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</div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sayt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Mazmunı" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Mazmunı</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">qaptal panelge kóshiriw</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">jasırıw</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Kirisiw</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Tariyxı" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tariyxı"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Tariyxı</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tariyxı-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maǵlıwmatlar_jıynaǵın_aldınnan_qayta_islew" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maǵlıwmatlar_jıynaǵın_aldınnan_qayta_islew"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵın aldınnan qayta islew</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maǵlıwmatlar_jıynaǵın_aldınnan_qayta_islew-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵın aldınnan qayta islew kishi bólimdi ashıw/jabıw</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Maǵlıwmatlar_jıynaǵın_aldınnan_qayta_islew-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Itimal_tokenizaciya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Itimal_tokenizaciya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Itimal tokenizaciya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Itimal_tokenizaciya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-BPE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#BPE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>BPE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-BPE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maǵlıwmatlar_jıynaǵın_tazalaw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maǵlıwmatlar_jıynaǵın_tazalaw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵın tazalaw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maǵlıwmatlar_jıynaǵın_tazalaw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sintetikalıq_maǵlıwmatlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sintetikalıq_maǵlıwmatlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Sintetikalıq maǵlıwmatlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sintetikalıq_maǵlıwmatlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Úyretiw_hám_arxitektura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Úyretiw_hám_arxitektura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Úyretiw hám arxitektura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Úyretiw_hám_arxitektura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Úyretiw hám arxitektura kishi bólimdi ashıw/jabıw</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Úyretiw_hám_arxitektura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adamnıń_keri_baylanısınan_oqıtıwdı_kúsheytiw_(RLHF)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adamnıń_keri_baylanısınan_oqıtıwdı_kúsheytiw_(RLHF)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Adamnıń keri baylanısınan oqıtıwdı kúsheytiw (RLHF)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adamnıń_keri_baylanısınan_oqıtıwdı_kúsheytiw_(RLHF)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kórsetpeni_sazlaw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kórsetpeni_sazlaw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Kórsetpeni sazlaw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kórsetpeni_sazlaw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekspertlerdiń_aralasıwı" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekspertlerdiń_aralasıwı"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ekspertlerdiń aralasıwı</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekspertlerdiń_aralasıwı-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operativ_injenerlik,_itibar_qaratıw_mexanizmi_hám_kontekstli_ayna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operativ_injenerlik,_itibar_qaratıw_mexanizmi_hám_kontekstli_ayna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Operativ injenerlik, itibar qaratıw mexanizmi hám kontekstli ayna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operativ_injenerlik,_itibar_qaratıw_mexanizmi_hám_kontekstli_ayna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trening_bahası" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trening_bahası"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Trening bahası</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trening_bahası-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Derekler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Derekler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Derekler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Derekler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mazmunı" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Mazmunı" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mazmunlar dizimin ashıw/jabıw" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mazmunlar dizimin ashıw/jabıw</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Úlken til modeli</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Basqa tildegi maqalaǵa ótiń. 54 tilde bar" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groottaalmodel" title="Groottaalmodel – африкаанс тілі" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Groottaalmodel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_de_luengache_gran" title="Modelo de luengache gran – арагон тілі" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Modelo de luengache gran" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="نموذج لغوي كبير – араб тілі" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نموذج لغوي كبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="араб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_dil_modeli" title="Böyük dil modeli – әзірбайжан тілі" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük dil modeli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="әзірбайжан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Large language model" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="বৃহৎ ভাষার মডেল – бенгал тілі" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৃহৎ ভাষার মডেল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_jezi%C4%8Dki_modeli" title="Veliki jezički modeli – босния тілі" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Veliki jezički modeli" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босния тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_de_llenguatge_extens" title="Model de llenguatge extens – каталан тілі" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Model de llenguatge extens" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8E%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95" title="مۆدێلی زمانیی گەورە – сорани тілі" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆدێلی زمانیی گەورە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="сорани тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velk%C3%BD_jazykov%C3%BD_model" title="Velký jazykový model – чех тілі" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Velký jazykový model" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чех тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stor_sprogmodel" title="Stor sprogmodel – дат тілі" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stor sprogmodel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дат тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Language_Model" title="Large Language Model – неміс тілі" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Large Language Model" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="неміс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BF_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BF" title="Μεγάλο γλωσσικό μοντέλο – грек тілі" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλο γλωσσικό μοντέλο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model – ағылшын тілі" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Large language model" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ағылшын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granda_lingvomodelo" title="Granda lingvomodelo – эсперанто тілі" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Granda lingvomodelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_extenso_de_lenguaje" title="Modelo extenso de lenguaje – испан тілі" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modelo extenso de lenguaje" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizkuntza-eredu_handi" title="Hizkuntza-eredu handi – баск тілі" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hizkuntza-eredu handi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баск тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="مدل زبانی بزرگ – парсы тілі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدل زبانی بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="парсы тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_mod%C3%A8le_de_langage" title="Grand modèle de langage – француз тілі" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grand modèle de langage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhail_teanga_mh%C3%B3r" title="Samhail teanga mhór – ирланд тілі" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Samhail teanga mhór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_de_linguaxe_de_grande_escala" title="Modelo de linguaxe de grande escala – галисия тілі" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Modelo de linguaxe de grande escala" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C" title="מודל שפה גדול – иврит тілі" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מודל שפה גדול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="बड़े भाषा मॉडल – хинди тілі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बड़े भाषा मॉडल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy_nyelvi_modell" title="Nagy nyelvi modell – венгр тілі" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy nyelvi modell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгр тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_bahasa_besar" title="Model bahasa besar – индонезия тілі" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Model bahasa besar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larja_linguomodelo" title="Larja linguomodelo – идо тілі" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Larja linguomodelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modello_linguistico_di_grandi_dimensioni" title="Modello linguistico di grandi dimensioni – итальян тілі" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modello linguistico di grandi dimensioni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A6%8F%E6%A8%A1%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E3%83%A2%E3%83%87%E3%83%AB" title="大規模言語モデル – жапон тілі" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大規模言語モデル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="жапон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Үлкен тілдік модель – қазақ тілі" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Үлкен тілдік модель" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="қазақ тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%98%95_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4_%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%B8" title="대형 언어 모델 – корей тілі" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대형 언어 모델" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корей тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Голем јазичен модел – македон тілі" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Голем јазичен модел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%85_%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%83%D0%BD)" title="Их Хэлний Загвар (хиймэл оюун) – моңғол тілі" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Их Хэлний Загвар (хиймэл оюун)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="моңғол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groot_taalmodel" title="Groot taalmodel – нидерланд тілі" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Groot taalmodel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%BCy_model_j%C4%99zykowy" title="Duży model językowy – поляк тілі" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Duży model językowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelos_de_linguagem_de_grande_escala" title="Modelos de linguagem de grande escala – португал тілі" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modelos de linguagem de grande escala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatun_simi_wallpama" title="Hatun simi wallpama – кечуа тілі" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hatun simi wallpama" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_lingvistic_mare" title="Model lingvistic mare – румын тілі" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Model lingvistic mare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Большая языковая модель – орыс тілі" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большая языковая модель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орыс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_language_model" title="Large language model – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Large language model" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_jezikovni_model" title="Veliki jezikovni model – словен тілі" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Veliki jezikovni model" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словен тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeli_i_madh_gjuh%C3%ABsor" title="Modeli i madh gjuhësor – албан тілі" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Modeli i madh gjuhësor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliki_jezi%C4%8Dki_modeli" title="Veliki jezički modeli – серб тілі" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Veliki jezički modeli" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="серб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పెద్ద భాషా నమూనాలు – телугу тілі" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పెద్ద భాషా నమూనాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%88" title="แบบจำลองภาษาขนาดใหญ่ – тай тілі" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบบจำลองภาษาขนาดใหญ่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaking_modelong_pangwika" title="Malaking modelong pangwika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Malaking modelong pangwika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geni%C5%9F_dil_modeli" title="Geniş dil modeli – түрік тілі" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Geniş dil modeli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="түрік тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%DA%AD_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="چوڭ تىل مودىلى – ұйғыр тілі" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چوڭ تىل مودىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ұйғыр тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Велика мовна модель – украин тілі" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Велика мовна модель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4_h%C3%ACnh_ng%C3%B4n_ng%E1%BB%AF_l%E1%BB%9Bn" title="Mô hình ngôn ngữ lớn – вьетнам тілі" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mô hình ngôn ngữ lớn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="大型语言模型 – қытай тілі" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大型语言模型" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="大語言模型 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="大語言模型" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Da-h%C3%AAng_g%C3%AD-gi%C3%A2n_b%C3%B4%CD%98-h%C3%AAng" title="Tōa-hêng gí-giân bô͘-hêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tōa-hêng gí-giân bô͘-hêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%9E%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="大型語言模型 – кантон тілі" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大型語言模型" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNongo_lolimi_olukhulu" title="UNongo lolimi olukhulu – зулу тілі" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UNongo lolimi olukhulu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулу тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q115305900#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Tiller aralıq siltemelerdi redaktorlaw" class="wbc-editpage">Siltemelerdi redaktorlaw</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Atamalar kópligi"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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</div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Basqa joybarlarda </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Large_language_models" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiqoyma</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q115305900" title="Baylanısqan Wikimaǵlıwmat bazası elementine silteme [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikimaǵlıwmat elementi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Bet ásbapları"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Kórinis"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kórinis</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">qaptal panelge kóshiriw</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">jasırıw</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, erkin enciklopediya</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="kaa" dir="ltr"><p><b>Úlken til modeli</b> yamasa <b>LLM</b> <i>(<a href="/wiki/Inglis_tili" title="Inglis tili">ingl</a>. Large language model, LLM)</i> − ulıwma maqsetli til generaciyasına hám klassifikaciya sıyaqlı basqa <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1biyiy_tildi_qayta_islew" title="Tábiyiy tildi qayta islew">tábiyiy tildi qayta islew</a> wazıypalarına erisiw qábileti menen ózgeshelenetuǵın esaplaw modeli. <a href="/wiki/Til_modeli" title="Til modeli">Til modellerine</a> tiykarlanıp, LLM bul qábiletlerdi esaplawda qızǵın ózin-ózi basqaratuǵın hám yarım baqlanatuǵın oqıw procesinde teksttiń úlken kóleminen statistikalıq baylanıslardı úyreniw arqalı aladı.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Úlken til modelleri tekstti jaratıw ushın, <a href="/wiki/Generativ_jasalma_intellekt" title="Generativ jasalma intellekt">generativ jasalma intellekt</a> túri, kiris tekstin alıw hám keyingi token yamasa sózdi qaytalap boljaw arqalı paydalanılıwı múmkin. </p><p>LLM − 2017 jılı oylap tabılǵan <a href="/wiki/Transformator_(tere%C5%84_oq%C4%B1t%C4%B1w_arxitekturas%C4%B1)" title="Transformator (tereń oqıtıw arxitekturası)">transformator arxitekturasın</a> paydalanatuǵın <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jasalma_neyron_tarmaq_(mashinal%C4%B1q_oq%C4%B1t%C4%B1w)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jasalma neyron tarmaq (mashinalıq oqıtıw) (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">jasalma neyron tarmaqlar</a> bolıp tabıladı. 2024 jıl iyundaǵı eń úlken hám eń qábiletli LLM-ler tek dekoderlerge, transformatorǵa tiykarlanǵan arxitektura menen dúzilgen, ol úlken ólshemdegi keń kólemli tekstli maǵlıwmatlardı ónimli qayta islewge hám jaratıwǵa imkaniyat beredi. </p><p>Tariyxıy túrde, 2020 jılǵa shekem anıq sazlaw - modeldi belgili wazıypalarǵa beyimlew ushın qollanılatuǵın tiykarǵı metod edi. Degen menen, <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a> sıyaqlı úlkenirek modeller modeldiń juwapların basqarıw ushın arnawlı kirgiziw kórsetpelerin islep shıǵıwdı óz ishine alatuǵın <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operativ_injenerlik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operativ injenerlik (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">operativ injenerlik</a> <i>(ingl. prompt engineering)</i> arqalı uqsas nátiyjelerge erisiw imkaniyatın kórsetti. Bul modeller adam tiliniń korpusına tán sintaksis, semantika hám ontologiyalar ituwralı bilim aladı, biraq sonıń menen birge olar oqıtılatuǵın maǵlıwmatlarda ushırasatuǵın anıq emeslikler menen qátelerdi miyras etedi. </p><p>Ayırım kórnekli LLM-ler − <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a>-diń <a href="/wiki/GPT" title="GPT">GPT</a> modeller seriyası (mısalı, <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> hám <a href="/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Copilot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microsoft Copilot (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">Microsoft Copilot</a>-te qollanılatuǵın <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3.5</a> hám <a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a>), <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>-dıń <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemini_(til_modeli)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemini (til modeli) (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">Gemini</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meta_platformas%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meta platforması (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">Meta</a>-nıń <a href="/w/index.php?title=Llama_(til_modeli)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Llama (til modeli) (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">LLaMA</a> shańaraǵı modelleri, Anthropic's Claude modelleri hám Mistral AI modelleri usılar qatarınan. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tariyxı"><span id="Tariyx.C4.B1"></span>Tariyxı</h2></div> <p>2017 jılǵa shekem sol waqıttaǵı múmkinshilikler menen salıstırǵanda úlken bolatuǵın bir neshe til modelleri bar edi. 1990 jılları IBM sáykesli modelleri statistikalıq tildi modellestiriwge túrtki boldı. 2001 jılı 0,3 milliard sózge úyretilgen tegislengen n-gramm modeli sol gezdegi SOTA maqsetine eristi.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2000-jılları <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internetti</a> paydalanıw keń tarqalǵanlıqtan, ayırım izertlewshiler Internet masshtabındaǵı til <a href="/wiki/Ma%C7%B5l%C4%B1wmatlar_j%C4%B1yna%C7%B5%C4%B1" title="Maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵı">maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵın</a> (“veb korpus retinde”) jarattı, sonıń tiykarında olar statistikalıq til modellerin oqıttı. 2009 jılı tildi qayta islew wazıypalarınıń kópshiliginde statistikalıq til modelleri simvollı modellerinen basım boldı, óytkeni olar úlken maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵın paydalı túrde qabıllay aladı. </p><p>2012 jılı neyron tarmaqlar súwretlerdi qayta islewde basım bolǵannan keyin olar tildi modellestiriwge de qollanıldı. <a href="/wiki/Google_Awdarmash%C4%B1" title="Google Awdarmashı">Google awdarma</a> xızmetin 2016 jılı <a href="/w/index.php?title=Google_neyron_mashina_awdarmas%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Google neyron mashina awdarması (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">neyron mashina awdarmasına</a> aylandırdı. Transformers-ke shekem bolǵanday, onı seq2seq deep LSTM tarmaqları tárepinen ámelge asırdı. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:The-Transformer-model-architecture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The-Transformer-model-architecture.png/220px-The-Transformer-model-architecture.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The-Transformer-model-architecture.png/330px-The-Transformer-model-architecture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The-Transformer-model-architecture.png/440px-The-Transformer-model-architecture.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Original maqaladan transformator modeliniń tiykarǵı komponentleri kórinisi, bul jerde qabatlar kóp tárepli itibardan keyin (aldınǵı ornına) qálpine keltirilgen.</figcaption></figure> <p>2017 jılǵı NeurIPS konferenciyasında <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> izertlewshileri <a href="/wiki/Transformator_(tere%C5%84_oq%C4%B1t%C4%B1w_arxitekturas%C4%B1)" title="Transformator (tereń oqıtıw arxitekturası)">transformatorlardıń arxitekturasın</a> “Itibar beriń - sizge kerek” maqalasında tanıstırdı. Bul hújjettiń maqseti 2014 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seq2seq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seq2seq (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">Seq2seq</a> texnologiyasın jetilistiriw edi,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hám tiykarınan 2014 jılı Baxdanau h.t.b tárepinen islep shıqqan zeyin mexanizmine tiykarlanǵan edi. Keyingi 2018 jılı <a href="/w/index.php?title=BERT_(til_modeli)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BERT (til modeli) (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">BERT</a> engizildi hám tez arada “barlıq jerde” boldı.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Túpnusqa transformatorda kodlawshı da, dekoder blokları bolsa da, BERT tek kodlawshıǵa arnalǵan model bolıp tabıladı. </p><p>Tek dekoder menen jumıs isleytuǵın <a href="/wiki/GPT-1" title="GPT-1">GPT-1</a> 2018 jılı engizilgeni menen, 2019 jılı <a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a> kópshiliktiń itibarın tarttı, óytkeni <a href="/wiki/OpenAI" title="OpenAI">OpenAI</a> dáslebinde zıyanlı paydalanıwdan qorıqqanlıqtan onı kópshilikke shıǵarıw ushın dım kúshli dep esapladı.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2020 jılı <a href="/wiki/GPT-3" title="GPT-3">GPT-3</a> bir adım alǵa jıljıdı hám 2024 jıldan baslap tek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Veb_API&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Veb API (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">API</a> arqalı ashıq, ol modeldi jergilikli orınlaw ushın júklep alıwdı usınbaydı. Biraq bul 2022 jılǵı tutınıwshıǵa arnalǵan brauzer tiykarındaǵı <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> ulıwma xalıqtıń qıyalın jawlap alıp, ayırım ǵalaba xabar qurallarında daw hám onlayn dawlı talqılawlar payda etti.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2023 jılı <a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a> joqarı anıqlıǵı ushın hám <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multimodal_oq%C4%B1t%C4%B1w&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multimodal oqıtıw (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">multimodal</a> imkaniyatları ushın “qásiyetli reys” retinde joqarı bahalandı.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OpenAI joqarı dárejeli arxitekturanı hám GPT-4 parametrleriniń sanın anıqlamadı. </p><p>Básekiles til modelleri, eń bolmaǵanda parametrler sanı boyınsha GPT seriyasın teńlestiriwge háreket etti.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2024 jılǵı jaǵday boyınsha eń úlken hám eń qábiletli modellerdiń barlıǵı Transformator arxitekturasına tiykarlanǵan. Ayırım sońǵı qosımshalar basqa arxitekturalarǵa tiykarlanǵan, mısalı qaytalanatuǵın neyron tarmaq variantları hám Mamba (mámleketlik kosmos modeli). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maǵlıwmatlar_jıynaǵın_aldınnan_qayta_islew"><span id="Ma.C7.B5l.C4.B1wmatlar_j.C4.B1yna.C7.B5.C4.B1n_ald.C4.B1nnan_qayta_islew"></span>Maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵın aldınnan qayta islew</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Itimal_tokenizaciya">Itimal tokenizaciya</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mashinal%C4%B1q_oq%C4%B1t%C4%B1w" title="Mashinalıq oqıtıw">Mashinalıq oqıtıw</a> algoritmleri tekstti emes, sanlardı qayta isleytuǵınlıqtan, tekst sanlarǵa aylandırılıwı kerek. Birinshi adımda sózlik tuwralı sheshim qabıllanadı, sonnan keyin pútin indeksler hárbir sózlik jazıwǵa erikli túrde, biraq unikal tayınlanadı hám aqırında, jaylastırıw pútin indeks penen baylanıstırıladı. Algoritmlerge bayt jup kodlaw hám WordPiece kiredi. </p><p>Itimal tokenizaciya <a href="/wiki/Ma%C7%B5l%C4%B1wmatlar_j%C4%B1yna%C7%B5%C4%B1" title="Maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵı">maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵın</a> da qısadı. LLM-lar ádette kiritiwdi qısqartılmaǵan massiv bolıwın talap etetuǵınlıqtan, qısqa tekstler eń uzın teksttiń uzınlıǵına sáykes kelgenshe “toltırılıwı” kerek. Bir sózge ortasha esap penen qansha token kerek ekenligi, maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵınıń tiline baylanıslı.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="BPE">BPE</h4></div> <p>Bayt-juplı kodlawdıń modifikaciyasın qollanıp, birinshi adımda barlıq unikal simvollar (sonıń ishinde bos orınlar menen punktuaciyalıq belgileri) n-gramnıń dáslepki jıynaǵı (yaǵnıy, uni-grammlardıń dáslepki jıynaǵı) retinde qarastırıladı. Izbe-iz qońsı simvollardıń eń jiyi jubı bi-grammaǵa biriktiriledi hám juptıń barlıq danaları onıń menen almastırıladı. Jiyi jiyi ushırasatuǵın (aldın biriktirilgen) n-grammlardıń qońsı juplarınıń barlıq kórinisleri belgilengen ólshemdegi sózlik alınǵanǵa shekem qayta-qayta onnan da uzınıraq n-grammǵa biriktiriledi (GPT-3 jaǵdayında ólshem 50257).<sup id="cite_ref-xbiWb_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xbiWb-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Token sózligi nolden baslap leksikanıń ólshemine shekemgi pútin sanlardan ibarat. Jańa sózlerdi bárqulla tokenler menen baslanǵısh ornatılǵan unigrammalardıń kombinaciyası retinde túsindiriwge boladı. </p><p>Tiykarınan <a href="/wiki/Inglis_tili" title="Inglis tili">inglisshe</a> korpustan alınǵan chastotalarǵa tiykarlanǵan token sózligi ortasha inglis tili sózi ushın ilajı barınsha az tokenlerdi paydalanadı. Inglis tilinde optimallastırılǵan tokenizator arqalı kodlanǵan basqa tildegi ortasha sóz, biraq tokenlerdiń optimal emes sanına bólinedi. GPT-2 tokenizatorı ayırım tiller ushın, mısalı <a href="/wiki/Myanma" title="Myanma">Myanmadaǵı</a> shan tilindegi sóz ushın 15 ese kóp tokenlerdi paydalana aladı. Inglis tili menen salıstırǵanda portugal hám nemis sıyaqlı keń tarqalǵan tillerde “50% ke teń”. </p><p>Mısalı, GPT-3 (Legacy) paydalanatuǵın tokenizator tómendegi gáp tokenizatorın qalay bóledi: <small><code>tokenizer: texts -> series of numerical "tokens"</code></small>. </p> <table cellpadding="0;" cellspacing="0;" style="border:1px solid black"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-left: 2px green; border-right: 2px green">token </td> <td style="background-color: grey; color: white; border-left: 2px green; border-right: 2px green">izer </td> <td style="border-left: 2px green; border-right: 2px green">: </td> <td style="background-color: grey; color: white; border-left: 2px green; border-right: 2px green"> texts </td> <td style="border-left: 2px green; border-right: 2px green"> -> </td> <td style="background-color: grey; color: white; border-left: 2px green; border-right: 2px green">series </td> <td style="border-left: 2px green; border-right: 2px green"> of </td> <td style="background-color: grey; color: white; border-left: 2px green; border-right: 2px green"> numerical </td> <td style="border-left: 2px green; border-right: 2px green"> " </td> <td style="background-color: grey; color: white; border-left: 2px green; border-right: 2px green">t </td> <td style="border-left: 2px green; border-right: 2px green">ok </td> <td style="background-color: grey; color: white; border-left: 2px green; border-right: 2px green">ens </td> <td style="border-left: 2px green; border-right: 2px green">" </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maǵlıwmatlar_jıynaǵın_tazalaw"><span id="Ma.C7.B5l.C4.B1wmatlar_j.C4.B1yna.C7.B5.C4.B1n_tazalaw"></span>Maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵın tazalaw</h3></div> <p>LLM oqıtıw konteksinde <a href="/wiki/Ma%C7%B5l%C4%B1wmatlar_j%C4%B1yna%C7%B5%C4%B1" title="Maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵı">maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵı</a> ádette maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵınan zıyanlı bóleklerdi óshiriw, sapası tómen maǵlıwmatlardı joq etiw hám qaytalawdı óshiriw arqalı tazartıladı. Tazalanǵan maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵı oqıtıw ónimliligin arttırıp, tómen aǵımnıń ónimliligin jaqsılawǵa alıp keliwi múmkin.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oqıtılǵan LLM keyingi LLM-dı oqıtıw ushın maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵın tazalawda paydalanılıwı múmkin. </p><p>Internette LLM arqalı jaratılǵan kontent úlesiniń artıwı menen keleshekte maǵlıwmatlardı tazalaw bunday kontentti filtrlewdi qamtıwı múmkin. LLM arqalı jaratılǵan kontent, eger kontent adam tekstine uqsas bolsa (filtrdi qıyınlastıradı), biraq sapası tómen bolsa (onda oqıtılǵan modellerdiń ónimliligin tómenletse) mashqala payda bolıwı múmkin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sintetikalıq_maǵlıwmatlar"><span id="Sintetikal.C4.B1q_ma.C7.B5l.C4.B1wmatlar"></span>Sintetikalıq maǵlıwmatlar</h3></div> <p>Eń úlken til modellerin oqıtıw ushın tábiyiy qoljetimlilikten góre kóbirek til maǵlıwmatları kerek bolıwı múmkin yamasa tábiyiy túrde payda bolatuǵın maǵlıwmatlardıń sapası jetkiliksiz bolıwı múmkin. Bunday jaǵdaylarda sintetikalıq maǵlıwmatlar qollanılıwı múmkin. Microsoft korporaciyasınıń Phi LLM seriyası basqa LLM jaratqan sabaqlıqqa uqsas maǵlıwmatlarǵa úyretilgen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Úyretiw_hám_arxitektura"><span id=".C3.9Ayretiw_h.C3.A1m_arxitektura"></span>Úyretiw hám arxitektura</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adamnıń_keri_baylanısınan_oqıtıwdı_kúsheytiw_(RLHF)"><span id="Adamn.C4.B1.C5.84_keri_baylan.C4.B1s.C4.B1nan_oq.C4.B1t.C4.B1wd.C4.B1_k.C3.BAsheytiw_.28RLHF.29"></span>Adamnıń keri baylanısınan oqıtıwdı kúsheytiw (RLHF)</h3></div> <p>Proksimal siyasattı optimallastırıw sıyaqlı algortimler arqalı <b>Adamnıń keri baylanısınan oqıtıwdı kúsheytiw</b> <i>(ingl. Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF))</i>, adam qolaylıqlarınıń maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵına tiykarlanǵan modeldi jáne de anıq sazlaw ushın paydalanıladı. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kórsetpeni_sazlaw"><span id="K.C3.B3rsetpeni_sazlaw"></span>Kórsetpeni sazlaw</h3></div> <p>“Ózbetinshe kórsetpe beriw” usılların qollanıp, LLM-ler bir neshe jaǵdaydı adam tárepinen jaratılǵan dúzetiwlerden baslap hár qanday ápiwayı juwaplardı almastırıp, durıs juwaplardı júkley aldı. Mısalı, “Gamlette usınılǵan tiykarǵı temalar tuwralı esse jazıń” kórsetpesinde “Eger siz esseni 17 marttan keyin tapsırsańız, siziń bahańız keshiktirilgen hár bir kún ushın 10%-ke tómenleydi” degen baslanǵısh ápiwayı juwmaq bolıwı múmkin. Yaǵnıy korpustaǵı usı tekstli izbe-izliktiń chastotasına tiykarlanǵan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekspertlerdiń_aralasıwı"><span id="Ekspertlerdi.C5.84_aralas.C4.B1w.C4.B1"></span>Ekspertlerdiń aralasıwı</h3></div> <p>Eń úlken LLM oqıtıw hám tikkeley paydalanıw ushın dım qımbat bolıwı múmkin. Bunday modeller ushın Google izertlewshileri 2017 jıldan baslap 1 trillion parametrge shekem jetetuǵın modellerdi oqıtıw ushın alıp barılǵan izertlewlerdiń tarmaǵın ekspertler aralasıwın qollanıwǵa boladı. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operativ_injenerlik,_itibar_qaratıw_mexanizmi_hám_kontekstli_ayna"><span id="Operativ_injenerlik.2C_itibar_qarat.C4.B1w_mexanizmi_h.C3.A1m_kontekstli_ayna"></span>Operativ injenerlik, itibar qaratıw mexanizmi hám kontekstli ayna</h3></div> <p>Aldın tek (qımbat) anıq sazlaw arqalı erisiwge bolatuǵın nátiyjelerdiń kópshiligine bir sóylesiw kólemi menen sheklengen bolsa da (anıǵıraq, kontekstli aynanıń kólemi menen sheklengen) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Operativ_injenerlik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Operativ injenerlik (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">operativ injenerlik</a> <i>(ingl. prompt engineering)</i> arqalı erisiwge boladı.<sup id="cite_ref-emergentpaper_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emergentpaper-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Multiple_attention_heads.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Multiple_attention_heads.png/220px-Multiple_attention_heads.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Multiple_attention_heads.png/330px-Multiple_attention_heads.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Multiple_attention_heads.png/440px-Multiple_attention_heads.png 2x" data-file-width="870" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption> Hárbir bası óziniń kriteriyaları boyınsha "it_" tokeni ushın qanshelli basqa tokenlerdiń sáykes keletuǵının esaplaǵanda, ekinshi baǵana menen usınılǵan ekinshi itibar qaratıw basınıń birinshi eki qatarǵa, yaǵnıy tokenlerge kóbirek itibar qaratatuǵının este saqlań. "The" hám "animal", al úshinshi baǵana tiykarınan tómengi eki qatarǵa, yaǵnıy eki tokenge ajıratılǵan "tired" ke itibar qaratadı.<sup id="cite_ref-Jay_Allamar_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jay_Allamar-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Kontekstli ayna sheńberinde qanday tokenlerdiń bir-birine sáykes keletuǵının anıqlaw ushın itibar qaratıw mexanizmi hárqaysısınıń ózine tán “sáykesligi” bar bir neshe itibar qaratıw basların paydalanıw arqalı hárbir token ushın, anıǵıraq aytqanda, onı kirgiziw ushın “jumsaq” salmaqlardı esaplaydı. Mısalı, kishi (yaǵnıy 117M parametr ólshemi) <a href="/wiki/GPT-2" title="GPT-2">GPT-2</a> modelinde on eki itibar qaratıw bası hám bar bolǵanı 1k tokennen ibarat konteksli ayna bar edi.<sup id="cite_ref-Jay_Allamar_GPT2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jay_Allamar_GPT2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ortasha versiyasında onıń 345M parametri bar hám hárqaysısında 12 itibar qaratıwshısı bar 24 qabattan ibarat. Gradient túsiwi bar shınıǵıwlar ushın 512 partiya ólshemi paydalanıldı.<sup id="cite_ref-2022Book_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2022Book_-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2024 jıl fevralda usınılǵan Google <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemini_(til_modeli)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemini (til modeli) (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">Gemini 1.5</a> sıyaqlı eń úlken modellerde 1 millionǵa shekemgi kontekstli aynası bolıwı múmkin (10 million konteksli ayna da “sátli testten ótken”).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Úlken kontekstli aynaları bar basqa modellerde 200 mıń tokenge shekemgi kontekstli aynası bar Anthropic's Claude 2.1.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bul maksimal kiriwshi tokenleriniń sanına baylanıslı ekenin hám shıǵıwshı tokenleriniń maksimal sanı kiriwshiden ózgeshelenetuǵın hám jiyi kishirek bolatuǵının este saqlań. Mısalı, <a href="/wiki/GPT-4" title="GPT-4">GPT-4</a> Turbo modeliniń maksimal shıǵıwshısı 4096 tokendi quraydı.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Model keyingi juwaptı jaratıwda esapqa alatuǵın sáwbettiń uzaqlıǵı kontekstli aynanıń ólshemi menen de sheklenedi. Eger sóylesiwdiń uzaqlıǵı, mısalı <a href="/wiki/ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> menen onıń kontekstli aynasınan uzaǵıraq bolsa, keyingi juwaptı jaratıwda konteksli aynanıń ishindegi bólimler ǵana esapqa alınadı yamasa model dım alıs bólimlerdi sáwbetten ulıwmalastırıw ushın ayırım algoritmdi qollanıwı kerek. </p><p>Kontekstli aynanı úlkeytiwdiń kemshilikleri joqarı esaplaw bahasın hám jergilikli kontekstke itibar qaratıwdı qamtıydı, al onı kishireytiw modeldiń zárúrli uzaq múddetli ǵárezlilikti jiberip alıwǵa alıp keliwi múmkin. Olardı teńlestiriw eksperiment hám domenge tán pikirler máselesi bolıp tabıladı. </p><p>Model segmenttiń qalay dawam etetuǵının yamasa onıń oqıtıw maǵlıwmatlar jıynaǵınan segmentti esapqa alıp, segmentte neniń jetispeytuǵının boljaw ushın aldınnan tayarlanıwı múmkin.<sup id="cite_ref-ioUpE_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioUpE-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>avtoregressiv (yaǵnıy segmenttiń qalay dawam etetuǵının, <a href="/wiki/GPT" title="GPT">GPT</a> onı qalay islewin boljaw): mısalı, “Men awqatlanǵandı unataman” segmenti berilgen, model “muzqaymaq” yamasa “sushi” di boljaydı.</li> <li>“maskalanǵan” (yaǵnıy segmentte jetispeytuǵın bólimlerdi toltırıw, “BERT”<sup id="cite_ref-jm_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bunı islew usılı): mısalı, “Men [__] [__] kremdi unataman” segmentin esapqa alıp, model onı “jew” hám “muz” jetispeytuǵının boljaydı.</li></ul> <p>Modeller gáplerdiń jupları usınǵan hám model olardıń oqıw korpusında izbe-iz payda bolıwın boljawı kerek keyingi gápti boljaw (NSP) sıyaqlı maǵlıwmatlardı tarqatıwdı túsiniwin tekseretuǵın járdemshi wazıypalar boyınsha oqıtılıwı múmkin.<sup id="cite_ref-jm_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jm-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shınıǵıw waqtında regulyarizaciyanıń joǵalıwı shınıǵıwlardı turaqlı etiw ushın da qollanıladı. Degen menen, regulyarizaciyanıń joǵalıwı ádette testlew hám bahalaw waqtında paydalanılmaydı. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trening_bahası"><span id="Trening_bahas.C4.B1"></span>Trening bahası</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Estimated_training_cost_of_some_AI_models_-_2024_AI_index.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Estimated_training_cost_of_some_AI_models_-_2024_AI_index.jpg/220px-Estimated_training_cost_of_some_AI_models_-_2024_AI_index.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Estimated_training_cost_of_some_AI_models_-_2024_AI_index.jpg/330px-Estimated_training_cost_of_some_AI_models_-_2024_AI_index.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Estimated_training_cost_of_some_AI_models_-_2024_AI_index.jpg/440px-Estimated_training_cost_of_some_AI_models_-_2024_AI_index.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1361" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Programmalıq támiynat penen apparatlıq támiynattaǵı jetiskenlikler 2020 jıldan baslap shıǵınlardı aytarlıqtay tómenletti, usılayınsha 2023 jılı 12 milliard parametrli LLM esaplaw bahası 72 300 A100-GPU-saattı quraydı, al 2020 jılı 1,5 milliard parametrli LLM oqıtıw bahası (bul 2020 jılǵı texnikalıq dárejeden eki ese az edi) 80 mıń dollar menen 1,6 mln dollar aralıǵında edi.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiggers_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiggers-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2020 jıldan baslap barǵan sayın úlken modellerge úlken summalar salındı. Mısalı, 2019 jılı GPT-2 (yaǵnıy 1,5 milliard parametrli model) oqıtıw 50 000 AQSH dolların qurasa, 2022 jılı <a href="/wiki/PaLM" title="PaLM">PaLM</a> (yaǵnıy, 540 milliard parametrli model) 8 million dollar, al Megatron-Turing NLG oqıtıw bahası 530B (2021 jılı) shama menen 11 million dollardan ibarat.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transformator_(tere%C5%84_oq%C4%B1t%C4%B1w_arxitekturas%C4%B1)" title="Transformator (tereń oqıtıw arxitekturası)">Transformator</a> tiykarındaǵı LLM ushın oqıtıw bahası juwmaqlawshı bahasınan álleqayda joqarı. Bir token boyınsha shınıǵıw ushın bir parametrde 6 FLOP turadı, al bir token boyınsha juwmaq shıǵarıw ushın bir parametrge 1-2 FLOP kerek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Derekler">Derekler</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r57497">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:7-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="anıqlanbaǵan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openai.com/blog/better-language-models/">„Better Language Models and Their Implications“</a></span>. <i>OpenAI</i> (14-fevral 2019-jıl). 19-dekabr 2020-jılda túp nusqadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201219132206/https://openai.com/blog/better-language-models/">arxivlendi</a>. Qaraldı: 25-avgust 2019-jıl.</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r54645">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2001" class="citation cs2">Goodman, Joshua (2001-08-09), <i>A Bit of Progress in Language Modeling</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (identifier) (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/cs/0108005">cs/0108005</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Bit+of+Progress+in+Language+Modeling&rft.date=2001-08-09&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcs%2F0108005&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fkaa.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9Alken+til+modeli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashish_Vaswani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashish Vaswani (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">Vaswani, Ashish</a>; Shazeer, Noam; Parmar, Niki; Uszkoreit, Jakob; Jones, Llion; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aidan_Gomez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aidan Gomez (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">Gomez, Aidan N</a>; Kaiser, Łukasz; Polosukhin, Illia (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2017/file/3f5ee243547dee91fbd053c1c4a845aa-Paper.pdf">"Attention is All you Need"</a>. <i>Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems</i> (Curran Associates, Inc.) <b>30</b><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2017/file/3f5ee243547dee91fbd053c1c4a845aa-Paper.pdf">https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2017/file/3f5ee243547dee91fbd053c1c4a845aa-Paper.pdf</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Attention+is+All+you+Need&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Neural+Information+Processing+Systems&rft.aulast=Vaswani&rft.aufirst=Ashish&rft.au=Vaswani%2C%26%2332%3BAshish&rft.au=Shazeer%2C%26%2332%3BNoam&rft.au=Parmar%2C%26%2332%3BNiki&rft.au=Uszkoreit%2C%26%2332%3BJakob&rft.au=Jones%2C%26%2332%3BLlion&rft.au=Gomez%2C%26%2332%3BAidan+N&rft.au=Kaiser%2C%26%2332%3B%C5%81ukasz&rft.au=Polosukhin%2C%26%2332%3BIllia&rft.date=2017&rft.volume=30&rft.pub=Curran+Associates%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproceedings.neurips.cc%2Fpaper%2F2017%2Ffile%2F3f5ee243547dee91fbd053c1c4a845aa-Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%9Alken_til_modeli"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Rogers, Anna; Kovaleva, Olga; Rumshisky, Anna (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aclanthology.org/2020.tacl-1.54">"A Primer in BERTology: What We Know About How BERT Works"</a>. <i>Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics</i> <b>8</b><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://aclanthology.org/2020.tacl-1.54">https://aclanthology.org/2020.tacl-1.54</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Primer+in+BERTology%3A+What+We+Know+About+How+BERT+Works&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Association+for+Computational+Linguistics&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Rogers%2C%26%2332%3BAnna&rft.au=Kovaleva%2C%26%2332%3BOlga&rft.au=Rumshisky%2C%26%2332%3BAnna&rft.date=2020&rft.volume=8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faclanthology.org%2F2020.tacl-1.54&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%9Alken_til_modeli"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Hern.</i> <span lang="anıqlanbaǵan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/feb/14/elon-musk-backed-ai-writes-convincing-news-fiction">„New AI fake text generator may be too dangerous to release, say creators“</a></span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Guardian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Guardian (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">The Guardian</a></i> (14-fevral 2019-jıl). Qaraldı: 20-yanvar 2024-jıl.</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="anıqlanbaǵan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/11/30/chatgpt-a-year-on-3-ways-the-ai-chatbot-has-completely-changed-the-world-in-12-months">„ChatGPT a year on: 3 ways the AI chatbot has completely changed the world in 12 months“</a></span>.  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euronews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euronews (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">Euronews</a> (30-noyabr 2023-jıl). Qaraldı: 20-yanvar 2024-jıl.</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Heaven.</i> <span lang="anıqlanbaǵan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/03/14/1069823/gpt-4-is-bigger-and-better-chatgpt-openai/">„GPT-4 is bigger and better than ChatGPT—but OpenAI won't say why“</a></span>.  <a href="/w/index.php?title=MIT_Technology_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MIT Technology Review (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">MIT Technology Review</a> (14-mart 2023-jıl). Qaraldı: 20-yanvar 2024-jıl.</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="anıqlanbaǵan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/artificial-intelligence-parameter-count?time=2017-09-05..latest">„Parameters in notable artificial intelligence systems“</a></span>. <i>ourworldindata.org</i> (30-noyabr 2023-jıl). Qaraldı: 20-yanvar 2024-jıl.</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Yennie Jun.</i> <span lang="anıqlanbaǵan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.yenniejun.com/p/all-languages-are-not-created-tokenized">„All languages are NOT created (tokenized) equal“</a></span>. <i>Language models cost much more in some languages than others</i> (3-may 2023-jıl). — „In other words, to express the same sentiment, some languages require up to 10 times more tokens.“. 17-avgust 2023-jılda túp nusqadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230817165705/https://blog.yenniejun.com/p/all-languages-are-not-created-tokenized">arxivlendi</a>. Qaraldı: 17-avgust 2023-jıl.</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xbiWb-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-xbiWb_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="anıqlanbaǵan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://platform.openai.com/">„OpenAI API“</a></span>. <i>platform.openai.com</i>. 23-aprel 2023-jılda túp nusqadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423211308/https://platform.openai.com/tokenizer">arxivlendi</a>. Qaraldı: 30-aprel 2023-jıl.</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r54645" /><cite id="CITEREFLiBubeckEldanDel_Giorno2023" class="citation cs2">Li, Yuanzhi; Bubeck, Sébastien; Eldan, Ronen; Del Giorno, Allie; Gunasekar, Suriya; Lee, Yin Tat (2023-09-11), <i>Textbooks Are All You Need II: phi-1.5 technical report</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (identifier) (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/2309.05463">2309.05463</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textbooks+Are+All+You+Need+II%3A+phi-1.5+technical+report&rft.date=2023-09-11&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2309.05463&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Yuanzhi&rft.au=Bubeck%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft.au=Eldan%2C+Ronen&rft.au=Del+Giorno%2C+Allie&rft.au=Gunasekar%2C+Suriya&rft.au=Lee%2C+Yin+Tat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fkaa.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9Alken+til+modeli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emergentpaper-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-emergentpaper_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Wei, Jason; Tay, Yi; Bommasani, Rishi; Raffel, Colin; Zoph, Barret; Borgeaud, Sebastian; Yogatama, Dani; Bosma, Maarten et al. (31 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openreview.net/forum?id=yzkSU5zdwD">"Emergent Abilities of Large Language Models"</a>. <i>Transactions on Machine Learning Research</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Standard_Serial_Number&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Standard Serial Number (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/issn/2835-8856">2835-8856</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://openreview.net/forum?id=yzkSU5zdwD">https://openreview.net/forum?id=yzkSU5zdwD</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Emergent+Abilities+of+Large+Language+Models&rft.jtitle=Transactions+on+Machine+Learning+Research&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.au=Wei%2C%26%2332%3BJason&rft.au=Tay%2C%26%2332%3BYi&rft.au=Bommasani%2C%26%2332%3BRishi&rft.au=Raffel%2C%26%2332%3BColin&rft.au=Zoph%2C%26%2332%3BBarret&rft.au=Borgeaud%2C%26%2332%3BSebastian&rft.au=Yogatama%2C%26%2332%3BDani&rft.au=Bosma%2C%26%2332%3BMaarten&rft.au=Zhou%2C%26%2332%3BDenny&rft.date=31+August+2022&rft.issn=2835-8856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenreview.net%2Fforum%3Fid%3DyzkSU5zdwD&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%C3%9Alken_til_modeli"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jay_Allamar-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jay_Allamar_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Allamar.</i> <span lang="anıqlanbaǵan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jalammar.github.io/illustrated-transformer/">„Illustrated transformer“</a></span>. Qaraldı: 29-iyul 2023-jıl.</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jay_Allamar_GPT2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Jay_Allamar_GPT2_14-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Allamar.</i> <span lang="anıqlanbaǵan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jalammar.github.io/illustrated-gpt2/">„The Illustrated GPT-2 (Visualizing Transformer Language Models)“</a></span>. Qaraldı: 1-avgust 2023-jıl.</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2022Book_-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2022Book_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFPaaß">Paaß, Gerhard<i>. Foundation Models for Natural Language Processing</i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundation+Models+for+Natural+Language+Processing&rft.aulast=Paa%C3%9F&rft.aufirst=Gerhard"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="anıqlanbaǵan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.google/technology/ai/google-gemini-next-generation-model-february-2024/#context-window">„Our next-generation model: Gemini 1.5“</a></span>. <i>Google</i> (15-fevral 2024-jıl). Qaraldı: 18-fevral 2024-jıl.</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="anıqlanbaǵan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anthropic.com/news/claude-2-1-prompting">„Long context prompting for Claude 2.1“</a></span> (6-dekabr 2023-jıl). Qaraldı: 20-yanvar 2024-jıl.</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="anıqlanbaǵan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://platform.openai.com/docs/guides/rate-limits">„Rate limits“</a></span>. <i>openai.com</i>. Qaraldı: 20-yanvar 2024-jıl.</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ioUpE-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ioUpE_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFZaibShengEmma_Zhang4_February_2020">Zaib, Munazza; Sheng, Quan Z.; Emma Zhang, Wei „A Short Survey of Pre-trained Language Models for Conversational AI-A New Age in NLP“,<i>. Proceedings of the Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference</i>, 4 February 2020 — 1–4 bet. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="extiw" title="en:Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3373017.3373028">10.1145/3373017.3373028</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arnawl%C4%B1:Kitap_qa%C3%BDnarlar%C4%B1/9781450376976" title="Arnawlı:Kitap qaýnarları/9781450376976">ISBN <span class="nowrap">9781450376976</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Australasian+Computer+Science+Week+Multiconference&rft.atitle=A+Short+Survey+of+Pre-trained+Language+Models+for+Conversational+AI-A+New+Age+in+NLP&rft.aulast=Zaib&rft.aufirst=Munazza&rft.date=4+February+2020&rft.pages=1%E2%80%934 &rft.isbn=9781450376976&rft_id=info:doi/10.1145%2F3373017.3373028"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jm-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jm_20-0">20,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jm_20-1">20,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFJurafskyMartin7_January_2023">Jurafsky, Dan; Martin, James H.<i>. Speech and Language Processing</i>, 7 January 2023.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speech+and+Language+Processing&rft.aulast=Jurafsky&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.date=7+January+2023"> </span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="kaa" dir="ltr">Silteme kórsetiwdegi qátelik: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; name "jm" defined multiple times with different content</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiggers-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wiggers_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Wiggers.</i> <span lang="anıqlanbaǵan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2022/04/28/the-emerging-types-of-language-models-and-why-they-matter/">„The emerging types of language models and why they matter“</a></span>. <i>TechCrunch</i> (28-aprel 2022-jıl).</span></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r54645" /><cite id="CITEREFMaslejFattoriniBrynjolfssonEtchemendy2023" class="citation cs2">Maslej, Nestor; Fattorini, Loredana; Brynjolfsson, Erik; Etchemendy, John; Ligett, Katrina; Lyons, Terah; Manyika, James; Ngo, Helen; Niebles, Juan Carlos (2023-10-05), <i>Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2023</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ArXiv_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArXiv (identifier) (bet ele jaratılmaǵan)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/2310.03715">2310.03715</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Artificial+Intelligence+Index+Report+2023&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2310.03715&rft.aulast=Maslej&rft.aufirst=Nestor&rft.au=Fattorini%2C+Loredana&rft.au=Brynjolfsson%2C+Erik&rft.au=Etchemendy%2C+John&rft.au=Ligett%2C+Katrina&rft.au=Lyons%2C+Terah&rft.au=Manyika%2C+James&rft.au=Ngo%2C+Helen&rft.au=Niebles%2C+Juan+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fkaa.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%9Alken+til+modeli" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="kaa" dir="ltr">Silteme kórsetiwdegi qátelik: <code><ref></code> tag with name "palm-blog" defined in <code><references></code> is not used in prior text.</span><br /> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="kaa" dir="ltr">Silteme kórsetiwdegi qátelik: <code><ref></code> tag with name "glam-blog" defined in <code><references></code> is not used in prior text.</span><br /> <span class="error 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