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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Article_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Article_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Article structure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Article_structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Article structure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Article_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Headings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Headings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floating_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floating_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Floating elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floating_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screen_resolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screen_resolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Screen resolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screen_resolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Text</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Text-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Text subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Font_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Font_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Font size</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Font_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Block_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Block_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Block elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Block_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Block elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Block_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple_paragraphs_within_list_items" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_paragraphs_within_list_items"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Multiple paragraphs within list items</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_paragraphs_within_list_items-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Indentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertical_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertical_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Vertical lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertical_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bulleted_vertical_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulleted_vertical_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3.1</span> <span>Bulleted vertical lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulleted_vertical_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unbulleted_vertical_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unbulleted_vertical_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3.2</span> <span>Unbulleted vertical lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unbulleted_vertical_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_vertical_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_vertical_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3.3</span> <span>Other vertical lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_vertical_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horizontal_lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horizontal_lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>Horizontal lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horizontal_lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_headings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_headings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>List headings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_headings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Data_tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Data tables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Layout_tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Layout_tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Layout tables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Layout_tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Images</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Images-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Images subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image_placement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_placement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Image placement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_placement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Icons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Icons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Icons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Icons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animations,_video,_and_audio_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Animations, video, and audio content</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Animations, video, and audio content subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Animations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Audio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles_and_markup_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles_and_markup_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Styles and markup options</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styles_and_markup_options-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Styles and markup options subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styles_and_markup_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Best_practice:_wiki_markup_and_CSS_classes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Best_practice:_wiki_markup_and_CSS_classes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Best practice: wiki markup and CSS classes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Best_practice:_wiki_markup_and_CSS_classes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Users_with_limited_CSS_or_JavaScript_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Users_with_limited_CSS_or_JavaScript_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Users with limited CSS or JavaScript support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Users_with_limited_CSS_or_JavaScript_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wikipedia</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">Manual of Style/Accessibility</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:Bezbari%C3%A9rov%C3%A1_Wikipedie" title="Nápověda:Bezbariérová Wikipedie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nápověda:Bezbariérová Wikipedie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfe:Textgestaltung/Barrierefreiheit" title="Hilfe:Textgestaltung/Barrierefreiheit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hilfe:Textgestaltung/Barrierefreiheit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1:%CE%95%CE%B3%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%86%CE%AE%CF%82/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Βικιπαίδεια:Εγχειρίδιο μορφής/Προσβασιμότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βικιπαίδεια:Εγχειρίδιο μορφής/Προσβασιμότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه‌نامه/دسترسی‌پذیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویکی‌پدیا:شیوه‌نامه/دسترسی‌پذیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Atelier_accessibilit%C3%A9/Bonnes_pratiques" title="Wikipédia:Atelier accessibilité/Bonnes pratiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wikipédia:Atelier accessibilité/Bonnes pratiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91_%EC%A7%80%EC%B9%A8/%EC%A0%91%EA%B7%BC%EC%84%B1" title="위키백과:편집 지침/접근성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="위키백과:편집 지침/접근성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pedoman_gaya/Aksesibilitas" title="Wikipedia:Pedoman gaya/Aksesibilitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikipedia:Pedoman gaya/Aksesibilitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibilit%C3%A0_del_contenuto" title="Wikipedia:Accessibilità del contenuto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wikipedia:Accessibilità del contenuto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94:%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ויקיפדיה:נגישות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויקיפדיה:נגישות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87/%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84" title="ويكيبيديا:طريقة الكتابه/سهولة الوصول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويكيبيديا:طريقة الكتابه/سهولة الوصول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%93%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="Wikipedia:アクセシビリティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Wikipedia:アクセシビリティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dost%C4%99pno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Wikipedia:Dostępność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wikipedia:Dostępność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Acessibilidade" title="Wikipédia:Acessibilidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wikipédia:Acessibilidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Википедия:Доступность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Википедия:Доступность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Slogovni_priro%C4%8Dnik/Dostopnost" title="Wikipedija:Slogovni priročnik/Dostopnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wikipedija:Slogovni priročnik/Dostopnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Википедија:Стилски приручник/Приступачност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Стилски приручник/Приступачност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="వికీపీడియా:Manual of Style/Accessibility – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వికీపీడియా:Manual of Style/Accessibility" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Вікіпедія:Стиль/Доступність – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вікіпедія:Стиль/Доступність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:C%E1%BA%A9m_nang_bi%C3%AAn_so%E1%BA%A1n/Kh%E1%BA%A3_n%C4%83ng_ti%E1%BA%BFp_c%E1%BA%ADn" title="Wikipedia:Cẩm nang biên soạn/Khả năng tiếp cận – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wikipedia:Cẩm nang biên soạn/Khả năng tiếp cận" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A2%A8%E6%A0%BC%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97/%E7%84%A1%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="Wikipedia:風格指南/無障礙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Wikipedia:風格指南/無障礙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E7%84%A1%E9%9A%9C%E7%A4%99" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/無障礙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/無障礙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia accessibility guideline</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This is a guide to editing pages for accessibility. For the project, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility">Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:ACCESS" redirects here. For access keys, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Keyboard_shortcuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Keyboard shortcuts">Wikipedia:Keyboard shortcuts</a>. For access to editing privileges, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">Wikipedia:User access levels</a>. For accessibility of content, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable</a>. For accessibility of sources, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Published" title="Wikipedia:Published">Wikipedia:Published</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines#guide" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">guideline</a> is a part of the English Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a>.</b><br/><div style="font-size: 90%;"> It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">occasional exceptions</a> may apply. Any <i>substantive</i> edit to this page should reflect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia talk:Manual of Style/Accessibility">talk page</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ACCESS"></span><span id="WP:ACCESSIBILITY"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ACCESS&redirect=no">MOS:ACCESS</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:ACCESSIBILITY&redirect=no">WP:ACCESSIBILITY</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style (MoS)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form" action="/wiki/Special:Search" id="style-searchbox"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-inputbox-input mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="25" dir="ltr"/></div><input type="hidden" value="Wikipedia:Manual of Style" name="prefix"/><br/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search the MoS" class="cdx-button"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(content)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (content)">Content</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biography" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Biography">Biography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Disambiguation_pages" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Disambiguation pages">Disambiguation pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Organizing_disambiguation_pages_by_subject_area" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Organizing disambiguation pages by subject area">Organizing by subject</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Gender_identity" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hidden_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hidden text">Hidden text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">Infoboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Self-references_to_avoid" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Self-references to avoid">Self-references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">Words to watch</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(formatting)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (formatting)">Formatting</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Abbreviations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Capital_letters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Capital letters">Capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Text formatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Titles_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Titles of works">Titles of works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(images)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (images)">Images</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">Captions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Adding_images_to_articles" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(layout)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (layout)">Layout</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">Tables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">Trivia sections</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(lists)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (lists)">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists_of_works" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists of works">Lists of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Road_junction_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Road junction lists">Road junctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Stand-alone_lists" title="Wikipedia:Stand-alone lists">Stand-alone lists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic area</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(legal)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (legal)">Legal</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Legal" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Legal">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trademarks" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trademarks">Trademarks</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(arts)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (arts)">Arts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Anime_and_manga" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Comics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Film" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lyrics_and_poetry" title="Wikipedia:Lyrics and poetry">Lyrics and poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Novels" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Television" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Video_games" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Visual_arts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Writing_about_fiction" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Writing about fiction">Writing about fiction</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(music)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (music)">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Music_samples" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Music samples">Music samples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Record_charts" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Record charts">Record charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Stringed_instrument_tunings" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Stringed instrument tunings">Stringed instruments</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(history)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (history)">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Blazon" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Blazon">Blazons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Military_history" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Military history">Military history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(regional)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (regional)">Regional</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)#Specific_topics" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">Specific naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Canada-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Canada-related articles">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/China-_and_Chinese-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/China- and Chinese-related articles">China (and Chinese)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Egypt-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Egypt-related articles">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/France-_and_French-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/France- and French-related articles">France (and French)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Hawaii-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Hawaii-related articles">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/India-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/India-related articles">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Indonesia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Indonesia-related articles">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Ireland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Ireland-related articles">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Japan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Japan-related articles">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Korea-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Korea-related articles">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(Macedonia)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Macedonia)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Malaysia-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Malaysia-related articles">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pakistan-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pakistan-related articles">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Philippines-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Philippines-related articles">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Poland-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Poland-related articles">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Singapore-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Singapore-related articles">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Trinidad_and_Tobago/Style_guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Trinidad and Tobago/Style guide">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(religion)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (religion)">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Islam-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Islam-related articles">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Latter_Day_Saints" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(science)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (science)">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry">Chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Compound_classes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Compound classes">Compound classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Chemicals" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Chemicals">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/References_and_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/References and external links">References and external links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Safety" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Chemistry/Structure_drawing" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Chemistry/Structure drawing">Structure drawing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Computer_science" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxobox/doc" title="Template:Taxobox/doc">Taxonomy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(sports)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (sports)">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Cue_sports" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Cue sports">Cue sports</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Snooker" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Snooker">Snooker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating">Figure skating</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Figure_skating_terminology" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Figure skating terminology">Terminology</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: #def; color:black; padding-left: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_Manual_of_Style_(related_guidelines)" title="Category:Wikipedia Manual of Style (related guidelines)">Related guidelines</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simplified_Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Simplified Manual of Style">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Styletips" title="Wikipedia:Styletips">Tips</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Style" title="Template:Style"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Style" title="Template talk:Style"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Style" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Style"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility">WikiProject Accessibility</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block;margin-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/What_is_accessibility%3F" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/What is accessibility?">What is accessibility?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Accessibility" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Accessibility">Main discussion page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/FAQ_and_common_pitfalls" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/FAQ and common pitfalls">FAQ and common pitfalls</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Article guidelines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; margin-left: 1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility dos and don'ts">Dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manual of Style<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> / </span>Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Alternative_text_for_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Alternative text for images">Alternative text for images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility/Data_tables_tutorial" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Data tables tutorial">Data tables tutorial</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Template guidelines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; margin-left: 1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Top_priority_issues_with_templates" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Top priority issues with templates">Template priorities</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Most_widely_used_templates" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Most widely used templates">Most widely used templates</a><div class="hlist"><ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Most_widely_used_templates/Top_200" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Most widely used templates/Top 200">Top 200</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Most_widely_used_templates/From_200_to_1000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Most widely used templates/From 200 to 1000 (page does not exist)">200–1000</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Most_widely_used_templates/Template_watchlist" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Most widely used templates/Template watchlist">Watchlist</a>)</li></ul></div> </div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Infoboxes">Infobox accessibility</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Coordination</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; margin-left: 1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Manual_of_Style_draft" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Manual of Style draft">Manual of Style draft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Methodology" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Resources_and_references" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Resources and references">Resources and references</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Policy_proposal" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Policy proposal">Policy proposal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Popular_pages" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Popular pages">Popular pages</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">For impaired users</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; margin-left: 1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Using_JAWS" title="Wikipedia:Using JAWS">Using JAWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Keyboard_shortcuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Keyboard shortcuts">Keyboard shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Style_sheets_for_visually_impaired_users" title="Wikipedia:Style sheets for visually impaired users">Style sheets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User:P999/Toggle_VF" title="User:P999/Toggle VF">Toggle VF</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="display:block;margin-top:0.25em; padding-top:0.25em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Navigation_menu" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Navigation menu"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Accessibility/Navigation_menu" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Accessibility/Navigation menu"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility/Navigation_menu" title="Special:EditPage/Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility/Navigation menu"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility">Web accessibility</a> is the goal of making web pages easier to navigate and read. While this is primarily intended to assist those with <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disabilities</a>, it can be helpful to all readers. We aim to adhere to <a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a> 2.1,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on which the following suggestions are based. Pages adhering to them are easier for everyone to read and edit. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Article_structure" data-mw-thread-id="h-Article_structure"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Article_structure"></span>Article structure<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Article_structure"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Article structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A standardized structure of articles improves accessibility, because it enables users to expect contents to be in a specific part of the page. For example, if a blind user is searching for disambiguation links and doesn't find any at the top of the page, they will know that there aren't any and they don't have to read the whole page to find that out. </p><p>Standardization is already a habit on Wikipedia, thus the guidelines to follow are simply <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Elements" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section § Elements</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headings" data-mw-thread-id="h-Headings-Article_structure"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Headings-Article_structure"></span>Headings<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Headings-Article_structure"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Headings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:GOODHEAD"></span><span id="MOS:BADHEAD"></span><span id="MOS:SPACEUNDERHEADING"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:GOODHEAD&redirect=no">MOS:GOODHEAD</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:BADHEAD&redirect=no">MOS:BADHEAD</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SPACEUNDERHEADING&redirect=no">MOS:SPACEUNDERHEADING</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Headings should be descriptive and in a consistent order as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Order_of_article_elements" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">defined in the Manual of Style</a>. </p><p>Nest headings sequentially, starting with level 2 (<code>==</code>), then level 3 (<code>===</code>) and so on. (Level 1 is the auto-generated page title.) Do not skip parts of the sequence, such as selecting levels for emphasis; this is not the purpose of headings. </p><p>For purposes of readability for editors with poor vision—in <a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">source editor</a> only—a single blank line may be added beneath each heading, but not more than one; more than one blank line beneath a section heading will cause extra space to be visible on the rendered page. Consideration should also be given to how a single blank white line beneath section headings may appear on a small screen for a particular article, as many editors use mobile devices to edit, and having a single blank line beneath the heading may actually detract from the readability for these editors, for some articles. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="padding-top: 10px;">Examples of correct and incorrect use of nested headings </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="background: PaleGreen;">Correct </th> <th scope="col" style="background: Pink;">Random/chaotic </th> <th scope="col" style="background: Pink;">Skipping levels </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width: 33%;"> <div class="poem"> <p><i>[Article lead here]</i><br/> <code>==Section==</code> <i>[level 2]</i><br/> <code>===Sub-section===</code> <i>[3]</i><br/> <code>==Section==</code> <i>[2]</i><br/> <code>===Sub-section===</code> <i>[3]</i><br/> <code>====Sub-sub-section====</code> <i>[4]</i><br/> <code>==Section==</code> <i>[2]</i> </p> </div> </td> <td style="width: 33%;"> <div class="poem"> <p><i>[Article lead here]</i><br/> <code>====Section<b>?</b>====</code> <i>[4]</i><br/> <code>===Section<b>?</b>===</code> <i>[3]</i><br/> <code>==Section<b>?</b>==</code> <i>[2]</i><br/> <code>==Section<b>?</b>==</code> <i>[2]</i><br/> <code>====Section<b>?</b>====</code> <i>[4]</i><br/> <code>===Section<b>?</b>===</code> <i>[3]</i> </p> </div> </td> <td style="width: 33%;"> <div class="poem"> <p><i>[Article lead here]</i><br/> <i>[Level-2 section missing here]</i><br/> <code>===Section<b>?</b>===</code> <i>[3]</i><br/> <code>==Section==</code> <i>[2]</i><br/> <i>[Level-3 sub-section missing here]</i><br/> <code>====Sub-section<b>?</b>====</code> <i>[4]</i><br/> <code>==Section==</code> <i>[2]</i> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PSEUDOHEAD"></span><span id="MOS:FAKEHEADING"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PSEUDOHEAD&redirect=no">MOS:PSEUDOHEAD</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:FAKEHEADING&redirect=no">MOS:FAKEHEADING</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Pseudo-headings"></span> </p><p>Do not make pseudo-headings by abusing semicolon markup (reserved for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#Description_(definition,_association)_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">description lists</a>) and try to avoid using bold markup. Screen readers and other assistive technology can only use headings that have heading markup for navigation. If you want to reduce the size of the table of contents (TOC), use <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:TOC_limit" title="Template:TOC limit">TOC limit</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> instead. In cases where <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:TOC_limit" title="Template:TOC limit">TOC limit</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> cannot be used because of lower-level headings elsewhere in the article, then using bold for the sub-sub-sub headings causes the least annoyance for screen reader users. Using a pseudo heading at all means you have exhausted all other options. It is meant as a rarity. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption style="padding-top: 10px;">Examples of acceptable and incorrect use of pseudo-headings and description lists </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="background: PaleGreen;">Acceptable </th> <th scope="col" style="background: Pink;">Incorrect </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width: 50%;"> <div class="poem"> <p><i>[Article lead here]</i><br/> <code>==Section==</code> <i>[level 2]</i><br/> <code>===Sub-section===</code> <i>[3]</i><br/> <code>'''Pseudo-heading'''</code><br/> <code>==Section==</code> <i>[2]</i><br/> <code>===Sub-section===</code> <i>[3]</i><br/> <code>====Sub-sub-section====</code> <i>[4]</i><br/> <code>;A term followed by</code><br/> <code>:at least one definition or at least one description list item</code><br/> <code>:and additional optional items, forming a list</code> </p> </div> </td> <td style="width: 50%;"> <div class="poem"> <p><i>[Article lead here]</i><br/> <code>==Section==</code> <i>[level 2]</i><br/> <code>===Sub-section===</code> <i>[3]</i><br/> <code>;Pseudo-heading</code><br/> <code>==Section==</code> <i>[2]</i><br/> <code>===Sub-section===</code> <i>[3]</i><br/> <code><small>==Sub-sub-section==</small></code> <i>[2]</i> </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floating_elements" data-mw-thread-id="h-Floating_elements-Article_structure"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Floating_elements-Article_structure"></span>Floating elements<span class="anchor" id="FLOAT"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Floating_elements-Article_structure"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Floating elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ACCESS#FLOAT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ACCESS&redirect=no#FLOAT">MOS:ACCESS#FLOAT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images#Location" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images § Location</a>, and <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Images">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility § Images</a></div> <p>In the wikicode, floating elements (including images) should be placed <em>inside</em> the section they belong to; do not place the image at the end of the previous section. (Depending on platform, "stacking" of several images alongside a relatively small amount of text may cause a particular image to be pushed down to a later section. However, this is not an accessibility issue, as screen readers always read each image's <code>alt=</code> out at the point where the image is <i>coded</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screen_resolution" data-mw-thread-id="h-Screen_resolution-Article_structure"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Screen_resolution-Article_structure"></span>Screen resolution<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Screen_resolution-Article_structure"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Screen resolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Resolution"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:RESOL"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:RESOL&redirect=no">MOS:RESOL</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Wikipedia articles should be accessible to readers using devices with small screens such as <a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">mobile devices</a>, or to readers using monitors with a low resolution. On desktop, this is sometimes an issue in articles with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images#SANDWICH" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">multiple images on both sides of the screen</a>; although lower resolutions will tend to stretch paragraphs vertically, moving images apart in that direction, be careful not to add images or other floating content on both sides of the screen simultaneously. Large tables and images can also create problems; sometimes horizontal scrolling is unavoidable, but consider restructuring wide tables to extend vertically rather than horizontally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Text" data-mw-thread-id="h-Text"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Text"></span>Text<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Text"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NOSTRIKE"></span><span id="MOS:NOSYMBOLS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOSTRIKE&redirect=no">MOS:NOSTRIKE</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOSYMBOLS&redirect=no">MOS:NOSYMBOLS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting</a></div> <p>By default, most <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a> do not indicate presentational text attributes (bold, italic, underline, monospace, strikethrough) or even semantic text attributes (emphasis, importance, text deletion), so <a href="/wiki/Strikethrough" title="Strikethrough">strikethrough</a> text is read normally along with any other text. (Editors using screen readers who participate in Wikipedia policy and deletion debates are advised to turn on notifications about text attributes when doing so, as struck text is very common in Wikipedia-internal discussions.) </p><p>Since strikethrough is normally ignored by screen readers, its rare use in articles (e.g., to show changes in a textual analysis) will cause accessibility problems and outright confusion if it is the only indication used. This applies to both the <code class="nowrap" style=""><s></code> and <code class="nowrap" style=""><del></code> elements (along with their corresponding <code class="nowrap" style=""><ins></code>, usually visually rendered as underlined), as well as templates that use them. Do not use strikethrough to object to content you think is inappropriate or incorrect. Instead, comment it out with <code></code>, remove it entirely, or use an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_index" title="Wikipedia:Template index">inline cleanup/dispute template</a>, and raise the matter on the talk page. </p><p>Screen readers have widely varying support for characters outside <a href="/wiki/Latin-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin-1">Latin-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows-1252" title="Windows-1252">Windows-1252</a> and it is not safe to assume how any given character in these ranges will be pronounced. If they are not recognized by the screen reader or speech synthesizer, they may be pronounced as a question mark or omitted entirely from the speech output. </p> <ol><li>Provide a <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a> for all text in a non-Latin writing system where the non-Latin character is important in the original context such as names, places, things etc. This functionality is available in templates that signify non-Latin-script languages and can also be found in templates such as <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">Transliteration</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>; these templates also have other accessibility benefits (see the <a href="#Other_languages">"Other languages" section</a> below).</li> <li>Do not use possibly unpronounceable symbols such as ♥ (a <a href="/wiki/Heart_symbol" title="Heart symbol">heart symbol</a>); use images with alt text instead.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Symbols that cause problems for screen readers may already have templates created to produce an image and alt text. An example is the dagger template <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:%E2%80%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:†">†</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> (see <a href="/wiki/Category:Single-image_insertion_templates" title="Category:Single-image insertion templates">Category:Single-image insertion templates</a> for more).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The dagger template no longer produces an image. (July 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ol> <p>The sequence of characters must be sufficient to convey semantic aspects of the text (and, preferably, other similar forms of content); reliance on custom "special symbols" distinguishable only by CSS properties or wiki markup is not acceptable. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NOHOVER"></span><span id="MOS:NOTOOLTIPS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOHOVER&redirect=no">MOS:NOHOVER</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOTOOLTIPS&redirect=no">MOS:NOTOOLTIPS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Do not use techniques that require interaction to provide information, such as tooltips or any other "hover" text. Abbreviations are exempt from these requirements, so the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Abbr" title="Template:Abbr">abbr</a>}}</code> template (a wrapper for the <code class="nowrap" style=""><abbr></code> element) may be used to indicate the long form of an abbreviation (including an acronym or initialism). </p><p>Do not insert line breaks within a sentence, since this makes it harder to edit with a <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen reader</a>. A single line break may follow a sentence, which may help some editors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Font_size" data-mw-thread-id="h-Font_size-Text"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Font_size-Text"></span>Font size<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Font_size-Text"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Font size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Font_size" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Font size</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:SMALL"></span><span id="MOS:SMALLTEXT"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SMALL&redirect=no">MOS:SMALL</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:SMALLTEXT&redirect=no">MOS:SMALLTEXT</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Reduced or enlarged font sizes should be used sparingly, and are usually done with automated page elements such as headings, table headers, and standardized templates. Size changes are specified as a <em>percentage</em> of the original font size and not as an absolute size in pixels or point size. Relative sizes increase accessibility for visually impaired users by allowing them to set a large(r) default font size in their browser settings. Absolute sizes deny users such ability. </p><p>Avoid using smaller font sizes within page elements that already use a smaller font size, such as most text within <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">infoboxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Navigation_template" title="Wikipedia:Navigation template">navboxes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Notes_and_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">references sections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that <code class="nowrap" style=""><small>...</small></code> tags, and templates such as <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Small" title="Template:Small">small</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Smalldiv" title="Template:Smalldiv">smalldiv</a>}}</code>, should not be applied to <a href="/wiki/Plain_text" title="Plain text">plain text</a> within those elements. In no case should the resulting font size of any text drop below 85% of the page's default font size. Note that the HTML <code class="nowrap" style=""><small>...</small></code> tag has a semantic meaning of <a href="/wiki/Fine_print" title="Fine print">fine print</a> or side comments;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> do not use it for stylistic changes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fractions" data-mw-thread-id="h-Fractions-Text"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Fractions-Text"></span>Fractions<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Fractions-Text"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Fractions_and_ratios" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Fractions and ratios</a></div> <p>Apart from the exceptions explained at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Fractions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">WP:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers § Fractions</a>, do not use <a href="/wiki/Precomposed_fraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Precomposed fraction">precomposed fraction</a> characters such as <span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">½</span> (deprecated markup: <code><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">&frac12;</span></code> or <code><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);">&#189;</span></code>). This is because some precomposed fractions may not work with <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a> or may be unreasonably difficult for readers with impaired vision to decipher. Use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Fraction" title="Template:Fraction">Fraction</a>}}</code> which produces fractions in the form <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span></span>. (For <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">scientific and mathematical text</a>, use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Sfrac" title="Template:Sfrac">sfrac</a>}}</code> which produces fractions in the form <span class="nounderlines" style="border: 1px solid var(--border-color-muted,#ddd); color: var(--color-base); background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #fdfdfd); padding: 1px 1px;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">3</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">4</span></span>⁠</span></span>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Other_languages" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_languages"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_languages"></span>Other languages<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_languages"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:OTHERLANG"></span><span id="MOS:LANG"></span><span id="WP:IETF"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:OTHERLANG&redirect=no">MOS:OTHERLANG</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LANG&redirect=no">MOS:LANG</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:IETF&redirect=no">WP:IETF</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang/doc#Rationale" title="Template:Lang/doc">Template:Lang/doc § Rationale</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Non-English_terms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Non-English terms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#Non-English_language_terms" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting § Non-English language terms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking#Interwiki_links" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking § Interwiki links</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates</a></div> <p>By default, English Wikipedia articles state explicitly to the browser that they are written wholly in English. Text in a language other than English should be tagged as such, typically with a template like <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}</code> (or one of its derivatives). This wraps the text in an <a href="/wiki/IETF_language_tag" title="IETF language tag">IETF language tag</a>, which specifies the language and script. For example: </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display: none;">N</span> <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">''Assemblée nationale''</code> is merely italicized, and has not specified that it is French-language text. Most screen readers attempting to handle this will sound ridiculous or confusing.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>|fr|Assemblée nationale}}</code> renders as <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Assemblée nationale</i></span></span>, which is italicized by default and will allow screen readers to select a French-language voice.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Langx" title="Template:Langx">langx</a>|fr|Assemblée nationale}}</code> → <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Assemblée nationale</i></span> – This is similar to the above.</li></ul> <p><strong>Rationale</strong>: Among other uses, specifying the language of text with <code>{{lang}}</code> allows speech synthesizers to select a voice capable of correctly reading out the text.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IETF language tags specify the language of text according to the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a> specification, but also which script is being used to write the language: </p> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>|sr-Cyrl|Народна скупштина}}</code> → <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span title="Serbian-language text"><span lang="sr-Cyrl">Народна скупштина</span></span></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>|sr-Latn|Narodna skupština}}</code> → <span class="example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-added, #006400);"><span title="Serbian-language text"><i lang="sr-Latn">Narodna skupština</i></span></span> – Serbian can typically be written using either the Latin or Cyrillic script.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Red X" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/13px-Red_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/20px-Red_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Red_x.svg/26px-Red_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display: none;">N</span> <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>|ja|Kokumin gikai}}</code> – By default, it is expected for Japanese text to be written using the native writing system, whose rules may treat some characters differently.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>|ja-Latn|Kokumin gikai}}</code> specifies Japanese written with the Latin alphabet (e.g. <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Rōmaji">rōmaji</a></i></span>).</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a>|ja|Kokumin gikai}}</code> is equivalent to the above.</li></ul> <p>Without specifying a script, IETF tags assume the most common script used to write a given language. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterations</a> should specify use of Latin script by appending <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">-Latn</code> to the language code, or by using the equivalent <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a>}}</code> template. Wikipedia has a number of <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">language-specific templates</a> such as <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang-zh" title="Template:Lang-zh">lang-zh</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Nihongo" title="Template:Nihongo">nihongo</a>}}</code>, which provide language-specific functionality to editors, such as the ability to easily display several transliterations with one template. Not every language has its own template, but using one may be helpful to streamline wikitext, instead of cluttering paragraphs with instances of <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a>}}</code>. </p><p>It is usually unnecessary to specify italics in addition to the <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}</code> or <code>{{[[Template:lang-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">xx</var>|lang-<var style="padding-right: 1px;">xx</var>]]}}</code> templates, which italicize text using the Latin alphabet by default. If text should not be italicized, such as with the names of places or people, the parameter <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|italic=unset</code> may be added.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As outlined in <a href="/wiki/MOS:NON-ENG" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:NON-ENG">MOS:NON-ENG</a>, text using a non-Latin script should almost never be italicized or bolded. </p><p>Phonetic transcriptions or pronunciation guides should use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Respell" title="Template:Respell">respell</a>}}</code>, or another suitable template. <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:PIE" title="Template:PIE">PIE</a>}}</code> is used for <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Links" data-mw-thread-id="h-Links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Links"></span>Links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Links"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Create good link descriptions, especially for external links (avoid "<a href="/wiki/Click_here" class="mw-disambig" title="Click here">click here</a>!", "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://example.com/">this</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Do not use <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters as icons; use an icon with alt text instead. For example, a character like "→" cannot be reproduced into useful text by some <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a>.</li> <li>Use <a href="/wiki/Template:Visible_anchor" title="Template:Visible anchor">Template:Visible anchors</a> where <a href="/wiki/Template:Visible_anchor#Destination_highlighting" title="Template:Visible anchor">Destination highlighting</a> helps the partially sighted to locate more easily the link target on the destination page.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Color" data-mw-thread-id="h-Color"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Color"></span>Color <span id="Colour"></span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Color"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Using_colors_in_articles"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:COLOR"></span><span id="MOS:COLOUR"></span><span id="MOS:CONTRAST"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COLOR&redirect=no">MOS:COLOR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:COLOUR&redirect=no">MOS:COLOUR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:CONTRAST&redirect=no">MOS:CONTRAST</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:COLOR" redirects here. For technical help on using colors, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Using_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Using colors">Help:Using colors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Link_color" title="Help:Link color">Help:Link color</a>. For the WikiProject on color, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Color" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Color">Wikipedia:WikiProject Color</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about the use of colors in articles (though the advice on contrast ratios is applicable more generally). For the civility essay dealing with colors, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Don%27t_edit_war_over_the_color_of_templates" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Don't edit war over the color of templates">Wikipedia:Don't edit war over the color of templates</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_team_color_problem_on_Clive_Churchill_article.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two screenshots of the same highly textual user interface. The top one uses red, green, and blue; the bottom one uses nearly the same color for red and green, so that the red text becomes nearly invisible in its green background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Example_of_team_color_problem_on_Clive_Churchill_article.png/220px-Example_of_team_color_problem_on_Clive_Churchill_article.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Example_of_team_color_problem_on_Clive_Churchill_article.png/330px-Example_of_team_color_problem_on_Clive_Churchill_article.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Example_of_team_color_problem_on_Clive_Churchill_article.png/440px-Example_of_team_color_problem_on_Clive_Churchill_article.png 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="1049"/></a><figcaption>A pair of screenshots showing the effects of red/green color-blindness on legibility</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Colors</b> are most commonly found in Wikipedia articles within <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">templates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">tables</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">For technical assistance on how colors are used, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Using_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Using colors">Help:Using colors</a>.</span> </p><p>Articles (and other pages) that use color should keep accessibility in mind, as follows: </p> <ul><li>Ensure that color is not the only method used to communicate important information. Especially, do not use colored text or background unless its status is also indicated using another method, such as an <a href="#Text">accessible symbol</a> matched to a legend, or <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnote labels</a>. Otherwise, <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blind</a> users or readers accessing Wikipedia through a printout or device without a color screen will not receive that information.</li> <li>Links should clearly be identifiable as a link to our readers.</li> <li>Some readers of Wikipedia are partially or fully <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">color-blind</a> or visually impaired. Ensure the contrast of the text with its background reaches at least <a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a> (WCAG) 2.0's AA level, and AAA level when feasible (see WCAG's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/UNDERSTANDING-WCAG20/visual-audio-contrast-contrast.html">"Understanding SC 1.4.3: Contrast (Minimum)"</a>). To use named CSS colors for text on a white background, refer to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility/CSS_colors_for_text_on_white" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/CSS colors for text on white">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/CSS colors for text on white</a> for recommended colors. For other usage, here is a selection of tools that can be used to check that the contrast is correct: <ul><li>You can use a few online tools to check color contrasts, including: the <a href="/wiki/WebAIM" title="WebAIM">WebAIM</a> online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/">contrast checker</a>, or the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whocanuse.com/">WhoCanUse</a> site, or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snook.ca/technical/colour_contrast/colour.html">Snook's Color Contrast Check</a>. <ul><li>Several other tools exist on the web, but check if they are up-to-date before using them. Several tools are based on WCAG 1.0's algorithm, while the reference is now WCAG 2.0's algorithm. If the tool doesn't specifically mention that it is based on WCAG 2.0, assume that it is outdated.</li></ul></li> <li>The Wikimedia Foundation Design team <a class="external text" href="https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/style-guide/colors.html">has provided a color palette</a> with colors being marked towards level AA conformance. It is used for all user-interface elements across products and in the main Wikimedia themes, desktop and mobile. However, it does not consider linked text.</li> <li>The table at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility/Colors" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Colors">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Colors</a> shows the results for 14 hues of finding the darkest or lightest backgrounds that are AAA-compliant against black text, white text, linked text and visited linked text.</li> <li>Google Chrome has a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://a11ywins.tumblr.com/post/167324368213/google-chromes-color-contrast-debugger">color contrast debugger</a> with visual guide and color-picker.</li> <li>The downloadable software <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tpgi.com/color-contrast-checker/">Color Contrast Analyser</a> enables you to pick colors on the page, and review their contrast thoroughly. However, be sure to only use the up-to-date "luminosity" algorithm, and not the "color brightness/difference", which is outdated.</li></ul></li> <li>Additional tools can be used to help produce graphical charts and color schemes for maps and the like. These tools are not accurate means to review contrast accessibility, but they can be helpful for specific tasks. <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paletton.com/">Paletton</a> (previously Color Scheme Designer) helps to choose a good set of colors for a graphical chart.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colorbrewer2.org/">Color Brewer 2.0</a> provides safe color schemes for maps and detailed explanations.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://personal.sron.nl/~pault/#fig:scheme_light">Light qualitative color scheme</a> provides a set of nine colors that work for color-blind users and with black text labels (among other palettes).</li> <li>There are some tools for simulating color-blind vision: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.toptal.com/designers/colorfilter">Toptal ColorFilter</a> (webpage analysis) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.color-blindness.com/coblis-color-blindness-simulator/">Coblis Color-blindness Simulator</a> (local file analysis). There are also browser extensions for webpage analysis: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/nocoffee/">NoCoffee</a> (Firefox)</li> <li>A very simple open-source tool that can be helpful for choosing contrasting colors is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://colororacle.org/">Color Oracle</a>, a "free color blindness simulator for Windows, Mac and Linux". It lets you view whatever is on your screen as it would be seen by someone with one of three types of color-blindness or in greyscale.</li></ul></li> <li>If an article overuses colors, and you don't know how to fix it yourself, you can ask for help from other editors. Place <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Overcolored" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Overcolored">Overcolored</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> or <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Overcoloured" title="Template:Overcoloured">Overcoloured</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> at the top of the article.</li></ul> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:608px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WCAG_web_safe_contrast_ratio.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contrast ratios of web safe colours vs black (top row) and white (bottom) or vice versa, with contours at 3 (red), 4.5 (green) and 7 (blue)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/WCAG_web_safe_contrast_ratio.svg/600px-WCAG_web_safe_contrast_ratio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/WCAG_web_safe_contrast_ratio.svg/900px-WCAG_web_safe_contrast_ratio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/WCAG_web_safe_contrast_ratio.svg/1200px-WCAG_web_safe_contrast_ratio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="171"/></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:WCAG_web_safe_contrast_ratio.svg" title="File:WCAG web safe contrast ratio.svg"> </a></div>Contrast ratios of web safe colours vs black (top row) and white (bottom) or vice versa, with contours at 3 (red), 4.5 (green) and 7 (blue)</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Block_elements" data-mw-thread-id="h-Block_elements"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Block_elements"></span>Block elements<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Block_elements"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Block elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists" data-mw-thread-id="h-Lists-Block_elements"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Lists-Block_elements"></span>Lists<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Lists-Block_elements"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:INDENTMIX"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:INDENTMIX&redirect=no">MOS:INDENTMIX</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">Help:List</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Bulleted_and_numbered_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Bulleted and numbered lists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#List_styles" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists § List styles</a></div> <p>Do not separate list items by leaving empty lines or tabular column breaks between them. This includes items in a <a href="/wiki/Description_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Description list">description list</a> (a list made with a leading semicolon or colon, which is also how most talk-page discussions are formatted) or an <a href="/wiki/List_(HTML)" class="mw-redirect" title="List (HTML)">ordered list</a> or <a href="/wiki/Unordered_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Unordered list">unordered list</a>. Lists are meant to group elements that belong together, but <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki</a> will interpret the blank line as the end of one list and start a new one. Excessive double line breaks also disrupt <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a>, which will announce multiple lists when only one was intended, and therefore may mislead or confuse users of these programs. Such improper formatting can also more than triple the length of time it takes them to read the list. </p><p>Likewise, do not switch between initial list marker types (colons, asterisks or hash signs) in one list. When indenting in reply to a post that starts with any mix of colons and asterisks and sometimes hash signs, it is necessary to copy whatever series of those characters was used above, and append one more such character. Alternatively, simply <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Indentation#Outdenting" title="Wikipedia:Indentation">outdent</a> and start a new discussion (i.e., a new HTML list). </p><p>Examples: </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span>In a discussion, do this, </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">*</span> Support. I like this idea. —User:Example <span class="k">**</span> Question: What do you like about it? —User:Example2 <span class="k">***</span> It seems to fit the spirit of Wikipedia. —User:Example </pre></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> Or, in an unbulleted discussion, this, </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">:</span> Support. I like this idea. —User:Example <span class="k">::</span> Question: What do you like about it? —User:Example2 <span class="k">:::</span> It seems to fit the spirit of Wikipedia. —User:Example </pre></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> Suppressing the bullet on a reply is also acceptable, </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">*</span> Support. I like this idea. —User:Example <span class="k">*:</span> Question: What do you like about it? —User:Example2 <span class="k">*::</span> It seems to fit the spirit of Wikipedia. —User:Example </pre></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> But don't switch type from bullet list to description list, </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">*</span> Support. I like this idea. —User:Example <span class="k">::</span> Question: What do you like about it? —User:Example2 </pre></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> nor switch from bullet list to mixed type, </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">*</span> Support. I like this idea. —User:Example <span class="k">:*</span> Question: What do you like about it? —User:Example2 </pre></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> Leaving blank lines between list items is generally bad practice, </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">*</span> Support. I like this idea. —User:Example <span class="k">**</span> Question: What do you like about it? —User:Example2 </pre></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> As is jumping more than one level, </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">*</span> Support. I like this idea. —User:Example <span class="k">***</span> Question: What do you like about it? —User:Example2 </pre></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dark_yellow_x.svg/20px-Dark_yellow_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dark_yellow_x.svg/30px-Dark_yellow_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dark_yellow_x.svg/40px-Dark_yellow_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> This is generally discouraged: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">:</span> Support. I like this idea. —User:Example <span class="k">:*</span> Question: What do you like about it? —User:Example2 </pre></div> <p>This injection of a bullet unnecessarily adds to list complexity and makes people more likely to use the wrong indentation levels in replies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multiple_paragraphs_within_list_items" data-mw-thread-id="h-Multiple_paragraphs_within_list_items-Lists"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Multiple_paragraphs_within_list_items-Lists"></span>Multiple paragraphs within list items<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Multiple_paragraphs_within_list_items-Lists"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Multiple paragraphs within list items"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PARABR"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PARABR&redirect=no">MOS:PARABR</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Normal MediaWiki list markup is unfortunately incompatible with normal MediaWiki paragraph markup. </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> To put multiple paragraphs in a list item, separate them with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Pb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Pb">pb</a>}}</code>: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">*</span> This is one item.<span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">pb</span><span class="p">}}</span>This is another paragraph within this item. <span class="k">*</span> This is another item. </pre></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> This can also be done with explicit HTML markup for paragraphs (note the closing <code></p></code> tag): </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">*</span> This is one item.<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span>This is another paragraph within this item.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="k">*</span> This is another item. </pre></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> In both cases, this must be done on a single code line. However, you can optionally use the trick of wrapping a code line break in an HTML comment (which suppresses it as an output line break), to separate paragraphs better in code view: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">*</span> This is one item.<span class="cm"></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span>This is another paragraph within this item.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="k">*</span> This is another item. </pre></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> This technique can be used for various forms of block-inclusion within a list item (because list items are technically block elements, which can contain other block elements): </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">*</span> This is one item.<span class="cm"></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span>This is another paragraph within this item, and we're going to quote someone:<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span><span class="cm"></span><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">talk quote block</span><span class="p">|</span>Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given free access to the sum of all human knowledge.<span class="p">|</span>Jimbo<span class="p">}}</span><span class="cm"></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span>This is a closing paragraph within the same list item.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="k">*</span> This is another item. </pre></div> <p>Be aware that not every fancy template can be used in this manner (e.g. some decorative quotation templates are table-based, and the MediaWiki parser will not handle such markup as being inside a list item). </p><p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Glossaries">WP:Manual of Style/Glossaries</a> for rich but accessible markup of complex <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#Description_(definition,_association)_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">description/definition/association lists</a>.</span> </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> Do not use line breaks to simulate paragraphs, because they have different semantics: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">*</span> This is one item.<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">br</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">/></span>This is the same paragraph, with a line break before it. <span class="k">*</span> This is another item. </pre></div> <p>Line-break tags are for wrapping <em>within</em> a paragraph, such as lines of a poem or of a block of source code. See also the <a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext#Retaining_newlines_and_spaces" title="Help:Wikitext"><code class="nowrap" style=""><poem></code></a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Computer_science/Manual_of_style#Code_samples" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Computer science/Manual of style"><code class="nowrap" style=""><syntaxhighlight></code></a> MediaWiki tags. </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> Definitely do not attempt to use a colon to match the indentation level, since (as mentioned above) it produces three separate lists: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">*</span> This is one item. <span class="k">:</span> This is an entirely separate list. <span class="k">*</span> This is a third list. </pre></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> Alternatively, you can use one of the <a href="/wiki/Template:HTML_lists" title="Template:HTML lists">HTML list templates</a> to guarantee grouping. This is most useful for including block elements, such as formatted code, in lists: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">bulleted list</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">1</span><span class="o">=</span>This is one item: <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">pre</span><span class="p">></span> This is some code. <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">pre</span><span class="p">></span> This is still the same item. <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">2</span><span class="o">=</span>This is a second item. <span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div> <p>But this technique is not used on talk pages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indentation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Indentation-Lists"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Indentation-Lists"></span>Indentation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Indentation-Lists"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:INDENTGAP"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:INDENTGAP&redirect=no">MOS:INDENTGAP</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Indentation" title="Wikipedia:Indentation">Indentation</a></div> <p>An accessible approach to indentation is the template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Block_indent" title="Template:Block indent">block indent</a>}}</code> for multi-line content; it uses <a href="/wiki/Cascading_style_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading style sheets">CSS</a> to indent the material. For single lines, a variety of templates exist, including <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:In5" title="Template:In5">in5</a>}}</code> (a universal template, with the same name on all Wikimedia sites); these indent with various whitespace characters. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_style#Indentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Manual of style">Do not abuse</a> the <code class="nowrap" style=""><blockquote>...</blockquote></code> element or templates that use it (such as <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Blockquote" title="Template:Blockquote">blockquote</a>}}</code>) for visual indentation; they are only for directly quoted material. The <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Block_indent" title="Template:Block indent">block indent</a>}}</code> generic alternative was created for such non-quote cases, so please use it. </p><p>A colon (<code>:</code>) at the start of a line marks that line in the MediaWiki parser as the <code class="nowrap" style=""><dd></code> part of an HTML <a href="/wiki/Description_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Description list">description list</a> (<code class="nowrap" style=""><dl></code>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visual effect in most Web browsers is to indent the line. This is used, for example, to indicate replies in a threaded discussion on talk pages. However, this markup alone is missing the required <code class="nowrap" style=""><dt></code> (term) element of a description list, to which the <code class="nowrap" style=""><dd></code> (description/definition) pertains. As can be seen by inspecting the code sent to the browser, this results in broken HTML (i.e. it fails <a href="/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">validation</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The result is that assistive technology, such as screen readers, will announce a description list that does not exist, which is confusing for any visitor unused to Wikipedia's broken markup. This is not ideal for accessibility, <a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">semantics</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reusing_Wikipedia_content" title="Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content">reuse</a>, but is currently commonly used, despite the problems it causes for users of screen readers. </p><p><strong>Blank lines must <em>not</em> be placed between colon-indented lines of text</strong> – especially in article content. This is interpreted by the software as marking the end of a list and the start of a new one. </p><p>If space is needed, there are two approaches, which will have different results for screen readers: </p><p>The first is to add a blank line with the same number of colons on it as those preceding the text above and below the blank line. This is appropriate when two editors are making comments immediately after each other at the same indentation level. For instance: </p> <pre>: I completely agree. —User:Example : : I'm unconvinced. Is there a better source available? –User:Example2 </pre> <p>This will tell the screen reader that this is two list items (the blank one will be ignored). </p><p>The second approach, for when the material is meant to be a single comment (or other list item, e.g. in article text) is to use new-paragraph markup on the same output line (see previous section for advanced techniques in this, to include complex content blocks): </p> <pre>: Text here.{{pb}}More text. —User:Example3 </pre> <p>To display a mathematical formula or expression on its own line, it is recommended that <code><math display="block">1 + 1 = 2</math></code> be used instead of <code>:<math>1 + 1 = 2</math></code>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For more information on: <ul><li>Richer and more accessible alternative description-list markup, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Glossaries">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Glossaries</a>.</li> <li>Weaknesses of colon-based markup – even for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#Description_(definition,_association)_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">actual description lists</a> not just talk threads – see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries/DD_bug_test_cases" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Glossaries/DD bug test cases">WP:Manual of Style/Glossaries/DD bug test cases</a>.</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vertical_lists" data-mw-thread-id="h-Vertical_lists-Lists"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Vertical_lists-Lists"></span>Vertical lists<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Vertical_lists-Lists"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vertical lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bulleted_vertical_lists" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bulleted_vertical_lists-Vertical_lists"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bulleted_vertical_lists-Vertical_lists"></span>Bulleted vertical lists<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bulleted_vertical_lists-Vertical_lists"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bulleted vertical lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LISTGAP"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LISTGAP&redirect=no">MOS:LISTGAP</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>For bulleted vertical lists, do not separate items by leaving blank lines between them. Instead, use the <a href="#Multiple_paragraphs_within_list_items"><code>{{pb}}</code> template or <code class="nowrap" style=""><p></code> HTML markup</a>. (A blank line before the start of a list, or after the end of the list, causes no problems.) </p><p>The problem with blank lines in the middle of a list is that, if list items are separated by more than one line break, the <a href="/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext" title="Help:HTML in wikitext">HTML</a> list will be ended before the line break, and another HTML list will be opened after the line break. This effectively breaks what is seen as one list into several smaller lists for those using <a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">screen readers</a>. For example, for the coding: </p> <pre>* White rose * Yellow rose * Pink rose * Red rose </pre> <p>the software partially suppresses line spaces and therefore it looks like this: </p> <ul><li>White rose</li> <li>Yellow rose</li></ul> <ul><li>Pink rose</li></ul> <ul><li>Red rose</li></ul> <p>but will be read by a screen reader as: "List of 2 items: (bullet) White rose, (bullet) Yellow rose, list end. List of 1 items: (bullet) Pink rose, list end. List of 1 items: (bullet) Red rose, list end." </p> <p><span class="anchor" id="nobreaks"></span><span class="anchor" id="Nobreaks"></span><span class="anchor" id="NOBREAKS"></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"></p><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:NOBR"></span><span id="MOS:NOBREAKS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOBR&redirect=no">MOS:NOBR</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:NOBREAKS&redirect=no">MOS:NOBREAKS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Do not separate list items with line breaks (<code class="nowrap" style=""><br /></code>). Use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Plainlist" title="Template:Plainlist">plainlist</a>}}</code> / <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unbulleted_list" title="Template:Unbulleted list">unbulleted list</a>}}</code> if the list is to remain vertical; or consider <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Flatlist" title="Template:Flatlist">flatlist</a>}}</code> / <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Hlist" title="Template:Hlist">hlist</a>}}</code> if the list could be better rendered horizontally (inline) as described in the following two sections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Unbulleted_vertical_lists" data-mw-thread-id="h-Unbulleted_vertical_lists-Vertical_lists"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Unbulleted_vertical_lists-Vertical_lists"></span><span id="Unbulleted_(vertical)_lists"></span>Unbulleted vertical lists<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Unbulleted_vertical_lists-Vertical_lists"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Unbulleted vertical lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PLIST"></span><span id="MOS:VLIST"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PLIST&redirect=no">MOS:PLIST</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:VLIST&redirect=no">MOS:VLIST</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>For unbulleted lists running down the page, the templates <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Plainlist" title="Template:Plainlist">plainlist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Unbulleted_list" title="Template:Unbulleted list">unbulleted list</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> are available, to improve accessibility and semantic meaningfulness by marking up what is clearly a list rather than including <code class="nowrap" style=""><br /></code> line breaks, which should not be used—see above. They differ only in the wiki-markup used to create the list. Note that because these are templates, the text of each list item cannot contain the vertical bar symbol (<code>|</code>) unless it is replaced by <code>{{!}}</code> or is contained within <code class="nowrap" style=""><nowiki>...</nowiki></code> tags. Similarly it can't contain the equals sign (<code>=</code>), unless replaced with <code>{{=}}</code> or contained within <code class="nowrap" style=""><nowiki>...</nowiki></code>, though you can bypass this by naming the parameters (<code>|1=</code>, <code>|2=</code> etc.). If this becomes too much of a hassle, you may be able to use the variant with <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Endplainlist" title="Template:Endplainlist">endplainlist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> instead. Inside a reference, you may need <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Unbulleted_list_citebundle" title="Template:Unbulleted list citebundle">unbulleted list citebundle</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> instead. </p> <div style="display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;justify-content:space-evenly"> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Example of plainlist </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:11.7em;">Wikitext </th> <th scope="col" style="width:11.7em;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><pre style="line-height:1.2em;">{{plainlist | * White rose * Yellow rose * Pink rose * Red rose }}</pre> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>White rose</li> <li>Yellow rose</li> <li>Pink rose</li> <li>Red rose</li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Example of unbulleted list </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:11.7em;">Wikitext </th> <th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><pre style="line-height:1.2em;">{{unbulleted list | White rose | Yellow rose | Pink rose | Red rose }}</pre> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>White rose</li><li>Yellow rose</li><li>Pink rose</li><li>Red rose</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Alternatively, in templates such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Navigation_template" title="Wikipedia:Navigation template">navboxes</a> and the like, or any suitable container, such lists may be styled with the class "<code>plainlist</code>", thus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><code>| listclass = plainlist</code> or</li> <li><code>| bodyclass = plainlist</code></li></ul> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">infoboxes</a>, the following may be used: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><code>| rowclass = plainlist</code> or</li> <li><code>| bodyclass = plainlist</code></li></ul> </div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">See also <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#Unbulleted_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">WP:Manual of Style/Lists § Unbulleted lists</a>.</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Other_vertical_lists" data-mw-thread-id="h-Other_vertical_lists-Vertical_lists"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Other_vertical_lists-Vertical_lists"></span>Other vertical lists<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Other_vertical_lists-Vertical_lists"></span></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other vertical lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The above blank-line issues also affect <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#Numbered_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">numbered lists</a>, using <code>#</code> markup, and the list numbering will reset after the line break. The list-breakage problem of blank lines also applies to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists#Description_(definition,_association)_lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">description (definition, association) lists</a>, using <code>;</code> and <code>:</code> markup; that type of list can have line breaks in it if instead <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Glossaries#Template-structured" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Glossaries">created with the glossary templates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horizontal_lists" data-mw-thread-id="h-Horizontal_lists-Lists"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Horizontal_lists-Lists"></span>Horizontal lists<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Horizontal_lists-Lists"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Horizontal lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"WP:FLIST" redirects here. For featured lists, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_lists" title="Wikipedia:Featured lists">Wikipedia:Featured lists</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:HLIST"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:HLIST&redirect=no">MOS:HLIST</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>For lists running across the page, and in single rows in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">infoboxes</a> and other tables, the templates <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Flatlist" title="Template:Flatlist">flatlist</a>}}</code> and <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Hlist" title="Template:Hlist">hlist</a>}}</code> (for "horizontal list") are available to improve accessibility and semantic meaningfulness. This feature makes use of the correct HTML markup for each list item, rather than including bullet characters which, for example, are read out (e.g., "dot cat dot dog dot horse dot...") by the assistive software used by people who are blind. The templates differ only in the wiki-markup used to create the list. Note that when text is being passed to these (or any other) templates, the vertical bar character (<code>|</code>) should be <a href="/wiki/Escape_character" title="Escape character">escaped</a> with <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:!" title="Template:!">!</a>}}</code>. </p> <div style="display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;justify-content:space-evenly"> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Example of flatlist </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Wikitext </th> <th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><pre style="line-height:1.2em;">{{flatlist | * White rose * Red rose ** Pink rose * Yellow rose }}</pre> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>White rose</li> <li>Red rose <ul><li>Pink rose</li></ul></li> <li>Yellow rose</li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Example of hlist </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Wikitext </th> <th scope="col">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><pre style="line-height:1.2em;">{{hlist | White rose | Red rose | Pink rose | Yellow rose }}</pre> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>White rose</li><li>Red rose</li><li>Pink rose</li><li>Yellow rose</li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Alternatively, in templates such as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Navigation_template" title="Wikipedia:Navigation template">navboxes</a> and the like, or any suitable container, such lists may be styled with the class <code>hlist</code>, thus: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><code>| listclass = hlist</code> or</li> <li><code>| bodyclass = hlist</code></li></ul> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">infoboxes</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><code>| rowclass = hlist</code> or</li> <li><code>| bodyclass = hlist</code></li></ul> </div> <p>may be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List_headings" data-mw-thread-id="h-List_headings-Lists"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-List_headings-Lists"></span>List headings<span data-mw-comment-end="h-List_headings-Lists"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: List headings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/MOS:PSEUDOHEAD" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PSEUDOHEAD">MOS:PSEUDOHEAD</a></div> <p>Improper use of a semicolon to bold a "fake heading" before a list (figure 1) creates a <a href="#Vertical_lists">list gap</a>, and worse. The semicolon line is a one-item description list, with no description content, followed by a second list. </p><p>Instead, use heading markup (figure 2). </p> <div role="figure" style="display: inline-block; margin: 0 1em; width: 13em;"> <p><strong><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span> 1. Incorrect</strong> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">;</span> Noble gases <span class="k">*</span> Helium <span class="k">*</span> Neon <span class="k">*</span> Argon <span class="k">*</span> Krypton <span class="k">*</span> Xenon <span class="k">*</span> Radon </pre></div> </div> <div role="figure" style="display: inline-block; margin: 0 1em; width: 13em;"> <p><strong><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> 2. Heading</strong> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="gu">== Noble gases ==</span> <span class="k">*</span> Helium <span class="k">*</span> Neon <span class="k">*</span> Argon <span class="k">*</span> Krypton <span class="k">*</span> Xenon <span class="k">*</span> Radon </pre></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tables" data-mw-thread-id="h-Tables-Block_elements"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Tables-Block_elements"></span>Tables<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Tables-Block_elements"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DTAB"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DTAB&redirect=no">MOS:DTAB</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Screen readers and other web browsing tools make use of specific table tags to help users navigate the data contained within them. </p><p>Use the correct wikitable pipe syntax to take advantage of all the features available. See <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Tables" class="extiw" title="mw:Help:Tables">mw:Help:Tables</a> for more information on the special syntax used for tables. Do not solely use formatting, either from CSS or hard-coded styles, to create semantic meaning (e.g., changing background color). </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Navigational_templates" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Navigational templates">navboxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Series_templates" title="Wikipedia:Series templates">series templates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">infoboxes</a> are made using tables. </p><p>Avoid using <code class="nowrap" style=""><br /></code> or <code class="nowrap" style=""><hr /></code> tags in adjacent cells to emulate a visual row that isn't reflected in the HTML table structure. This is a problem for users of screen readers which read tables cell by cell, HTML row by HTML row, not visual row by visual row. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Data_tables" data-mw-thread-id="h-Data_tables-Tables"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Data_tables-Tables"></span>Data tables<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Data_tables-Tables"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Data tables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility/Data_tables_tutorial" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Data tables tutorial">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Data tables tutorial</a></div> <div style="display: inline-table;"> <p><b>Wikitext:</b> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">class</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"wikitable"</span> <span class="p">|+</span><span class="gh"> caption text</span> <span class="p">|-</span> <span class="p">!</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">scope</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"col"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="gu"> column header 1</span> <span class="p">!</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">scope</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"col"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="gu"> column header 2</span> <span class="p">!</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">scope</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"col"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="gu"> column header 3</span> <span class="p">|-</span> <span class="p">!</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">scope</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"row"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="gu"> row header 1</span> <span class="p">|</span> data 1 <span class="p">||</span> data 2 <span class="p">|-</span> <span class="p">!</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">scope</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"row"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="gu"> row header 2</span> <span class="p">|</span> data 3 <span class="p">||</span> data 4 <span class="p">|}</span> </pre></div> </div> <div style="display: inline-table;"> <p><b>Produces:</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>caption text </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">column header 1 </th> <th scope="col">column header 2 </th> <th scope="col">column header 3 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">row header 1 </th> <td>data 1</td> <td>data 2 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">row header 2 </th> <td>data 3</td> <td>data 4 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <dl><dt><span class="anchor" id="Table_caption"></span><span class="anchor" id="Table_captions"></span>Caption ( <code>|+</code> )</dt> <dd>A caption is a table's title, describing its nature.<sup id="cite_ref-H39_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H39-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data tables should always include a caption.</dd> <dt>Row and column headers (<code> ! </code>)</dt> <dd>Like the caption, these help present the information in a logical structure to visitors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The headers help screen readers render header information about data cells. For example, header information is spoken prior to the cell data, or header information is provided on request.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the row header and column header may be spoken before the data in each cell when navigating in table mode, it is necessary for the column headers and row headers to <i>uniquely identify</i> the column and row respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-jaws_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaws-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Scope of headers (<code>! scope="col" |</code> and <code>! scope="row" |</code>)</dt> <dd>This clearly identifies a cell as a header for a column or row. Use <code>! scope="colgroup" colspan="2" |</code> if a column header spans a group of columns and <code>! scope="rowgroup" rowspan="2" |</code> if a row header spans a group of rows, adjusting the span count as needed. Headers can now be associated to corresponding cells.<sup id="cite_ref-H63_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H63-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility/Data_tables_tutorial" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Data tables tutorial">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Data tables tutorial</a> provides detailed requirements about: </p> <ol><li>Correct table captions</li> <li>Correct headers structure</li> <li>Complex tables</li> <li>Images and color</li> <li>Avoiding nested tables</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Layout_tables" data-mw-thread-id="h-Layout_tables-Tables"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Layout_tables-Tables"></span>Layout tables<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Layout_tables-Tables"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Layout tables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:LTAB"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:LTAB&redirect=no">MOS:LTAB</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <p>Avoid using tables for visual positioning of non-tabular content. Data tables provide extra information and navigation methods that can be confusing when the content lacks logical row and column relationships. Instead, use semantically appropriate elements or <code><div></code>s, and <code>style</code> attributes. </p><p>When using a table to position non-tabular content, help screen readers identify it as a layout table, not a data table. Set a <code>role="presentation"</code> attribute on the table, and do not set any <code>summary</code> attribute. Do not use any <code><caption></code> or <code><th></code> elements inside the table, or inside any nested tables. In wiki table markup, this means do not use the <code>|+</code> or <code>!</code> prefixes. Make sure the content's reading order is correct. Visual effects, such as centering or bold typeface, can be achieved with style sheets or semantic elements. For example: </p> <div style="display:inline-grid; max-width:35em;"> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p">{|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">role</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"presentation"</span> <span class="p">|-</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">colspan</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"2"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="na">style</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">"text-align: center; background-color: #ccf;"</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">strong</span><span class="p">></span>Important text<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">strong</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p">|-</span> <span class="p">|</span> The quick <span class="p">||</span> brown fox <span class="p">|-</span> <span class="p">|</span> jumps over <span class="p">||</span> the lazy dog. <span class="p">|}</span> </pre></div></div> <div style="display:inline-grid;"> <table role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: #ccf;"><strong>Important text</strong> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The quick</td> <td>brown fox </td></tr> <tr> <td>jumps over</td> <td>the lazy dog. </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Images" data-mw-thread-id="h-Images"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Images"></span>Images<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Images"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ACCIM"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ACCIM&redirect=no">MOS:ACCIM</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Alternative_text_for_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Alternative text for images">Wikipedia:Alternative text for images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Images</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Displayed_image_size" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Wikipedia:Image use policy § Displayed image size</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Image dos and don'ts">Wikipedia:Image dos and don'ts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_fragmented_image_display_in_mobile_view.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Example_of_fragmented_image_display_in_mobile_view.png/220px-Example_of_fragmented_image_display_in_mobile_view.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Example_of_fragmented_image_display_in_mobile_view.png/330px-Example_of_fragmented_image_display_in_mobile_view.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Example_of_fragmented_image_display_in_mobile_view.png/440px-Example_of_fragmented_image_display_in_mobile_view.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080"/></a><figcaption>Display of a fragmented image gallery on mobile</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions#Special_situations" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">most cases</a>, images should include a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Captions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Captions">caption</a> using the built-in image syntax. The caption should concisely describe the meaning of the image and the essential information it is trying to convey. </p><p>Detailed image descriptions, where not appropriate for an article, should be placed on the image's description page, with a note saying that activating the image link will lead to a more detailed description. </p> <ul><li>Avoid using images in place of <a href="#Tables">tables or charts</a>. Where possible, any charts or diagrams should have a text equivalent or should be well-described so that users who are unable to see the image can gain some understanding of the concept.</li> <li>Avoid <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images#Sandwich" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">sandwiching</a> text between two images or, unless absolutely necessary, using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Displayed_image_size" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">fixed image sizes</a>.</li> <li>Avoid indiscriminate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy#Image_galleries" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">galleries</a> because screen size and browser formatting may affect accessibility for some readers due to fragmented image display. Articles with many images may time out on mobile versions of Wikipedia. Ideally, a page should have no more than 100 images (regardless of how small). See <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Limit_number_of_images_in_a_page" class="extiw" title="mediawikiwiki:Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis">MediaWiki:Limit number of images in a page</a></li> <li>Avoid referring in text to images as being on the left or right. Image placement may be different for viewers of the mobile site, and is meaningless to people having pages read to them by assistive software. Instead, use captions to identify images. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference selfref">(See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images#References_from_article_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images § References from article text</a>.)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_placement" data-mw-thread-id="h-Image_placement-Images"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Image_placement-Images"></span>Image placement<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Image_placement-Images"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Image placement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Section_headings">§ Section headings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images#Section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images § Section</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MOS:ACCESS#FLOAT" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:ACCESS">MOS:ACCESS § FLOAT</a></div> <p>Images should be inside the section to which they are related (after the heading and any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">hatnotes</a>), and not in the heading itself nor at the end of the previous section. This ensures that screen readers will read, and the mobile site will display, the image (and its textual alternative) in the correct section. </p><p>This guideline includes alt text for LaTeX-formatted equations in <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics#Typesetting_of_mathematical_formulae" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics"><code class="nowrap" style=""><math></code></a> mode. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics#Alt_text" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics § Alt text</a> </p><p>Do not insert images in headings; this includes <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons#Encyclopedic_purpose" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">icons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Mathematics#Typesetting_of_mathematical_formulae" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Mathematics"><code class="nowrap" style=""><math></code></a> markup. Doing so can break links to sections and cause other problems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Icons" data-mw-thread-id="h-Icons-Images"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Icons-Images"></span>Icons<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Icons-Images"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Icons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Icons#Remember_accessibility_for_people_with_visual_impairment" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Icons § Remember accessibility for people with visual impairment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility/Alternative_text_for_images#Links_and_attribution" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Alternative text for images">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility/Alternative text for images § Links and attribution</a></div> <p>Images and icons that are not purely decorative should include an <a href="/wiki/Alt_attribute" title="Alt attribute">alt attribute</a> that acts as a substitute for the image for blind readers, search-spiders, and other non-visual users. If additional alt text is added, it should be succinct or refer the reader to the caption or adjacent text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Animations,_video,_and_audio_content" data-mw-thread-id="h-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content"><span id="Animations.2C_video.2C_and_audio_content"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content"></span>Animations, video, and audio content<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Animations, video, and audio content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Animations,_video_and_audio_content"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:ANIMATION"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:ANIMATION&redirect=no">MOS:ANIMATION</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">Help:Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Creation_and_usage_of_media_files" title="Help:Creation and usage of media files">Help:Creation and usage of media files</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Animations-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Animations-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content"></span>Animations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Animations-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Animations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To be accessible, an animation (<a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a> – Graphics Interchange Format) should either: </p> <ul><li>Not exceed a duration of five seconds (which results in making it a purely decorative element)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or</li> <li>Be equipped with control functions (stop, pause, play)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>This requires that GIFs with animations longer than five seconds be converted to video (to learn how, see the tutorial <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help_talk:Converting_video&oldid=39737985#Converting_an_animated_GIF">converting animated GIFs to Theora OGG</a>). </p><p>In addition, animations <em>must not</em> produce more than three flashes in any one-second period. Content that flashes more than that limit is known to cause seizures.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video" data-mw-thread-id="h-Video-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Video-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content"></span>Video<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Video-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Timed_Text" class="extiw" title="c:Commons:Timed Text">c:Commons:Timed Text</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:TimedMediaHandler" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:TimedMediaHandler">mw:Extension:TimedMediaHandler</a> and <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Video#Subtitles_and_closed_captioning" class="extiw" title="commons:Video">Commons:Video § Subtitles and closed captioning</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Closed captioning</a> (CC) and <a href="/wiki/Subtitling" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtitling">subtitling</a> are both processes of displaying text on audio and visual files on Wikipedia through <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Timed_Text" class="extiw" title="c:Commons:Timed Text">c:Commons:Timed Text</a>. Both are typically used as a transcription of the audio portion of a program as it occurs (either verbatim or in edited form), sometimes including descriptions of non-speech elements. This aids hearing-impaired and deaf people and provides a way for non-native language speakers to understand the content in a multimedia file. </p><p>Closed captions provide a text version of all important information provided through the sound. It can include dialogue, sounds (natural and artificial), the setting and background, the actions and expressions of people and animals, text or graphics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Off-Wikipedia guides should be consulted for how to create closed captions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio" data-mw-thread-id="h-Audio-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Audio-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content"></span>Audio<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Audio-Animations,_video,_and_audio_content"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Audio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subtitles for speech, lyrics, dialogue, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can easily be added to audio files. The method is similar to that of the video: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Video#Subtitles_and_closed_captioning" class="extiw" title="commons:Commons:Video">:commons:Commons:Video § Subtitles and closed captioning</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Styles_and_markup_options" data-mw-thread-id="h-Styles_and_markup_options"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Styles_and_markup_options"></span>Styles and markup options<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Styles_and_markup_options"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Styles and markup options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:DEVIATIONS"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:DEVIATIONS&redirect=no">MOS:DEVIATIONS</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Best_practice:_wiki_markup_and_CSS_classes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Best_practice:_wiki_markup_and_CSS_classes-Styles_and_markup_options"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Best_practice:_wiki_markup_and_CSS_classes-Styles_and_markup_options"></span>Best practice: wiki markup and CSS classes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Best_practice:_wiki_markup_and_CSS_classes-Styles_and_markup_options"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Best practice: wiki markup and CSS classes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, styles for tables and other block-level elements should be set using CSS classes, not with inline style attributes. The site-wide CSS in <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki:Common.css" title="MediaWiki:Common.css">MediaWiki:Common.css</a> is more carefully tested to ensure accessibility (e.g. sufficient color contrast) and compatibility with a wide range of browsers. Moreover, it allows users with very specific needs to change the color schemes in their own style sheet (<a href="/wiki/Special:MyPage/skin.css" title="Special:MyPage/skin.css">Special:MyPage/skin.css</a>, or their browser's style sheet). For example, a style sheet at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Style_sheets_for_visually_impaired_users" title="Wikipedia:Style sheets for visually impaired users">Wikipedia:Style sheets for visually impaired users</a> provides higher contrast backgrounds for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Navigation_template" title="Wikipedia:Navigation template">navboxes</a>. The problem is that when the default site-wide classes are overridden, it makes it far more difficult for an individual to choose their own theme. </p><p>It also creates a greater degree of professionalism by ensuring a consistent appearance between articles and conformance to a style guide. </p><p>Regarding accessibility, deviations from standard conventions may be tolerated <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Color">so long as they are accessible</a>. Members of the accessibility project have ensured that the default style is accessible. If some template or specific color scheme deviates from the standard, its authors should make sure that it meets accessibility requirements such as providing enough <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Colour_contrast" title="Wikipedia:Colour contrast">color contrast</a>. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Infoboxes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Infoboxes">infobox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Navigation_template" title="Wikipedia:Navigation template">navbox</a> relating to a sport team might use a yellow and red color scheme, to tie in with the colors of the team livery. In this case, dark red links on light yellow provide enough color contrast, and thus would be accessible, while white on yellow or black on red would not. </p><p>In general, articles should use <a href="/wiki/Wiki_markup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiki markup">wiki markup</a> in preference to the limited set of <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:HTML_in_wikitext#Permitted_HTML" class="extiw" title="meta:Help:HTML in wikitext">allowed HTML elements</a>. In particular, do not use the HTML style elements <code class="nowrap" style=""><i></code> and <code class="nowrap" style=""><b></code> to format text; it is preferable to use Wiki-markup <code>''</code> or <code>'''</code> for purely typographic italicization and boldfacing, respectively, and use <a href="/wiki/Semantic_HTML" title="Semantic HTML">semantic markup</a> templates or elements for more meaningful differences. The <code><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><font></span></code> element should also be avoided in article text; use <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Em" title="Template:Em">em</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Code" title="Template:Code">code</a>}}</code>, <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Var" title="Template:Var">var</a>}}</code>, and our other <a href="/wiki/Category:Semantic_markup_templates" title="Category:Semantic markup templates">semantic markup templates</a> as needed, to emphasize logical differences not just visual ones. Use the {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Resize" title="Template:Resize">subst:resize</a>}}, {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Small" title="Template:Small">subst:small</a>}}, and {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Large" title="Template:Large">subst:Large</a>}} templates to change font size, rather than setting it explicitly with CSS style attributes like <code>font-size</code> or deprecated style elements like <code><span class="example deprecated-content example-bad" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: var(--color-content-removed, #8B0000);"><big /></span></code>. Of course there are natural exceptions; e.g., it may be beneficial to use the <code class="nowrap" style=""><u>...</u></code> element to indicate something like an example link that isn't really clickable, but underlining is otherwise generally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Text_formatting#How_not_to_apply_emphasis" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Text formatting">not used in article text</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Users_with_limited_CSS_or_JavaScript_support" data-mw-thread-id="h-Users_with_limited_CSS_or_JavaScript_support-Styles_and_markup_options"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Users_with_limited_CSS_or_JavaScript_support-Styles_and_markup_options"></span>Users with limited CSS or JavaScript support<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Users_with_limited_CSS_or_JavaScript_support-Styles_and_markup_options"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Users with limited CSS or JavaScript support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1252059228"><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="MOS:PRECOLLAPSE"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOS:PRECOLLAPSE&redirect=no">MOS:PRECOLLAPSE</a></span></li></ul></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Scrolling_lists_and_collapsible_content" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Wikipedia:Manual of Style § Scrolling lists and collapsible content</a>, and <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/No-JavaScript_notes" class="extiw" title="mw:No-JavaScript notes">mw:No-JavaScript notes</a></div><p><span class="anchor" id="Scrolling_and_collapsible_sections"></span><span class="anchor" id="Users_with_limited_CSS/JavaScript_support"></span> </p><p>Auto-collapsed (pre-collapsed) elements <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Scrolling_lists_and_collapsible_content" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">should not be used to hide content</a> in the article's main body. </p><p>Wikipedia articles should be accessible to readers using browsers and devices that have limited or no support for <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a>, which is referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Progressive_enhancement" title="Progressive enhancement">progressive enhancement</a>" in web development. Remember that <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reusing_Wikipedia_content" title="Wikipedia:Reusing Wikipedia content">Wikipedia content can be reused freely</a> in ways we cannot predict as well as accessed directly via older browsers. At the same time, it is recognized that it is impossible to provide the same quality of appearance to such users without unnecessarily avoiding features that would benefit users with more capable browsers. As such, features that would cause content to be hidden or corrupted when CSS or JavaScript is unavailable must not be used. However, consideration for users without CSS or JavaScript should extend mainly to making sure that their reading experience is <em>possible</em>; it is recognized that it will inevitably be <em>inferior</em>. </p><p>To accommodate these considerations, test any potentially disruptive changes with JavaScript or CSS disabled. In Firefox or Chrome, this can be done easily with the Web Developer extension; JavaScript can be disabled in other browsers in the "Options" screen. Be particularly careful with inline CSS effects, which are not supported by several browsers, media, and XHTML versions. </p><p>In 2016, around 7% of visitors to Wikipedia did not request JavaScript resources.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed.">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_style_guides" title="List of style guides">List of style guides</a></li> <li><a href="https://usability.wikimedia.org/wiki/Accessibility_Initiative" class="extiw" title="usability:Accessibility Initiative">Usability:Accessibility Initiative</a> (located at Wikimedia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a> (WAI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility dos and don'ts">Wikipedia:Accessibility dos and don'ts</a> (key points of this guideline)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dyslexic_readers" title="Wikipedia:Dyslexic readers">Wikipedia:Dyslexic readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability § Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Using_JAWS" title="Wikipedia:Using JAWS">Wikipedia:Using JAWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Mobile_access" title="Help:Mobile access">Help:Mobile access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility_advocates" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility advocates">Wikipedia:Accessibility advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility">Wikipedia:WikiProject Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Usability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Usability">Wikipedia:WikiProject Usability</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The previous version, WCAG 2.0, is also an <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standard, ISO/IEC 40500:2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The general font size for infoboxes and navboxes is 88% of the page's default. The general font size for reference sections is 90% of the page's default. Additional values can be found at <a href="/wiki/MediaWiki:Common.css" title="MediaWiki:Common.css">MediaWiki:Common.css</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Further details on this usage are available on the template documentation for <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}</code>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HTML <a href="/wiki/Description_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Description list">description lists</a> were formerly called <i>definition lists</i> and <i>association lists</i>. The <code><dl><dt>...</dt><dd>...</dd></dl></code> structure is the same; only the terminology has changed between HTML specification versions.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References"></span>References<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/F26.html">"F26: Failure of Success Criterion 1.3.3 due to using a graphical symbol alone to convey information"</a>. <i>Techniques for WCAG 2.0</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techniques+for+WCAG+2.0&rft.atitle=F26%3A+Failure+of+Success+Criterion+1.3.3+due+to+using+a+graphical+symbol+alone+to+convey+information&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FWCAG20-TECHS%2FF26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-small-element">"4.5.4 The small element"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML Living Standard</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Web_Hypertext_Application_Technology_Working_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group">Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group</a>. 24 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HTML+Living+Standard&rft.atitle=4.5.4+The+small+element&rft.date=2023-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhtml.spec.whatwg.org%2Fmultipage%2Ftext-level-semantics.html%23the-small-element&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/H58.html">"H58: Using language attributes to identify changes in the human language"</a>. <i>Techniques for WCAG 2.0</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techniques+for+WCAG+2.0&rft.atitle=H58%3A+Using+language+attributes+to+identify+changes+in+the+human+language&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FWCAG20-TECHS%2FH58.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span> Accessibility level: AA.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/G91.html">"G91: Providing link text that describes the purpose of a link"</a>. <i>Techniques for WCAG 2.0</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techniques+for+WCAG+2.0&rft.atitle=G91%3A+Providing+link+text+that+describes+the+purpose+of+a+link&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FWCAG20-TECHS%2FG91.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/F84.html">"F84: Failure of Success Criterion 2.4.9 due to using a non-specific link such as 'click here' or 'more' without a mechanism to change the link text to specific text"</a>. <i>Techniques for WCAG 2.0</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techniques+for+WCAG+2.0&rft.atitle=F84%3A+Failure+of+Success+Criterion+2.4.9+due+to+using+a+non-specific+link+such+as+%27click+here%27+or+%27more%27+without+a+mechanism+to+change+the+link+text+to+specific+text&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FWCAG20-TECHS%2FF84.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://validator.w3.org/">"Markup Validation Service: Check the markup (HTML, XHTML, ...) of Web documents"</a>. <i>validator.w3.org</i>. v1.3+hg. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=validator.w3.org&rft.atitle=Markup+Validation+Service%3A+Check+the+markup+%28HTML%2C+XHTML%2C+...%29+of+Web+documents&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvalidator.w3.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span> The validator failure reported is "<strong>Error</strong>: Element <code>dl</code> is missing a required child element."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H39-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H39_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/H39.html">"H39: Using caption elements to associate data table captions with data tables"</a>. <i>Techniques for WCAG 2.0</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techniques+for+WCAG+2.0&rft.atitle=H39%3A+Using+caption+elements+to+associate+data+table+captions+with+data+tables&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FWCAG20-TECHS%2FH39.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span> Accessibility level: A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/H51.html">"H51: Using table markup to present tabular information"</a>. <i>Techniques for WCAG 2.0</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techniques+for+WCAG+2.0&rft.atitle=H51%3A+Using+table+markup+to+present+tabular+information&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FWCAG20-TECHS%2FH51.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/tables.html#the-th-element">"4.9.10 The th element"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML Living Standard</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Web_Hypertext_Application_Technology_Working_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group">Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group</a>. 24 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HTML+Living+Standard&rft.atitle=4.9.10+The+th+element&rft.date=2023-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhtml.spec.whatwg.org%2Fmultipage%2Ftables.html%23the-th-element&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jaws-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jaws_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomscientific.com/SurfsUp/Tables.htm">"HTML Tables with JAWS"</a>. <i>FreedomScientific.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Scientific" title="Freedom Scientific">Freedom Scientific</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FreedomScientific.com&rft.atitle=HTML+Tables+with+JAWS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomscientific.com%2FSurfsUp%2FTables.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H63-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-H63_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/H63.html">"H63: Using the scope attribute to associate header cells and data cells in data tables"</a>. <i>Techniques for WCAG 2.0</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techniques+for+WCAG+2.0&rft.atitle=H63%3A+Using+the+scope+attribute+to+associate+header+cells+and+data+cells+in+data+tables&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FWCAG20-TECHS%2FH63.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/G152.html">"G152: Setting animated gif images to stop blinking after n cycles (within 5 seconds)"</a>. <i>Techniques for WCAG 2.0</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techniques+for+WCAG+2.0&rft.atitle=G152%3A+Setting+animated+gif+images+to+stop+blinking+after+n+cycles+%28within+5+seconds%29&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FWCAG20-TECHS%2FG152.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/G4.html">"G4: Allowing the content to be paused and restarted from where it was paused"</a>. <i>Techniques for WCAG 2.0</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techniques+for+WCAG+2.0&rft.atitle=G4%3A+Allowing+the+content+to+be+paused+and+restarted+from+where+it+was+paused&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FWCAG20-TECHS%2FG4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/#seizure">"Guideline 2.3 Seizures: Do not design content in a way that is known to cause seizures"</a>. <i>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 11 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Web+Content+Accessibility+Guidelines+%28WCAG%29+2.0&rft.atitle=Guideline+2.3+Seizures%3A+Do+not+design+content+in+a+way+that+is+known+to+cause+seizures&rft.date=2008-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FWCAG20%2F%23seizure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/NOTE-WCAG20-TECHS-20081211/G69">"G69: Providing an alternative for time based media"</a>. <i>Techniques for WCAG 2.0</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techniques+for+WCAG+2.0&rft.atitle=G69%3A+Providing+an+alternative+for+time+based+media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2F2008%2FNOTE-WCAG20-TECHS-20081211%2FG69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Media_Access_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Media Access Group">Media Access Group</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191121014129/http://main.wgbh.org/wgbh/pages/mag/services/captioning/faq/sugg-styles-conv-faq.html">"Captioning FAQ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WGBH_Educational_Foundation" title="WGBH Educational Foundation">WGBH Educational Foundation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://main.wgbh.org/wgbh/pages/mag/services/captioning/faq/sugg-styles-conv-faq.html">the original</a> on 21 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Captioning+FAQ&rft.pub=WGBH+Educational+Foundation&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Media+Access+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmain.wgbh.org%2Fwgbh%2Fpages%2Fmag%2Fservices%2Fcaptioning%2Ffaq%2Fsugg-styles-conv-faq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span> A quick and basic reference for closed captions.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">English-language Working Group on Closed Captioning Standards (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210823005136/https://www.cab-acr.ca/english/social/captioning/captioning.pdf">"Closed Captioning Standards and Protocol for Canadian English Language Television Programming Services"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>CAB-ACR.ca</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="Canadian Association of Broadcasters">Canadian Association of Broadcasters</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cab-acr.ca/english/social/captioning/captioning.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAB-ACR.ca&rft.atitle=Closed+Captioning+Standards+and+Protocol+for+Canadian+English+Language+Television+Programming+Services&rft.date=2008&rft.au=English-language+Working+Group+on+Closed+Captioning+Standards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cab-acr.ca%2Fenglish%2Fsocial%2Fcaptioning%2Fcaptioning.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span> A detailed reference.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dcmp.org/learn/captioningkey">"Captioning Key"</a>. <i>DCMP.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Described_and_Captioned_Media_Program" title="Described and Captioned Media Program">Described and Captioned Media Program</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Education">U.S. Department of Education</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DCMP.org&rft.atitle=Captioning+Key&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdcmp.org%2Flearn%2Fcaptioningkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span> A list of best practices for closed captions.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20-TECHS/G158.html">"G158: Providing an alternative for time-based media for audio-only content"</a>. <i>Techniques for WCAG 2.0</i>. <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a>. 7 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techniques+for+WCAG+2.0&rft.atitle=G158%3A+Providing+an+alternative+for+time-based+media+for+audio-only+content&rft.date=2016-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FTR%2FWCAG20-TECHS%2FG158.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Browsers,_Geography,_and_JavaScript_Support_on_Wikipedia_Portal.pdf&page=5">File:Browsers, Geography, and JavaScript Support on Wikipedia Portal.pdf</a>; and <a href="/wiki/File:Analysis_of_Wikipedia_Portal_Traffic_and_JavaScript_Support.pdf" title="File:Analysis of Wikipedia Portal Traffic and JavaScript Support.pdf">File:Analysis of Wikipedia Portal Traffic and JavaScript Support.pdf</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Further_reading" data-mw-thread-id="h-Further_reading"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Further_reading"></span>Further reading<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Further_reading"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Clark, Joe (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joeclark.org/book/"><i>Building Accessible Websites</i></a>. New Riders Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7357-1150-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7357-1150-X"><bdi>0-7357-1150-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Accessible+Websites&rft.pub=New+Riders+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7357-1150-X&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joeclark.org%2Fbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Pilgrim, Mark (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005130529/http://diveintoaccessibility.info/">"Dive into Accessibility: 30 Days to a More Accessible Web Site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diveintoaccessibility.info">the original</a> on 5 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dive+into+Accessibility%3A+30+Days+to+a+More+Accessible+Web+Site&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Pilgrim&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiveintoaccessibility.info&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchHorton2016" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Patrick J.; Horton, Sarah (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EY_BDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Web Style Guide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21165-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-21165-8"><bdi>978-0-300-21165-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1004033147">1004033147</a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Web+Style+Guide&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1004033147&rft.isbn=978-0-300-21165-8&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rft.au=Horton%2C+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEY_BDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3AManual+of+Style%2FAccessibility" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links"></span>External links<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://design.wikimedia.org/style-guide/">The Wikimedia Design Style Guide</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis" class="extiw" title="mw:Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis">Recommendations for mobile friendly articles on Wikimedia wikis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/quicktips/">10 Quick Tips to Make Accessible Web Sites</a>, from WAI</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://colorfilter.wickline.org/">Colorblind web page filter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webstyleguide.com/wsg3/8-typography/3-legibility.html">Legibility</a>, from Web Style Guide, 3rd Edition</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/components.php">Essential Components of Web Accessibility</a>, from WAI</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/intro/accessibility.php">Introduction to Web Accessibility</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">WAI</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/accessibility/">Known and tracked MediaWiki accessibility issues</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template talk:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wikipedia_key_policies_and_guidelines_(?)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Wikipedia key <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">policies and guidelines</a> <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wikipedia's policies and guidelines are developed by the community to describe best practices, clarify principles, resolve conflicts, and otherwise further our goal.">(?)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="defines the scope of the encyclopedia and the material that is suitable for it">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Copyright</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_violations" title="Wikipedia:Copyright violations">Copyright violations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Autobiography" title="Wikipedia:Autobiography">Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">Reliable sources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Do not include copies of lengthy primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Plagiarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Don't create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">External links</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Conduct <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="describes how editors can successfully collaborate and what behavior is acceptable">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Civility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Harassment" title="Wikipedia:Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:No personal attacks">No personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_content" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of content">Ownership of content</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Edit warring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sockpuppetry">Sockpuppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_legal_threats" title="Wikipedia:No legal threats">No legal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Child_protection" title="Wikipedia:Child protection">Child protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Paid-contribution_disclosure" title="Wikipedia:Paid-contribution disclosure">Paid-contribution disclosure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point">Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Please do not bite the newcomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Responding_to_threats_of_harm" title="Wikipedia:Responding to threats of harm">Responding to threats of harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Deletion <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the processes by which pages, revisions, and logs may be deleted">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">Deletion policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">Proposed deletion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_of_biographies_of_living_people" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion of biographies of living people">Biographies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion">Criteria for speedy deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Attack_page" title="Wikipedia:Attack page">Attack page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Oversight" title="Wikipedia:Oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Revision_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Revision deletion">Revision deletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Enforcement <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="explains the various means by which standards may be enforced">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators" title="Wikipedia:Administrators">Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Banning_policy" title="Wikipedia:Banning policy">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">Page protection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Editing <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="documents the various protocols about style and grouping">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">Editing policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">Summary style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Broad-concept_article" title="Wikipedia:Broad-concept article">Broad-concept article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;">Project content <span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="protocols related to administration">(?)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="G" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><abbr title="Guidelines"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">Project namespace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Userboxes" title="Wikipedia:Userboxes">User boxes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:6.9em;text-align:left;;background: #dddddd;color:inherit;"><abbr title="Wikimedia Foundation">WMF</abbr> <abbr title="official policies and statements of the Wikimedia Foundation">(?)</abbr></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight: normal; background: #e6e6e6;color:inherit;"><b><span style="color:#118811;"><abbr title="Policies"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></abbr></span></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policy:Universal Code of Conduct">Universal Code of Conduct</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="wmf:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policies" class="extiw" title="wmf:Policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Friendly_space_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Friendly space policy">Friendly space policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Resolution:Licensing policy">Licensing and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wmf:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: normal;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">List of all policies and guidelines</a></b> <ul><li><b><span style="color:#118811;"><span style="font-size:120%">P</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">List of policies</a></b></li> <li><b><span style="color:#0077A4;"><span style="font-size:120%">G</span></span></b>: <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">List of guidelines</a></b></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Summaries of values and principles</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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