parcs-naturels-regionaux.tm.fr/fr/accueil/">Archived</a> 2010-07-12 at the <a 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