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id="toc-Before_the_monument_(from_8000_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_monument_(from_8000_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Before the monument (from 8000 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_monument_(from_8000_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stonehenge_1_(c._3100_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stonehenge_1_(c._3100_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Stonehenge 1 (c. 3100 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stonehenge_1_(c._3100_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stonehenge_2_(c._2900_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stonehenge_2_(c._2900_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Stonehenge 2 (c. 2900 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stonehenge_2_(c._2900_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stonehenge_3_I_(c._2600_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stonehenge_3_I_(c._2600_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Stonehenge 3 I (c. 2600 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stonehenge_3_I_(c._2600_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stonehenge_3_II_(2600_BC_to_2400_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stonehenge_3_II_(2600_BC_to_2400_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Stonehenge 3 II (2600 BC to 2400 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stonehenge_3_II_(2600_BC_to_2400_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stonehenge_3_III_(2400_BC_to_2280_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stonehenge_3_III_(2400_BC_to_2280_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Stonehenge 3 III (2400 BC to 2280 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stonehenge_3_III_(2400_BC_to_2280_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stonehenge_3_IV_(2280_BC_to_1930_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stonehenge_3_IV_(2280_BC_to_1930_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Stonehenge 3 IV (2280 BC to 1930 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stonehenge_3_IV_(2280_BC_to_1930_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stonehenge_3_V_(1930_BC_to_1600_BC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stonehenge_3_V_(1930_BC_to_1600_BC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Stonehenge 3 V (1930 BC to 1600 BC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stonehenge_3_V_(1930_BC_to_1600_BC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_monument_(1600_BC_on)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_monument_(1600_BC_on)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 After the monument (1600 BC on) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_monument_(1600_BC_on)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Function and construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stonehenge-builders_and_DNA_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stonehenge-builders_and_DNA_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Stonehenge-builders and DNA studies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stonehenge-builders_and_DNA_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Stonehenge-builders and DNA studies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Stonehenge-builders_and_DNA_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stonehenge_I_and_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stonehenge_I_and_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Stonehenge I and II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stonehenge_I_and_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stonehenge_III_(megalithic_structure)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stonehenge_III_(megalithic_structure)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Stonehenge III (megalithic structure) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stonehenge_III_(megalithic_structure)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Modern history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaeological_research_and_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_research_and_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Archaeological research and restoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_research_and_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1600–1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1600–1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 1600–1900 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1600–1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1901–2000" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1901–2000"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 1901–2000 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1901–2000-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_sarsens,_bluestones_and_other_modern_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_sarsens,_bluestones_and_other_modern_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Origin of sarsens, bluestones and other modern developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_sarsens,_bluestones_and_other_modern_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Heel_Stone",_"Friar's_Heel",_or_"Sun-Stone"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Heel_Stone",_"Friar's_Heel",_or_"Sun-Stone""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 "Heel Stone", "Friar's Heel", or "Sun-Stone" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Heel_Stone",_"Friar's_Heel",_or_"Sun-Stone"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arthurian_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arthurian_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Arthurian legend </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arthurian_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sixteenth_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sixteenth_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Sixteenth century to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sixteenth_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acquisition_for_the_nation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisition_for_the_nation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Acquisition for the nation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisition_for_the_nation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saving_the_skyline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saving_the_skyline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Saving the skyline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saving_the_skyline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neopaganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neopaganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.3 Neopaganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neopaganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setting_and_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting_and_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.4 Setting and access </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting_and_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vandalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vandalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Vandalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vandalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Videography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Stonehenge</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" > 115 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C4%81nhencg" title="Stānhencg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Stānhencg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AC" title="ستونهنج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستونهنج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%27%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C" title="ষ্ট'নহেঞ্জ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ষ্ট'নহেঞ্জ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stounhenc" title="Stounhenc – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stounhenc" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AC" title="استون هنج – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="استون هنج" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C" title="স্টোনহেঞ্জ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্টোনহেঞ্জ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Стоунһендж – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Стоунһендж" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Стоўнхендж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стоўнхендж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Стоўнгэндж – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Стоўнгэндж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C" title="स्टोनहेंज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="स्टोनहेंज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Стоунхендж – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стоунхендж" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Стоунхендж – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Стоунхендж" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge_(arkiyolohiyang_dapit)" title="Stonehenge (arkiyolohiyang dapit) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Stonehenge (arkiyolohiyang dapit)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4r_y_Cewri" title="Côr y Cewri – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Côr y Cewri" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%AF%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%80%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%96%DE%B0" title="ސްޓޯންހެންޖް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސްޓޯންހެންޖް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6" title="Στόουνχεντζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στόουνχεντζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AC" title="استون‌هنج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استون‌هنج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge_(l%C3%A1ithre%C3%A1n_seand%C3%A1la%C3%ADochta)" title="Stonehenge (láithreán seandálaíochta) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Stonehenge (láithreán seandálaíochta)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki-sa%CC%8Dk-chh%E1%B9%B3n" title="Ki-sa̍k-chhṳn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ki-sa̍k-chhṳn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A4%ED%97%A8%EC%A7%80" title="스톤헨지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스톤헨지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BB" title="Սթոունհենջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սթոունհենջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="स्टोनहॅन्ज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्टोनहॅन्ज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%92%27" title="סטונהנג' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטונהנג'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸ್ಟೋನ್ ಹೆಂಜ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಟೋನ್ ಹೆಂಜ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="სტოუნჰენჯი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტოუნჰენჯი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Стоунхендж – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стоунхендж" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dons_an_Gewri" title="Dons an Gewri – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dons an Gewri" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorea_Gigantum" title="Chorea Gigantum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chorea Gigantum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonhend%C5%BEa" title="Stonhendža – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stonhendža" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stounhend%C5%BEas" title="Stounhendžas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stounhendžas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%9F" title="Стоунхенџ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стоунхенџ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D" title="സ്റ്റോൺഹെൻജ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്റ്റോൺഹെൻജ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C" title="स्टोनहेंज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्टोनहेंज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AC" title="ستونهنج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستونهنج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B6" title="Стоунхенж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Стоунхенж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9F%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BA" title="စတုန်းဟင်းချ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စတုန်းဟင်းချ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C" title="स्टोनहेज – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="स्टोनहेज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8" title="ストーンヘンジ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストーンヘンジ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estanhenge" title="Estanhenge – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Estanhenge" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9C" title="ਸਟੋਨਹੈਂਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਟੋਨਹੈਂਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AC" title="سٹونہنج – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹونہنج" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%DB%90%D9%86%D8%AC" title="سټون‌هېنج – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سټون‌هېنج" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Стоунхендж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стоунхендж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AC" title="ستۆنھێنج – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ستۆنھێنج" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%9F" title="Стоунхенџ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стоунхенџ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கல்வட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கல்வட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Стоунһендж – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Стоунһендж" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D" title="స్టోన్‌హెంజ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="స్టోన్‌హెంజ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%8C" title="สโตนเฮนจ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สโตนเฮนจ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%AF_%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AC" title="ᏅᏯ ᏙᏗᎦᏙᎬ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏅᏯ ᏙᏗᎦᏙᎬ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Стоунгендж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стоунгендж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%86_%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC" title="اسٹون ہینج – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسٹون ہینج" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stounhend%C5%BE" title="Stounhendž – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Stounhendž" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Stonehenge" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E7%9F%B3%E9%98%B5" title="巨石阵 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巨石阵" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stonehenge&params=51_10_44_N_1_49_34_W_type:landmark_region:GB-WIL">51°10′44″N 1°49′34″W / 51.17889°N 1.82611°W / 51.17889; -1.82611</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient monument in England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Stonehenge (disambiguation)">Stonehenge (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Stonehenge</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/220px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/330px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg/440px-Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Stonehenge in July 2007</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiltshire_UK_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stonehenge is located in Wiltshire"><img alt="Stonehenge is located in Wiltshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Wiltshire_UK_location_map.svg/250px-Wiltshire_UK_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Wiltshire_UK_location_map.svg/375px-Wiltshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Wiltshire_UK_location_map.svg/500px-Wiltshire_UK_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="1266" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:67.639%;left:54.656%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Stonehenge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Map of Wiltshire showing the location of Stonehenge</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stonehenge&params=51_10_44_N_1_49_34_W_type:landmark_region:GB-WIL">51°10′44″N 1°49′34″W / 51.17889°N 1.82611°W / 51.17889; -1.82611</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">Monument</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">Each standing stone was around 13 ft (4.0 m) high</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sarsen" title="Sarsen">Sarsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluestone" title="Bluestone">Bluestone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Excavations_at_Stonehenge" title="Excavations at Stonehenge">Multiple</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/stonehenge">www.english-heritage.org.uk/stonehenge</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">i, ii, iii</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">1986 (10th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge,_Avebury_and_Associated_Sites" title="Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites">Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/373">373</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">Europe and North America</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #00247D; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">Scheduled monument</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Stonehenge, the Avenue, and three barrows adjacent to the Avenue forming part of a round barrow cemetery on Countess Farm<a href="#cite_note-NHE-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">18 August 1882; 142 years ago (1882-08-18)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data">1010140<a href="#cite_note-NHE-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> Stonehenge is a <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic structure</a> on <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, England, two miles (3 km) west of <a href="/wiki/Amesbury" title="Amesbury">Amesbury</a>. It consists of an outer ring of vertical <a href="/wiki/Sarsen" title="Sarsen">sarsen</a> <a href="/wiki/Standing_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing stones">standing stones</a>, each around 13 feet (4.0 m) high, seven feet (2.1 m) wide, and weighing around 25 tons, topped by connecting horizontal <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintel</a> stones, held in place with <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortise and tenon</a> joints, a feature unique among contemporary monuments.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Inside is a ring of smaller <a href="/wiki/Bluestone" title="Bluestone">bluestones</a>. Inside these are free-standing <a href="/wiki/Trilithon" title="Trilithon">trilithons</a>, two bulkier vertical sarsens joined by one lintel. The whole monument, now ruinous, is aligned towards the sunrise on the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a> and sunset on the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>. The stones are set within <a href="/wiki/Earthwork_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthwork (archaeology)">earthworks</a> in the middle of the densest complex of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_British_Isles" title="Neolithic British Isles">Neolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age</a> monuments in England, including several hundred <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> (burial mounds).<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Stonehenge was constructed in several phases beginning about 3100 BC and continuing until about 1600 BC. The famous circle of large sarsen stones were placed between 2600 BC and 2400 BC. The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC. <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Bluestone" title="Bluestone">bluestones</a> were given their current positions between 2400 and 2200 BC,<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-5">[5]</a> although they may have been at the site as early as 3000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-8">[8]</a> One of the most famous landmarks in the United Kingdom, Stonehenge is regarded as a British cultural icon.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> It has been a legally protected <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_monument" title="Scheduled monument">scheduled monument</a> since 1882,<a href="#cite_note-NHE-1">[1]</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Monuments_Protection_Act_1882" title="Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882">Ancient Monuments Protection Act</a> was passed in the UK. The <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge,_Avebury_and_Associated_Sites" title="Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites">site and its surroundings</a> were added to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in 1986. Stonehenge is owned by <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> and managed by <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Landscape" title="Stonehenge Landscape">surrounding land</a> is owned by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Stonehenge could have been a burial ground from its earliest beginnings.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Deposits containing human bone date from as early as 3000 BC, when the ditch and bank were first dug, and continued for at least another 500 years.<a href="#cite_note-burial-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_Lucas_de_Heere.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Stonehenge_Lucas_de_Heere.jpg/290px-Stonehenge_Lucas_de_Heere.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Stonehenge_Lucas_de_Heere.jpg/435px-Stonehenge_Lucas_de_Heere.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Stonehenge_Lucas_de_Heere.jpg/580px-Stonehenge_Lucas_de_Heere.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2060" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption>The earliest-known realistic painting of Stonehenge, drawn on site with <a href="/wiki/Watercolour" class="mw-redirect" title="Watercolour">watercolours</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_de_Heere" title="Lucas de Heere">Lucas de Heere</a> between 1573 and 1575</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> cites <a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfric_of_Eynsham" title="Ælfric of Eynsham">Ælfric</a>'s 10th-century glossary, in which henge-cliff is given the meaning 'precipice', or stone; thus, the stanenges or Stanheng "not far from <a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>" recorded by 11th-century writers are "stones supported in the air". In 1740, <a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</a> notes: "Pendulous rocks are now called henges in Yorkshire ... I doubt not, Stonehenge in Saxon signifies the hanging stones."<a href="#cite_note-OEDhenge-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chippindale" title="Christopher Chippindale">Christopher Chippindale</a>'s Stonehenge Complete gives the derivation of the name Stonehenge as coming from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> words stān 'stone', and either hencg '<a href="/wiki/Hinge" title="Hinge">hinge</a>' (because the stone <a href="/wiki/Lintel" title="Lintel">lintels</a> hinge on the upright stones) or hen(c)en '<a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">to hang</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Gallows" title="Gallows">gallows</a>' or 'instrument of torture' (though elsewhere in his book, Chippindale cites the 'suspended stones' etymology).<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The "henge" portion has given its name to a class of monuments known as <a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">henges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OEDhenge-14">[14]</a> Archaeologists define henges as earthworks consisting of a circular banked enclosure with an internal ditch.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> As often happens in archaeological terminology, this is a holdover from <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a> use. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stonehenge_plan.jpg/220px-Stonehenge_plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stonehenge_plan.jpg/330px-Stonehenge_plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Stonehenge_plan.jpg/440px-Stonehenge_plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Plan of Stonehenge in 2004. After Cleal et al. and Pitts. Italicised numbers in the text refer to the labels on this plan. Trilithon lintels omitted for clarity. Holes that no longer, or never, contained stones are shown as open circles. Stones visible today are shown coloured.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Parker_Pearson" title="Mike Parker Pearson">Mike Parker Pearson</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Riverside_Project" title="Stonehenge Riverside Project">Stonehenge Riverside Project</a> based around <a href="/wiki/Durrington_Walls" title="Durrington Walls">Durrington Walls</a>, noted that Stonehenge appears to have been associated with burial from the earliest period of its existence: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Stonehenge was a place of burial from its beginning to its zenith in the mid third millennium B.C. The cremation burial dating to Stonehenge's sarsen stones phase is likely just one of many from this later period of the monument's use and demonstrates that it was still very much a domain of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-burial-13">[13]</a></blockquote> Stonehenge evolved in several construction phases spanning at least 1500 years. There is evidence of large-scale construction on and around the monument that perhaps extends the landscape's time frame to 6500 years. Dating and understanding the various phases of activity are complicated by <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(archaeology)" title="Disturbance (archaeology)">disturbance</a> of the natural <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> by <a href="/wiki/Periglacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Periglacial">periglacial</a> effects and animal burrowing, poor quality early <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">excavation</a> records, and a lack of accurate, scientifically verified dates. The modern phasing most generally agreed to by archaeologists is detailed below. Features mentioned in the text are numbered and shown on the plan, right. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_monument_(from_8000_BC)">Before the monument (from 8000 BC)</h3></div> Archaeologists have found four, or possibly five, large <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Posthole" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthole">postholes</a> (one may have been a natural <a href="/wiki/Tree_throw" title="Tree throw">tree throw</a>), which date to around 8000 BC, beneath the nearby old tourist car park in use until 2013. These held pine posts around two feet six inches (0.75 m) in diameter, which were erected and eventually rotted in place. Three of the posts (and possibly four) were in an east–west alignment which may have had <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> significance.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Another Mesolithic astronomical site in Britain is <a href="/wiki/Warren_Field" title="Warren Field">Warren Field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a>, which is considered the world's oldest <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendar</a>, corrected yearly by observing the <a href="/wiki/Midwinter_solstice" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwinter solstice">midwinter solstice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Similar but later sites have been found in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> A settlement that may have been contemporaneous with the posts has been found at <a href="/wiki/Blick_Mead" title="Blick Mead">Blick Mead</a>, a reliable year-round spring one mile (1.6 km) from Stonehenge.<a href="#cite_note-UB-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a> was then still wooded, but, 4,000 years later, during the earlier Neolithic, people built a <a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">causewayed enclosure</a> at <a href="/wiki/Robin_Hood%27s_Ball" title="Robin Hood's Ball">Robin Hood's Ball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrow</a> tombs in the surrounding landscape. In approximately 3500 BC, a <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Cursus" title="Stonehenge Cursus">Stonehenge Cursus</a> was built 2,300 feet (700 m) north of the site as the first farmers began to clear the trees and develop the area. Other previously overlooked stone or wooden structures and burial mounds may date as far back as 4000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-webb-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charlton-23">[23]</a> Charcoal from the 'Blick Mead' camp 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from Stonehenge (near the <a href="/wiki/Vespasian%27s_Camp" title="Vespasian's Camp">Vespasian's Camp</a> site) has been dated to 4000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-sarah-24">[24]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buckingham" title="University of Buckingham">University of Buckingham</a>'s Humanities Research Institute believes that the community who built Stonehenge lived here for several millennia, making it potentially "one of the pivotal places in the history of the Stonehenge landscape."<a href="#cite_note-UB-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stonehenge_1_(c._3100_BC)">Stonehenge 1 (c. 3100 BC)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_phase_one.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Stonehenge_phase_one.jpg/220px-Stonehenge_phase_one.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Stonehenge_phase_one.jpg/330px-Stonehenge_phase_one.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Stonehenge_phase_one.jpg/440px-Stonehenge_phase_one.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>Stonehenge 1. After Cleal et al.</figcaption></figure> The first monument consisted of a circular bank and ditch <a href="/wiki/Enclosure_(archaeology)" title="Enclosure (archaeology)">enclosure</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santonian" title="Santonian">Santonian</a> Age) Seaford <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a>, measuring about 360 feet (110 m) in diameter, with a large entrance to the north east and a smaller one to the south. It stood in open <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> on a slightly sloping spot.<a href="#cite_note-field2010-25">[25]</a> The builders placed the bones of <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ox" title="Ox">oxen</a> in the bottom of the ditch, as well as some worked <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> tools. The bones were considerably older than the antler picks used to dig the ditch, and the people who buried them had looked after them for some time prior to burial. The ditch was continuous but had been dug in sections, like the ditches of the earlier causewayed enclosures in the area. The chalk dug from the ditch was piled up to form the bank. This first stage is dated to around 3100 BC, after which the ditch began to silt up naturally. Within the outer edge of the enclosed area is a circle of 56 pits, each about 3.3 feet (1 m) in diameter, known as the <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_holes" title="Aubrey holes">Aubrey holes</a> after <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a>, the 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a> who was thought to have first identified them. These pits and the bank and ditch together are known as the Palisade or Gate Ditch.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The pits may have contained standing timbers creating a <a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">timber circle</a>, although there is no excavated evidence of them. A recent excavation has suggested that the Aubrey Holes may have originally been used to erect a <a href="/wiki/Bluestone" title="Bluestone">bluestone</a> circle.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> If this were the case, it would advance the earliest known stone structure at the monument by some 500 years. In 2013, a team of archaeologists, led by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Parker_Pearson" title="Mike Parker Pearson">Mike Parker Pearson</a>, excavated more than 50,000 cremated bone fragments, from 63 individuals, buried at Stonehenge.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent-7">[7]</a> These remains were originally buried individually in the Aubrey holes, but were exhumed in 1920 during an excavation by <a href="/wiki/William_Hawley" title="William Hawley">William Hawley</a>, who considered them unimportant and in 1935 re-buried them together in one hole, Aubrey Hole 7.<a href="#cite_note-Sheffield_Uni-28">[28]</a> Physical and chemical analysis of the remains has shown that the cremated were almost equally men and women, and included some children.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent-7">[7]</a> There is evidence that the underlying chalk beneath the graves was crushed by substantial weight, so the team concluded that the first bluestones brought from Wales were probably used as grave markers.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon dating</a> of the remains has put the date of the site 500 years earlier than previously estimated, to around 3000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Independent-7">[7]</a> A 2018 study of the <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> content of the bones found that many of the individuals buried there around the time of construction had probably come from near the source of the bluestone in Wales and had not extensively lived in the area of Stonehenge before death.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Between 2017 and 2021, studies by Professor Parker Pearson (UCL) and his team <a href="#Origin_of_sarsens_and_bluestones">suggested</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Bluestone" title="Bluestone">bluestones</a> used in Stonehenge had been moved there following dismantling of a stone circle of identical size to the first known Stonehenge circle (110m) at the Welsh site of <a href="/wiki/Waun_Mawn" title="Waun Mawn">Waun Mawn</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Preseli_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Preseli Hills">Preseli Hills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-Pollard-etal-2021-02-12-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curry-2021-02-11-31">[31]</a> It had contained bluestones, one of which showed evidence of having been reused in Stonehenge. The stone was identified by its unusual pentagonal shape and by <a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">luminescence soil dating</a> from the filled-in sockets which showed the circle had been erected around 3400–3200 BC, and dismantled around 300–400 years later, consistent with the dates attributed to the creation of Stonehenge.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-Pollard-etal-2021-02-12-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curry-2021-02-11-31">[31]</a> The cessation of human activity in that area at the same time suggested migration as a reason, but it is believed that other stones may have come from other sources.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-Pollard-etal-2021-02-12-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curry-2021-02-11-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stonehenge_2_(c._2900_BC)">Stonehenge 2 (c. 2900 BC)</h3></div> The second phase of construction occurred approximately between 2900 and 2600 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Burns-32">[32]</a> The number of postholes dating to the early third millennium BC suggests that some form of timber structure was built within the enclosure during this period. Further standing timbers were placed at the northeast entrance, and a parallel alignment of posts ran inwards from the southern entrance. The postholes are smaller than the Aubrey Holes, being only around 16 inches (0.4 m) in diameter, and are much less regularly spaced. The bank was purposely reduced in height and the ditch continued to silt up. At least twenty-five of the Aubrey Holes are known to have contained later, intrusive, <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremation</a> burials dating to the two centuries after the monument's inception. It seems that whatever the holes' initial function, it changed to become a funerary one during Phase two. Thirty further cremations were placed in the enclosure's ditch and at other points within the monument, mostly in the eastern half. Stonehenge is therefore interpreted as functioning as an <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_cremation_cemetery" title="Enclosed cremation cemetery">enclosed cremation cemetery</a> at this time,<a href="#cite_note-Burns-32">[32]</a> the earliest known cremation cemetery in the British Isles. Fragments of unburnt human bone have also been found in the ditch-fill. Dating evidence is provided by the late Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">grooved ware</a> pottery that has been found in connection with the features from this phase. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stonehenge_3_I_(c._2600_BC)">Stonehenge 3 I (c. 2600 BC)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_dagger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Stonehenge_dagger.jpg/220px-Stonehenge_dagger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Stonehenge_dagger.jpg/330px-Stonehenge_dagger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Stonehenge_dagger.jpg/440px-Stonehenge_dagger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a> on the sarsen stones include ancient <a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">carvings</a> of a dagger and an axe.</figcaption></figure> Archaeological excavation has indicated that around 2600 BC, the builders abandoned timber in favour of stone and dug two concentric arrays of holes (the <a href="/wiki/Q_and_R_Holes" title="Q and R Holes">Q and R Holes</a>) in the centre of the site. These stone sockets are only partly known (hence on present evidence are sometimes described as forming 'crescents'); however, they could be the remains of a double ring. Again, there is little firm dating evidence for this phase. The holes held up to 80 standing stones (shown blue on the plan), only 43 of which can be traced today. It is generally accepted that the <a href="/wiki/Bluestone" title="Bluestone">bluestones</a> (some of which are made of <a href="/wiki/Dolerite" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolerite">dolerite</a>, an igneous rock), were transported by the builders from the <a href="/wiki/Preseli_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Preseli Hills">Preseli Hills</a>, 150 miles (240 km) away in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a> in Wales. Another theory is that they were brought much nearer to the site as <a href="/wiki/Glacial_erratics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial erratics">glacial erratics</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea_Glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Sea Glacier">Irish Sea Glacier</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> although there is no evidence of glacial deposition within southern central England.<a href="#cite_note-Antiquity-34">[34]</a> A 2019 publication announced that evidence of Megalithic quarrying had been found at quarries in Wales identified as a source of Stonehenge's bluestone, indicating that the bluestone was quarried by human agency and not transported by glacial action.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The long-distance human transport theory was bolstered in 2011 by the discovery of a megalithic bluestone quarry at <a href="/wiki/Craig_Rhos-y-felin" title="Craig Rhos-y-felin">Craig Rhos-y-felin</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Crymych" title="Crymych">Crymych</a> in Pembrokeshire, which is the most likely place for some of the stones to have been obtained.<a href="#cite_note-Antiquity-34">[34]</a> Other standing stones may well have been small <a href="/wiki/Sarsen" title="Sarsen">sarsens</a> (sandstone), used later as lintels. The stones, which weighed about two tons, could have been moved by lifting and carrying them on rows of poles and rectangular frameworks of poles, as recorded in China, Japan and India. It is not known whether the stones were taken directly from their quarries to Salisbury Plain or were the result of the removal of a venerated stone circle from Preseli to Salisbury Plain to "merge two sacred centres into one, to unify two politically separate regions, or to legitimise the ancestral identity of migrants moving from one region to another".<a href="#cite_note-Antiquity-34">[34]</a> Evidence of a 110-metre (360 ft) stone circle at <a href="/wiki/Waun_Mawn" title="Waun Mawn">Waun Mawn</a> near Preseli, which could have contained some or all of the stones in Stonehenge, has been found, including a hole from a rock that matches the unusual cross-section of a Stonehenge bluestone "like a key in a lock".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Each monolith measures around 6.6 feet (2 m) in height, between 3.3 and 4.9 ft (1 and 1.5 m) wide and around 2.6 feet (0.8 m) thick. What was to become known as the <a href="/wiki/Altar_Stone_(Stonehenge)" title="Altar Stone (Stonehenge)">Altar Stone</a> was believed to have been derived from the <a href="/wiki/Senni_Beds" title="Senni Beds">Senni Beds</a>, perhaps from 50 miles (80 kilometres) east of the Preseli Hills in the Brecon Beacons.<a href="#cite_note-Antiquity-34">[34]</a> Work announced in 2024 by a team from <a href="/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin University</a>, who analysed the chemical composition of fragments of rock that had fallen off the Altar Stone, and dated them, found that the best match was with rocks in the <a href="/wiki/Orcadian_Basin" title="Orcadian Basin">Orcadian Basin</a> (which includes <a href="/wiki/Caithness" title="Caithness">Caithness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Moray_Firth" title="Moray Firth">Moray Firth</a> regions of north-eastern Scotland). The researchers stated that this implies the stone was transported some 430 miles (690 km), and thus demonstrates cultural links between Southern England and Northern Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The north-eastern entrance was widened at this time, with the result that it precisely matched the direction of the midsummer sunrise and midwinter sunset of the period. This phase of the monument was abandoned unfinished, however; the small standing stones were apparently removed and the Q and R holes purposefully backfilled. The <a href="/wiki/Heel_Stone" title="Heel Stone">Heel Stone</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> sandstone, may also have been erected outside the north-eastern entrance during this period. It cannot be accurately dated and may have been installed at any time during phase 3. At first, it was accompanied by a second stone, which is no longer visible. Two, or possibly three, large <a href="/wiki/Portal_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal stones">portal stones</a> were set up just inside the north-eastern entrance, of which only one, the fallen Slaughter Stone, 16 feet (4.9 m) long, now remains. Other features, loosely dated to phase 3, include the four <a href="/wiki/Station_Stones" title="Station Stones">Station Stones</a>, two of which stood atop mounds. The mounds are known as "<a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">barrows</a>" although they do not contain burials. <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Avenue" title="Stonehenge Avenue">Stonehenge Avenue</a>, a parallel pair of ditches and banks leading two miles (3 km) to the <a href="/wiki/River_Avon,_Hampshire" title="River Avon, Hampshire">River Avon</a>, was also added. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stonehenge_3_II_(2600_BC_to_2400_BC)">Stonehenge 3 II (2600 BC to 2400 BC)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stonehenge_diagram.png/220px-Stonehenge_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Stonehenge_diagram.png/330px-Stonehenge_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Stonehenge_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Sketch showing the <a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">tongue and groove</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortise and tenon</a> joints used in the outer <a href="/wiki/Sarsen" title="Sarsen">Sarsen</a> circle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_Plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stone_Plan.jpg/220px-Stone_Plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stone_Plan.jpg/330px-Stone_Plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Stone_Plan.jpg/440px-Stone_Plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="4252" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the central stone structure today; after Johnson 2008</figcaption></figure> During the next major phase of activity, 30 enormous <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>–<a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> sarsen stones (shown grey on the plan) were brought to the site. They came from a quarry around 16 miles (26 km) north of Stonehenge, in <a href="/wiki/West_Woods" title="West Woods">West Woods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nash-38">[38]</a> The stones were <a href="/wiki/Ashlar" title="Ashlar">dressed</a> and fashioned with <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortise and tenon</a> joints before 30 sarsens were erected in a circle of standing stones approximately 98 feet (30 m) in diameter, with a ring of 30 lintel stones resting on top. The lintels were fitted to one another using <a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">tongue and groove</a> joints – a woodworking method, again.<a href="#cite_note-pearsonchap-39">[39]</a> Each standing stone was around 13.5 feet (4.11 m) high, 7.0 feet (2.13 m) wide, and 3.5 feet (1.06 m) deep, weighing around 26 tons. Each had clearly been worked with the final visual effect in mind: The <a href="/wiki/Orthostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthostat">orthostats</a> widen slightly towards the top in order that their perspective remains constant when viewed from the ground, while the lintel stones curve slightly to continue the circular appearance of the earlier monument.<a href="#cite_note-fernie-40">[40]</a> The inward-facing surfaces of the stones are smoother and more finely worked than the outer surfaces. The average thickness of the stones is 3.6 feet (1.1 m) and the average distance between them is 3.3 feet (1 m). A total of 75 stones would have been needed to complete the circle (60 stones) and the trilithon horseshoe (15 stones). It was thought the ring might have been left incomplete, but an exceptionally dry summer in 2013 revealed patches of parched grass which may correspond to the location of missing sarsens.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The lintel stones are each around 10 feet (3.2 m) long, 3.3 feet (1 m) wide and 2.6 feet (0.8 m) thick. The tops of the lintels are 16 feet (4.9 m) above the ground.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Within this circle stood five <a href="/wiki/Trilithon" title="Trilithon">trilithons</a> of dressed <a href="/wiki/Sarsen" title="Sarsen">sarsen</a> stone arranged in a horseshoe shape 45 feet (13.7 m) across, with its open end facing northeast. These huge stones, ten uprights and five lintels, weigh up to 50 tons each. They were linked using complex jointing. They are arranged symmetrically. The smallest pair of trilithons were around 20 feet (6 m) tall, the next pair a little higher, and the largest, single trilithon in the south-west corner would have been 24 feet (7.3 m) tall. Only one upright from the Great Trilithon still stands, of which 22 feet (6.7 m) is visible and a further 7.9 feet (2.4 m) is below ground. The images of a 'dagger' and 14 'axeheads' have been carved on one of the sarsens, known as stone 53; further carvings of axeheads have been seen on the outer faces of stones 3, 4, and 5. The carvings are difficult to date but are morphologically similar to late Bronze Age weapons. <a href="/wiki/Laser_scanning_at_Stonehenge" title="Laser scanning at Stonehenge">Early 21st century laser scanning of the carvings</a> supports this interpretation. The pair of trilithons in the north east are smallest, measuring around 20 feet (6 m) in height; the largest, which is in the south-west of the horseshoe, is almost 25 feet (7.5 m) tall.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Stonehenge#Semi-protected_edit_request_on_20_October_2019" title="Talk:Stonehenge">discuss</a>] This ambitious phase has been <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dated" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiocarbon dated">radiocarbon dated</a> to between 2600 and 2400 BC,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> slightly earlier than the <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Archer" title="Stonehenge Archer">Stonehenge Archer</a>, discovered in the outer ditch of the monument in 1978, and the two sets of burials, known as the <a href="/wiki/Amesbury_Archer" title="Amesbury Archer">Amesbury Archer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boscombe_Bowmen" title="Boscombe Bowmen">Boscombe Bowmen</a>, discovered three miles (5 km) to the west. Analysis of animal teeth found two miles (3 km) away at <a href="/wiki/Durrington_Walls" title="Durrington Walls">Durrington Walls</a>, thought by Parker Pearson to be the 'builders camp', suggests that, during some period between 2600 and 2400 BC, as many as 4,000 people gathered at the site for the mid-winter and mid-summer festivals; the evidence showed that the animals had been slaughtered around nine months or 15 months after their spring birth. <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotope_analysis" title="Isotope analysis">isotope analysis</a> of the animal teeth showed that some had been brought from as far afield as the Scottish Highlands for the celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-Independent-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-8">[8]</a> At about the same time, a large <a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">timber circle</a> and a second avenue were constructed at <a href="/wiki/Durrington_Walls" title="Durrington Walls">Durrington Walls</a> overlooking the <a href="/wiki/River_Avon,_Hampshire" title="River Avon, Hampshire">River Avon</a>. The timber circle was orientated towards the rising Sun on the <a href="/wiki/Midwinter_solstice" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwinter solstice">midwinter solstice</a>, opposing the solar alignments at Stonehenge. The avenue was aligned with the setting Sun on the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a> and led from the river to the timber circle. Evidence of huge fires on the banks of the Avon between the two avenues also suggests that both circles were linked. They were perhaps used as a procession route on the longest and shortest days of the year. Parker Pearson speculates that the wooden circle at Durrington Walls was the centre of a 'land of the living', whilst the stone circle represented a 'land of the dead', with the Avon serving as a journey between the two.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-2005-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stonehenge_3_III_(2400_BC_to_2280_BC)">Stonehenge 3 III (2400 BC to 2280 BC)</h3></div> Later in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, although the exact details of activities during this period are still unclear, the bluestones appear to have been re-erected. They were placed within the outer sarsen circle and may have been trimmed in some way. Like the sarsens, a few have timber-working style cuts in them suggesting that, during this phase, they may have been linked with lintels and were part of a larger structure.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stonehenge_3_IV_(2280_BC_to_1930_BC)">Stonehenge 3 IV (2280 BC to 1930 BC)</h3></div> This phase saw further rearrangement of the bluestones. They were arranged in a circle between the two rings of sarsens and in an oval at the centre of the inner ring. Some archaeologists argue that some of these bluestones were from a second group brought from Wales. All the stones formed well-spaced uprights without any of the linking lintels inferred in Stonehenge 3 III. The Altar Stone may have been moved within the oval at this time and re-erected vertically. Although this would seem the most impressive phase of work, Stonehenge 3 IV was rather shabbily built compared to its immediate predecessors, as the newly re-installed bluestones were not well-founded and began to fall over. However, only minor changes were made after this phase.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_render.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Stonehenge_render.jpg/220px-Stonehenge_render.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Stonehenge_render.jpg/330px-Stonehenge_render.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Stonehenge_render.jpg/440px-Stonehenge_render.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2010" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>Computer rendering of the overall site as it may have appeared[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stonehenge_3_V_(1930_BC_to_1600_BC)">Stonehenge 3 V (1930 BC to 1600 BC)</h3></div> Soon afterwards, the northeastern section of the Phase 3 IV bluestone circle was removed, creating a horseshoe-shaped setting (the Bluestone Horseshoe) which mirrored the shape of the central sarsen Trilithons. This phase is contemporary with the <a href="/wiki/Seahenge" title="Seahenge">Seahenge</a> site in Norfolk.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_monument_(1600_BC_on)">After the monument (1600 BC on)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Y_and_Z_Holes" title="Y and Z Holes">Y and Z Holes</a></div> The Y and Z Holes are the last known construction at Stonehenge, built about 1600 BC, and the last usage of it was probably during the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman coins">Roman coins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> artefacts have all been found in or around the monument but it is unknown if the monument was in continuous use throughout <a href="/wiki/British_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="British prehistory">British prehistory</a> and beyond, or exactly how it would have been used. Notable is the massive Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Hillfort" title="Hillfort">hillfort</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Vespasian%27s_Camp" title="Vespasian's Camp">Vespasian's Camp</a> (despite its name, not a Roman site) built alongside the Avenue near the Avon. A decapitated seventh-century <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Saxon</a> man was excavated from Stonehenge in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The site was known to scholars during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and since then it has been studied and adopted by numerous groups.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function_and_construction">Function and construction</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theories_about_Stonehenge" title="Theories about Stonehenge">Theories about Stonehenge</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy_and_Stonehenge" title="Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge">Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge</a></div> Stonehenge was produced by a culture that left no written records. Many aspects of Stonehenge, such as how it was built and for what purposes it was used, remain subject to debate. A number of myths surround the stones.<a href="#cite_note-CBS_News_2012-47">[47]</a> The site, specifically the great trilithon, the encompassing horseshoe arrangement of the five central trilithons, the heel stone, and the embanked avenue, are aligned to the sunset of the winter solstice and the opposing sunrise of the summer solstice.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> A natural landform at the monument's location followed this line, and may have inspired its construction.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> It has been conjectured that the design of the monument included a celestial observatory function, which might allow prediction of eclipse, solstice, equinox and other celestial events important to the builders' belief system.<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins-51">[51]</a> The excavated remains of culled animal bones suggest that people may have gathered at the site for the winter rather than the summer.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> There is little or no direct evidence revealing the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. Over the years, various authors have suggested that supernatural or anachronistic methods were used, usually asserting that the stones were impossible to move otherwise due to their massive size. However, conventional techniques, using Neolithic technology as basic as <a href="/wiki/Shear_legs" title="Shear legs">shear legs</a>, have been demonstrably effective at moving and placing stones of a similar size.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The most common theory of how prehistoric people moved megaliths has them creating a track of logs which the large stones were rolled along.<a href="#cite_note-Author_not_listed_2003-54">[54]</a> Another megalith transport theory involves the use of a type of sleigh running on a track greased with animal fat.<a href="#cite_note-Author_not_listed_2003-54">[54]</a> An experiment with a sleigh carrying a 40-ton slab of stone was successfully conducted near Stonehenge in 1995; a team of more than 100 workers managed to push and pull the slab along the 18-mile (29 km) journey from the <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_Downs" class="mw-redirect" title="Marlborough Downs">Marlborough Downs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Author_not_listed_2003-54">[54]</a> Proposed functions for the site include usage as an astronomical observatory or as a religious site. In the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Hawkins" title="Gerald Hawkins">Gerald Hawkins</a> described in detail how the site was apparently set out to observe the Sun and Moon over a recurring 56-year cycle.<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins-51">[51]</a> More recently, two major new theories have been proposed. <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wainwright_(archaeologist)" title="Geoffrey Wainwright (archaeologist)">Geoffrey Wainwright</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Antiquaries_of_London" title="Society of Antiquaries of London">Society of Antiquaries of London</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Darvill" title="Timothy Darvill">Timothy Darvill</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_University" title="Bournemouth University">Bournemouth University</a>, have suggested that Stonehenge was a place of healing—the primeval equivalent of <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Our_Lady_of_Lourdes" title="Sanctuary of Our Lady of Lourdes">Lourdes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> They argue that this accounts for the high number of burials in the area and for the evidence of trauma deformity in some of the graves. However, they do concede that the site was probably multifunctional and used for ancestor worship as well.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Isotope analysis indicates that some of the buried individuals were from other regions. A teenage boy buried approximately 1550 BC was raised near the Mediterranean Sea; a metal worker from 2300 BC dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Amesbury_Archer" title="Amesbury Archer">Amesbury Archer</a>" grew up near the Alpine foothills of Germany; and the "<a href="/wiki/Boscombe_Bowmen" title="Boscombe Bowmen">Boscombe Bowmen</a>" probably arrived from Wales or Brittany, France.<a href="#cite_note-medit-57">[57]</a> On the other hand, Mike Parker Pearson of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield University">Sheffield University</a> has suggested that Stonehenge was part of a <a href="/wiki/Ritual_landscape" title="Ritual landscape">ritual landscape</a> and was joined to <a href="/wiki/Durrington_Walls" title="Durrington Walls">Durrington Walls</a> by their corresponding avenues and the River Avon. He suggests that the area around Durrington Walls henge was a place of the living, whilst Stonehenge was a domain of the dead. A journey along the Avon to reach Stonehenge was part of a ritual passage from life to death, to celebrate past ancestors and the recently deceased.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-2005-44">[44]</a> Both explanations were first mooted in the twelfth century by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>, who extolled the curative properties of the stones and was also the first to advance the idea that Stonehenge was constructed as a funerary monument. There are other hypotheses and theories. According to a team of British researchers led by Mike Parker Pearson of the University of Sheffield, Stonehenge may have been built as a symbol of "peace and unity", indicated in part by the fact that at the time of its construction, Britain's Neolithic people were experiencing a period of cultural unification.<a href="#cite_note-CBS_News_2012-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Stonehenge megaliths include smaller <a href="/wiki/Bluestone" title="Bluestone">bluestones</a> and larger <a href="/wiki/Sarsen" title="Sarsen">sarsens</a> (a term for silicified sandstone boulders found in the chalk downs of southern England). The bluestones are composed of dolerite, tuff, rhyolite, or sandstone. The igneous bluestones appear to have originated in the <a href="/wiki/Preseli_hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Preseli hills">Preseli hills</a> of southwestern Wales, about 140 miles (230 km) from the monument.<a href="#cite_note-Antiquity-34">[34]</a> The sandstone Altar Stone may have originated in east Wales. Analysis published in 2020 indicates the sarsens came from <a href="/wiki/West_Woods" title="West Woods">West Woods</a>, about 16 miles (26 km) from the monument.<a href="#cite_note-Nash-38">[38]</a> Researchers from the Royal College of Art in London have discovered that the monument's igneous bluestones possess "unusual acoustic properties" – when struck they respond with a "loud clanging noise". Rocks with such acoustic properties are frequent in the Carn Melyn ridge of Presili; the Presili village of <a href="/wiki/Maenclochog" title="Maenclochog">Maenclochog</a> (Welsh for bell or ringing stones) used local bluestones as church bells until the 18th century. According to the team, these acoustic properties could explain why certain bluestones were hauled such a long distance, a major technical accomplishment at the time. In certain ancient cultures, rocks that ring out, known as <a href="/wiki/Lithophonic_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithophonic rock">lithophonic rocks</a>, were believed to contain mystic or healing powers, and Stonehenge has a history of association with rituals. The presence of these "ringing rocks" seems to support the hypothesis that Stonehenge was a "place for healing" put forward by Darvill, who consulted with the researchers.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stonehenge-builders_and_DNA_studies">Stonehenge-builders and DNA studies</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic_Europe" title="Chalcolithic Europe">Chalcolithic Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></div> There is evidence to suggest that despite the introduction of farming in the British Isles, the practice of cereal cultivation fell out of favor between 3300 and 1500 BC, with much of the population reverting to a <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralist</a> <a href="/wiki/Subsistence_pattern" title="Subsistence pattern">subsistence pattern</a> focused on hazelnut gathering and pig and cattle rearing. A majority of the major phases of Stonehenge's construction took place during such a period where evidence of large-scale agriculture is equivocal. Similar associations between non-cereal farming subsistence patterns and monumental construction are also seen at <a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sannai_Maruyama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sannai Maruyama">Sannai Maruyama</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stonehenge_I_and_II">Stonehenge I and II</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia,_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png/250px-Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png/375px-Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png/500px-Expansion_of_farming_in_western_Eurasia%2C_9600%E2%80%934000_BCE.png 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>The ancestors of the people who built Stonehenge I and II were <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Neolithic farmers</a> originating from Anatolia who brought agriculture to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></figcaption></figure> Researchers studying DNA extracted from Neolithic human remains across Britain determined that the people who built Stonehenge I and II were closely related to Iberian and Central European Early and Middle Neolithic populations, modelled as having about 75% ancestry from <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a> who came from the Eastern Mediterranean, travelling west from there, and 25% ancestry coming from <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherers">Western Hunter-Gatherers</a> from western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrace_et_al.2019-62">[62]</a> These farmers moved to <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a> before heading north, reaching Britain in about 4,000 BC. Most of the ancestry of British Neolithic farmers came from the people who followed this route, with a minor contribution from groups who followed the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> into Central and Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrace_et_al.2019-62">[62]</a> Their agricultural techniques seem to have come originally from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-63">[63]</a> and their mixture appears to have happened primarily on the continent before the Neolithic farmers migrated to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrace_et_al.2019-62">[62]</a> At the time of their arrival, Britain was inhabited by groups of hunter-gatherers who were the first inhabitants of the island after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Ice_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Ice Age">last Ice Age</a> ended about 11,700 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-nhm.ac.uk-64">[64]</a> The farmers replaced most of the hunter-gatherer population in the British Isles without mixing much with them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2022-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[a]</a> Despite their mostly Aegean ancestry, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup">paternal (Y-DNA) lineages</a> of Neolithic farmers in Britain were almost exclusively of Western Hunter-Gatherer origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlalde2018-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[b]</a> This was also the case among other megalithic-building populations in northwest Europe,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESánchez-Quinto2019-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassidy2020-71">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[d]</a> meaning that these populations were descended from a mixture of hunter-gatherer males and farmer females.<a href="#cite_note-73">[e]</a> The dominance of Western Hunter-Gatherer male lineages in Britain and northwest Europe is also reflected in a general 'resurgence' of hunter-gatherer ancestry, predominantly from males, across western and central Europe in the Middle Neolithic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathieson2018-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[f]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stonehenge_III_(megalithic_structure)">Stonehenge III (megalithic structure)</h3></div> At the time the megalithic Stonehenge 3 II was constructed (2600–2400 BC) by Neolithic people, the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Beaker people">Bell Beaker people</a> arrived, around 2,500 BC, <a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_human_migration" title="Pre-modern human migration">migrating</a> from mainland Europe.<a href="#cite_note-NHM-76">[70]</a> They lived side by side for ca. 500 years, with the Bell Beaker people probably incorporating the henge-structures into their belief-system.<a href="#cite_note-NHM-76">[70]</a> The earliest British individuals associated with the Beaker culture, most likely speakers of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a> whose ancestors migrated from the Pontic–Caspian steppe,<a href="#cite_note-nhm.ac.uk-64">[64]</a> were similar to those from the Rhine.<a href="#cite_note-Needham_2005-77">[71]</a> Eventually, there was again a large population replacement in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-78">[72]</a> More than 90% of Britain's Neolithic gene pool was replaced with the arrival of the Bell Beaker people,<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> who had approximately 50% <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">WSH</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-80">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_research_and_restoration">Archaeological research and restoration</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_-_Wiltonia_sive_Comitatus_Wiltoniensis;_Anglice_Wilshire_(Atlas_van_Loon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Stonehenge_-_Wiltonia_sive_Comitatus_Wiltoniensis%3B_Anglice_Wilshire_%28Atlas_van_Loon%29.jpg/220px-Stonehenge_-_Wiltonia_sive_Comitatus_Wiltoniensis%3B_Anglice_Wilshire_%28Atlas_van_Loon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Stonehenge_-_Wiltonia_sive_Comitatus_Wiltoniensis%3B_Anglice_Wilshire_%28Atlas_van_Loon%29.jpg/330px-Stonehenge_-_Wiltonia_sive_Comitatus_Wiltoniensis%3B_Anglice_Wilshire_%28Atlas_van_Loon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Stonehenge_-_Wiltonia_sive_Comitatus_Wiltoniensis%3B_Anglice_Wilshire_%28Atlas_van_Loon%29.jpg/440px-Stonehenge_-_Wiltonia_sive_Comitatus_Wiltoniensis%3B_Anglice_Wilshire_%28Atlas_van_Loon%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="2503" /></a><figcaption>17th-century depiction of Stonehenge from the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_van_Loon" title="Atlas van Loon">Atlas van Loon</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1600–1900">1600–1900</h4></div> Throughout recorded history, Stonehenge and its surrounding monuments have attracted attention from <a href="/wiki/Antiquarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquarians">antiquarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologists">archaeologists</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a> was one of the first to examine the site with a scientific eye in 1666, and, in his plan of the monument, he recorded the pits that now bear his name, the <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_holes" title="Aubrey holes">Aubrey holes</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</a> continued Aubrey's work in the early eighteenth century, but took an interest in the surrounding monuments as well, identifying (somewhat incorrectly) the Cursus and the Avenue. He also began the excavation of many of the barrows in the area, and it was his interpretation of the landscape that associated it with the <a href="/wiki/Druids" class="mw-redirect" title="Druids">Druids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[75]</a> Stukeley was so fascinated with Druids that he originally named <a href="/wiki/Disc_barrow" title="Disc barrow">Disc Barrows</a> as Druids' Barrows. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constable_-_Stonehenge,_1629-1888,_2006AK8142.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Constable_-_Stonehenge%2C_1629-1888%2C_2006AK8142.jpg/220px-Constable_-_Stonehenge%2C_1629-1888%2C_2006AK8142.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Constable_-_Stonehenge%2C_1629-1888%2C_2006AK8142.jpg/330px-Constable_-_Stonehenge%2C_1629-1888%2C_2006AK8142.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Constable_-_Stonehenge%2C_1629-1888%2C_2006AK8142.jpg/440px-Constable_-_Stonehenge%2C_1629-1888%2C_2006AK8142.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption>As painted by <a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">John Constable</a>, 1835</figcaption></figure> The most accurate early plan of Stonehenge was that made by Bath architect <a href="/wiki/John_Wood,_the_Elder" title="John Wood, the Elder">John Wood</a> in 1740.<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> His original annotated survey has now been computer-redrawn and published.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson,_Anthony_2008-83">[77]</a>: 195  Importantly Wood's plan was made before the collapse of the southwest trilithon, which fell in 1797 and was restored in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-84">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Cunnington" title="William Cunnington">William Cunnington</a> was the next to tackle the area in the early nineteenth century. He excavated some 24 barrows before digging in and around the stones and discovered charred wood, animal bones, pottery and urns. He also identified the hole in which the Slaughter Stone once stood. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Colt_Hoare" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Colt Hoare">Richard Colt Hoare</a> supported Cunnington's work and excavated some 379 barrows on <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a> including on some 200 in the area around the Stones, some excavated in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/William_Coxe_(historian)" title="William Coxe (historian)">William Coxe</a>. To alert future diggers to their work, they were careful to leave initialled metal tokens in each barrow they opened. Cunnington's finds are displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Museum" title="Wiltshire Museum">Wiltshire Museum</a>. In 1877, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> dabbled in archaeology at the stones, experimenting with the rate at which remains sink into the earth, for his book <a href="/wiki/The_Formation_of_Vegetable_Mould_Through_the_Action_of_Worms" title="The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms">The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Stone 22 fell during a fierce storm on 31 December 1900.<a href="#cite_note-85">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_1877.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stonehenge_1877.JPG/220px-Stonehenge_1877.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stonehenge_1877.JPG/330px-Stonehenge_1877.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Stonehenge_1877.JPG/440px-Stonehenge_1877.JPG 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>An early photograph of Stonehenge taken July 1877</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_on_27.01.08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Stonehenge_on_27.01.08.jpg/220px-Stonehenge_on_27.01.08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Stonehenge_on_27.01.08.jpg/330px-Stonehenge_on_27.01.08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Stonehenge_on_27.01.08.jpg/440px-Stonehenge_on_27.01.08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The monument from a similar angle in 2008 showing the extent of reconstruction</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone_Henge_1920_restoration_-_newspaperphoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stone_Henge_1920_restoration_-_newspaperphoto.jpg/220px-Stone_Henge_1920_restoration_-_newspaperphoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stone_Henge_1920_restoration_-_newspaperphoto.jpg/330px-Stone_Henge_1920_restoration_-_newspaperphoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stone_Henge_1920_restoration_-_newspaperphoto.jpg/440px-Stone_Henge_1920_restoration_-_newspaperphoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5734" data-file-height="2073" /></a><figcaption>A contemporary newspaper depiction of the 1920 restoration</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1901–2000">1901–2000</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_from_the_air_-_Philip_Henry_Sharpe_(Royal_Engineers)_-_1906.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Stonehenge_from_the_air_-_Philip_Henry_Sharpe_%28Royal_Engineers%29_-_1906.jpg/170px-Stonehenge_from_the_air_-_Philip_Henry_Sharpe_%28Royal_Engineers%29_-_1906.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Stonehenge_from_the_air_-_Philip_Henry_Sharpe_%28Royal_Engineers%29_-_1906.jpg/255px-Stonehenge_from_the_air_-_Philip_Henry_Sharpe_%28Royal_Engineers%29_-_1906.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Stonehenge_from_the_air_-_Philip_Henry_Sharpe_%28Royal_Engineers%29_-_1906.jpg/340px-Stonehenge_from_the_air_-_Philip_Henry_Sharpe_%28Royal_Engineers%29_-_1906.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1175" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>Stonehenge from the air. Taken by 2nd Lt Philip Henry Sharpe in Summer 1906 from a Royal Engineers' tethered balloon.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/William_Gowland" title="William Gowland">William Gowland</a> oversaw the first major restoration of the monument in 1901, which involved the straightening and concrete setting of sarsen stone number 56 which was in danger of falling. In straightening the stone he moved it about half a metre from its original position.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson,_Anthony_2008-83">[77]</a> Gowland also took the opportunity to further excavate the monument in what was the most scientific dig to date, revealing more about the erection of the stones than the previous 100 years of work had done. During the 1920 restoration, <a href="/wiki/William_Hawley" title="William Hawley">William Hawley</a>, who had excavated nearby <a href="/wiki/Old_Sarum" title="Old Sarum">Old Sarum</a>, excavated the base of six stones and the outer ditch. He also located a bottle of <a href="/wiki/Port_wine" title="Port wine">port</a> in the Slaughter Stone socket left by Cunnington, helped to rediscover Aubrey's pits inside the bank and located the concentric circular holes outside the Sarsen Circle called the <a href="/wiki/Y_and_Z_Holes" title="Y and Z Holes">Y and Z Holes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SiiL-86">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._C._Atkinson" title="Richard J. C. Atkinson">Richard Atkinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Piggott" title="Stuart Piggott">Stuart Piggott</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._F._S._Stone" title="J. F. S. Stone">John F. S. Stone</a> re-excavated much of Hawley's work in the 1940s and 1950s, and discovered the carved axes and daggers on the Sarsen Stones. Atkinson's work was instrumental in furthering the understanding of the three major phases of the monument's construction. In 1958, the stones were restored again, when three of the standing sarsens were re-erected and set in concrete bases. The last restoration was carried out in 1963 after stone 23 of the Sarsen Circle fell over. It was again re-erected, and the opportunity was taken to concrete three more stones. Later archaeologists, including <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chippindale" title="Christopher Chippindale">Christopher Chippindale</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology,_University_of_Cambridge" title="Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge">Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge</a> and Brian Edwards of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_of_England" title="University of the West of England">University of the West of England</a>, campaigned to give the public more knowledge of the various restorations and, in 2004, English Heritage included pictures of the work in progress in its book Stonehenge: A History in Photographs.<a href="#cite_note-emmayoung-87">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[83]</a> In 1966 and 1967, in advance of a new car park being built at the site, the area of land immediately northwest of the stones was excavated by Faith and Lance Vatcher. They discovered the Mesolithic postholes dating from between 7000 and 8000 BC, as well as a 10-metre (33 ft) length of a <a href="/wiki/Palisade" title="Palisade">palisade</a> ditch – a V-cut ditch into which timber posts had been inserted that remained there until they rotted away. Subsequent <a href="/wiki/Aerial_archaeology" title="Aerial archaeology">aerial archaeology</a> suggests that this ditch runs from the west to the north of Stonehenge, near the avenue.<a href="#cite_note-SiiL-86">[80]</a> Excavations were once again carried out in 1978 by Atkinson and John Evans, during which they discovered the remains of the <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Archer" title="Stonehenge Archer">Stonehenge Archer</a> in the outer ditch,<a href="#cite_note-90">[84]</a> and in 1979 <a href="/wiki/Rescue_archaeology" title="Rescue archaeology">rescue archaeology</a> was needed alongside the Heel Stone after a cable-laying ditch was mistakenly dug on the roadside, revealing a new stone hole next to the Heel Stone. In the early 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Julian_C._Richards" title="Julian C. Richards">Julian C. Richards</a> led the Stonehenge Environs Project, a detailed study of the surrounding landscape. The project was able to successfully date such features as the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Cursus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesser Cursus">Lesser Cursus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coneybury_Henge" title="Coneybury Henge">Coneybury Henge</a> and several other smaller features. In 1993, the way that Stonehenge was presented to the public was called 'a national disgrace' by the House of Commons Public Accounts Committee. Part of English Heritage's response to this criticism was to commission research to collate and bring together all the archaeological work conducted at the monument up to this date. This two-year research project resulted in the publication in 1995 of the monograph <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_in_its_landscape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonehenge in its landscape">Stonehenge in its landscape</a>, which was the first publication presenting the complex stratigraphy and the finds recovered from the site. It presented a rephasing of the monument.<a href="#cite_note-Whitt-91">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century">21st century</h4></div> More recent excavations include a series of digs held between 2003 and 2008 known as the <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Riverside_Project" title="Stonehenge Riverside Project">Stonehenge Riverside Project</a>, led by Mike Parker Pearson. This project mainly investigated other monuments in the landscape and their relationship to the stones—notably, Durrington Walls, where another "Avenue" leading to the River Avon was discovered. The point where the Stonehenge Avenue meets the river was also excavated and revealed a previously unknown circular area which probably housed four further stones, most likely as a marker for the starting point of the avenue. In April 2008, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Darvill" class="mw-redirect" title="Tim Darvill">Tim Darvill</a> of the University of Bournemouth and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wainwright_(archaeologist)" title="Geoffrey Wainwright (archaeologist)">Geoff Wainwright</a> of the Society of Antiquaries began another dig inside the stone circle to retrieve datable fragments of the original bluestone pillars. They were able to date the erection of some bluestones to 2300 BC,<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-5">[5]</a> although this may not reflect the earliest erection of stones at Stonehenge. They also discovered organic material from 7000 BC, which, along with the Mesolithic postholes, adds support for the site having been in use at least 4,000 years before Stonehenge was started. In August and September 2008, as part of the Riverside Project, <a href="/wiki/Julian_C._Richards" title="Julian C. Richards">Julian C. Richards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pitts_(archaeologist)" title="Mike Pitts (archaeologist)">Mike Pitts</a> excavated Aubrey Hole 7, removing the cremated remains from several Aubrey Holes that had been excavated by Hawley in the 1920s, and re-interred in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-Sheffield_Uni-28">[28]</a> A licence for the removal of human remains at Stonehenge had been granted by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Justice</a> in May 2008, in accordance with the Statement on burial law and archaeology issued in May 2008. One of the conditions of the licence was that the remains should be reinterred within two years and that in the intervening period they should be kept safely, privately and decently.<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> A new landscape investigation was conducted in April 2009. A shallow mound, rising to about 16 in (40 centimetres) was identified between stones 54 (inner circle) and 10 (outer circle), clearly separated from the natural slope. It has not been dated but speculation that it represents careless backfilling following earlier excavations seems disproved by its representation in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century illustrations. There is some evidence that, as an uncommon geological feature, it could have been deliberately incorporated into the monument at the outset.<a href="#cite_note-field2010-25">[25]</a> A circular, shallow bank, little more than four inches (10 cm) high, was found between the Y and Z hole circles, with a further bank lying inside the "Z" circle. These are interpreted as the spread of spoil from the original Y and Z holes, or more speculatively as hedge banks from vegetation deliberately planted to screen the activities within.<a href="#cite_note-field2010-25">[25]</a> In 2010, the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project discovered a "henge-like" monument less than 0.62 mi (1 km) away from the main site.<a href="#cite_note-IAA-94">[88]</a> This new hengiform monument was subsequently revealed to be located "at the site of Amesbury 50", a round barrow in the <a href="/wiki/Cursus_Barrows" title="Cursus Barrows">Cursus Barrows</a> group.<a href="#cite_note-95">[89]</a> In November 2011, archaeologists from University of Birmingham announced the discovery of evidence of two huge pits positioned within the <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Cursus" title="Stonehenge Cursus">Stonehenge Cursus</a> pathway, aligned in celestial position towards midsummer sunrise and sunset when viewed from the Heel Stone.<a href="#cite_note-96">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-UBdiscovery-97">[91]</a> The new discovery was made as part of the Stonehenge Hidden Landscape Project which began in the summer of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-98">[92]</a> The project uses non-invasive geophysical imaging technique to reveal and visually recreate the landscape. According to team leader Vince Gaffney, this discovery may provide a direct link between the rituals and astronomical events to activities within the Cursus at Stonehenge.<a href="#cite_note-UBdiscovery-97">[91]</a> In December 2011, geologists from University of Leicester and the National Museum of Wales announced the discovery of the source of some of the <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a> fragments found in the Stonehenge <a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a>. These fragments do not seem to match any of the standing stones or bluestone stumps. The researchers have identified the source as a 230-foot (70 m) long rock outcrop called <a href="/wiki/Craig_Rhos-y-felin" title="Craig Rhos-y-felin">Craig Rhos-y-felin</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Stonehenge&params=51_59_30_N_4_44_41_W_type:mountain_scale:1000_region:GB&title=Craig+Rhos-y-Felin">51°59′30″N 4°44′41″W / 51.99167°N 4.74472°W / 51.99167; -4.74472 (Craig Rhos-y-Felin)</a>), near Pont Saeson in north <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>, located 140 miles (220 km) from Stonehenge.<a href="#cite_note-99">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> In 2014, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> announced findings including evidence of adjacent stone and wooden structures and burial mounds near <a href="/wiki/Durrington,_Wiltshire" title="Durrington, Wiltshire">Durrington</a>, overlooked previously, that may date as far back as 4000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Tele-101">[95]</a> An area extending to 4.6 square miles (12 km2) was studied to a depth of three metres with <a href="/wiki/Ground-penetrating_radar" title="Ground-penetrating radar">ground-penetrating radar</a> equipment. As many as seventeen new monuments, revealed nearby, may be Late Neolithic monuments that resemble Stonehenge. The interpretation suggests a complex of numerous related monuments. Also included in the discovery is that the <a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">cursus track</a> is terminated by two 16-foot (5 m) wide, extremely deep pits,<a href="#cite_note-MyUser_Smithsonianmag.com_October_20_2014c-102">[96]</a> whose purpose is still a mystery. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_sarsens,_bluestones_and_other_modern_developments">Origin of sarsens, bluestones and other modern developments</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_stones_plan_by_Nash_et_al_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stonehenge_stones_plan_by_Nash_et_al_2021.png/220px-Stonehenge_stones_plan_by_Nash_et_al_2021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="429" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stonehenge_stones_plan_by_Nash_et_al_2021.png/330px-Stonehenge_stones_plan_by_Nash_et_al_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stonehenge_stones_plan_by_Nash_et_al_2021.png/440px-Stonehenge_stones_plan_by_Nash_et_al_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>Map of Stonehenge monument and detailed plan of individual numbered sarsen stones, bluestones and Altar Stone</figcaption></figure> In July 2020, a study led by David Nash of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Brighton" title="University of Brighton">University of Brighton</a> concluded that the large sarsen stones were "a direct chemical match" to those found at <a href="/wiki/West_Woods" title="West Woods">West Woods</a> near <a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Wiltshire" title="Marlborough, Wiltshire">Marlborough, Wiltshire</a>, some 15 miles (25 km) north of Stonehenge.<a href="#cite_note-BBC53580339-103">[97]</a> A core sample, originally extracted in 1958, had recently been returned. First the fifty-two sarsens were analysed using methods including <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence_spectrometry" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray fluorescence spectrometry">x-ray fluorescence spectrometry</a> to determine their chemical composition which revealed they were mostly similar. Then the core was destructively analysed and compared with stone samples from various locations in southern Britain. Fifty of the fifty-two megaliths were found to match sarsens in West Woods, thereby identifying the probable origin of the stones.<a href="#cite_note-BBC53580339-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-ITVMarlborough-104">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a> During 2017 and 2018, excavations by professor <a href="/wiki/Mike_Parker_Pearson" title="Mike Parker Pearson">Parker Pearson's</a> team at <a href="/wiki/Waun_Mawn" title="Waun Mawn">Waun Mawn</a>, a large stone circle site in the Preseli Hills, suggested that the site had originally housed a 110-metre (360 ft) diameter stone circle of the same size as Stonehenge's original bluestone circle, also orientated towards the midsummer solstice.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-Pollard-etal-2021-02-12-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curry-2021-02-11-31">[31]</a> The circle at Waun Mawn also contained a hole from one stone which had a distinctive pentagonal shape, very closely matching the one pentagonal stone at Stonehenge (stonehole 91 at Waun Mawn / stone 62 at Stonehenge).<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-Pollard-etal-2021-02-12-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curry-2021-02-11-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luminescence_dating" title="Luminescence dating">Soil dating</a> of the sediments within the revealed stone holes, via <a href="/wiki/Optically_stimulated_luminescence" title="Optically stimulated luminescence">optically stimulated luminescence</a> (OSL), suggested the absent stones at Waun Mawn had been erected around 3400–3200 BC, and removed around 300–400 years later, a date consistent with theories that the same stones were moved and used at Stonehenge, before later being reorganised into their present locations and supplemented with local <a href="/wiki/Sarsen" title="Sarsen">sarsens</a> as was already understood.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-Pollard-etal-2021-02-12-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curry-2021-02-11-31">[31]</a> Human activity at Waun Mawn ceased around the same time which has suggested that some people may have migrated to Stonehenge.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-Pollard-etal-2021-02-12-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curry-2021-02-11-31">[31]</a> It has also been suggested that stones from other sources may have been added to Stonehenge, perhaps from other dismantled circles in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-Pollard-etal-2021-02-12-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Curry-2021-02-11-31">[31]</a> Further work in 2021 by Parker Pearson's team concluded that the Waun Mawn circle had never been completed, and of the stones which might once have stood at the site, no more than 13 had been removed in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-Casswell-2022-01-12-106">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[g]</a> In February 2021, archaeologists announced the discovery of "vast troves of Neolithic and Bronze Age artifacts"<a href="#cite_note-Art_News-108">[101]</a> while conducting excavations for the proposed highway tunnel near Stonehenge. The find included Bronze Age graves, late neolithic pottery and C-shaped enclosure on the intended site of the <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_road_tunnel" title="Stonehenge road tunnel">Stonehenge road tunnel</a>. Remains also contained a shale object in one of the graves, burnt flint in C-shaped enclosure and the final resting place of a baby.<a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a> In January 2022, archaeologists announced the discovery of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> pits during an electromagnetic induction <a href="/wiki/Field_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Field survey">field survey</a> around Stonehenge. Based on the shape of the pits and the artifacts found inside, the study's lead author, Philippe De Smedt, assumed that six of the 9 large pits excavated were made by prehistoric humans. One of the oldest was about 10000 years old and contained hunting tools.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a> In August 2024, the journal <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> published research from a team at <a href="/wiki/Curtin_University" title="Curtin University">Curtin University</a> in Australia identifying the origin of the Altar Stone, which is partially buried by a collapsed sarsen stone, as having come from the Orcadian Basin in northeast Scotland, some 700 km away.<a href="#cite_note-Curtin-2024-08-112">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_Heel_Stone_-_panoramio_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Stonehenge_Heel_Stone_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/170px-Stonehenge_Heel_Stone_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Stonehenge_Heel_Stone_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/255px-Stonehenge_Heel_Stone_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Stonehenge_Heel_Stone_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg/340px-Stonehenge_Heel_Stone_-_panoramio_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2947" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>The southwest face of the Heel Stone in May 2016</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Heel_Stone",_"Friar's_Heel",_or_"Sun-Stone"">"Heel Stone", "Friar's Heel", or "Sun-Stone"</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_behind_the_Heel_Stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The sun is directly behind the Heel Stone at sunrise on the summer solstice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sun_behind_the_Heel_Stone.jpg/220px-Sun_behind_the_Heel_Stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sun_behind_the_Heel_Stone.jpg/330px-Sun_behind_the_Heel_Stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Sun_behind_the_Heel_Stone.jpg/440px-Sun_behind_the_Heel_Stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>The Sun behind the <a href="/wiki/Heel_Stone" title="Heel Stone">Heel Stone</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">Summer solstice</a>, shortly after sunrise</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Heel_Stone" title="Heel Stone">Heel Stone</a> lies northeast of the sarsen circle, beside the end portion of Stonehenge Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford-113">[106]</a> It is a rough stone, 16 feet (4.9 m) above ground, leaning inwards towards the stone circle.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford-113">[106]</a> It has been known by many names in the past, including "Friar's Heel" and "Sun-stone".<a href="#cite_note-114">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">Summer solstice</a> an observer standing within the stone circle, looking northeast through the entrance, would see the Sun rise in the approximate direction of the Heel Stone, and the Sun has often been photographed over it. A folk tale relates the origin of the Friar's Heel reference.<a href="#cite_note-116">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[110]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devil</a> bought the stones from a woman in Ireland, wrapped them up, and brought them to Salisbury plain. One of the stones fell into the <a href="/wiki/River_Avon,_Hampshire" title="River Avon, Hampshire">Avon</a>, the rest were carried to the plain. The Devil then cried out, "No-one will ever find out how these stones came here!" A friar replied, "That's what you think!", whereupon the Devil threw one of the stones at him and struck him on the heel. The stone stuck in the ground and is still there.<a href="#cite_note-118">[111]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Brewer%27s_Dictionary_of_Phrase_and_Fable" title="Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable">Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</a> attributes this tale to <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>, but though book eight of Geoffrey's <a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a> does describe how Stonehenge was built, the two stories are entirely different. The name is not unique; there was a monolith with the same name recorded in the nineteenth century by antiquarian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Warne" title="Charles Warne">Charles Warne</a> at <a href="/wiki/Long_Bredy" title="Long Bredy">Long Bredy</a> in Dorset.<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arthurian_legend">Arthurian legend</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg/240px-BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg/360px-BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg/480px-BLEgerton3028Fol30rStonehengeCropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>The oldest known depiction of Stonehenge, from the second quarter of the 14th century. A giant helps <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a> build Stonehenge. From a manuscript of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut">Roman de Brut</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wace" title="Wace">Wace</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> (Egerton 3028).</figcaption></figure> The twelfth-century <a href="/wiki/Historia_Regum_Britanniae" title="Historia Regum Britanniae">Historia Regum Britanniae</a> ("History of the Kings of Britain"), by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a>, includes a legend of Stonehenge's origin, describing how Stonehenge was brought from Ireland with the help of the wizard <a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> Geoffrey's story spread widely, with variations of it appearing in adaptations of his work, such as <a href="/wiki/Wace" title="Wace">Wace</a>'s Norman French <a href="/wiki/Roman_de_Brut" title="Roman de Brut">Roman de Brut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Layamon" title="Layamon">Layamon</a>'s Middle English <a href="/wiki/Brut_(Layamon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brut (Layamon)">Brut</a>, and the Welsh <a href="/wiki/Brut_y_Brenhinedd" title="Brut y Brenhinedd">Brut y Brenhinedd</a>. According to the tale, the stones of Stonehenge were healing stones, which <a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">giants</a> had brought from Africa to Ireland. They had been raised on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Killaraus" title="Mount Killaraus">Mount Killaraus</a> to form a stone circle, known as the Giant's Ring or Giant's Round. The fifth-century king <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Ambrosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurelius Ambrosius">Aurelius Ambrosius</a> wished to build a great memorial to the British Celtic nobles slain by the Saxons at Salisbury. Merlin advised him to use the Giant's Ring. The king sent Merlin and <a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>'s father) with 15,000 men to bring it from Ireland. They defeated an Irish army led by Gillomanius, but were unable to move the huge stones. With Merlin's help, they transported the stones to Britain and re-erected them as they had stood.<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> Mount Killaraus may refer to the <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Uisneach" title="Hill of Uisneach">Hill of Uisneach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[115]</a> Although the tale is fiction, archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Mike_Parker_Pearson" title="Mike Parker Pearson">Mike Parker Pearson</a> suggests it may hold a "grain of truth", as evidence suggests the Stonehenge bluestones were brought from the <a href="/wiki/Waun_Mawn" title="Waun Mawn">Waun Mawn</a> stone circle on the Irish Sea coast of Wales.<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> Another legend tells how the invading Saxon king <a href="/wiki/Hengist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hengist">Hengist</a> invited British Celtic warriors to a feast but treacherously ordered his men to massacre the guests, killing 420 of them. Hengist erected Stonehenge on the site to show his remorse for the deed.<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sixteenth_century_to_present">Sixteenth century to present</h3></div> Stonehenge has changed ownership several times since <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VIII">King Henry VIII</a> acquired <a href="/wiki/Amesbury_Abbey" title="Amesbury Abbey">Amesbury Abbey</a> and its surrounding lands. In 1540 Henry gave the estate to the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Earl of Hertford</a>. It subsequently passed to <a href="/wiki/Lord_Carleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Carleton">Lord Carleton</a> and then the <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Queensberry" title="Marquess of Queensberry">Marquess of Queensberry</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Antrobus_baronets" title="Antrobus baronets">Antrobus family</a> of Cheshire bought the estate in 1824. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acquisition_for_the_nation">Acquisition for the nation</h4></div> Stonehenge was one of several lots put up for auction in 1915 by <a href="/wiki/Antrobus_baronets" title="Antrobus baronets">Sir Cosmo Gordon Antrobus</a>, soon after he had inherited the estate from his brother.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The auction by <a href="/wiki/Knight_Frank_%26_Rutley" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Frank & Rutley">Knight Frank & Rutley</a> estate agents in Salisbury was held on 21 September 1915 and included "Lot 15. Stonehenge with about 30 acres, 2 rods, 37 perches [12.44 ha] of adjoining downland."<a href="#cite_note-Amesbury-125">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Chubb" title="Cecil Chubb">Cecil Chubb</a> bought the site for £6,600 (£668,000 in 2024) and gave it to the nation three years later, with certain conditions attached. Although it has been speculated that he purchased it at the suggestion of – or even as a present for – his wife, in fact he bought it on a whim, as he believed a local man should be the new owner.<a href="#cite_note-Amesbury-125">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saving_the_skyline">Saving the skyline</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_and_Aerodrome_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Stonehenge_and_Aerodrome_1928.jpg/220px-Stonehenge_and_Aerodrome_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Stonehenge_and_Aerodrome_1928.jpg/330px-Stonehenge_and_Aerodrome_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Stonehenge_and_Aerodrome_1928.jpg/440px-Stonehenge_and_Aerodrome_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>1928 image of Stonehenge with the remains of the aerodrome site in the background</figcaption></figure> The plot bought by Chubb and gifted to the nation was only 30 acres (12 ha) in size, and various buildings stood within clear sight of the monument, the most prominent being <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Aerodrome" title="Stonehenge Aerodrome">Stonehenge Aerodrome</a>. Some 300 metres (980 ft) from the stones, the aerodrome was built during the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> and its large stone and brick hangars dominated the skyline.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-aero-128">[121]</a> In the dry valley at Stonehenge Bottom, a main road junction was built between what would later be designated as the <a href="/wiki/A303" class="mw-redirect" title="A303">A303</a> and <a href="/wiki/A344_road_(England)" title="A344 road (England)">A344</a> roads, along with several cottages and a cafe. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_development_plots.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stonehenge_development_plots.png/220px-Stonehenge_development_plots.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stonehenge_development_plots.png/330px-Stonehenge_development_plots.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Stonehenge_development_plots.png/440px-Stonehenge_development_plots.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="671" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the three proposed development plots around Stonehenge in 1927</figcaption></figure> In 1927 the land around Stonehenge was put up for auction in three plots. Plot A lay immediately west of the monument and included the (by now disused) Stonehenge Aerodrome, Plot B was to the south on the other side of the main road, and Plot C on the north side included part of the <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Cursus" title="Stonehenge Cursus">Stonehenge Cursus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-plots-129">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a> There was interest from developers, and in August 1927 a subscription fund was launched in order to "save the skyline" of the monument.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> The subscription made rapid progress, with <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> as the lead subscriber, and by October 1927 £8,000 had been raised, which was enough to purchase Plot A and start the demolition of the aerodrome.<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> The fund continued for a number of years to secure the remaining land around the henge for the nation, with fundraising for Plot C continuing through 1929.<a href="#cite_note-plots-129">[122]</a> The land was taken into the management of the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a> to preserve. The last large aircraft hangar was removed in 1930,<a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a> and by the middle of the 1930s the aerodrome site was cleared.<a href="#cite_note-vch-138">[131]</a> More recently the land has been part of a grassland reversion scheme, returning the surrounding fields to native <a href="/wiki/Chalk_grassland" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalk grassland">chalk grassland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> This process continued in 2022 when the National Heritage Lottery Fund (NHLF) gave a grant to the National Trust to acquire another 170 hectares of the Stonehenge Landscape.<a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Summer_Solstice_Sunrise_over_Stonehenge_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Summer_Solstice_Sunrise_over_Stonehenge_2005.jpg/220px-Summer_Solstice_Sunrise_over_Stonehenge_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Summer_Solstice_Sunrise_over_Stonehenge_2005.jpg/330px-Summer_Solstice_Sunrise_over_Stonehenge_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Summer_Solstice_Sunrise_over_Stonehenge_2005.jpg/440px-Summer_Solstice_Sunrise_over_Stonehenge_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>Sunrise at Stonehenge on the <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer solstice</a>, 21 June 2005</figcaption></figure> During the twentieth century, Stonehenge began to revive as a place of religious significance, this time by adherents of <a href="/wiki/Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">Neopaganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> beliefs, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Neo-druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-druidism">Neo-druids</a>. The historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Ronald Hutton</a> would later remark that "it was a great, and potentially uncomfortable, irony that modern Druids had arrived at Stonehenge just as archaeologists were evicting the ancient Druids from it."<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> The first such Neo-druidic group to make use of the megalithic monument was the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Order_of_Druids" title="Ancient Order of Druids">Ancient Order of Druids</a>, who performed a mass initiation ceremony there in August 1905, in which they admitted 259 new members into their organisation. This assembly was largely ridiculed in the press, who mocked the fact that the Neo-druids were dressed up in costumes consisting of white robes and fake beards.<a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stonehenge84.jpg/220px-Stonehenge84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stonehenge84.jpg/330px-Stonehenge84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stonehenge84.jpg/440px-Stonehenge84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption>Dancing inside the stones, 1984 <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Free_Festival" title="Stonehenge Free Festival">Stonehenge Free Festival</a></figcaption></figure> The earlier rituals were complemented by the <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Free_Festival" title="Stonehenge Free Festival">Stonehenge Free Festival</a>, loosely organised by the <a href="/wiki/Polytantric_Circle" title="Polytantric Circle">Polytantric Circle</a>, held between 1972 and 1984, during which time the number of midsummer visitors had risen to around 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-143">[136]</a> However, in 1985, the site was closed to festivalgoers by a <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court</a> injunction.<a href="#cite_note-Hallett_2014-144">[137]</a> A consequence of the end of the festival in 1985 was the violent confrontation between the police and <a href="/wiki/New_Age_travellers" title="New Age travellers">New Age travellers</a> that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Beanfield" title="Battle of the Beanfield">Battle of the Beanfield</a>, when police blockaded a convoy of travellers to prevent them from approaching Stonehenge. Beginning in 1985, the year of the Battle, no access was allowed into the stones at Stonehenge for any religious reason. This "exclusion-zone" policy continued for almost fifteen years: until just before the arrival of the twenty-first century, visitors were not allowed to go into the stones at times of religious significance, the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">summer</a> <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstices</a>, and the vernal and autumnal <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-faded-145">[138]</a> However, following a <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> ruling obtained by campaigners such as <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Uther_Pendragon" title="Arthur Uther Pendragon">Arthur Uther Pendragon</a>, the restrictions were lifted.<a href="#cite_note-Hallett_2014-144">[137]</a> The ruling recognized that members of any genuine religion have a right to worship in their own church, and Stonehenge is a place of <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> to <a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Druidism">Neo-Druids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Pagans</a> and other "Earth based' or 'old' religions.<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> Meetings were organised by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a> and others to discuss the arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-English-147">[140]</a> In 1998, a party of 100 people was allowed access and these included astronomers, archaeologists, Druids, locals, pagans and travellers.<a href="#cite_note-English-147">[140]</a> In 2000, an open summer solstice event was held and about seven thousand people attended.<a href="#cite_note-English-147">[140]</a> In 2001, the numbers increased to about 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-English-147">[140]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Stonehenge summer solstice table of access </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Sunrise report</th> <th>Notes / Attendance figures in brackets </th></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td>Wednesday morning</td> <td>First year of Managed Open Access, entry times to the stones 23:30 on the 20th to 07:30 on the 21st (6,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001</td> <td>Initially cloudy</td> <td>Access times extended to eleven hours running from 22:00 to 09:00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td>Raining</td> <td>Many leave early to watch England play Brazil in the FIFA World Cup (22,000) <a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2003</td> <td>Clear</td> <td>First modern MOA on a Friday night record crowd in attendance (30,000) <a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2004</td> <td>Misty sunrise</td> <td>Transit of Venus earlier in the month on the 8th June (21,000) <a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2005</td> <td>Clear</td> <td>Monday night, Tuesday morning (23,000) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2006</td> <td>Rain and cloud cover</td> <td>England vs Sweden in the FIFA World Cup on the evening of the 20th <a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> results in many arriving late and heavy rain leads to a lower attendance (18,700) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007</td> <td>Cloudy, brighter later</td> <td>Access times altered to 20:30 to 08:00. Glastonbury Festival starts the next day <a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> (24,093) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2008</td> <td>Cloudy with some rain</td> <td>Access time brought forward to 20:00 (36,290) <a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2009</td> <td>Cloudy brighter later</td> <td>Access time brough forward again to 19:30 (36,500) <a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td>Reasonably clear</td> <td>A 6.7m high metal sculpture called 'The Ancestor' was displayed (22,000) <a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011</td> <td>Rain and cloud</td> <td>Heavy rain dampens the proceedings (18,000) <a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2012</td> <td>Heavy rain</td> <td>Transit of Venus earlier in the month on 6th June (14,500) <a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013</td> <td>Grey cloud</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://BBC%20Sky%20at%20Night">BBC Sky at Night</a> films a 'Solstice Special' during the celebrations (21,000) <a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014</td> <td>Reasonably clear</td> <td>BBC Culture Show broadcast a 'Battle for Stonehenge' special featuring the new visitor centre and a history of open access (37,500) <a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>Clear</td> <td>Thousands mark the summer solstice at Stonehenge (23,000) <a href="#cite_note-164">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2016</td> <td>Clear</td> <td>Alcohol ban and car parking charges introduced <a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a> Full Strawberry moon in conjunction with the night of the celebrations (12,000) <a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2017</td> <td>Reasonably clear</td> <td>Extra security due to the Manchester Arena bombing a month earlier (13,000) <a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td>Clear sunrise</td> <td>Centenary of the gifting of Stonehenge to the nation by local barrister Cecil Chubb (9,500) <a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019</td> <td>Clear</td> <td>Weekend solstice Friday night, sunrise on Saturday morning (10,000) <a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2020</td> <td>Sunday morning</td> <td>Solstice gathering cancelled due to lockdown restrictions <a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td>Cloudy</td> <td>Despite solstice access being officially cancelled due to on-going lockdown restrictions, a couple of hundred people still managed to enter the site <a href="#cite_note-173">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2022</td> <td>Cloudy</td> <td>First official gathering since lockdown (6,000) <a href="#cite_note-174">[167]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2023</td> <td>Misty morning</td> <td>Thousands gather for the summer solstice. (10,000) <a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2024</td> <td>Clear sunrise</td> <td>The gathering passed off peacefully despite a Just Stop Oil protest a few days earlier (15,000) <a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2025</td> <td></td> <td>TBC access usually on the night of the 20th / morning of the 21st June </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Setting_and_access">Setting and access</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_cloudy_sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stonehenge_cloudy_sunset.jpg/220px-Stonehenge_cloudy_sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stonehenge_cloudy_sunset.jpg/330px-Stonehenge_cloudy_sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Stonehenge_cloudy_sunset.jpg/440px-Stonehenge_cloudy_sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>Stonehenge at sunset</figcaption></figure> When Stonehenge was first opened to the public it was possible to walk among and even climb on the stones, but the stones were roped off in 1977 as a result of serious erosion.<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a> Visitors are no longer permitted to touch the stones but are able to walk around the monument from a short distance away. English Heritage does, however, permit access during the summer and winter solstice, and the spring and autumn equinox. Additionally, visitors can make special bookings to access the stones throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> Approximately 30,000 local residents are entitled to free admission to Stonehenge under an agreement dating back to 1921.<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a> The access situation and the proximity of the two roads have drawn widespread criticism, highlighted by a 2006 <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> survey. In the survey of conditions at 94 leading World Heritage Sites, 400 conservation and tourism experts ranked Stonehenge 75th in the list of destinations, declaring it to be "in moderate trouble".<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a> As motorised traffic increased, the setting of the monument began to be affected by the proximity of the two roads on either side—the <a href="/wiki/A344_road_(England)" title="A344 road (England)">A344</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shrewton" title="Shrewton">Shrewton</a> on the north side, and the <a href="/wiki/A303" class="mw-redirect" title="A303">A303</a> to <a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_Stoke" title="Winterbourne Stoke">Winterbourne Stoke</a> to the south. Plans to upgrade the A303 and close the A344 to restore the vista from the stones have been considered since the monument became a World Heritage Site. However, the controversy surrounding expensive re-routing of the roads led to the scheme being cancelled on multiple occasions. On 6 December 2007, it was announced that extensive plans to build <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_road_tunnel" title="Stonehenge road tunnel">Stonehenge road tunnel</a> under the landscape and create a permanent visitors' centre had been cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_visitors_centre.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stonehenge_visitors_centre.png/260px-Stonehenge_visitors_centre.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stonehenge_visitors_centre.png/390px-Stonehenge_visitors_centre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Stonehenge_visitors_centre.png/520px-Stonehenge_visitors_centre.png 2x" data-file-width="5854" data-file-height="3292" /></a><figcaption>The visitor centre at Stonehenge</figcaption></figure> In 2009, the government gave approval for a £25 million scheme to create a smaller visitors' centre and close the A344, although this was dependent on funding and local authority planning consent.<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> In 2010, Wiltshire Council granted planning permission for a centre 1.5 mi (2.4 kilometres) to the west, and English Heritage confirmed that funds to build it would be available, supported by a £10m grant from the <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage Lottery Fund">Heritage Lottery Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[177]</a> In June 2013 the A344 was closed to begin the work of removing the section of road and replacing it with grass.<a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a> The centre, designed by <a href="/wiki/Denton_Corker_Marshall" title="Denton Corker Marshall">Denton Corker Marshall</a>, opened to the public in December 2013.<a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a> An announcement in November 2020 stated that a plan to construct a <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_road_tunnel" title="Stonehenge road tunnel">four-lane tunnel</a> for traffic below the site had been approved. This was intended to eliminate the section of the A303 that runs close to the circle. The plan had received opposition from a group of "archaeologists, environmentalists and modern-day druids" according to <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> but was supported by others who wanted to "restore the landscape to its original setting and improve the experience for visitors". Opponents of the plan were concerned that artifacts that are underground in the area would be lost or that excavation in the area could de-stabilize the stones, leading to their sinking, shifting or perhaps falling.<a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-Art_News-108">[101]</a> In July 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Transport" title="Department for Transport">Department for Transport</a> announced that, despite the original planning application having been overturned by the High Court in 2021, the Transport Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Harper" title="Mark Harper">Mark Harper</a>, had approved plans for a 2-mile (3.2 km) road tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-189">[182]</a> In February 2024, the High Court in London rejected a fresh bid by campaigners to stop construction of the road tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-190">[183]</a> A further legal challenge was made in the High Court in July 2024.<a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a> Although this action was dismissed by the High Court in October 2024,<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Starmer_ministry" title="Starmer ministry">incoming Labour government</a> had already announced that the tunnel would 'not move forward' on 29 July.<a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vandalism">Vandalism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Just_Stop_Oil#Stonehenge" title="Just Stop Oil">Just Stop Oil § Stonehenge</a></div> The site has suffered vandalism intermittently for centuries. Until the 17th century, stones disappeared from the site, to be employed at building sites.<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> In the 19th century, tourists employed chisels to cut rock chips off the megaliths as souvenirs.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-196">[189]</a> Although the first years of the Free Festival (annual, from 1975 onwards) saw "very little vandalism", Stonehenge had to be fenced off from 1978 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a> Later, repeated vandalism in the 1980s and 1990s led the authorities to deploy up to hundreds of police, erect barriers around Stonehenge, and impose exclusion zones up to six kilometres from the archaeological monument.<a href="#cite_note-TCR-198">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Numen-199">[192]</a> The vandalism of 1984 included defacing the monument with purple spray paint.<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a> The government went so far as to close Stonehenge to protect it from vandalism, but in the face of public outcry the government opted to re-open it.<a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a> In 2008, two men used a hammer and a screwdriver to take a small chip the size of a <a href="/wiki/10p_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="10p coin">10p coin</a> from the side of the Heel Stone, in what authorities described as "the first vandalism in decades".<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a> In 2020, the British transport minister was accused of vandalism when he decided that the road through the Stonehenge area would be converted into a tunnel that would pass in the immediate vicinity.<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a> The project was decades old, but had repeatedly been delayed because of its cost or the effects on archaeological remains.<a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a> The historian <a href="/wiki/Tom_Holland_(author)" title="Tom Holland (author)">Tom Holland</a> opined that "To inflict this act of vandalism on this landscape seems unbelievable."<a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a> Tunnel opponents considered it "state-sponsored vandalism" even as their case was defeated in court in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlcsnap_at_0010-VIDEO_19062024_JustStopOil_Stonehenge.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vlcsnap_at_0010-VIDEO_19062024_JustStopOil_Stonehenge.png/220px-Vlcsnap_at_0010-VIDEO_19062024_JustStopOil_Stonehenge.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vlcsnap_at_0010-VIDEO_19062024_JustStopOil_Stonehenge.png/330px-Vlcsnap_at_0010-VIDEO_19062024_JustStopOil_Stonehenge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Vlcsnap_at_0010-VIDEO_19062024_JustStopOil_Stonehenge.png/440px-Vlcsnap_at_0010-VIDEO_19062024_JustStopOil_Stonehenge.png 2x" data-file-width="2350" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Just_Stop_Oil" title="Just Stop Oil">Just Stop Oil</a> protestors vandalising Stonehenge</figcaption></figure> On 19 June 2024, <a href="/wiki/Climate_movement" title="Climate movement">climate protesters</a> from <a href="/wiki/Just_Stop_Oil" title="Just Stop Oil">Just Stop Oil</a> vandalised three of the <a href="/wiki/Standing_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing stones">standing stones</a> by spraying orange cornflour powder paint onto them. Wiltshire Police arrested student Niamh Lynch from Oxford and Rajan Naidu from Birmingham.<a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Rishi_Sunak" title="Rishi Sunak">Rishi Sunak</a> called it a "disgraceful act of vandalism" to one of the UK's and the world's oldest and most significant monuments, and called on anyone associated with Just Stop Oil or who donated to them to condemn the act. <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Leader of the Labour Party (UK)">Leader of the Labour Party</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> called the vandalism "outrageous" while deeming Just Stop Oil as "pathetic", demanding that the activists and anyone else involved with the act "face the full force of the law".<a href="#cite_note-:0-209">[202]</a> The archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pitts_(archaeologist)" title="Mike Pitts (archaeologist)">Mike Pitts</a> said the impact of the protest was "potentially quite concerning", and said that the <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a> were fenced off and guarded to protect their surfaces, which were entirely covered in prehistoric markings that have not been fully analysed. He also expressed concern about possible damage to the diverse <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichen</a> patterns on the megalith surfaces.<a href="#cite_note-bbcstone-210">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> called the defacement "extremely upsetting" and began an investigation to assess the damage caused by the paint,<a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a> before removing it with blown air and reporting that there was "no visible damage" to the stones.<a href="#cite_note-bbcstone-210">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a> The English Heritage webpage for Stonehenge calls for visitors to respect the stones since they form a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Scheduled_Ancient_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheduled Ancient Monument">Scheduled Ancient Monument</a>, and a place sacred to many.<a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a> Conversely, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Kerr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarah Kerr (page does not exist)">Sarah Kerr</a>, a lecturer in archaeology at <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>, noted that the <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">effects of climate change</a> pose a much greater threat to Stonehenge and other British heritage sites than Just Stop Oil's protest, which was washed away without causing damage.<a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Stonehenge" title="Cultural depictions of Stonehenge">Cultural depictions of Stonehenge</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215345927">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{width:auto!important}}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float{clear:none;float:left}.mw-parser-output .multicol-float-clear{clear:both}</style><div class="multicol-float" style=""> Historical context <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a> – Prehistoric human occupation of Britain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_British_Isles" title="Neolithic British Isles">Neolithic British Isles</a> – British, Irish and Manx history c. 4100–2500 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture" title="Bell Beaker culture">Bell Beaker culture</a> – Archaeological culture, 2800–1800 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Britain" title="Bronze Age Britain">Bronze Age Britain</a> – Period of British history from c. 2500 until c. 800 BC</li></ul> Other monuments in the Stonehenge ritual landscape <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluestonehenge" title="Bluestonehenge">Bluestonehenge</a> – Prehistoric monument in Wiltshire, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Barrow" title="Bush Barrow">Bush Barrow</a> – Archaeological site in England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuckoo_Stone" title="Cuckoo Stone">Cuckoo Stone</a> – Neolithic standing stone in Wiltshire, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrington_Walls" title="Durrington Walls">Durrington Walls</a> – Late Neolithic palisaded enclosure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normanton_Down_Barrows" title="Normanton Down Barrows">Normanton Down Barrows</a> – Barrows in England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Avenue" title="Stonehenge Avenue">Stonehenge Avenue</a> – ancient avenue on Salisbury plain, Wiltshire, EnglandPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Cursus" title="Stonehenge Cursus">Stonehenge Cursus</a> – Neolithic monument in Wiltshire, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodhenge" title="Woodhenge">Woodhenge</a> – Neolithic henge and timber circle monument near Stonehenge</li></ul> About Stonehenge and replicas of Stonehenge <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy_and_Stonehenge" title="Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge">Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge</a> – Stonehenge's use in tracking seasons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Stonehenge" title="Cultural depictions of Stonehenge">Cultural depictions of Stonehenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excavations_at_Stonehenge" title="Excavations at Stonehenge">Excavations at Stonehenge</a> – Archaeological excavations at Stonehenge site</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_replicas_and_derivatives" title="Stonehenge replicas and derivatives">Stonehenge replicas and derivatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Free_Festival" title="Stonehenge Free Festival">Stonehenge Free Festival</a> – 1974–1984 UK music festival</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Landscape" title="Stonehenge Landscape">Stonehenge Landscape</a> – Estate owned by the National Trust of England</li></ul> Fiction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonehenge (novel)">Stonehenge</a>, novel</li></ul> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215345927"><div class="multicol-float" style=""> Similar sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_complex" title="Astronomical complex">Astronomical complex</a> – group of man-made structures used for astronomical observationsPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_replicas_and_derivatives" title="Stonehenge replicas and derivatives">Stonehenge replicas and derivatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almendres_Cromlech" title="Almendres Cromlech">Almendres Cromlech</a> – Stone circle in Évora, Portugal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkaim" title="Arkaim">Arkaim</a> – Ancient settlement of the Sintashta culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avebury" title="Avebury">Avebury</a> – Neolithic henge monument in Wiltshire, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> – Archaeological site in southwestern Illinois, US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carhenge" title="Carhenge">Carhenge</a> – replica of Stonehenge near the city of Alliance, Nebraska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> – Neolithic archaeological site in Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goloring" title="Goloring">Goloring</a> – ancient earthworks near Koblenz, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Goseck circle">Goseck circle</a> – Neolithic henge monumentPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets – Calendar circle built circa 4900 BC in Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_monoliths" title="List of largest monoliths">List of largest monoliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryhill_Stonehenge" title="Maryhill Stonehenge">Maryhill Stonehenge</a> – Stonehenge replica in Maryhill, Washington, U.S.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a> – Ancient stone circles in North America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabta_Playa" title="Nabta Playa">Nabta Playa</a> – Calendar circle built circa 5000 BC in Egypt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a> – Neolithic monument in County Meath, Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Brodgar" title="Ring of Brodgar">Ring of Brodgar</a> – A neolithic stone circle in Orkney, Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carahunge" title="Carahunge">Carahunge</a> – Prehistoric archaeological site in Armenia</li></ul> Sites with similar sunrise or sunset alignments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manhattanhenge" title="Manhattanhenge">Manhattanhenge</a> – Solar phenomenon in Manhattan, New York City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIThenge" class="mw-redirect" title="MIThenge">MIThenge</a> – Hallway at the Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li></ul> Museums with collections from the World Heritage Site <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Museum" title="The Salisbury Museum">The Salisbury Museum</a> – museum in Salisbury, England, United KingdomPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Museum" title="Wiltshire Museum">Wiltshire Museum</a> – Museum in Devizes, England, United KingdomPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li></ul> </div><div class="multicol-float-clear" style=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatterson2022">Patterson (2022)</a>: "Whole genome ancient DNA studies have shown that the first Neolithic farmers of the island of Great Britain who lived 3950–2450 BCE derived roughly 80% of their ancestry from Early European Farmers (EEF) who originated in Anatolia more than two millennia earlier, and 20% from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (Western European Hunter-Gatherers: WHG) with whom they mixed in continental Europe, indicating that local WHG in Britain contributed negligibly to later populations." </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlalde2018">Olalde (2018)</a>: "Another striking observation is the haplogroup composition of Neolithic males in Britain (n=34), who displayed entirely I2a2 and I2a1b haplogroups. There is no evidence at all for a contribution to Neolithic farmers in Britain of the Y chromosome haplogroups (e.g., G2) that were predominant in Anatolian farmers and in Linearbandkeramik central European farmers." </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSánchez-Quinto2019">Sánchez-Quinto (2019)</a>: "Whereas mtDNA lineages from megalith burials harbor haplogroups K, H, HV, V, U5b, T, and J (among others), males from megalith burials belong almost exclusively to YDNA haplogroup I, more specifically to the I2a sublineage, which has a time to most recent common ancestor of ~15000 BCE. This pattern of uniparental marker diversity is found not only among individuals buried in megaliths, but also in other farmer groups from the fourth millennium BCE, which display similar patterns of uniparental marker diversity ... The high frequency of the hunter-gatherer-derived I2a male lineages among megalith as well as nonmegalith individuals suggests a male sex-biased admixture process between the farmer and the hunter-gatherer groups. ... The I2 YDNA lineages that are very common among European Mesolithic hunter-gatherers are distinctly different from the YDNA lineages of the European Early Neolithic farmer groups, but frequent in the farmer groups of the fourth millennium BCE, suggesting a male hunter-gatherer admixture over time." </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCassidy2020">Cassidy (2020)</a>: "... the predominance of a single Y haplogroup (I-M284) across the Irish and British Neolithic population. ... provides further evidence of the importance of patrilineal ancestry in these societies." </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSánchez-Quinto2019">Sánchez-Quinto (2019)</a>: "Whereas mtDNA lineages from megalith burials harbor haplogroups K, H, HV, V, U5b, T, and J (among others), males from megalith burials belong almost exclusively to YDNA haplogroup I, more specifically to the I2a sublineage, which has a time to most recent common ancestor of ~15000 BCE. This pattern of uniparental marker diversity is found not only among individuals buried in megaliths, but also in other farmer groups from the fourth millennium BCE, which display similar patterns of uniparental marker diversity ... The high frequency of the hunter-gatherer-derived I2a male lineages among megalith as well as nonmegalith individuals suggests a male sex-biased admixture process between the farmer and the hunter-gatherer groups. ... The I2 YDNA lineages that are very common among European Mesolithic HGs are distinctly different from the YDNA lineages of the European Early Neolithic farmer groups, but frequent in the farmer groups of the fourth millennium BCE, suggesting a male hunter-gatherer admixture over time." </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMathieson2018">Mathieson (2018)</a>: "We provide the first evidence for sex-biased admixture between hunter-gatherers and farmers in Europe, showing that the Middle Neolithic "resurgence" of hunter-gatherer-related ancestry in central Europe and Iberia was driven more by males than by females." </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> "In summary, the 2021 excavations provide evidence that only 30% of Waun Mawn's stone circle was ever completed, leaving large gaps on the west and south sides. [...] if Waun Mawn provided some of the bluestones for Stonehenge, these can only have been a small portion of the total."<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-Casswell-2022-01-12-106">[100]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NHE-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHE_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHE_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHE_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1010140" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1010140?section=official-list-entry">"Stonehenge, the Avenue, and three barrows adjacent to the Avenue forming part of a round barrow cemetery on Countess Farm (1010140)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a>. 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Retrieved 6 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Magazine&rft.atitle=If+the+Stones+Could+Speak%3A+Searching+for+the+Meaning+of+Stonehenge&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fngm.nationalgeographic.com%2F2008%2F06%2Fstonehenge%2Falexander-text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoungChadburnBedu2009" class="citation journal cs1">Young, Christopher; Chadburn, Amanda; Bedu, Isabelle (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stonehengeandaveburywhs.org/assets/Full-MP-2009-low-res-pdf.pdf">"Stonehenge World Heritage Site Management Plan 2009"</a> (PDF). UNESCO: 20–22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Stonehenge+World+Heritage+Site+Management+Plan+2009&rft.pages=20-22&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Chadburn%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Bedu%2C+Isabelle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stonehengeandaveburywhs.org%2Fassets%2FFull-MP-2009-low-res-pdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2008" class="citation news cs1">Morgan, James (21 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7625145.stm">"Dig pinpoints Stonehenge origins"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080922111534/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7625145.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Dig+pinpoints+Stonehenge+origins&rft.date=2008-09-21&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F7625145.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2013" class="citation news cs1">Kennedy, Maev (9 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/mar/09/archaeology-stonehenge-bones-burial-ground">"Stonehenge may have been burial site for Stone Age elite, say archaeologists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130909210109/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/mar/09/archaeology-stonehenge-bones-burial-ground">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Stonehenge+may+have+been+burial+site+for+Stone+Age+elite%2C+say+archaeologists&rft.date=2013-03-09&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Maev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2013%2Fmar%2F09%2Farchaeology-stonehenge-bones-burial-ground&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Independent-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Independent_7-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegge2012" class="citation news cs1">Legge, James (9 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/stonehenge-new-study-suggests-landmark-started-life-as-a-graveyard-for-the-prehistoric-elite-8527686.html">"Stonehenge: new study suggests landmark started life as a graveyard for the 'prehistoric elite'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130312031243/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/stonehenge-new-study-suggests-landmark-started-life-as-a-graveyard-for-the-prehistoric-elite-8527686.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Stonehenge%3A+new+study+suggests+landmark+started+life+as+a+graveyard+for+the+%27prehistoric+elite%27&rft.date=2012-03-09&rft.aulast=Legge&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fstonehenge-new-study-suggests-landmark-started-life-as-a-graveyard-for-the-prehistoric-elite-8527686.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21724084">"Stonehenge builders travelled from far, say researchers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 9 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310171730/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21724084">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Stonehenge+builders+travelled+from+far%2C+say+researchers&rft.date=2013-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-21724084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottSelwyn2010" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Julie; Selwyn, Tom (2010). Thinking Through Tourism. Berg. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Through+Tourism&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft.au=Selwyn%2C+Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/history/">"History of Stonehenge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602140112/http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/history">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016. <q>The monument remained in private ownership until 1918 when Cecil Chubb, a local man who had purchased Stonehenge from the Antrobus family at an auction three years previously, gave it to the nation. Thereafter, the duty to conserve the monument fell to the state, today a role performed on its behalf by English Heritage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Heritage&rft.atitle=History+of+Stonehenge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fvisit%2Fplaces%2Fstonehenge%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/stonehengelandscape">"Ancient ceremonial landscape of great archaeological and wildlife interest"</a>. Stonehenge Landscape. <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618014200/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/stonehengelandscape/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 17 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stonehenge+Landscape&rft.atitle=Ancient+ceremonial+landscape+of+great+archaeological+and+wildlife+interest&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fstonehengelandscape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitts2008" class="citation journal cs1">Pitts, Mike (8 August 2008). "Stonehenge: one of our largest excavations draws to a close". British Archaeology (102): 13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1357-4442">1357-4442</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Stonehenge%3A+one+of+our+largest+excavations+draws+to+a+close&rft.issue=102&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft.issn=1357-4442&rft.aulast=Pitts&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-burial-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burial_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-burial_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2008" class="citation news cs1">Schmid, Randolph E. (29 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/topstories/2008-05-29-1711958402_x.htm">"Study: Stonehenge was a burial site for centuries"</a>. Associated Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904020558/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/topstories/2008-05-29-1711958402_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Study%3A+Stonehenge+was+a+burial+site+for+centuries&rft.date=2008-05-29&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Randolph+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fmoney%2Ftopstories%2F2008-05-29-1711958402_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDhenge-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEDhenge_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEDhenge_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordenglishdic0008unse">"Stonehenge; henge2"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stonehenge%3B+henge%3Csup%3E2%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordenglishdic0008unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChippindale2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chippindale" title="Christopher Chippindale">Chippindale, Christopher</a> (2004). Stonehenge Complete. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28467-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28467-9"><bdi>0-500-28467-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stonehenge+Complete&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-500-28467-9&rft.aulast=Chippindale&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116081132/http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/mpp/mcd/sub/henges1.htm">"Henges"</a>. Monument Class Descriptions. <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a>. 2000. 1: Definition. 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Gaffney; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue34/gaffney_index.html">"Time and a Place: A luni-solar 'time-reckoner' from 8th millennium BC Scotland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archaeology" title="Internet Archaeology">Internet Archaeology</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718145814/http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue34/gaffney_index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Time+and+a+Place%3A+A+luni-solar+%27time-reckoner%27+from+8th+millennium+BC+Scotland&rft.au=V.+Gaffney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintarch.ac.uk%2Fjournal%2Fissue34%2Fgaffney_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Exon, 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-UB-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UB_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UB_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buckingham.ac.uk/research/hri/blickmead">"The New Discoveries at Blick Mead: the Key to the Stonehenge Landscape"</a>. University of Buckingham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227095402/http://www.buckingham.ac.uk/research/hri/blickmead">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Buckingham&rft.atitle=The+New+Discoveries+at+Blick+Mead%3A+the+Key+to+the+Stonehenge+Landscape&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buckingham.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fhri%2Fblickmead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProfessor_David_Jacques_FSA2016" class="citation web cs1">Professor David Jacques FSA (21 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/the-cradle-of-stonehenge-blick-mead-a-mesolithic-site-in-the-stonehenge-landscape">"'The Cradle of Stonehenge'? Blick Mead – a Mesolithic Site in the Stonehenge Landscape – Lecture Transcript"</a>. www.gresham.ac.uk. Gresham College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116170229/https://www.gresham.ac.uk/lectures-and-events/the-cradle-of-stonehenge-blick-mead-a-mesolithic-site-in-the-stonehenge-landscape">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2017. 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Harvard University Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-48380-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-48380-4"><bdi>978-0-674-48380-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426223642/https://books.google.com/books?id=3QY4EDSaA0EC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=July+1776&rft.btitle=The+Journal+of+Samuel+Curwen%2C+loyalist&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-674-48380-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3QY4EDSaA0EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NytRAAAAcAAJ">"Jeffery of Monmouth's Account of Stonehenge"</a>. A Description of Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain. Salisbury: J Easton. 1809. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427075153/https://books.google.com/books?id=NytRAAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jeffery+of+Monmouth%27s+Account+of+Stonehenge&rft.btitle=A+Description+of+Stonehenge+on+Salisbury+Plain&rft.place=Salisbury&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=J+Easton&rft.date=1809&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNytRAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._Cobham_Brewer" title="E. Cobham Brewer">Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brewersdictionar000544mbp">Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</a>. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brewersdictionar000544mbp/page/n387">380</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150408132005/https://archive.org/details/brewersdictionar000544mbp">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brewer%27s+Dictionary+of+Phrase+and+Fable&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Ebenezer+Cobham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrewersdictionar000544mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Warne,_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Warne, Charles">Warne, Charles</a>, 1872, Ancient Dorset. Bournemouth. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Kings_of_Britain/Book_8" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Kings of Britain/Book 8">Historia Regum Britanniae, Book 8, ch. 10.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Ring, Trudy (editor). International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 2: Northern Europe. Routledge, 1995. pp.34–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Dames, Michael. Ireland: A Sacred Journey. Element Books, 2000. p.190 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/dramatic-stonehenge-discovery-boosts-irish-account-of-its-origins-1.4483067">"Dramatic Stonehenge discovery boosts 'Irish' account of its origins"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210216033057/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/dramatic-stonehenge-discovery-boosts-irish-account-of-its-origins-1.4483067">Archived</a> 16 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>, 12 February 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Drawing on the writings of <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a>, the tale is noted in <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Spenser</a>'s Faerie Queene, and given further circulation in <a href="/wiki/William_Dugdale" title="William Dugdale">William Dugdale</a>'s Monasticon Anglicanum of 1655. Source: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The illustrated guide to Old Sarum and Stonehenge. Salisbury, England: Brown and Company. 1868. pp. 35–39. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181860648">181860648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+illustrated+guide+to+Old+Sarum+and+Stonehenge&rft.place=Salisbury%2C+England&rft.pages=35-39&rft.pub=Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1868&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181860648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amesbury-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amesbury_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amesbury_125-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeffernan" class="citation web cs1">Heffernan, T.H.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090625160447/http://www.this-is-amesbury.co.uk/stonehenge.html">"The man who bought Stonehenge"</a>. This is Amesbury. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.this-is-amesbury.co.uk/stonehenge.html">the original</a> on 25 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+is+Amesbury&rft.atitle=The+man+who+bought+Stonehenge&rft.aulast=Heffernan&rft.aufirst=T.H.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.this-is-amesbury.co.uk%2Fstonehenge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Francis Stewart Briggs, S. H. Harris, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KyNXNQAACAAJ">"Joysticks and Fiddlesticks: (the Unofficial History of a Flying Kangaroo) Or, The Flying Kangaroo"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101133622/https://books.google.com/books/about/Joysticks_and_Fiddlesticks.html?id=KyNXNQAACAAJ&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> 1 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Hutchinson & Company Limited, 1938. Retrieved 11 June 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Commission_on_Historical_Monuments_(England)1979" class="citation book cs1">Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England) (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stonehengeitsenv0000roya/page/n5/mode/2up?q=%22stonehenge+aerodrome%22">Stonehenge and its environs: monuments and land use</a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-379-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-379-4"><bdi>978-0-85224-379-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stonehenge+and+its+environs%3A+monuments+and+land+use&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-85224-379-4&rft.au=Royal+Commission+on+Historical+Monuments+%28England%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstonehengeitsenv0000roya%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3D%2522stonehenge%2Baerodrome%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aero-128"><a href="#cite_ref-aero_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarber2015" class="citation book cs1">Barber, Martyn (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/redirect/15239">Stonehenge Aerodrome and the Stonehenge landscape</a>. English Heritage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stonehenge+Aerodrome+and+the+Stonehenge+landscape&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoricengland.org.uk%2Fresearch%2Fresults%2Freports%2Fredirect%2F15239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-plots-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plots_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-plots_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001578/19290323/052/0014">"Save Stonehenge! The "Frontispiece to English history" in peril"</a>. The Illustrated London News. 23 March 1929. p. 481.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Illustrated+London+News&rft.atitle=Save+Stonehenge%21+The+%22Frontispiece+to+English+history%22+in+peril&rft.pages=481&rft.date=1929-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0001578%2F19290323%2F052%2F0014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> The London Mercury Vol. XVII No. 98 1927 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000407/19340928/129/0016">"Donor of Stonehenge"</a>. The Western Gazette. 28 September 1934. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Gazette&rft.atitle=Donor+of+Stonehenge&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1934-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000407%2F19340928%2F129%2F0016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000563/19271109/084/0005">"Funds wanted to save Stonehenge"</a>. The Dundee Evening Telegraph. 9 November 1927. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dundee+Evening+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Funds+wanted+to+save+Stonehenge&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1927-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000563%2F19271109%2F084%2F0005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000337/19270805/015/0001">"Stonehenge – Fund to save the skyline"</a>. The Midland Daily Telegraph. 5 August 1927. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Midland+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Stonehenge+%E2%80%93+Fund+to+save+the+skyline&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1927-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000337%2F19270805%2F015%2F0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJC1927" class="citation news cs1">JC, Squire (8 October 1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001557/19271008/167/0008">"Stonehenge"</a>. The Wiltshire Times. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wiltshire+Times&rft.atitle=Stonehenge&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1927-10-08&rft.aulast=JC&rft.aufirst=Squire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0001557%2F19271008%2F167%2F0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005049/19271110/109/0008">"To Save Stonehenge"</a>. The Daily Chronicle. 10 November 1927. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Chronicle&rft.atitle=To+Save+Stonehenge&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1927-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0005049%2F19271110%2F109%2F0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000527/19271116/124/0011">"Preservation of Stonehenge"</a>. Taunton Courier. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taunton+Courier&rft.atitle=Preservation+of+Stonehenge&rft.pages=11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000527%2F19271116%2F124%2F0011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001557/19300809/163/0008">"Preservation of Stonehenge – Progress towards isolation"</a>. The Wiltshire Times. 9 August 1930. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wiltshire+Times&rft.atitle=Preservation+of+Stonehenge+%E2%80%93+Progress+towards+isolation&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1930-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0001557%2F19300809%2F163%2F0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vch-138"><a href="#cite_ref-vch_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggsFreemanStevenson1995" class="citation book cs1">Baggs, A. P.; Freeman, Jane; Stevenson, Janet H. (1995). "Amesbury". In Crowley, D. A. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/wilts/vol15/pp13-55">A History of the County of Wiltshire, Volume 15</a>. <a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_History" title="Victoria County History">Victoria County History</a>. University of London. pp. 13–55. Retrieved 29 May 2024 – via British History Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amesbury&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+County+of+Wiltshire%2C+Volume+15&rft.series=Victoria+County+History&rft.pages=13-55&rft.pub=University+of+London&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Baggs&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Jane&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Janet+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fwilts%2Fvol15%2Fpp13-55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111202210539/http://www.stonehengeconsultation.org/Stonehenge_Consultation_Booklet.pdf">"The Future of Stonehenge: Public consultation"</a> (PDF). English Heritage. 2008. p. 2. 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Opponents fear the loss of ancient artifacts still hidden underground.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Controversial+tunnel+under+Stonehenge+approved+over+archaeologists%27+objections&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2F2020%2F11%2Fcontroversial-tunnel-under-stonehenge-approved-over-archaeologists-objections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2023" class="citation web cs1">Jenkins, Sammy (14 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-wiltshire-66201424">"Stonehenge tunnel is approved by government"</a>. BBC News. 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Retrieved 17 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theguardian.com&rft.atitle=Ministers+%27inadequately+briefed%27+on+alternatives+to+Stonehenge+tunnel+plan%2C+lawyers+argue&rft.date=2024-07-15&rft.aulast=Topham&rft.aufirst=Gwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fjul%2F15%2Fstonehenge-tunnel-plan-alternatives-high-court&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cjwd5z9ppxno">"Campaigners 'would have lost Stonehenge legal challenge'"</a>. BBC News. 17 October 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Campaigners+%27would+have+lost+Stonehenge+legal+challenge%27&rft.date=2024-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcjwd5z9ppxno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c0jq8pxg0weo">"Stonehenge tunnel scheme cancelled by government"</a>. BBC News. 29 July 2024. Retrieved 26 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Stonehenge+tunnel+scheme+cancelled+by+government&rft.date=2024-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc0jq8pxg0weo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakimian2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Hakimian, Rob (29 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newcivilengineer.com/latest/stonehenge-tunnel-among-infrastructure-projects-axed-by-government-in-budget-overhaul-29-07-2024/">"Stonehenge Tunnel among infrastructure projects axed by government in budget overhaul"</a>. New Civil Engineer. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldarchaeologicalcongress.org/site/news_rece_ston.php">the original</a> on 7 July 2010. Retrieved 3 July 2024. <q>Up until the 17th century stones occasionally went missing to help build bridges or houses</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeological+Congress&rft.atitle=Proposals+for+a+tunnel+at+Stonehenge%3A+an+assessment+of+the+alternatives&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Robert+Layton&rft.au=Julian+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldarchaeologicalcongress.org%2Fsite%2Fnews_rece_ston.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-196"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/wiltshire/7414750.stm">"Chisels once given at Stonehenge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 22 May 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2024. <q>At one time, chisels would be handed to people visiting Stonehenge, so they could chip away at the ancient monument to get their own souvenirs. But the practice has been outlawed since 1900</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Chisels+once+given+at+Stonehenge&rft.date=2008-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fengland%2Fwiltshire%2F7414750.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_BenderMark_Edmonds1992" class="citation journal cs1">Barbara Bender; Mark Edmonds (December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/026151779290001N">"Stonehenge: whose past? What past?"</a>. Tourism Management. 13 (4). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 356–357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0261-5177%2892%2990001-N">10.1016/0261-5177(92)90001-N</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-5177">0261-5177</a>. Retrieved 3 July 2024. <q>In the early years of the Free Festival the authorities remained tolerant. After 1978 they roped off the stones inner sanctum towards the Heel […] There was very little vandalism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tourism+Management&rft.atitle=Stonehenge%3A+whose+past%3F+What+past%3F&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=356-357&rft.date=1992-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0261-5177%2892%2990001-N&rft.issn=0261-5177&rft.au=Barbara+Bender&rft.au=Mark+Edmonds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2F026151779290001N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCR-198"><a href="#cite_ref-TCR_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrys,_Geoffrey1994" class="citation journal cs1">Humphrys, Geoffrey (June 1994). "Stonehenge – June's flashpoint". <a href="/wiki/The_Contemporary_Review" title="The Contemporary Review">The Contemporary Review</a>. 264 (1541): 309. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-7565">0010-7565</a>. <q>Repeated vandalism has led to a barrier being erected around the stones, and during the past four years a four-mile exclusion zone has been enforced from June 11 to June 24</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Contemporary+Review&rft.atitle=Stonehenge+%E2%80%93+June%27s+flashpoint&rft.volume=264&rft.issue=1541&rft.pages=309&rft.date=1994-06&rft.issn=0010-7565&rft.au=Humphrys%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Numen-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Numen_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarole_M._Cusack2012" class="citation journal cs1">Carole M. Cusack (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23244956">"Charmed Circle: Stonehenge, Contemporary Paganism, and Alternative Archaeology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Numen_(journal)" title="Numen (journal)">Numen</a>. 59 (2 y 3). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973">0029-5973</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23244956">23244956</a>. Retrieved 2 July 2024. <q>in 1984 […] Vandalism occurred</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Charmed+Circle%3A+Stonehenge%2C+Contemporary+Paganism%2C+and+Alternative+Archaeology&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2+y+3&rft.pages=148-149&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23244956%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0029-5973&rft.au=Carole+M.+Cusack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23244956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLAURA_MILLER2014" class="citation magazine cs1">LAURA MILLER (21 April 2014). "Romancing The Stones". <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. Vol. 90, no. 9. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <q>archeologists tolerated Druid rituals at Stonehenge […] By 1984 […] vandalism: "People were climbing all over the stones and spray-painting them purple."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Romancing+The+Stones&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=48&rft.date=2014-04-21&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.au=LAURA+MILLER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Monaghan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Patricia Monaghan (1 November 2008). 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For several hundred years, people have believed that Stonehenge is connected to the druids, so ardently that public outcry eventually drove the government, which had closed the monument to keep it from vandalism and other deterioration, reopened it</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Booklist&rft.atitle=Stonehenge+by+Rosemary+Hill&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2008-11-01&rft.issn=0006-7385&rft.au=Patricia+Monaghan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/may/22/conservation.archaeology">"Souvenir hunters vandalise Stonehenge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. Press Association. 22 May 2008. Retrieved 3 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Souvenir+hunters+vandalise+Stonehenge&rft.date=2008-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2008%2Fmay%2F22%2Fconservation.archaeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-wiltshire-55485482">"Stonehenge tunnel: Campaigners raise funds for legal challenge"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2024. <q>«wanton vandalism of one of the world's most iconic heritage sites»</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Stonehenge+tunnel%3A+Campaigners+raise+funds+for+legal+challenge&rft.date=2020-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-wiltshire-55485482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Under Stonehenge". <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. 13 November 2020. p. 19. <q>The road past Stonehenge will be put in a tunnel, the Transport Secretary has decreed, enraging those who declare it vandalism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Under+Stonehenge&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2020-11-13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPHILIP_JOHNSTON2023" class="citation news cs1">PHILIP JOHNSTON (19 July 2023). "The scandalous Stonehenge tunnel is a very British waste of taxpayer money". <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. p. 16. <q>the Government gave the go-ahead for a project that has been talked about for decades but has been rejected as archaeological vandalism or just too costly</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+scandalous+Stonehenge+tunnel+is+a+very+British+waste+of+taxpayer+money&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2023-07-19&rft.au=PHILIP+JOHNSTON&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Simpson2021" class="citation journal cs1">Craig Simpson (18 February 2021). "Stonehenge campaigners to take tunnel project to court". <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>: 10. <q>Tom Holland, the historian and president of the alliance, told The Daily Telegraph: "To inflict this act of vandalism on this landscape seems unbelievable</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Stonehenge+campaigners+to+take+tunnel+project+to+court&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2021-02-18&rft.au=Craig+Simpson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Hallam2024" class="citation news cs1">Mark Hallam (20 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/stonehenge-campaigners-lose-court-challenge-to-tunnel-plans/a-68302773">"Stonehenge: Campaigners lose court challenge to tunnel plans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. Retrieved 3 July 2024. <q>this judgement is a huge blow and exposes the site to National Highway's state-sponsored vandalism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Stonehenge%3A+Campaigners+lose+court+challenge+to+tunnel+plans&rft.date=2024-02-20&rft.au=Mark+Hallam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fstonehenge-campaigners-lose-court-challenge-to-tunnel-plans%2Fa-68302773&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw44mdee0zzo">"Stonehenge covered in powder paint by Just Stop Oil protesters"</a>. www.bbc.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240620192101/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cw44mdee0zzo">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2024. 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Retrieved 22 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Stonehenge+covered+in+powder+paint+by+Just+Stop+Oil+protesters&rft.date=2024-06-19&rft.aulast=Boobyer&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcw44mdee0zzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStonehenge" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt2024" class="citation web cs1">Ott, Haley (19 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/stonehenge-just-stop-oil-protest-activists-spray-orange-paint-demand-uk-stop-fossil-fuel/">"Stonehenge sprayed with orange paint by Just Stop Oil activists demanding U.K. "phase out fossil fuels""</a>. 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English Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240620001804/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/things-to-do/solstice/respect-the-stones/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2024. 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"Stonehenge decoded", New York City : National Geographic, 2008</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Stonehenge#Q39671" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> English Heritage official site: access and visiting information; research; future plans</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stonehengeskyscape.co.uk/">Skyscape- live webfeed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/stonehenge/history-and-stories/stonehenge360/">360° panoramic</a> English Heritage: interactive view from the centre</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/stonehengelandscape">Stonehenge Landscape</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a> – information about the surrounding area.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/19130/19130-h/19130-h.htm">Stonehenge Today and Yesterday</a> – Frank Stevens (1916), via <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/61567/61567-h/61567-h.htm">Stonehenge, a Temple Restor'd to the British Druids</a> – William Stukeley (1740), via Project Gutenberg.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/62342">Stonehenge, and Other British Monuments Astronomically Considered</a> – Norman Lockyer (1906), via Project Gutenberg.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britarch.ac.uk/BA/ba45/ba45int.html">Glaciers and the bluestones of Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418231820/http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba45/ba45int.html">Archived</a> 18 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> British Archaeology essay about the bluestones as glacial deposits.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14063674/">Stonehenge: The Lost Circle Revealed</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stonehenge" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stonehenge</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure and surroundings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_Stone_(Stonehenge)" title="Altar Stone (Stonehenge)">Altar Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aubrey_holes" title="Aubrey holes">Aubrey holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluestone#Stonehenge" title="Bluestone">Bluestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excavations_at_Stonehenge" title="Excavations at Stonehenge">Excavations at Stonehenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel_Stone" title="Heel Stone">Heel Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heelstone_Ditch" title="Heelstone Ditch">Heelstone Ditch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_scanning_at_Stonehenge" title="Laser scanning at Stonehenge">Laser scanning at Stonehenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_and_R_Holes" title="Q and R Holes">Q and R Holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarsen" title="Sarsen">Sarsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_Stones" title="Station Stones">Station Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Landscape" title="Stonehenge Landscape">Stonehenge Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_road_tunnel" title="Stonehenge road tunnel">Stonehenge road tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilithon" title="Trilithon">Trilithon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_and_Z_Holes" title="Y and Z Holes">Y and Z Holes</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/120px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/180px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/240px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_replicas_and_derivatives" title="Stonehenge replicas and derivatives">Replicas and derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achill-henge" title="Achill-henge">Achill-henge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamahenge" title="Bamahenge">Bamahenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carhenge" title="Carhenge">Carhenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foamhenge" title="Foamhenge">Foamhenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryhill_Stonehenge" title="Maryhill Stonehenge">Maryhill Stonehenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_Horizons" title="Mystical Horizons">Mystical Horizons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonehenge_West" title="Phonehenge West">Phonehenge West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Aotearoa" title="Stonehenge Aotearoa">Stonehenge Aotearoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_II" title="Stonehenge II">Stonehenge II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wally_Wallington" title="Wally Wallington">Wally Wallington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy_and_Stonehenge" title="Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge">Archaeoastronomy and Stonehenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_in_its_landscape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonehenge in its landscape">Stonehenge in its landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Riverside_Project" title="Stonehenge Riverside Project">Stonehenge Riverside Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salisbury_Museum" title="The Salisbury Museum">The Salisbury Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_Stonehenge" title="Theories about Stonehenge">Theories about Stonehenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire_Museum" title="Wiltshire Museum">Wiltshire Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Stonehenge" title="Cultural depictions of Stonehenge">In culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Beanfield" title="Battle of the Beanfield">Battle of the Beanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bringing_Back_the_Bluestones" title="Bringing Back the Bluestones">Bringing Back the Bluestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytantric_Circle" title="Polytantric Circle">Polytantric Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_Free_Festival" title="Stonehenge Free Festival">Stonehenge Free Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge_replicas_and_derivatives" title="Stonehenge replicas and derivatives">Stonehenge replicas and derivatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_mysteries" title="Earth mysteries">Earth mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Killaraus" title="Mount Killaraus">Mount Killaraus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Stonehenge" title="Category:Stonehenge">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> <ul><li>as part of <a href="/wiki/Great_Spa_Towns_of_Europe" title="Great Spa Towns of Europe">Great Spa Towns of Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Augustine%27s_Abbey" title="St Augustine's Abbey">St Augustine's Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Canterbury" title="St Martin's Church, Canterbury">St Martin's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall_and_West_Devon_Mining_Landscape" title="Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape">Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derwent_Valley_Mills" title="Derwent Valley Mills">Derwent Valley Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Castle" title="Durham Castle">Durham Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironbridge_Gorge" title="Ironbridge Gorge">Ironbridge Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodrell_Bank_Observatory" title="Jodrell Bank Observatory">Jodrell Bank Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Coast" title="Jurassic Coast">Jurassic Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Royal Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Maritime Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> including <a href="/wiki/St_Margaret%27s,_Westminster" title="St Margaret's, Westminster">St Margaret's Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltaire" title="Saltaire">Saltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge,_Avebury_and_Associated_Sites" title="Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites">Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studley_Royal_Park" title="Studley Royal Park">Studley Royal Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/100px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/150px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Stonehenge-Green.jpg/200px-Stonehenge-Green.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="355" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Scotland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town,_Edinburgh" title="Old Town, Edinburgh">Edinburgh Old Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Edinburgh" title="New Town, Edinburgh">New Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forth_Bridge" title="Forth Bridge">Forth Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Frontiers of the Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Neolithic_Orkney" title="Heart of Neolithic Orkney">Heart of Neolithic Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Kilda,_Scotland" title="St Kilda, Scotland">St Kilda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Wales" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaenavon_Industrial_Landscape" title="Blaenavon Industrial Landscape">Blaenavon Industrial Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castles_and_Town_Walls_of_King_Edward_in_Gwynedd" title="Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd">Castles and Town Walls of King Edward I in Gwynedd</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaumaris_Castle" title="Beaumaris Castle">Beaumaris Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_Castle" title="Caernarfon Castle">Caernarfon Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caernarfon_town_walls" title="Caernarfon town walls">Town Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conwy_Castle" title="Conwy Castle">Conwy Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conwy_town_walls" title="Conwy town walls">Town Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlech_Castle" title="Harlech Castle">Harlech Castle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct and Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">The Slate Landscape of Northwest Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British Overseas Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorham%27s_Cave" title="Gorham's Cave">Gorham's Cave Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_Island_(Pitcairn_Islands)" title="Henderson Island (Pitcairn Islands)">Henderson Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Bermuda" title="St. George's, Bermuda">Town of St George and Related Fortifications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" title="Former UNESCO World Heritage Sites">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Maritime_Mercantile_City" title="Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City">Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_megaliths" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_megaliths" title="Template:European megaliths"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_megaliths" title="Template talk:European megaliths"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_megaliths" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European megaliths"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_megaliths" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metsamor_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Metsamor Castle">Metsamor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorats_Karer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorats Karer">Zorats Karer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gobustan_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobustan National Park">Gobustan Rocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beglik_Tash" title="Beglik Tash">Beglik Tash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_pit_of_Garlo" title="Sacred pit of Garlo">Garlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatul_Sanctuary" title="Tatul Sanctuary">Tatul Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnenez" title="Barnenez">Barnenez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_of_Bougon" title="Tumulus of Bougon">Tumulus of Bougon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caixa_de_Rotllan" title="Caixa de Rotllan">Caixa de Rotllan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnac_stones" title="Carnac stones">Carnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir_de_Champ-Dolent" title="Menhir de Champ-Dolent">Menhir de Champ-Dolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_de_Bagneux" title="Dolmen de Bagneux">Dolmen de Bagneux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Menhir_of_Er_Grah" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Menhir of Er Grah">Broken Menhir of Er Grah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolmen_de_Man%C3%A9-Kerioned&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolmen de Mané-Kerioned (page does not exist)">Dolmen de Mané-Kerioned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filitosa" title="Filitosa">Filitosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallardet_Dolmen" title="Gallardet Dolmen">Gallardet Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavrinis" title="Gavrinis">Gavrinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrespil" title="Harrespil">Harrespil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoti%C3%A9_de_Viviane" title="Hotié de Viviane">Hotié de Viviane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerz%C3%A9rho" title="Kerzérho">Kerzérho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locmariaquer_megaliths" title="Locmariaquer megaliths">Locmariaquer megaliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mane_Braz" title="Mane Braz">Mane Braz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddaghju" title="Paddaghju">Paddaghju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyre-Brune" title="Peyre-Brune">Peyre-Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombeau_de_Merlin" title="Tombeau de Merlin">Tombeau de Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremeca" title="Tremeca">Tremeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verziau_of_Gargantua" title="Verziau of Gargantua">Verziau of Gargantua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altendorf_(megalithic_tomb)" title="Altendorf (megalithic tomb)">Altendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denghoog" title="Denghoog">Denghoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraubillen_cross" title="Fraubillen cross">Fraubillen cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harhoog" title="Harhoog">Harhoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancken-Granitz_dolmens" title="Lancken-Granitz dolmens">Lancken-Granitz dolmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohra_(megalithic_tomb)" title="Lohra (megalithic tomb)">Lohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaliths_in_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niedertiefenbach_(megalithic_tomb)" title="Niedertiefenbach (megalithic tomb)">Niedertiefenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldendorfer_Totenstatt" title="Oldendorfer Totenstatt">Oldendorfer Totenstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesenstein_(Wolfershausen)" title="Riesenstein (Wolfershausen)">Riesenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_of_Megalithic_Culture" title="Route of Megalithic Culture">Route of Megalithic Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieben_Steinh%C3%A4user" title="Sieben Steinhäuser">Sieben Steinhäuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotanstein_(Hesse)" title="Wotanstein (Hesse)">Wotanstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCschen_(megalithic_tomb)" title="Züschen (megalithic tomb)">Züschen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guernsey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castel_Menhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castel Menhir (page does not exist)">Castel Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Creux_%C3%A8s_Fa%C3%AFes" title="Le Creux ès Faïes">Le Creux ès Faïes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9hus_Dolmen" title="Déhus Dolmen">Déhus Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Fouillages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Fouillages (page does not exist)">Les Fouillages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Gran%27m%C3%A8re_du_Chimqui%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="La Gran'mère du Chimquière">La Gran'mère du Chimquière</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Tr%C3%A9pied&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Trépied (page does not exist)">Le Trépied</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Varde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Varde (page does not exist)">La Varde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_five-stone_circles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of five-stone circles">List of five-stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple-stone_circles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of multiple-stone circles">List of multiple-stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aideen%27s_Grave" title="Aideen's Grave">Aideen's Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardgroom" title="Ardgroom">Ardgroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardristan_standing_stones" title="Ardristan standing stones">Ardristan standing stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltany_stone_circle" title="Beltany stone circle">Beltany stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohonagh" title="Bohonagh">Bohonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennanstown_Portal_Tomb" title="Brennanstown Portal Tomb">Brennanstown Portal Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownshill_dolmen" title="Brownshill dolmen">Brownshill dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne" title="Brú na Bóinne">Brú na Bóinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carraig_%C3%A1_Mhaistin_stone" title="Carraig á Mhaistin stone">Carraig á Mhaistin stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrigagulla" title="Carrigagulla">Carrigagulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrowmore" title="Carrowmore">Carrowmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlenalacht_Stone_Row" title="Castlenalacht Stone Row">Castlenalacht Stone Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlestrange_Stone" title="Castlestrange Stone">Castlestrange Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creevykeel_Court_Tomb" title="Creevykeel Court Tomb">Creevykeel Court Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drombeg_stone_circle" title="Drombeg stone circle">Drombeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulstown_Portal_Tomb" title="Gaulstown Portal Tomb">Gaulstown Portal Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glantane_East" title="Glantane East">Glantane East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grange_stone_circle" title="Grange stone circle">Grange stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kealkill_stone_circle" title="Kealkill stone circle">Kealkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knocknakilla" title="Knocknakilla">Knocknakilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meehambee_Dolmen" title="Meehambee Dolmen">Meehambee Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Venus" title="Mount Venus">Mount Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper%27s_Stones" title="Piper's Stones">Piper's Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poulnabrone_dolmen" title="Poulnabrone dolmen">Poulnabrone dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reask" title="Reask">Reask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templebryan_Stone_Circle" title="Templebryan Stone Circle">Templebryan Stone Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoe_Stone" title="Turoe Stone">Turoe Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uragh_Stone_Circle" title="Uragh Stone Circle">Uragh Stone Circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_dolmens" title="Jersey dolmens">Jersey dolmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Hougue_Bie" title="La Hougue Bie">La Hougue Bie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">Megalithic Temples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bor%C4%A1_l-Imramma" title="Borġ l-Imramma">Borġ l-Imramma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bor%C4%A1_in-Nadur" title="Borġ in-Nadur">Borġ in-Nadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C4%A1ibba_Temple" title="Buġibba Temple">Buġibba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debdieba" title="Debdieba">Debdieba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" title="Ġgantija">Ġgantija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%A6a%C4%A1ar_Qim" title="Ħaġar Qim">Ħaġar Qim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%A6al_%C4%A0inwi_temple" title="Ħal Ġinwi temple">Ħal Ġinwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordin_Temples" title="Kordin Temples">Kordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnajdra" title="Mnajdra">Mnajdra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qortin_l-Imdawwar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qortin l-Imdawwar (page does not exist)">Qortin l-Imdawwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Verna" title="Santa Verna">Santa Verna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skorba_Temples" title="Skorba Temples">Skorba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27_%C4%A6a%C4%A1rat_Temples" title="Ta' Ħaġrat Temples">Ta' Ħaġrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta%27_Mar%C5%BCiena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ta' Marżiena (page does not exist)">Ta' Marżiena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta%27_Raddiena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ta' Raddiena (page does not exist)">Ta' Raddiena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal-Qadi_Temple" title="Tal-Qadi Temple">Tal-Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarxien_Temples" title="Tarxien Temples">Tarxien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xemxija_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xemxija Temple (page does not exist)">Xemxija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xrobb_l-G%C4%A7a%C4%A1in_Temple" title="Xrobb l-Għaġin Temple">Xrobb l-Għaġin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%A6al_Saflieni_Hypogeum" title="Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum">Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xag%C4%A7ra_Stone_Circle" title="Xagħra Stone Circle">Xagħra Stone Circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunebed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunebed">Hunebed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%85chn%C3%B3wko" title="Brąchnówko">Brąchnówko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzybnica" class="mw-redirect" title="Grzybnica">Grzybnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odry,_Poland" title="Odry, Poland">Odry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%99siory" title="Węsiory">Węsiory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almendres_Cromlech" title="Almendres Cromlech">Almendres Cromlech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_de_Adrenunes" title="Anta de Adrenunes">Anta de Adrenunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_de_Agualva" title="Anta de Agualva">Anta de Agualva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_do_Alto_da_Toupeira" title="Anta do Alto da Toupeira">Anta do Alto da Toupeira‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antas_do_Barrocal" title="Antas do Barrocal">Antas do Barrocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_de_Carcavelos" title="Anta de Carcavelos">Anta de Carcavelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_da_Estria" title="Anta da Estria">Anta da Estria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antas_da_Valeira" title="Antas da Valeira">Antas da Valeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_do_Monte_Abra%C3%A3o" title="Anta do Monte Abraão">Anta do Monte Abraão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antas_do_Olival_da_P%C3%AAga" title="Antas do Olival da Pêga">Antas do Olival da Pêga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_da_Pedra_dos_Mouros" title="Anta da Pedra dos Mouros">Anta da Pedra dos Mouros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_das_Pedras_Grandes" title="Anta das Pedras Grandes">Anta das Pedras Grandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_da_Vidigueira" title="Anta da Vidigueira">Anta da Vidigueira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dolmen_of_Zambujeiro" title="Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro">Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barreira_Megalithic_Complex" title="Barreira Megalithic Complex">Barreira Megalithic Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_of_Cunha_Baixa" title="Dolmen of Cunha Baixa">Dolmen of Cunha Baixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_of_Carapito_I" title="Dolmen of Carapito I">Dolmen of Carapito I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dolmen_of_Comenda_da_Igreja" title="Great Dolmen of Comenda da Igreja">Great Dolmen of Comenda da Igreja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir_of_Outeiro" title="Menhir of Outeiro">Menhir of Outeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir_of_Bulhoa" title="Menhir of Bulhoa">Menhir of Bulhoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Maria_do_Meio_Cromlech" title="Vale Maria do Meio Cromlech">Vale Maria do Meio Cromlech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerez_Cromlech" title="Xerez Cromlech">Xerez Cromlech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolmens_of_North_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmens of North Caucasus">Dolmens of North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Horseman#Thunder_Stone" title="Bronze Horseman">Thunder Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaliths_in_the_Urals" title="Megaliths in the Urals">Megaliths in the Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_geoglyph" title="Russian geoglyph">Russian geoglyph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scandinavia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picture_stone" title="Picture stone">Picture stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle_(Iron_Age)" title="Stone circle (Iron Age)">Stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_ship" title="Stone ship">Stone ships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antequera_Dolmens_Site" title="Antequera Dolmens Site">Antequera Dolmens Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabola_de_la_Hechicera" title="Chabola de la Hechicera">Chabola de la Hechicera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cova_d%27en_Daina" title="Cova d'en Daina">Cova d'en Daina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_de_Axeitos" title="Dolmen de Axeitos">Dolmen de Axeitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_of_Guadalperal" title="Dolmen of Guadalperal">Dolmen of Guadalperal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_of_Menga" title="Dolmen of Menga">Dolmen of Menga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_de_la_Pastora" title="Dolmen de la Pastora">Dolmen de la Pastora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_del_prado_de_L%C3%A1cara" title="Dolmen del prado de Lácara">Dolmen del prado de Lácara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_de_Soto" title="Dolmen de Soto">Dolmen de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_de_Viera" title="Dolmen de Viera">Dolmen de Viera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Torre-La_Janera_megalithic_site" title="La Torre-La Janera megalithic site">La Torre–La Janera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_Matge" class="mw-redirect" title="Son Matge">Son Matge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Theodosius" title="Obelisk of Theodosius">Obelisk of Theodosius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Stones_(Ukraine)" title="Boundary Stones (Ukraine)">Boundary Stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Low" title="Arbor Low">Arbor Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avebury" title="Avebury">Avebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbrook_One" title="Barbrook One">Barbrook One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkrigg_stone_circle" title="Birkrigg stone circle">Birkrigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boscawen-Un" title="Boscawen-Un">Boscawen-Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boskednan_stone_circle" title="Boskednan stone circle">Boskednan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridestones" title="The Bridestones">Bridestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Willy_Cairns" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Willy Cairns">Brown Willy Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bull_Ring" title="The Bull Ring">Bull Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnmoor_stone_circles" title="Burnmoor stone circles">Burnmoor stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlerigg_stone_circle" title="Castlerigg stone circle">Castlerigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craddock_Moor_stone_circle" title="Craddock Moor stone circle">Craddock Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Arrows" title="Devil's Arrows">Devil's Arrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doll_Tor" title="Doll Tor">Doll Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drizzlecombe" title="Drizzlecombe">Drizzlecombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloe_stone_circle" title="Duloe stone circle">Duloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernacre" title="Fernacre">Fernacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Wells" title="Five Wells">Five Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardom%27s_Edge" title="Gardom's Edge">Gardom's Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodaver_stone_circle" title="Goodaver stone circle">Goodaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wethers" title="Grey Wethers">Grey Wethers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarstones" title="Hoarstones">Hoarstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordron_Edge_stone_circle" title="Hordron Edge stone circle">Hordron Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hurlers_(stone_circles)" title="The Hurlers (stone circles)">Hurlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leper_Stone" title="Leper Stone">Leper Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Meg_and_Her_Daughters" title="Long Meg and Her Daughters">Long Meg and Her Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%AAn-an-Tol" title="Mên-an-Tol">Mên-an-Tol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Maidens" title="The Merry Maidens">Merry Maidens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell%27s_Fold" title="Mitchell's Fold">Mitchell's Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulfra_Quoit" title="Mulfra Quoit">Mulfra Quoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Ladies" title="Nine Ladies">Nine Ladies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Stones,_Altarnun" title="Nine Stones, Altarnun">Nine Stones, Altarnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Stones_Close" title="Nine Stones Close">Nine Stones Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pipers" title="The Pipers">Pipers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollright_Stones" title="Rollright Stones">Rollright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudston_Monolith" title="Rudston Monolith">Rudston Monolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorhill" title="Scorhill">Scorhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stannon_stone_circle" title="Stannon stone circle">Stannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanton_Drew_stone_circles" title="Stanton Drew stone circles">Stanton Drew</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stonehenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripple_stones" title="Stripple stones">Stripple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinside" title="Swinside">Swinside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trethevy_Quoit" title="Trethevy Quoit">Trethevy Quoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trippet_stones" title="Trippet stones">Trippet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aughlish" title="Aughlish">Aughlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballynoe_stone_circle" title="Ballynoe stone circle">Ballynoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaghmore" title="Beaghmore">Beaghmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corick" title="Corick">Corick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumskinny" title="Drumskinny">Drumskinny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legananny_Dolmen" title="Legananny Dolmen">Legananny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Ring" title="Giant's Ring">Giant's Ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recumbent_stone_circles" title="List of recumbent stone circles">List of recumbent stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auld_Bourtreebush" title="Auld Bourtreebush">Auld Bourtreebush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balquhain" title="Balquhain">Balquhain</a></li> <li>Callanish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_Stones" title="Callanish Stones">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_II" title="Callanish II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_III" title="Callanish III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_IV" title="Callanish IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_VIII" title="Callanish VIII">VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_X" title="Callanish X">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlin_stone" title="Carlin stone">Carlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Stane" title="Cat Stane">Cat Stane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clach_an_Trushal" title="Clach an Trushal">Clach an Trushal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmeallie_stone_circle" title="Colmeallie stone circle">Colmeallie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnideer_stone_circle" title="Dunnideer stone circle">Dunnideer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drybridge#Standing_stone" title="Drybridge">Drybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Aquhorthies_stone_circle" title="Easter Aquhorthies stone circle">Easter Aquhorthies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkton_of_Bourtie_stone_circle" title="Kirkton of Bourtie stone circle">Kirkton of Bourtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loanhead_of_Daviot_stone_circle" title="Loanhead of Daviot stone circle">Loanhead of Daviot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochmaben_Stone" title="Lochmaben Stone">Lochmaben Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Brodgar" title="Ring of Brodgar">Ring of Brodgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_stone_circle" title="Sheldon stone circle">Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Stones_of_Stenness" title="Standing Stones of Stenness">Stenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinacleit" title="Steinacleit">Steinacleit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strichen_Stone_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Strichen Stone Circle">Strichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunhoney" title="Sunhoney">Sunhoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomnaverie_stone_circle" title="Tomnaverie stone circle">Tomnaverie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrebagger_stone_circle" title="Tyrebagger stone circle">Tyrebagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonder_Bognie" title="Yonder Bognie">Yonder Bognie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barclodiad_y_Gawres" title="Barclodiad y Gawres">Barclodiad y Gawres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedd_Arthur" title="Bedd Arthur">Bedd Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedd_Taliesin" title="Bedd Taliesin">Bedd Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodowyr" title="Bodowyr">Bodowyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Cader_Faner" title="Bryn Cader Faner">Bryn Cader Faner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Celli_Ddu" title="Bryn Celli Ddu">Bryn Celli Ddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Gwyn_stones" title="Bryn Gwyn stones">Bryn Gwyn stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capel_Garmon" title="Capel Garmon">Capel Garmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carreg_Coetan_Arthur" title="Carreg Coetan Arthur">Carreg Coetan Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carreg_Samson" title="Carreg Samson">Carreg Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coetan_Arthur" title="Coetan Arthur">Coetan Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foel_Chwern" title="Foel Chwern">Foel Chwern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanfechell" title="Llanfechell">Llanfechell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lligwy_Burial_Chamber" title="Lligwy Burial Chamber">Lligwy Burial Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maen_Llia" title="Maen Llia">Maen Llia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maen_Madoc" title="Maen Madoc">Maen Madoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmaenmawr#Prehistory" title="Penmaenmawr">Meini Hirion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moel_T%C5%B7_Uchaf" title="Moel Tŷ Uchaf">Moel Tŷ Uchaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Cwm_long_cairn" title="Parc Cwm long cairn">Parc Cwm long cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrhos_Feilw_Standing_Stones" title="Penrhos Feilw Standing Stones">Penrhos Feilw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentre_Ifan" title="Pentre Ifan">Pentre Ifan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Lythans_burial_chamber" title="St Lythans burial chamber">St Lythans burial chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trefignath" title="Trefignath">Trefignath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinkinswood" title="Tinkinswood">Tinkinswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%B7_Newydd_Burial_Chamber" title="Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber">Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whetstones_(stone_circle)" title="Whetstones (stone circle)">Whetstones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isle of Man</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manx_runestones" title="Manx runestones">Manx runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axial_stone_circle" title="Axial stone circle">Axial stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambered_cairn" title="Chambered cairn">Chambered cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_stone_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentric stone circle">Concentric stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrespil" title="Harrespil">Harrespil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing stone">Standing stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recumbent_stone_circle" title="Recumbent stone circle">Recumbent stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">Photographs of stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_megaliths" title="Template:Middle Eastern megaliths">Middle Eastern megaliths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div 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