CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="id" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Venus - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )idwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Maret","April","Mei","Juni","Juli","Agustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"c98943cf-56c3-494d-b546-92667713a9d8","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Venus","wgTitle":"Venus","wgCurRevisionId":26232351,"wgRevisionId":26232351,"wgArticleId":6906,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Halaman yang menggunakan ekstensi Phonos","Templat webarchive tautan wayback","Halaman dengan referensi DOI tidak lengkap","Galat CS1: tanggal","Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list","Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung","Halaman dengan pelafalan terekam","Artikel mengandung aksara Yunani Kuno","Artikel mengandung aksara non-Indonesia","Pranala kategori Commons didefinisikan sebagai nama halaman", "Pranala kategori Commons ditentukan secara lokal","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda VIAF","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNE","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNF","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda EMU","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLG","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLI","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda FAST","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NARA","Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda WorldCat-VIAF","Planet dalam Tata Surya","Planet kebumian"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"id","wgPageContentLanguage":"id","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Venus","wgRelevantArticleId":6906,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}}, "wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"id","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"id"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q313","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles" :"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices", "ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.Bagikan","ext.gadget.CurIDLink","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg/800px-PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg/640px-PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Venus - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (id)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//id.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.id"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Umpan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Venus rootpage-Venus skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Menu utama </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z">Halaman Utama</a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi">Daftar isi</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r">Perubahan terbaru</a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik">Artikel pilihan</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini">Peristiwa terkini</a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru">Halaman baru</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x">Halaman sembarang</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi">Warung Kopi</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu">Portal komunitas</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan.">Bantuan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar">Pancapilar</a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman">Kebijakan</a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami">Hubungi kami</a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir">Bak pasir</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Pencarian </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Tampilan </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class="">Menyumbang</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Venus" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class="">Buat akun baru</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Venus" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Masuk log</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Perkakas pribadi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id">Menyumbang</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Venus" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"> Buat akun baru</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Venus" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"> Masuk log</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting">pelajari lebih lanjut</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y">Kontribusi</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri_fisik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri_fisik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Ciri-ciri fisik </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ciri-ciri_fisik-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Ciri-ciri fisik </button> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri_fisik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Topografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Topografi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geologi_permukaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologi_permukaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Geologi permukaan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geologi_permukaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktur_dalam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktur_dalam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Struktur dalam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktur_dalam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosfer_dan_iklim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosfer_dan_iklim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Atmosfer dan iklim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosfer_dan_iklim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medan_magnet_dan_inti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medan_magnet_dan_inti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Medan magnet dan inti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medan_magnet_dan_inti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbit_dan_rotasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbit_dan_rotasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Orbit dan rotasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbit_dan_rotasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pengamatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pengamatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pengamatan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pengamatan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Pengamatan </button> <ul id="toc-Pengamatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transit_Venus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transit_Venus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Transit Venus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transit_Venus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cahaya_kelabu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cahaya_kelabu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Cahaya kelabu </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cahaya_kelabu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penelitian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penelitian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Penelitian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penelitian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penjelajahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penjelajahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Penjelajahan </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Penjelajahan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Penjelajahan </button> <ul id="toc-Penjelajahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Upaya_awal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upaya_awal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Upaya awal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upaya_awal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memasuki_atmosfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memasuki_atmosfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Memasuki atmosfer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memasuki_atmosfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ilmu_permukaan_dan_atmosfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilmu_permukaan_dan_atmosfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Ilmu permukaan dan atmosfer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilmu_permukaan_dan_atmosfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pemetaan_radar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemetaan_radar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Pemetaan radar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pemetaan_radar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misi_saat_ini_dan_ke_depan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misi_saat_ini_dan_ke_depan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Misi saat ini dan ke depan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misi_saat_ini_dan_ke_depan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsep_terbang_lintas_berawak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsep_terbang_lintas_berawak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Konsep terbang lintas berawak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsep_terbang_lintas_berawak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Garis_waktu_wahana_ke_Venus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Garis_waktu_wahana_ke_Venus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Garis waktu wahana ke Venus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garis_waktu_wahana_ke_Venus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kolonisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kolonisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Kolonisasi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kolonisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalam_budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalam_budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Dalam budaya </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dalam_budaya-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Dalam budaya </button> <ul id="toc-Dalam_budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lambang_Venus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lambang_Venus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Lambang Venus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lambang_Venus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pemahaman_budaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pemahaman_budaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Pemahaman budaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pemahaman_budaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dalam_kesusasteraan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dalam_kesusasteraan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Dalam kesusasteraan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dalam_kesusasteraan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Lihat pula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan_kaki" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan_kaki"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Catatan kaki </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan_kaki-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Pranala luar </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Gulingkan subbagian Pranala luar </button> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sumber_kartografis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumber_kartografis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Sumber kartografis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumber_kartografis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gulingkan daftar isi </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Venus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 249 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-249" aria-hidden="true" > 249 bahasa </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet) – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Venus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%98%E1%88%83%E1%88%AB" title="ዘሃራ – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዘሃራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frig_(tungol)" title="Frig (tungol) – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Frig (tungol)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="शुक्र – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="शुक्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="الزهرة – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الزهرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8)" title="ڤينوس (كوكب) – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ڤينوس (كوكب)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فينوس – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فينوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="শুক্ৰ গ্ৰহ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শুক্ৰ গ্ৰহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शुक्र ग्रह – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="शुक्र ग्रह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(planet)" title="Venera (planet) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Venera (planet)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A4%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="زؤهره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="زؤهره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сулпан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сулпан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nus" title="Vénus – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Vénus" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet) – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Venus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C5%A1ruos_%C5%BEvaizdie" title="Aušruos žvaizdie – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Aušruos žvaizdie" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makakadanlag" title="Makakadanlag – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Makakadanlag" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вэнэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вэнэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorah" title="Jorah – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Jorah" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95_(%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9)" title="शुक (ग्रह) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शुक (ग्रह)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="শুক্র গ্রহ – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শুক্র গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="པ་སངས། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པ་སངས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwener_(planedenn)" title="Gwener (planedenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwener (planedenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3)" title="Баасан (гараг) – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Баасан (гараг)" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ADng-s%C4%ADng" title="Gĭng-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gĭng-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benus" title="Benus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Benus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎠᎾᏥᏍᏓᏂᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎾᏥᏍᏓᏂᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B3" title="ڤینۆس – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤینۆس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Korsika" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsika" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archives/%E1%90%8B%E1%90%A7%E1%93%AD_%E1%90%8A%E1%91%96%E1%95%81" title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᐋᐧᓭ ᐊᑖᕁ – Kree" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="Wikipedia:Archives/ᐋᐧᓭ ᐊᑖᕁ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Kree" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87olpan" title="Çolpan – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çolpan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu%C5%A1e_(planeta)" title="Venuše (planeta) – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Venuše (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenus" title="Wenus – Kashubia" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wenus" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Дьньница – Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Дьньница" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwener_(planed)" title="Gwener (planed) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwener (planed)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planet)" title="Venus (planet) – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venus (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C9%9B%C5%8Bmariga" title="Biɛŋmariga – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Biɛŋmariga" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet) – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Venus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyenkyo%C9%94laa" title="Kyenkyoɔlaa – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Kyenkyoɔlaa" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cier" title="Cier – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Cier" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenus_(planet)" title="Wenus (planet) – Sorbia Hilir" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wenus (planet)" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hilir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शुक्रग्रह – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="शुक्रग्रह" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)" title="Αφροδίτη (πλανήτης) – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αφροδίτη (πλανήτης)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8ner_(astronom%C3%A9ia)" title="Vèner (astronoméia) – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Vèner (astronoméia)" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venuso_(planedo)" title="Venuso (planedo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Venuso (planedo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veenus" title="Veenus – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veenus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artizarra" title="Artizarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artizarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu_(praneta)" title="Venu (praneta) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Venu (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="زهره – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زهره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veen%C3%BCs" title="Veenüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Veenüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Fiji" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_(plan%C3%A8te)" title="Vénus (planète) – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vénus (planète)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8nus_(plan%C3%A8ta)" title="Vènus (planèta) – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Vènus (planèta)" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenus" title="Fenus – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fenus" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenus_(planeet)" title="Fenus (planeet) – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fenus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9ineas_(pl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad)" title="Véineas (pláinéad) – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Véineas (pláinéad)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kervank%C4%B1ran" title="Kervankıran – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Kervankıran" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="金星" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nis_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Vénis (planèt) – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Vénis (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_R%C3%ACbhinn_(planaid)" title="An Rìbhinn (planaid) – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Rìbhinn (planaid)" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8A%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="رۊجا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="رۊجا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyja_Ko%27%E1%BA%BD" title="Mbyja Ko'ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyja Ko'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="शुक्र – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="शुक्र" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0_(%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B9)" title="શુક્ર (ગ્રહ) – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="શુક્ર (ગ્રહ)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCli%27wai" title="Jüli'wai – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Jüli'wai" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badlag" title="Badlag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Badlag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AEm-s%C3%AAn" title="Kîm-sên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kîm-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABloa" title="Hōkūloa – Hawaii" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hōkūloa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaii" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%92%D7%94" title="נוגה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נוגה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="शुक्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शुक्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhrgrah" title="Sukhrgrah – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sukhrgrah" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenus" title="Wenus – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wenus" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venis_(plan%C3%A8t)" title="Venis (planèt) – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Venis (planèt)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nusz" title="Vénusz – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vénusz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1_(%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Վեներա (մոլորակ) – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեներա (մոլորակ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF_(%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF)" title="Արուսեակ (մոլորակ) – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արուսեակ (մոլորակ)" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planete)" title="Venus (planete) – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Venus (planete)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvlu%C4%A1iaqpak" title="Uvluġiaqpak – Inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uvluġiaqpak" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benus" title="Benus – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Benus" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venuso" title="Venuso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Venuso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(reikistjarna)" title="Venus (reikistjarna) – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Venus (reikistjarna)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venere_(astronomia)" title="Venere (astronomia) – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Venere (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%95%96%E1%93%84%E1%94%85" title="ᕖᓄᔅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᕖᓄᔅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="金星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viinos" title="Viinos – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Viinos" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/venus" title="venus – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="venus" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ვენერა – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვენერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatrit_(amtiweg)" title="Tatrit (amtiweg) – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tatrit (amtiweg)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feniis%C9%A9" title="Feniisɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Feniisɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1na%CC%B1ndan" title="A̱na̱ndan – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱na̱ndan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%27anda" title="Ng'anda – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Ng'anda" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venasi" title="Venasi – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Venasi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80)" title="Шолпан (ғаламшар) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шолпан (ғаламшар)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="ភពសុក្រ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភពសុក្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಶುಕ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶುಕ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%88%EC%84%B1" title="금성 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="금성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Karachai Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachai Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%86%DA%A9%D9%8F%D8%B1" title="شۆکُر – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="شۆکُر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veenu%C3%9F_(Planneet)" title="Veenuß (Planneet) – Dialek Kolsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Veenuß (Planneet)" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Dialek Kolsch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelaw%C3%AAj_(gerst%C3%AArk)" title="Gelawêj (gerstêrk) – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Gelawêj (gerstêrk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwener_(planet)" title="Gwener (planet) – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Gwener (planet)" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чолпон – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чолпон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeta)" title="Venus (planeta) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Venus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Plan%C3%A9it)" title="Venus (Planéit) – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Venus (Planéit)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeet)" title="Venus (planeet) – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Venus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venere_(astronomia)" title="Venere (astronomia) – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Venere (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vener_(pianeta)" title="Vener (pianeta) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Vener (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokw%C9%9Bt%C9%9B" title="Mokwɛtɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mokwɛtɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%81" title="ດາວສຸກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ດາວສຸກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(planeta)" title="Venera (planeta) – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Venera (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(plan%C4%93ta)" title="Venera (planēta) – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Venera (planēta)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Циле – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Циле" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venosy_(planeta)" title="Venosy (planeta) – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Venosy (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88%D3%B1%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Чолгашӱдыр – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чолгашӱдыр" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB" title="ശുക്രൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശുക്രൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Сугар – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сугар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2_%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯏꯂꯥꯢ ꯊꯄꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯂꯥꯢ ꯊꯄꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शुक्र ग्रह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शुक्र ग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuhrah" title="Zuhrah – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Zuhrah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venere_(pjaneta)" title="Venere (pjaneta) – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Venere (pjaneta)" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9nus" title="Bénus – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bénus" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="သောကြာဂြိုဟ် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သောကြာဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="روجا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="روجا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citlalpol" title="Citlalpol – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Citlalpol" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venere" title="Venere – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Venere" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(Planet)" title="Venus (Planet) – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Venus (Planet)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeet)" title="Venus (planeet) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Venus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="शुक्रग्रह – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शुक्रग्रह" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="लुँनगु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लुँनगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planeet)" title="Venus (planeet) – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Venus (planeet)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeten_Venus" title="Planeten Venus – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Planeten Venus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planete)" title="Venus (planete) – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Venus (planete)" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9B%DF%8C%DF%B0%DF%9F%DF%8F%DF%9F%DF%8F" title="ߛߌ߰ߟߏߟߏ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߛߌ߰ߟߏߟߏ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biinis" title="Biinis – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Biinis" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nthand%C3%A1" title="Nthandá – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Nthandá" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8nus_(planeta)" title="Vènus (planeta) – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vènus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakkalcha" title="Bakkalcha – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Bakkalcha" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0" title="ଶୁକ୍ର – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଶୁକ୍ର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бонвæрнон – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бонвæрнон" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0_(%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF)" title="ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸ਼ੁੱਕਰ (ਗ੍ਰਹਿ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulundagis" title="Sulundagis – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sulundagis" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Pidgin Nigeria" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Pidgin Nigeria" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenus" title="Wenus – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wenus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nere" title="Vénere – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Vénere" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3_(%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7)" title="وینس (سیارا) – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وینس (سیارا)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%87" title="زهره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زهره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9nus_(planeta)" title="Vénus (planeta) – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vénus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%27aska" title="Ch'aska – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ch'aska" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planet)" title="Venus (planet) – Reto-Roman" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Venus (planet)" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Roman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukor" title="Shukor – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Shukor" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Aromania" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umubumbe_wa_Venus" title="Umubumbe wa Venus – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umubumbe wa Venus" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%83" title="शुक्रः – Sanskerta" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शुक्रः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskerta" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D2%A5%D1%8D" title="Дьэллэҥэ – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьэллэҥэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8nere_(praneta)" title="Vènere (praneta) – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vènere (praneta)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8niri_(pianeta)" title="Vèniri (pianeta) – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vèniri (pianeta)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3" title="وينس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وينس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(planeta)" title="Venera (planeta) – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Venera (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama%E1%B8%8Dan" title="Amaḍan – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Amaḍan" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80" title="සිකුරු ග්‍රහලොව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිකුරු ග්‍රහලොව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venu%C5%A1a" title="Venuša – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Venuša" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hweva" title="Hweva – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Hweva" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxaraxir" title="Waxaraxir – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Waxaraxir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venusi" title="Venusi – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Venusi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhara" title="Juhara – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Juhara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuhura" title="Zuhura – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zuhura" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wynus" title="Wynus – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Wynus" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D)" title="வெள்ளி (கோள்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெள்ளி (கோள்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="శుక్రుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శుక్రుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Зуҳра – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зуҳра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาวศุกร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวศุกร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenera" title="Wenera – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wenera" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benus_(planeta)" title="Benus (planeta) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Benus (planeta)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera" title="Venera – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Venera" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ven%C3%BCs" title="Venüs – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Venüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Чулпан (планета) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чулпан (планета)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%B9rua" title="Taùrua – Tahiti" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Taùrua" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шолбан – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Шолбан" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Венера – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Венера" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ۋېنېرا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋېنېرا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)" title="Венера (планета) – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Венера (планета)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%81" title="زہرہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زہرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venera_(sayyora)" title="Venera (sayyora) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Venera (sayyora)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8nere_(astronomia)" title="Vènere (astronomia) – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Vènere (astronomia)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vener" title="Vener – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vener" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_Kim" title="Sao Kim – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao Kim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planete)" title="Venus (planete) – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Venus (planete)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venud" title="Venud – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Venud" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoele_do_bierdj%C3%AE" title="Sitoele do bierdjî – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sitoele do bierdjî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" title="Venus – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Venus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weenus" title="Weenus – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Weenus" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="金星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3" title="Венера һариг – Kalmuk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Венера һариг" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVenus" title="IVenus – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IVenus" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90)" title="ვენერა (პლანეტა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვენერა (პლანეტა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ווענוס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ווענוס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80g%C3%B9%C3%A0l%C3%A0" title="Àgùàlà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àgùàlà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiqhaemh" title="Ndaundeiqhaemh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiqhaemh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(planete)" title="Venus (planete) – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Venus (planete)" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B9%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ – Tamazight Maroko Standar" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵎⴰⴹⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamazight Maroko Standar" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="金星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%99%BD" title="太白 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="太白" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Kim-chheⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kim-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="金星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNokhwezi" title="UNokhwezi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UNokhwezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c">Halaman</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Venus" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t">Pembicaraan</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Bahasa Indonesia </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Venus">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h">Lihat riwayat</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Perkakas </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Venus">Baca</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v">Sunting</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e">Sunting sumber</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=history">Lihat riwayat</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Venus" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j">Pranala balik</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Venus" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k">Perubahan terkait</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q">Halaman istimewa</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&oldid=26232351" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini">Pranala permanen</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini">Informasi halaman</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Venus&id=26232351&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini">Kutip halaman ini</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVenus">Lihat URL pendek</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVenus">Unduh kode QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Venus">Buat buku</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Venus&action=show-download-screen">Unduh versi PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p">Versi cetak</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Venus" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g">Butir di Wikidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk dewi cinta dan kecantikan romawi, lihat <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mitologi)" title="Venus (mitologi)">Venus (mitologi)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/Venus_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="Venus (disambiguasi)">Venus (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:27.5em"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Venus <a href="/wiki/Berkas:Venus_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simbol astronomis Venus"><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/24px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/36px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/48px-Venus_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus"><img alt="Venus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1096" data-file-height="1096" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Citra Venus yang diproses melalui dua penyaring. Permukaan Venus tertutup oleh lapisan awan yang tebal.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF">Penamaan</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;">Pelafalan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Inggris" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:IPA untuk bahasa Inggris">/ˈviːnəs/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/22\/En-us-Venus.ogg\/En-us-Venus.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"simak"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"id","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Venus.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/En-us-Venus.ogg/En-us-Venus.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Putar audio" title="Putar audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">simak</a><a href="/wiki/Berkas:En-us-Venus.ogg" title="Berkas:En-us-Venus.ogg">ⓘ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Penandaan_sementara_dalam_astronomi" title="Penandaan sementara dalam astronomi">Nama alternatif</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Zohrah (الزهرة ), bintang kejora</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_adjectivals_and_demonyms_of_astronomical_bodies" class="extiw" title="en:List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies">Kata sifat</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Inggris" title="Bahasa Inggris">bahasa Inggris</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venusian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venusian (halaman belum tersedia)">Venusian</a> atau (jarang) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cytherean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cytherean (halaman belum tersedia)">Cytherean</a>, Venerean</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF"><a href="/wiki/Orbit_oskulasi" title="Orbit oskulasi">Ciri-ciri orbit</a><a href="#cite_note-nssdc-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-horizons-4">[4]</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Epos_(astronomi)" title="Epos (astronomi)">Epos</a> <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_dan_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion dan aphelion">Aphelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>108.939.000 km</li> <li>0,728 213 <a href="/wiki/Satuan_Astronomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Satuan Astronomi">sa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Perihelion_dan_aphelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Perihelion dan aphelion">Perihelion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>107.477.000 km</li> <li>0,718 440 au</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sumbu_semimayor" title="Sumbu semimayor">Sumbu semimayor</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>108.208.000 km</li> <li>0,723 327 au</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Eksentrisitas_orbit" title="Eksentrisitas orbit">Eksentrisitas</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0,0067</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_orbit" title="Periode orbit">Periode orbit</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>224,701 hari</li> <li>0,615 198 <a href="/wiki/Tahun_Julian" title="Tahun Julian">tahun</a></li> <li>1,92 <a href="/wiki/Waktu_matahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Waktu matahari">hari matahari</a> Venus</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_orbit" title="Periode orbit">Periode sinodis</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">583,92 hari<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_orbit" title="Kecepatan orbit">Kecepatan orbit</a> rata-rata</div></th><td class="infobox-data">35,02 km/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Anomali_rata-rata" title="Anomali rata-rata">Anomali rata-rata</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">50,115°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Inklinasi" title="Inklinasi">Inklinasi</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>3,394 58° pada jalur <a href="/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika">ekliptika</a></li> <li>3,86° pada <a href="/wiki/Ekliptika" title="Ekliptika">khatulistiwa Matahari</a></li> <li>2,19° pada <a href="/wiki/Bidang_invariabel" title="Bidang invariabel">bidang invariabel</a><a href="#cite_note-meanplane-3">[3]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bujur_node_menaik" title="Bujur node menaik">Bujur node menaik</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">76,678°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Argumen_periapsis" title="Argumen periapsis">Argumen perihelion</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">55,186°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Satelit_alami" title="Satelit alami">satelit</a> yang diketahui</th><td class="infobox-data">Tidak ada</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF">Ciri-ciri fisik</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Jari-jari rata-rata</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>6.051,8 ± 1,0 km<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-5">[5]</a></li> <li>0,949 9 Bumi</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Kepepatan" title="Kepepatan">Kepepatan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0<a href="#cite_note-Seidelmann2007-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sferoid#Luas_permukaan" title="Sferoid">Luas permukaan</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>4,60×108 km2</li> <li>0,902 Bumi</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Volume" title="Volume">Volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>9,28×1011 km3</li> <li>0,866 Bumi</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Massa" title="Massa">Massa</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>4,8676×1024 kg</li> <li>0,815 Bumi</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">Massa jenis</a> rata-rata</div></th><td class="infobox-data">5,243 g/cm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Gravitasi_permukaan" title="Gravitasi permukaan">Gravitasi permukaan</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>8,87 <a href="/wiki/Percepatan" title="Percepatan">m/s2</a></li> <li>0,904 <a href="/wiki/Gaya_g" title="Gaya g">g</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kecepatan_lepas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecepatan lepas">Kecepatan lepas</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,36 km/s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Periode_rotasi" title="Periode rotasi">Periode rotasi</a> sideris</div></th><td class="infobox-data">−243,018 5 hari (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerak_maju_mundur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerak maju mundur (halaman belum tersedia)">maju mundur</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Kecepatan rotasi khatulistiwa</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,52 km/h (1,81 m/s)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kemiringan_sumbu" title="Kemiringan sumbu">Kemiringan sumbu</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">177,36°<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Asensio_rekta" title="Asensio rekta">Asensio rekta</a> kutub utara</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>18 jam 11 menit 2 detik</li> <li>272,76°<a href="#cite_note-iauwg_ccrsps2000-6">[6]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deklinasi" title="Deklinasi">Deklinasi</a> kutub utara</div></th><td class="infobox-data">67,16°</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">Albedo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>0,67 (<a href="/wiki/Albedo_geometrik" title="Albedo geometrik">Geometrik</a>)<a href="#cite_note-MallamaVenus-7">[7]</a></li> <li>0,90 (<a href="/wiki/Albedo_Bond" title="Albedo Bond">Bond</a>)<a href="#cite_note-MallamaVenus-7">[7]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><table style="border-spacing: 0px; width:100%; border:none; background-color:#f9f9f9; margin:0; text-align:left; line-height:1.2em; white-space:nowrap"><tbody><tr> <th style="width:40%; padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Suhu" title="Suhu">Suhu</a> permukaan</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">min.</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">rata-rata</th> <th style="padding-right:0.25em; text-align:left">maks.</th> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em"><a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">Kelvin</a></th> <td></td> <td>737 K<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-2">[2]</a></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <th style="padding-left:1.0em">Celsius</th> <td></td> <td>462 °C</td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnitudo_semu" title="Magnitudo semu">Magnitudo semu</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Paling cerah −4,9<a href="#cite_note-MallamaSky-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-JPL-Horizons-9">[9]</a> (sabit)</li> <li>−3,8<a href="#cite_note-ephemeris-10">[10]</a> (penuh)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Diameter_sudut" title="Diameter sudut">Diameter sudut</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,7"–66,0"<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#E0CCFF">Atmosfer</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Tekanan_atmosfer" title="Tekanan atmosfer">Tekanan</a> permukaan</div></th><td class="infobox-data">92 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(satuan)" title="Bar (satuan)">bar</a> (9,2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paskal_(satuan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paskal (satuan) (halaman belum tersedia)">MPa</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="max-width:11em;"><a href="/wiki/Kimia_atmosfer" title="Kimia atmosfer">Komposisi per volume</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>96,5% <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a></li> <li>3,5% <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a></li> <li>0,015% <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur dioksida">sulfur dioksida</a></li> <li>0,007% <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a></li> <li>0,002% <a href="/wiki/Uap_air" title="Uap air">uap air</a></li> <li>0,0017% <a href="/wiki/Karbon_monoksida" title="Karbon monoksida">karbon monoksida</a></li> <li>0,0012% <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a></li> <li>0,0007% <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a></li> <li>Jejak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karbonil_sulfida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karbonil sulfida (halaman belum tersedia)">karbonil sulfida</a></li> <li>Jejak <a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_klorida" title="Hidrogen klorida">hidrogen klorida</a></li> <li>Jejak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrogen_florida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrogen florida (halaman belum tersedia)">hidrogen florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> Venus adalah <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planet</a> terdekat kedua dari <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a> setelah <a href="/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius">Merkurius</a>. Planet ini mengorbit Matahari selama 224,7 hari <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nasa_venus-11">[11]</a> Venus tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Satelit_alami" title="Satelit alami">satelit alami</a> dan dinamai dari <a href="/wiki/Dewi" title="Dewi">dewi</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinta" title="Cinta">cinta</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kecantikan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecantikan">kecantikan</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Romawi" title="Mitologi Romawi">mitologi Romawi</a>. Setelah <a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">Bulan</a>, planet ini merupakan objek alami tercerah di langit malam, dengan <a href="/wiki/Magnitudo_tampak" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnitudo tampak">magnitudo tampak</a> sebesar −4,6 yang cukup cerah untuk menghasilkan bayangan.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Venus merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet_inferior_dan_superior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planet inferior dan superior (halaman belum tersedia)">planet inferior</a> dengan sudut <a href="/wiki/Elongasi_(astronomi)" title="Elongasi (astronomi)">elongasi</a> yang mencapai 47,8°. Kecerahan maksimal planet ini dapat dilihat segera sebelum matahari terbit atau setelah matahari terbenam, sehingga disebut Bintang Fajar atau Bintang Senja. Venus adalah <a href="/wiki/Planet_kebumian" title="Planet kebumian">planet kebumian</a> dan kadang-kadang disebut “planet saudara” Bumi karena ukuran, gravitasi, dan komposisi yang mirip (Venus merupakan planet terdekat dari Bumi dan planet yang ukurannya paling mendekati Bumi). Namun, dalam hal lain planet ini sangat berbeda dari Bumi. Planet ini memiliki <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosfer">atmosfer</a> terpadat di antara empat planet kebumian yang terdiri dari 96% <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tekanan_atmosfer" title="Tekanan atmosfer">Tekanan atmosfer</a> permukaan Venus 71 kali lebih besar daripada Bumi. Dengan rata-rata suhu permukaan sebesar 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F), Venus merupakan planet terpanas di <a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya</a>. Planet ini tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Siklus_karbon" title="Siklus karbon">siklus karbon</a> yang memerangkap karbon dalam batuan dan kenampakan permukaan, dan juga tidak memiliki kehidupan organik yang dapat menyerap karbon dalam bentuk biomassa. Venus diselimuti oleh lapisan buram yang terdiri dari awan <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a> yang sangat reflektif, sehingga permukaannya tidak dapat dilihat dari luar angkasa. Venus mungkin pernah memiliki samudra,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> namun samudra tersebut menguap karena peningkatan suhu yang disebabkan oleh <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efek_rumah_kaca_berketerusan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efek rumah kaca berketerusan (halaman belum tersedia)">efek rumah kaca berketerusan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jakosky-15">[15]</a> Sebagian besar air mungkin telah <a href="/wiki/Fotodisosiasi" title="Fotodisosiasi">terfotodisosiasi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Angin_matahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Angin matahari">angin matahari</a> telah membuat hidrogen bebas mengalami <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pelepasan_atmosferik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pelepasan atmosferik (halaman belum tersedia)">pelepasan</a> ke luar angkasa sebagai akibat dari ketiadaan <a href="/wiki/Magnetosfer" title="Magnetosfer">medan magnet internal</a> di Venus.<a href="#cite_note-solarwind-16">[16]</a> Permukaan Venus sendiri bergurun, kering, dan diselingi oleh batuan yang diperbarui secara periodik oleh <a href="/wiki/Vulkanisme" title="Vulkanisme">aktivitas vulkanik</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciri-ciri_fisik">Ciri-ciri fisik</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Ciri-ciri fisik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ciri-ciri fisik">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Venus adalah salah satu dari empat <a href="/wiki/Planet_kebumian" title="Planet kebumian">planet kebumian</a> di <a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya</a>, yang berarti bahwa Venus merupakan planet yang berbatu layaknya Bumi. Ukuran dan massanya mirip dengan Bumi, sehingga planet ini sering dijuluki sebagai “saudara” atau “kembaran” Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Diameter Venus tercatat sebesar 12.092 km (hanya lebih kecil 650 km daripada Bumi) dan massanya kurang lebih 81,5% dari massa Bumi. Akan tetapi, keadaan di permukaan Venus sangat berbeda dengan Bumi, dan hal ini disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosfer">atmosfer</a> tebal Venus yang terdiri dari 96,5% <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> dan 3,5% <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topografi">Topografi</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Topografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Topografi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Terdapat banyak spekulasi mengenai permukaan Venus sebelum terkuak oleh wahana-wahana angkasa pada abad ke-20. Planet tersebut dipetakan secara detail oleh <a href="/wiki/Wahana_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahana Magellan">Proyek Magellan</a> pada tahun 1990-91. Di permukaan terdapat bukti terjadinya aktivitas <a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi">vulkanik</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> di atmosfer menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi letusan gunung berapi.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Sekitar 80% permukaan Venus terdiri dari daratan vulkanik, dengan 70% merupakan daratan dengan bubungan berkerut dan 10% merupakan daratan yang halus dan berlekuk.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Dua puluh persen sisanya merupakan dua “<a href="/wiki/Benua" title="Benua">benua</a>” dataran tinggi; salah satu benua terletak di belahan utara Venus, sementara yang lain berada di sebelah selatan garis khatulistiwa. Benua utara disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ishtar_Terra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ishtar Terra (halaman belum tersedia)">Ishtar Terra</a>, yang dinamai dari <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, dewi cinta di <a href="/wiki/Babilonia" title="Babilonia">Babilonia</a>, dan ukurannya kurang lebih sebesar <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Gunung tertinggi di Venus (yaitu <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Montes" title="Maxwell Montes">Maxwell Montes</a>) terletak di Ishtar Terra. Tingginya kurang lebih 11 km di atas rata-rata ketinggian permukaan Venus. Sementara itu, benua selatan dijuluki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aphrodite_Terra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aphrodite Terra (halaman belum tersedia)">Aphrodite Terra</a>, yang dinamai dari dewi cinta dalam <a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Yunani" title="Mitologi Yunani">mitologi Yunani</a>, dan benua ini lebih besar dengan ukuran yang kurang lebih sebanding dengan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Selatan" title="Amerika Selatan">Amerika Selatan</a>. Benua ini dipenuhi oleh rangkaian rekahan dan patahan.<a href="#cite_note-Kaufmann-22">[22]</a> Ketiadaan aliran <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> di <a href="/wiki/Kaldera" title="Kaldera">kaldera</a> masih menjadi teka-teki. Planet ini tidak memiliki banyak <a href="/wiki/Kawah_tubrukan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawah tubrukan">kawah tubrukan</a>, sehingga menunjukkan bahwa permukaannya masih relatif muda, kurang lebih berusia 300–600 juta tahun.<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo98-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strom1994-24">[24]</a> Selain kawah tubrukan, pegunungan, dan lembah, Venus juga memiliki kenampakan permukaan yang unik. Salah satunya adalah kenampakan vulkanik yang puncaknya rata, yang disebut "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Farra_(Venus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Farra (Venus) (halaman belum tersedia)">farra</a>". Bentuknya mirip dengan kue <a href="/wiki/Panekuk" title="Panekuk">panekuk</a> dan lebarnya bervariasi antara 20–50 km, sementara tingginya biasanya berada dalam kisaran 100–1.000 m. Terdapat pula rangkaian rekahan radial yang berbentuk seperti bintang yang disebut "novae", rekahan radial konsentrik yang mirip sarang <a href="/wiki/Laba-laba" title="Laba-laba">laba-laba</a> yang disebut "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arachnoid_(astrogeologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arachnoid (astrogeologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">arachnoid</a>", dan cincin rekahan yang kadang-kadang dikelilingi oleh <a href="/wiki/Depresi_(geologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depresi (geologi)">depresi</a> yang disebut "coronae". Kenampakan-kenampakan tersebut terbentuk secara vulkanik.<a href="#cite_note-Frankel-25">[25]</a> Sebagian besar kenampakan permukaan di Venus dinamai dari perempuan dalam mitologi dan sejarah,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> kecuali Maxwell Montes yang dinamai dari <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> dan wilayah dataran tinggi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha_Regio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha Regio (halaman belum tersedia)">Alpha Regio</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta_Regio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta Regio (halaman belum tersedia)">Beta Regio</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ovda_Regio" title="Ovda Regio">Ovda Regio</a> yang dinamai sebelum sistem yang ada saat ini diterapkan oleh <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jpl-magellan-27">[27]</a> Garis bujur kenampakan permukaan di Venus dinyatakan relatif terhadap <a href="/wiki/Meridian_utama" title="Meridian utama">meridian utama</a>. Meridian utama awalnya melewati titik cerah di tengah kenampakan Eve yang terletak di sebelah selatan Alpha Regio.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_1994-28">[28]</a> Setelah misi Venera selesai, meridian utama ditentukan melewati puncak di tengah kawah Ariadne.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:949px;max-width:949px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:4_Terrestrial_Planets_Size_Comp_True_Color.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Perbandingan ukuran planet-planet kebumian. Dari kiri ke kanan: Merkurius, Venus, Bumi, dan Mars dalam warna sejati." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/4_Terrestrial_Planets_Size_Comp_True_Color.png/390px-4_Terrestrial_Planets_Size_Comp_True_Color.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/4_Terrestrial_Planets_Size_Comp_True_Color.png/585px-4_Terrestrial_Planets_Size_Comp_True_Color.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/4_Terrestrial_Planets_Size_Comp_True_Color.png/780px-4_Terrestrial_Planets_Size_Comp_True_Color.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="653" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Perbandingan ukuran planet-planet kebumian (dari kiri ke kanan): <a href="/wiki/Merkurius_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkurius (planet)">Merkurius</a>, Venus, <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> dalam warna sejati.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Venuspioneeruv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Struktur awan di atmosfer Venus pada tahun 1979, yang ditunjukkan melalui pengamatan ultraviolet yang dilakukan oleh Pioneer Venus Orbiter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Venuspioneeruv.jpg/158px-Venuspioneeruv.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Venuspioneeruv.jpg/237px-Venuspioneeruv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Venuspioneeruv.jpg/316px-Venuspioneeruv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="2158" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Struktur awan di <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer_Venus" title="Atmosfer Venus">atmosfer Venus</a> pada tahun 1979, yang ditunjukkan melalui pengamatan ultraviolet yang dilakukan oleh <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Venus_globe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Citra Venus dalam warna semu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Venus_globe.jpg/170px-Venus_globe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Venus_globe.jpg/255px-Venus_globe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Venus_globe.jpg/340px-Venus_globe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="4096" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Citra permukaan Venus yang diabadikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Wahana_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahana Magellan">wahana Magellan</a> antara tahun 1990 hingga 1994</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:217px;max-width:217px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mgn_p39146.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kawah tubrukan di permukaan Venus (gambar direkonstruksi dari data radar)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mgn_p39146.png/215px-Mgn_p39146.png" decoding="async" width="215" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mgn_p39146.png/323px-Mgn_p39146.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mgn_p39146.png/430px-Mgn_p39146.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="910" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kawah_tubrukan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawah tubrukan">Kawah tubrukan</a> di permukaan Venus (gambar direkonstruksi dari data radar)</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geologi_permukaan">Geologi permukaan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Geologi permukaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Geologi permukaan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Sebagian besar permukaan Venus tampaknya terbentuk melalui aktivitas vulkanik. Jumlah gunung berapi di Venus lebih banyak dari Bumi, dengan 167 gunung berapi besar yang lebarnya dapat mencapai 100 km. Satu-satunya kompleks gunung berapi di Bumi yang ukurannya sebesar ini adalah <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(pulau)" title="Hawaii (pulau)">Pulau Besar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frankel-25">[25]</a> Walaupun begitu, bukan berarti Venus secara vulkanik lebih aktif daripada Bumi; hal tersebut disebabkan oleh kerak Venus yang lebih tua. Sebagai perbandingan, permukaan Venus diperkirakan berusia 300–600 juta tahun,<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo98-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frankel-25">[25]</a> sementara di Bumi, <a href="/wiki/Kerak_samudra" title="Kerak samudra">kerak samudra</a> terus menerus didaur ulang melalui proses <a href="/wiki/Subduksi" title="Subduksi">subduksi</a> di batas antara <a href="/wiki/Lempeng_tektonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Lempeng tektonik">lempeng tektonik</a>, sehingga rata-rata usianya sekitar 100 juta tahun.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Beberapa bukti menunjukkan berlangsungnya aktivitas vulkanik di Venus. Selama berlangsungnya program <a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> yang diluncurkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a>, wahana <a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a> menemukan <a href="/wiki/Petir" title="Petir">petir</a>, dan Venera 12 merekam <a href="/wiki/Guruh" title="Guruh">guruh</a> saat mendarat. <a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> yang diluncurkan oleh <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> juga menemukan petir di atmosfer.<a href="#cite_note-Venus_Express-32">[32]</a> Walaupun petir di Bumi disebabkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan">hujan</a>, tidak ada hujan di planet Venus (walaupun <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a> turun dari atmosfer, dan kemudian menguap di ketinggian 25 km di atas permukaan). Kemungkinan petir dihasilkan oleh abu dari letusan vulkanik. Bukti lain berasal dari pengukuran kadar <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur dioksida">sulfur dioksida</a> di atmosfer, yang berkurang sepuluh kali lipat antara tahun 1978 hingga 1986. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kadar sulfur dioksida awal didorong oleh letusan vulkanik yang besar.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Hampir seribu kawah tubrukan tersebar secara merata di permukaan Venus. Di benda langit lain yang berkawah, seperti Bumi dan Bulan, kawah-kawah tampak terdegradasi. Di Bulan, degradasi disebabkan oleh tubrukan selanjutnya, sementara di Bumi proses tersebut didorong oleh erosi angin dan hujan. Di Venus, 85% kawah masih berada dalam keadaan yang belum terdegradasi. Jumlah kawah dan keadaannya yang belum terdegradasi menunjukkan bahwa planet tersebut mengalami peristiwa pelapisan kembali secara global sekitar 300–600 juta tahun yang lalu,<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo98-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strom1994-24">[24]</a> yang kemudian diikuti oleh berkurangnya vulkanisme.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Sementara kerak Bumi terus menerus bergerak, kerak Venus diduga tidak mampu menunjang proses tersebut. Tanpa keberadaan tektonika lempeng yang dapat mengurangi suhu dari mantel, Venus mengalami proses siklis yang menyebabkan meningkatnya suhu mantel hingga akhirnya melemahkan kerak. Kemudian, selama sekitar 100 juta tahun, terjadi subduksi dalam skala besar yang mendaur ulang kerak Venus.<a href="#cite_note-Frankel-25">[25]</a> Diameter kawah-kawah di Venus bervariasi antara 3 km hingga 280 km. Tidak ada kawah yang diameternya lebih kecil dari 3 km karena pengaruh atmosfer yang padat terhadap benda asing yang memasuki Venus. Objek dengan <a href="/wiki/Energi_kinetik" title="Energi kinetik">energi kinetik</a> yang lebih kecil dari angka tertentu akan dilambatkan oleh atmosfer sehingga tidak menghasilkan kawah tubrukan.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Objek dengan diameter yang lebih kecil dari 50 meter akan pecah dan terbakar di atmosfer sebelum mencapai permukaan.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struktur_dalam">Struktur dalam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Struktur dalam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Struktur dalam">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Tanpa data seismik atau data mengenai <a href="/wiki/Momen_inersia" title="Momen inersia">momen inersia</a>, struktur dalam dan <a href="/wiki/Geokimia" title="Geokimia">geokimia</a> Venus tidak banyak diketahui.<a href="#cite_note-goettel-37">[37]</a> Kemiripan ukuran dan kepadatan Venus dengan Bumi menunjukkan bahwa mungkin keduanya memiliki struktur dalam yang mirip, yaitu terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Inti_keplanetan" title="Inti keplanetan">inti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mantel_(geologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantel (geologi)">mantel</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Kerak_(geologi)" title="Kerak (geologi)">kerak</a>. Seperti Bumi, inti Venus cair sebagian karena kedua planet tersebut mendingin pada laju yang sama.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Ukuran Venus yang sedikit lebih kecil menunjukkan bahwa tekanan bagian dalam Venus jauh lebih rendah daripada di Bumi. Namun, perbedaan utama antara kedua planet tersebut adalah ketiadaan <a href="/wiki/Tektonika_lempeng" title="Tektonika lempeng">tektonika lempeng</a> di Venus, yang kemungkinan disebabkan oleh kerak Venus yang terlalu kuat tanpa keberadaan air yang dapat mengurangi <a href="/wiki/Viskositas" class="mw-redirect" title="Viskositas">viskositasnya</a>. Akibatnya, jumlah panas yang berkurang di Venus lebih rendah, sehingga menghambat pendinginan planet dan mungkin menjelaskan mengapa Venus tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Medan_magnet" title="Medan magnet">medan magnet</a> internal.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Venus mungkin malah kehilangan panas internalnya dalam proses pelapisan kembali secara periodik.<a href="#cite_note-Nimmo98-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosfer_dan_iklim">Atmosfer dan iklim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Atmosfer dan iklim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Atmosfer dan iklim">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Venus memiliki <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosfer">atmosfer</a> yang sangat padat, yang terdiri dari 96,5% <a href="/wiki/Karbon_dioksida" title="Karbon dioksida">karbon dioksida</a> dan 3,5% <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>. Massa atmosfernya 93 kali lebih besar daripada atmosfer Bumi, sementara tekanan di permukaan planet Venus 92 kali lebih besar daripada di permukaan Bumi—tekanan yang kurang lebih sebanding dengan samudra sedalam 1 kilometer di Bumi. Kepadatan di permukaan Venus tercatat sebesar 65 kg/m³ atau 6,5% dari kepadatan air. Atmosfer yang kaya akan CO2 dan awan <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur dioksida">sulfur dioksida</a> yang tebal menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Efek_rumah_kaca" title="Efek rumah kaca">efek rumah kaca</a> yang paling kuat di <a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya</a>, sehingga rata-rata suhu permukaan Venus 462 °C (864 °F).<a href="#cite_note-nasa_venus-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Akibatnya, permukaan Venus lebih panas daripada <a href="/wiki/Merkurius_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkurius (planet)">Merkurius</a>, yang memiliki suhu permukaan minimal −220 °C (−364,0 °F) dan suhu permukaan maksimal 420 °C (788 °F),<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> walaupun Venus terletak lebih jauh dari Matahari dan sebagai akibatnya hanya memperoleh 25% <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iradiansi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iradiansi (halaman belum tersedia)">iradiansi</a> yang diterima Merkurius. Permukaan Venus sering kali digambarkan seperti <a href="/wiki/Neraka" title="Neraka">neraka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Suhu di Venus juga lebih tinggi daripada suhu untuk melakukan <a href="/wiki/Sterilisasi" title="Sterilisasi">sterilisasi</a>. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa miliaran tahun yang lalu, atmosfer Venus lebih mirip dengan atmosfer Bumi daripada atmosfer Venus sekarang, dan mungkin terdapat air di permukaan. Namun, setelah periode selama 600 juta hingga beberapa miliar tahun,<a href="#cite_note-baas39_540-43">[43]</a> efek rumah kaca berkelanjutan disebabkan oleh penguapan air yang menghasilkan gas rumah kaca di atmosfer.<a href="#cite_note-Kasting-44">[44]</a> Walaupun permukaan Venus tidak dapat mendukung kehidupan seperti di Bumi, kemungkinan keberadaan <a href="/wiki/Relung" title="Relung">relung</a> yang dapat dihuni di lapisan awal bawah dan tengah tidak dapat diabaikan.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cockell1999-47">[47]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Inersia_termal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inersia termal (halaman belum tersedia)">Inersia termal</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pindah_panas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindah panas">pemindahan panas</a> oleh angin di atmosfer bawah menunjukkan bahwa suhu permukaan Venus tidak banyak berbeda antara sisi terang dan gelap, walaupun rotasi planet tersebut sangat lambat. Angin di permukaan lambat dengan kecepatan beberapa kilometer per jam. Namun, akibat kepadatan atmosfer yang tinggi di permukaan Venus, angin tersebut cukup signifikan dan mampu memindahkan debu dan batuan kecil di permukaan. Selain itu, angin tersebut juga dapat mempersulit pejalan kaki bahkan bila panas, tekanan, dan kurangnya oksigen tidak menjadi masalah.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Di atas lapisan CO2 terdapat awan tebal yang terdiri dari <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioksida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur dioksida">sulfur dioksida</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Asam_sulfat" title="Asam sulfat">asam sulfat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Awal tersebut memantulkan dan menghamburkan sekitar 90% cahaya matahari, sehingga menghambat pengamatan permukaan Venus. Akibat lapisan awal permanen ini, walaupun jarak Venus lebih dekat dari Matahari daripada Bumi, permukaan Venus tidak seterang Bumi. Angin sekencang 300 km/h (190 mph) di atas awan mengitari Venus setiap empat hingga lima hari bumi.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Kecepatan angin Venus 60 kali lebih cepat daripada rotasi Venus, sementara kecepatan angin terkencang di Bumi hanya 10–20% dari kecepatan <a href="/wiki/Rotasi_Bumi" title="Rotasi Bumi">rotasi Bumi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-science328-52">[52]</a> Permukaan Venus bersifat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isotermal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isotermal (halaman belum tersedia)">isotermal</a>; planet tersebut memiliki suhu yang konstan tidak hanya antara siang dan malam, tetapi juga antara khatulistiwa dan kutub-kutub.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kemiringan_sumbu" title="Kemiringan sumbu">Kemiringan sumbu</a> venus yang kurang dari 3° juga meminimalisasi variasi suhu musiman.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Satu-satunya variasi suhu yang cukup besar bergantung pada ketinggian. Pada tahun 1995, <a href="/wiki/Wahana_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahana Magellan">wahana Magellan</a> berhasil mengabadikan citra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salju_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salju Venus (halaman belum tersedia)">substansi yang sangat reflektif</a> di puncak gunung tertinggi yang mirip sekali dengan salju di Bumi. Substansi ini kemungkinan terbentuk dari proses yang sama dengan salju, meskipun pada suhu yang jauh lebih tinggi. Salju ini terlalu mudah menguap di permukaan, sehingga naik ke ketinggian yang lebih dingin dalam bentuk gas, dan kemudian mengalami <a href="/wiki/Presipitasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Presipitasi">presipitasi</a>. Identitas substansi ini masih belum diketahui secara pasti, namun terdapat berbagai spekulasi seperti <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> dan timbal sulfida (<a href="/wiki/Galena" title="Galena">galena</a>).<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Awan Venus mampu menghasilkan <a href="/wiki/Petir" title="Petir">petir</a> seperti awan di Bumi.<a href="#cite_note-Russell_2007-56">[56]</a> Keberadaan petir telah menjadi kontroversi semenjak penemuan pertamanya oleh <a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">wahana Venera</a>. Pada tahun 2006-07, <a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> berhasil menemukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gelombang_elektron_elektromagnetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gelombang elektron elektromagnetik (halaman belum tersedia)">gelombang elektron elektromagnetik</a>, yang merupakan tanda-tanda keberadan petir. Kemunculannya yang berselang menunjukkan pola yang terkait dengan aktivitas cuaca.<a href="#cite_note-Russell_2007-56">[56]</a> Pada tahun 2007, wahana Venus Express menemukan <a href="/wiki/Vorteks_kutub" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorteks kutub">vorteks atmosferik</a> di kutub selatan Venus.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Selain itu, pada tahun 2011, wahana ini juga berhasil menemukan lapisan <a href="/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon">ozon</a> di atmosfer atas Venus.<a href="#cite_note-esaozone-59">[59]</a> Pada 29 Januari 2013, ilmuwan dari <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> melaporkan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Ionosfer" title="Ionosfer">ionosfer</a> di planet Venus tampak berekor seperti <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> yang mengekor dari <a href="/wiki/Komet" title="Komet">komet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ESA-20130129-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Space-20130130-61">[61]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r15025838/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:788px;max-width:788px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center;background-color:transparent">Komposisi atmosfer</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:382px;max-width:382px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spektrum absorpsi campuran gas sederhana yang sesuai dengan atmosfer Bumi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/380px-Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif" decoding="async" width="380" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/570px-Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/760px-Synthetic_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="380" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Spektrum absorpsi campuran gas sederhana yang sesuai dengan <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer_Bumi" title="Atmosfer Bumi">atmosfer Bumi</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:402px;max-width:402px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Komposisi atmosfer Venus berdasarkan data HITRAN[62] created using Hitran on the Web system.[63]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/400px-Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif" decoding="async" width="400" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/600px-Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif/800px-Synthetic_Venus_atmosphere_absorption_spectrum.gif 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="391" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Komposisi <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer_Venus" title="Atmosfer Venus">atmosfer Venus</a> berdasarkan data <a href="/w/index.php?title=HITRAN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HITRAN (halaman belum tersedia)">HITRAN</a><a href="#cite_note-HITRAN-62">[62]</a> created using Hitran on the Web system.<a href="#cite_note-hitraniaoru-63">[63]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left;background-color:transparent">Warna hijau – uap air, merah – karbon dioksida, WN – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jumlah_gelombang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jumlah gelombang (halaman belum tersedia)">jumlah gelombang</a> (warna lain memiliki makna yang berbeda, <a href="/wiki/Panjang_gelombang" title="Panjang gelombang">panjang gelombang</a> rendah di sebelah kanan, panjang gelombang tinggi di sebelah kiri).</div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medan_magnet_dan_inti">Medan magnet dan inti</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Medan magnet dan inti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Medan magnet dan inti">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Pada tahun 1967, <a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a> menemukan bahwa <a href="/wiki/Medan_magnet" title="Medan magnet">medan magnet</a> lebih lemah daripada Bumi. Medan magnet ini dihasilkan dari interaksi antara <a href="/wiki/Ionosfer" title="Ionosfer">ionosfer</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Angin_matahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Angin matahari">angin matahari</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> dan bukan dari <a href="/wiki/Teori_dinamo" title="Teori dinamo">dinamo</a> di inti seperti di Bumi. <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer_Venus" title="Atmosfer Venus">Magnetosfer Venus</a> memberikan perlindungan dari <a href="/wiki/Radiasi_kosmis" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiasi kosmis">radiasi kosmis</a> yang tidak signifikan. Radiasi tersebut mungkin menghasilkan petir dari awan ke awan.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Ketiadaan medan magnet internal di Venus cukup mengejutkan karena Venus sempat diduga memiliki dinamo sebagai akibat dari ukurannya yang tidak jauh berbeda dari Bumi. Dinamo membutuhkan tiga hal: cairan yang <a href="/wiki/Konduktor_listrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Konduktor listrik">konduktif</a>, rotasi, dan <a href="/wiki/Konveksi" title="Konveksi">konveksi</a>. Inti Venus diduga konduktif secara elektrik. Selain itu, walaupun dianggap terlalu lambat, menurut simulasi rotasi Venus masih dapat menghasilkan dinamo.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Maka ketiadaan dinamo di Venus disebabkan oleh ketiadaan konveksi di inti Venus. Di Bumi, konveksi berlangsung di lapisan luar inti yang cair karena bagian bawah jauh lebih panas daripada bagian luar. Di Venus, peristiwa pelapisan kembali secara global mungkin telah menghentikan tektonika lempeng dan alhasil mengurangi fluks panas di kerak. Akibatnya, suhu mantel meningkat, sehingga mengurangi fluks panas dari inti. Maka tidak ada geodinamo internal yang mampu menghasilkan medan magnet. Malahan, energi panas dari inti digunakan untuk memanaskan kembali kerak.<a href="#cite_note-nimmo02-69">[69]</a> Kemungkinan lain adalah ketiadaan inti yang padat di Venus,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> atau inti Venus saat ini tidak mendingin, sehingga seluruh bagian yang cair ada pada suhu yang kurang lebih sama. Mungkin juga inti Venus telah sepenuhnya memadat. Wujud inti Venus sangat bergantung pada konsentrasi <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, yang saat ini masih belum diketahui.<a href="#cite_note-nimmo02-69">[69]</a> Akibat magnetosfer yang lemah, <a href="/wiki/Angin_matahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Angin matahari">angin matahari</a> berinteraksi langsung dengan atmosfer luar Venus, yang menghasilkan ion hidrogen dan oksigen dengan mendisosiasi molekul netral dari radiasi ultraviolet. Energi dari angin matahari kemudian membuat beberapa ion mengalami pelepasan dari medan gravitasi Venus. Akibat proses erosi ini, terjadi pelepasan ion hidrogen, helium, dan oksigen bermassa rendah, sementara molekul bermassa tinggi seperti karbon dioksida lebih dapat bertahan. Erosi atmosfer mungkin juga menyebabkan hilangnya air selama satu miliar pertama setelah pembentukan. Selain itu, erosi meningkatkan rasio <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> bermassa tinggi dengan hidrogen bermassa rendah (rasio D/H) di atmosfer atas.<a href="#cite_note-nature450_7170_629-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orbit_dan_rotasi">Orbit dan rotasi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Orbit dan rotasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Orbit dan rotasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif/220px-Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Venusorbitsolarsystem.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Venus mengorbit Matahari dari jarak sekitar 108 juta kilometer (sekitar 0,7 <a href="/wiki/Satuan_Astronomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Satuan Astronomi">SA</a>) dengan periode orbit selama 224,65 hari.</figcaption></figure> Venus mengorbit Matahari dari jarak 0,72 <a href="/wiki/Satuan_astronomi" title="Satuan astronomi">AU</a> (108.000.000 <a href="/wiki/Kilometer" title="Kilometer">km</a>; 67.000.000 <a href="/wiki/Mil" title="Mil">mi</a>) dengan periode orbit selama 224,65 hari. Walaupun semua orbit planet berbentuk <a href="/wiki/Elips" title="Elips">elips</a>, orbit Venus hampir melingkar, dengan <a href="/wiki/Eksentrisitas_orbit" title="Eksentrisitas orbit">eksentrisitas</a> lebih rendah dari 0,01.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-2">[2]</a> Setiap 584 hari,<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-2">[2]</a> terjadi <a href="/wiki/Konjungsi_(astronomi)" title="Konjungsi (astronomi)">konjungsi inferior</a>, yaitu ketika Venus berada di antara Bumi dan Matahari sehingga Venus berada pada jarak rata-rata terdekat dari Bumi, yaitu 41 juta km.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-2">[2]</a> Venus dapat mendekati Bumi hingga pada jarak 38,2 juta km.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-2">[2]</a> Akibat berkurangnya eksentrisitas orbit Bumi, jarak minimal Venus diperkirakan akan membesar dalam puluhan ribu tahun.<a href="#cite_note-solex-72">[72]</a> Semua planet di Tata Surya mengorbit Matahari dengan arah melawan jarum jam (seperti yang terlihat dari kutub utara Matahari). Sebagian besar planet juga berotasi pada sumbunya dengan arah yang melawan jarum jam, namun Venus berotasi searah jarum jam setiap 243 hari Bumi , yang merupakan rotasi terlambat di Tata Surya. <a href="/wiki/Hari_sideris" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari sideris">Hari sideris</a> Venus (243 hari Bumi) berlangsung lebih lama daripada tahun Venus (224,7 hari Bumi). Khatulistiwa Venus berotasi dengan kecepatan 6,5 km/h (4,0 mph), sementara kecepatan rotasi Bumi di khatulistiwa adalah 1.670 km/h (1.040 mph).<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Rotasi Venus melambat 6,5 menit per hari sideris Venus semenjak wahana Magellan mengunjungi planet tersebut 16 yr yang lalu.<a href="#cite_note-slowing_spin-74">[74]</a> Akibat rotasi Venus yang unik, panjang <a href="/wiki/Waktu_matahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Waktu matahari">hari matahari</a> di Venus lebih pendek daripada hari siderisnya, yaitu 116,75 hari Bumi (sehingga hari matahari Venus lebih pendek daripada hari matahari <a href="/wiki/Merkurius_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkurius (planet)">Merkurius</a>, yaitu 176 hari Bumi); satu tahun Venus sama dengan 1,92 hari (Matahari) Venus.<a href="#cite_note-compare-75">[75]</a> Bagi pengamat di permukaan Venus, Matahari akan terbit di barat dan tenggelam di timur.<a href="#cite_note-compare-75">[75]</a> Venus mungkin terbentuk dari <a href="/wiki/Nebula_matahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebula matahari">nebula matahari</a> dengan periode rotasi dan <a href="/wiki/Kemiringan_sumbu" title="Kemiringan sumbu">kemiringan sumbu</a> yang berbeda, dan menjadi seperti saat ini akibat perubahan putaran yang disebabkan oleh perturbasi dan efek <a href="/wiki/Pasang_surut" title="Pasang surut">pasang surut</a> pada atmosfer Venus yang padat selama miliaran tahun. Periode rotasi Venus mungkin merupakan keadaan setimbang antara penguncian pasang surut dengan gravitasi Matahari, yang cenderung memperlambat rotasi, dan gelombang atmosfer yang dihasilkan dari pemanasan atmosfer Venus oleh matahari.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Selang waktu konjungsi inferior selama 584 hari hampir sama dengan 5 hari matahari Venus,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> namun hipotesis resonansi putaran–orbit telah diabaikan.<a href="#cite_note-apj2_230_L123-79">[79]</a> Venus tidak memiliki satelit alami,<a href="#cite_note-icarus202-80">[80]</a> walaupun <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/2002_VE68" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 VE68">2002 VE68</a> memiliki hubungan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semi-satelit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semi-satelit (halaman belum tersedia)">semi-orbital</a> dengan Venus.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Selain semi-satelit ini, terdapat dua ko-orbital sementara lainnya, yaitu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_CK32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 CK32 (halaman belum tersedia)">2001 CK32</a> dan <a href="/wiki/2012_XE133" title="2012 XE133">2012 XE133</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dynamics-83">[83]</a> Sebelumnya, pada abad ke-17, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini" title="Giovanni Domenico Cassini">Giovanni Cassini</a> melaporkan keberadaan satelit yang mengelilingi Venus yang dinamai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neith_(satelit_hipotetis)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neith (satelit hipotetis) (halaman belum tersedia)">Neith</a>. Dua ratus tahun kemudian, terdapat berbagai laporan pengamatan. Namun, satelit semacam itu tidak sungguh ada dan sebagian besar ternyata merupakan bintang di kejauhan. Sementara itu, model Tata Surya awal yang dibuat oleh Alex Alemi dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_J._Stevenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David J. Stevenson (halaman belum tersedia)">David Stevenson</a> di <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> menunjukkan bahwa Venus mungkin pernah memiliki satu satelit yang terbentuk dari peristiwa tubrukan besar miliaran tahun yang lalu.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Sekitar 10  juta tahun kemudian, tubrukan lain mengubah arah putaran Venus dan akibatnya satelit Venus secara perlahan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deselerasi_pasang_surut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deselerasi pasang surut (halaman belum tersedia)">terdeselerasi secara pasang surut</a> hingga akhirnya bertubrukan dengan Venus.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Jika ada tubrukan lain yang membentuk satelit, satelit tersebut akan mengalami nasib yang sama. Penjelasan lain adalah kuatnya gelombang matahari sehingga mendestabilisasi satelit besar yang mengorbit planet kebumian di <a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya#Planet-planet_bagian_dalam" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya dalam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-icarus202-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pengamatan">Pengamatan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Pengamatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pengamatan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Foto langit malam yang diabadikan dari tepi pantai. Venus dapat dilihat di tengah, jauh lebih cerah daripada bintang lain, dan cahayanya dipantulkan di samudra." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/220px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/330px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg/440px-Venus-pacific-levelled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>Venus selalu tampak lebih cerah daripada bintang-bintang lainnya, seperti yang dapat dilihat di gambar ini.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Phases_Venus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Phases_Venus.jpg/220px-Phases_Venus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Phases_Venus.jpg/330px-Phases_Venus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Phases_Venus.jpg/440px-Phases_Venus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Fase-fasef Venus dan evolusi diameter tampaknya.</figcaption></figure> Venus selalu tampak lebih cerah daripada bintang lain (selain Matahari). Planet ini memiliki <a href="/wiki/Magnitudo_tampak" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnitudo tampak">magnitudo tampak</a> maksimal sebesar −4,9.<a href="#cite_note-JPL-Horizons-9">[9]</a> Magnitudo Venus memudar menjadi −3 ketika disinari dari belakang oleh Matahari.<a href="#cite_note-MallamaSky-8">[8]</a> Planet ini cukup cerah sehingga dapat terlihat pada siang hari,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> dan dengan mudah terlihat ketika Matahari berada di bawah <a href="/wiki/Cakrawala" title="Cakrawala">cakrawala</a>. Sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet_inferior_dan_superior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planet inferior dan superior (halaman belum tersedia)">planet inferior</a>, sudut <a href="/wiki/Elongasi_(astronomi)" title="Elongasi (astronomi)">elongasi</a> Venus selalu di bawah 47°.<a href="#cite_note-ephemeris-10">[10]</a> Venus "menyusul" Bumi setiap 584 hari.<a href="#cite_note-nssdc-2">[2]</a> Saat hal tersebut terjadi, Venus berubah dari “Bintang Senja” yang tampak pada sore hari menjadi “Bintang Fajar” yang tampak sebelum matahari terbit. Sementara planet <a href="/wiki/Merkurius_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkurius (planet)">Merkurius</a> sukar untuk dilihat saat senja dan sudut elongasi maksimalnya hanya 28°, Venus tidak sulit ditemukan. Akibat elongasi maksimalnya yang lebih besar, Venus masih tampak di langit malam. Kadang-kadang Venus dikira sebagai <a href="/wiki/Benda_terbang_aneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Benda terbang aneh">benda terbang aneh</a> (BETA) karena tingkat kecerahannya. Presiden <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> melaporkan telah melihat BETA pada tahun 1969, yang ternyata merupakan planet Venus. Banyak orang lain yang juga salah mengira Venus sebagai hal lain yang lebih eksotis.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Venus memiliki beberapa fase seperti <a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">Bulan</a> yang dapat dilihat dengan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop">teleskop</a>. Planet ini memasuki “fase penuh” saat berada di sisi yang berlawanan. “Fase seperempat” adalah ketika Venus tampak seperti “sabit tipis” di teleskop dengan sudut elongasi dan tingkat kecerahan yang mencapai nilai maksimal. “Fase baru” merupakan fase kenampakan terbesar karena Venus sedang berada di antara Bumi dan Matahari.<a href="#cite_note-ephemeris-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transit_Venus">Transit Venus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Transit Venus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Transit Venus">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg/220px-Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg/330px-Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg/440px-Venustransit_2004-06-08_07-49.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1406" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_Venus_2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transit Venus 2004 (halaman belum tersedia)">Transit Venus pada tahun 2004</a>.</figcaption></figure> Orbit Venus sedikit terinklinasi relatif terhadap orbit Bumi, sehingga biasanya planet ini tidak tampak melintasi Matahari. <a href="/wiki/Transit_Venus" title="Transit Venus">Transit Venus</a> terjadi ketika Venus berada di antara Bumi dan Matahari dan tampak melewati Matahari. Fenomena ini berlangsung dalam siklus selama 243 yr dengan kemunculan sepasang transit yang terpisah selama delapan tahun setiap 105,5 yr atau 121,5 yr—pola yang pertama kali ditemukan pada tahun 1639 oleh astronom Inggris <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Jeremiah Horrocks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UCLAN-88">[88]</a> Dua transit terkini berlangsung pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transit_Venus_2004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transit Venus 2004 (halaman belum tersedia)">8 Juni 2004</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Transit_Venus_2012" title="Transit Venus 2012">5–6 Juni 2012</a>. Transit tersebut dapat disaksikan secara langsung dari berbagai situs daring atau diamati dengan menggunakan peralatan yang tepat.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Transit sebelumnya terjadi pada Desember 1874 dan Desember 1882; transit selanjutnya akan berlangsung pada Desember 2117 dan Desember 2125.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Dalam sejarah, transit Venus membantu astronom menentukan <a href="/wiki/Satuan_astronomi" title="Satuan astronomi">satuan astronomi</a> dan ukuran Tata Surya, seperti yang ditunjukkan oleh Horrocks pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1639" title="1639">1639</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> menjelajahi pantai timur <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> setelah ia berlayar ke <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> pada tahun 1768 untuk melihat transit Venus.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cahaya_kelabu">Cahaya kelabu</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Cahaya kelabu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Cahaya kelabu">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Salah satu misteri yang menyelimuti pengamatan planet Venus adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cahaya_kelabu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cahaya kelabu (halaman belum tersedia)">cahaya kelabu</a>, yaitu cahaya yang tampak redup di bagian gelap planet saat memasuki fase sabit. Pengamatan pertama cahaya kelabu dilakukan pada tahun 1643, namun keberadaan cahaya tersebut belum pernah dikonfirmasi secara pasti. Para pengamat saat ini berspekulasi bahwa cahaya tersebut dihasilkan oleh aktivitas elektrik di atmosfer Venus, namun cahaya tersebut mungkin merupakan ilusi yang disebabkan oleh efek psikologis saat mengamati objek yang terang dan berbentuk sabit.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penelitian">Penelitian</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Penelitian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penelitian">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Venus_Drawing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Venus_Drawing.jpg/220px-Venus_Drawing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Venus_Drawing.jpg/330px-Venus_Drawing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Venus_Drawing.jpg/440px-Venus_Drawing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Transit Venus pada tahun 1769.</figcaption></figure> Peradaban-peradaban kuno mengenal Venus sebagai “bintang fajar” dan “bintang senja”, yang menunjukkan pemahaman bahwa keduanya merupakan objek yang berbeda. Namun, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasasti_Ammisaduqa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasasti Ammisaduqa (halaman belum tersedia)">prasasti Ammisaduqa</a> yang berasal dari tahun 1581 SM menunjukkan bahwa peradaban <a href="/wiki/Babilonia" title="Babilonia">Babilonia</a> menganggap keduanya sebagai objek yang sama dengan sebutan “ratu langit yang terang” dan mampu membuktikannya dengan pengamatan-pengamatan yang terperinci.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Sementara itu, <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Yunani" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Yunani">bangsa Yunani</a> mengira keduanya merupakan bintang yang berbeda dan menamainya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus_(bintang_fajar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphorus (bintang fajar) (halaman belum tersedia)">Phosphorus</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a> hingga masa <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> pada abad ke-6 SM.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Bangsa Romawi menyebut bintang fajar sebagai <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> (yang secara harfiah berarti “pembaca cahaya”) dan bintang senja sebagai <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperus">Vesper</a>, dan kedua nama tersebut merupakan terjemahan harfiah dari nama Yunani. <a href="/wiki/Transit_Venus" title="Transit Venus">Transit Venus</a> pertama kali diamati pada tahun 1032 oleh <a href="/wiki/Ibnu_Sina" title="Ibnu Sina">Ibnu Sina</a>, yang menyimpulkan bahwa Venus terletak lebih dekat dari Bumi daripada <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein-97">[97]</a> dan menyatakan bahwa Venus berada di bawah Matahari (paling tidak kadang-kadang).<a href="#cite_note-S-Ragep-98">[98]</a> Pada abad ke-12, astronom <a href="/wiki/Ibnu_Bajjah" title="Ibnu Bajjah">Ibnu Bajjah</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> mengamati dua planet dalam bentuk titik hitam yang melewati Matahari, yang nantinya diidentifikasi sebagai transit Venus dan Merkurius oleh astronom <a href="/wiki/Qotb_al-Din_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qotb al-Din Shirazi">Qotb al-Din Shirazi</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Observatorium_Maragheh" title="Observatorium Maragheh">Maragha</a> pada abad ke-13.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Transit Venus juga diamati oleh <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Horrocks" title="Jeremiah Horrocks">Jeremiah Horrocks</a> pada 4 Desember 1639 bersama dengan temannya <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Crabtree&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Crabtree (halaman belum tersedia)">William Crabtree</a> di rumah mereka masing-masing.<a href="#cite_note-Kollerstrom-100">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Phases-of-Venus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/220px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/330px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Phases-of-Venus.svg/440px-Phases-of-Venus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> menemukan bahwa Venus memiliki fase, sehingga membuktikan bahwa Venus tidak mengorbit Bumi tetapi mengorbit <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a>.</figcaption></figure> Saat astronom Italia <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> mengamati Venus untuk pertama kalinya pada abad ke-17, ia menemukan bahwa planet tersebut memiliki fase seperti Bulan. Fase-fase tersebut hanya mungkin bila Venus mengelilingi Matahari, sehingga pengamatan ini bertentangan dengan <a href="/wiki/Model_geosentris" class="mw-redirect" title="Model geosentris">model geosentris</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemeus">Ptolemeus</a> yang menyatakan bahwa Bumi merupakan pusat alam semesta.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Atmosfer_Venus" title="Atmosfer Venus">Atmosfer Venus</a> pertama kali ditemukan pada tahun 1761 oleh <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marov2004-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Atmosfer Venus juga diamati pada tahun 1790 oleh astronom Jerman <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Schr%C3%B6ter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Schröter (halaman belum tersedia)">Johann Schröter</a>. Nantinya, astronom Amerika Serikat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chester_Smith_Lyman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chester Smith Lyman (halaman belum tersedia)">Chester Smith Lyman</a> mengamati cincin yang mengelilingi sisi gelap Venus saat berlangsungnya konjungsi inferior, yang semakin membuktikan keberadaan atmosfer di Venus.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Atmosfer tersebut mempersulit upaya untuk menentukan periode rotasi Venus, dan pengamat seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Cassini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Cassini (halaman belum tersedia)">Giovanni Cassini</a> dan Schröter membuat perkiraan yang salah, yaitu 24 jam.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg/220px-V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/V%C3%A9nus_t%C3%A9lescope.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption>Citra Venus dari sebuah teleskop di permukaan Bumi.</figcaption></figure> Tidak banyak hal baru mengenai Venus yang ditemukan hingga abad ke-20. Kenampakannya tidak memberi petunjuk mengenai bentuk permukaan, dan baru setelah dikembangkannya <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spekstroskopi_astronomis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spekstroskopi astronomis (halaman belum tersedia)">spektroskopi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> rahasia-rahasia Venus mulai terkuak. Pengamatan ultraviolet pertama dilakukan pada tahun 1920-an, ketika <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_E._Ross&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank E. Ross (halaman belum tersedia)">Frank E. Ross</a> menemukan bahwa foto-foto ultraviolet menunjukkan detail yang tidak ada dalam foto-foto yang diabadikan dengan cahaya tampak dan <a href="/wiki/Inframerah" title="Inframerah">inframerah</a>. Ia menyatakan bahwa hal ini disebabkan oleh keberadaan atmosfer yang sangat padat dan berwarna kuning dengan <a href="/wiki/Awan_cirrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Awan cirrus">awan cirrus</a> di atasnya.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Pengamatan spektroskopi pada tahun 1900-an memberi petunjuk pertama mengenai rotasi Venus. <a href="/wiki/Vesto_Slipher" title="Vesto Slipher">Vesto Slipher</a> mencoba mengukur <a href="/wiki/Pergeseran_Doppler" class="mw-redirect" title="Pergeseran Doppler">pergeseran Doppler</a> dari Venus, namun ia tidak dapat menemukan tanda-tanda rotasi. Ia menduga bahwa planet tersebut memiliki periode rotasi yang jauh lebih panjang dari yang diduga sebelumnya.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Penelitian selanjutnya pada tahun 1950-an menunjukkan bahwa rotasi tersebut sesuai dengan arah jarum jam. Sementara itu, pengamatan radar pertama kali dilakukan pada tahun 1960-an dan berhasil mengukur periode rotasi yang nilainya mendekati perkiraan saat ini.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Pengamatan radar pada tahun 1970-an menyibak detail permukaan Venus untuk pertama kalinya. Gelombang radio yang ditembakkan ke planet tersebut dengan menggunakan teleskop radio di <a href="/wiki/Observatorium_Arecibo" title="Observatorium Arecibo">Observatorium Arecibo</a> berhasil menemukan dua wilayah yang sangat reflektif, yang kemudian dinamai wilayah Alpha dan Beta. Pengamatan tersebut juga menunjukkan keberadaan wilayah cerah yang dikaitkan dengan pegunungan dan dijuluki Maxwell Montes.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Tiga kenampakan tersebut merupakan kenampakan di Venus yang tidak dinamai dari tokoh perempuan.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Penjelajahan">Penjelajahan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Penjelajahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penjelajahan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upaya_awal">Upaya awal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Upaya awal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Upaya awal">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mariner_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/220px-Mariner_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/330px-Mariner_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Mariner_2.jpg/440px-Mariner_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3029" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a> yang diluncurkan pada tahun 1962.</figcaption></figure> Wahana robotik pertama ke Venus (dan ke planet lain) diluncurkan pada 12 Februari 1961. Wahana yang dinamai <a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a> itu merupakan bagian dari program <a href="/wiki/Venera" title="Venera">Venera</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a>. Namun, wahana tersebut kehilangan komunikasi saat berada pada jarak 2 juta km dari Bumi. Venera 1 diperkirakan telah mencapai jarak 100.000 km dari Venus pada pertengahan Mei.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell_1-111">[111]</a> Misi <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> ke Venus juga kurang berhasil dengan kegagalan misi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariner 1 (halaman belum tersedia)">Mariner 1</a>. Misi <a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a> berhasil menjadi misi antarplanet pertama yang berhasil dan mencapai jarak 34.833 km di atas permukaan Venus. <a href="/wiki/Radiometer" title="Radiometer">Radiometer</a> <a href="/wiki/Gelombang_mikro" title="Gelombang mikro">gelombang mikro</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Inframerah" title="Inframerah">inframerah</a> menunjukkan bahwa walaupun bagian atas awan Venus dingin, permukaannya sangat panas—paling tidak bersuhu 425 °C, sehingga memastikan pengukuran yang dilakukan di Bumi sebelumnya<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> dan memupuskan harapan bahwa planet tersebut dapat mendukung kehidupan. Mariner 2 juga berhasil memperbarui perkiraan massa Venus dan <a href="/wiki/Satuan_astronomi" title="Satuan astronomi">satuan astronomi</a>, namun tidak berhasil menemukan <a href="/wiki/Medan_magnet" title="Medan magnet">medan magnet</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabuk_radiasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabuk radiasi (halaman belum tersedia)">sabuk radiasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memasuki_atmosfer">Memasuki atmosfer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Memasuki atmosfer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Memasuki atmosfer">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pioneer_Venus_2_inspection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pioneer_Venus_2_inspection.jpg/170px-Pioneer_Venus_2_inspection.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pioneer_Venus_2_inspection.jpg/255px-Pioneer_Venus_2_inspection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Pioneer_Venus_2_inspection.jpg/340px-Pioneer_Venus_2_inspection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption>Wahana Pioneer Venus Multiprobe.</figcaption></figure> Wahana <a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a> menabrak permukaan Venus pada 1 Maret 1966, sehingga menjadikannya objek buatan manusia pertama yang memasuki atmosfer dan menabrak permukaan planet lain. Namun, sistem komunikasi wahana tersebut mengalami kegagalan sebelum mengirim balik data.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell_2-114">[114]</a> Pada 18 Oktober 1967, <a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a> berhasil memasuki atmosfer dan mulai melakukan pengukuran. Venera 4 menemukan bahwa suhu permukaan Venus lebih panas dari suhu yang diukur oleh Mariner 2, yaitu 500 °C. Selain itu, wahana ini juga mendapati bahwa atmosfer Venus terdiri dari 90 hingga 95% karbon dioksida. Atmosfer Venus lebih padat dari yang diperkirakan dan gerak turun parasut lebih lambat dari yang diinginkan, sehingga baterai lebih dulu mencapai permukaan. Setelah mengirim data pendaratan selama 93 menit, bacaan tekanan terakhir Venera 4 adalah 18 <a href="/wiki/Bar_(satuan)" title="Bar (satuan)">bar</a> pada ketinggian 24,96 km.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell_2-114">[114]</a> Satu hari kemudian, pada tanggal 19 Oktober 1967, <a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a> melakukan <a href="/wiki/Terbang_lintas_(penerbangan_antariksa)" title="Terbang lintas (penerbangan antariksa)">terbang lintas</a> di jarak kurang dari 4000 km. Mariner 5 awalnya dibangun sebagai cadangan untuk misi <a href="/wiki/Mariner_4" title="Mariner 4">Mariner 4</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>; setelah misi tersebut berhasil, wahana ini dialihtugaskan ke Venus. Alat-alat yang lebih sensitif daripada Mariner 2 (terutama percobaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Okultasi_radio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Okultasi radio (halaman belum tersedia)">okultasi radionya</a>) berhasil mengirim kembali data mengenai komposisi, tekanan, dan kepadatan atmosfer Venus.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Data gabungan Venera 4 – Mariner 5 dianalisis oleh kelompok Soviet-Amerika selama beberapa tahun,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> dan merupakan salah satu contoh kerjasama luar angkasa.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Berbekal dengan pelajaran dan data yang diperoleh dari Venera 4, Uni Soviet meluncurkan <a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">Venera 5</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">Venera 6</a> secara terpisah pada Januari 1969; kedua wahana tersebut mencapai Venus secara terpisah pada 16 dan 17 Mei. Wahana-wahana tersebut telah diperkuat sehingga mampu menahan tekanan hingga 25 bar dan dilengkapi dengan parasut yang lebih kecil agar dapat mendarat lebih cepat. Berdasarkan permodelan saat itu, tekanan permukaan Venus diperkirakan antara 75 hingga 100 bar, sehingga kedua wahana diperkirakan tidak akan mencapai permukaan. Setelah mengirim data atmosfer selama 50 menit, keduanya jatuh di ketinggian sekitar 20 km sebelum menubruk permukaan Venus.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell_2-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ilmu_permukaan_dan_atmosfer">Ilmu permukaan dan atmosfer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Ilmu permukaan dan atmosfer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ilmu permukaan dan atmosfer">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wahana Pioneer Venus sedang mengorbit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg/220px-Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg/330px-Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg/440px-Pioneer_Venus_orbiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Wahana pengorbit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proyek_Pioneer_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proyek Pioneer Venus (halaman belum tersedia)">Pioneer Venus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:VenusTopoPioneer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/VenusTopoPioneer.jpg/220px-VenusTopoPioneer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/VenusTopoPioneer.jpg/330px-VenusTopoPioneer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/VenusTopoPioneer.jpg/440px-VenusTopoPioneer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Data topografi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proyek_Pioneer_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proyek Pioneer Venus (halaman belum tersedia)">Pioneer Venus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a> merupakan upaya untuk memperoleh data dari permukaan planet, dan wahana tersebut dibangun dengan modul pendaratan yang diperkuat sehingga mampu menahan tekanan hingga 180 bar. Modul tersebut didinginkan terlebih dahulu sebelum memasuki atmosfer dan dilengkapi dengan parasut khusus agar mampu mendarat dalam waktu 35 menit. Saat memasuki atmosfer pada 15 Desember 1970, parasut wahana ini robek sebagian, sehingga wahana ini menubruk permukaan. Walaupun mungkin berada pada posisi miring, wahana ini berhasil mengirim data mengenai suhu selama 23 menit, sehingga menjadikannya data <a href="/wiki/Telemetri" title="Telemetri">telemetri</a> pertama yang dikirim dari permukaan planet lain.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell_2-114">[114]</a> Program Venera berikutnya adalah <a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">Venera 8</a> yang mengirim data dari permukaan selama 50 menit setelah memasuki atmosfer pada 22 Juli 1972. Pada 22 Oktober 1975, <a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a> memasuki atmosfer Venus, yang kemudian diikuti oleh <a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a> tiga hari kemudian. Kedua wahana tersebut berhasil mengirim citra <a href="/wiki/Lanskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanskap">lanskap</a> Venus yang pertama.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell_3-118">[118]</a> Sementara itu, Amerika Serikat mengirim wahana <a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a> ke <a href="/wiki/Merkurius_(planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Merkurius (planet)">Merkurius</a>. Pada 5 Februari 1974, Mariner 10 melewati Venus dan mengirim 4000 gambar. Gambar-gambar tersebut menunjukkan bahwa bila menggunakan cahaya tampak, planet tersebut seolah tak memiliki kenampakan, namun dengan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> detail awan yang belum pernah dilihat sebelumnya dapat diabadikan.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:VenusTopoVenera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/VenusTopoVenera.jpg/220px-VenusTopoVenera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/VenusTopoVenera.jpg/330px-VenusTopoVenera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/VenusTopoVenera.jpg/440px-VenusTopoVenera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1060" /></a><figcaption>Data topografi Venera <a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">15</a>/<a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">16</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proyek_Pioneer_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proyek Pioneer Venus (halaman belum tersedia)">Proyek Pioneer Venus</a> Amerika Serikat terdiri dari dua misi yang terpisah.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Orbiter" title="Pioneer Venus Orbiter">Pioneer Venus Orbiter</a> ditempatkan di orbit elips di sekeliling Venus pada 4 Desember 1978, dan tetap berada di sana selama 13 tahun untuk mempelajari atmosfer dan memetakan permukaan dengan <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>. Sementara itu, <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Venus_Multiprobe" title="Pioneer Venus Multiprobe">Pioneer Venus Multiprobe</a> terdiri dari empat wahana yang memasuki atmosfer pada 9 Desember 1978 dan berhasil mengirim data mengenai komposisi, angin, dan fluks panas.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:VenusLanderTopo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VenusLanderTopo.jpg/220px-VenusLanderTopo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VenusLanderTopo.jpg/330px-VenusLanderTopo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/VenusLanderTopo.jpg/440px-VenusLanderTopo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3650" data-file-height="2626" /></a><figcaption>Peta hasil gabungan data topografi Magellan/Pioneer/Venera.</figcaption></figure> Empat misi Venera lainnya juga dikirim. <a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a> berhasil menemukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Badai_elektrik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badai elektrik (halaman belum tersedia)">badai elektrik</a> di Venus,<a href="#cite_note-mitchell_4-122">[122]</a> sementara <a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">Venera 14</a> yang mendarat pada tanggal 1 dan 5 Maret 1982 mengirim kembali citra permukaan berwarna pertama. Keempat misi tersebut dilengkapi dengan parasut dan dijatuhkan di ketinggian 50 km untuk memanfaatkan friksi di atmosfer bawah yang padat agar dapat mendarat dengan mulus. Venera 13 dan 14 menganalisis sampel tanah dengan menggunakan <a href="/wiki/Spektrometer" title="Spektrometer">spektrometer</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoresens_sinar_X&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoresens sinar X (halaman belum tersedia)">fluoresens sinar X</a> dan mencoba mengukur kompresibilitas tanah.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell_4-122">[122]</a> Namun, saat hendak mengukur kompresibilitas, tutup lensa kamera Venera 14 jatuh ke alat pengukur kompresibilitas, sehingga yang terukur adalah kompresibilitas tutup lensa.<a href="#cite_note-mitchell_4-122">[122]</a> Program Venera diselesaikan pada Oktober 1983 dengan ditempatkannya wahana <a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">Venera 15</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">Venera 16</a> untuk memetakan Venus dengan menggunakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radar_apertur_sintetik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radar apertur sintetik (halaman belum tersedia)">radar apertur sintetik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Pada 1985, Uni Soviet mencoba menggabungkan misi ke Venus dengan <a href="/wiki/Komet_Halley" title="Komet Halley">Komet Halley</a>, yang sedang melewati Tata Surya dalam pada saat ini. Dalam perjalanan ke Halley, pada 11 dan 15 Juni 1985, dua wahana dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Program_Vega&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Program Vega (halaman belum tersedia)">program Vega</a> menjatuhkan wahana bergaya Venera ke Venus dan melepaskan <a href="/wiki/Aerobot" title="Aerobot">aerobot</a> dengan balon di atmosfer atas. Balon tersebut mencapai ketinggian setimbang pada 53 km, ketinggian dengan tekanan dan suhu yang sebanding dengan permukaan Bumi. Wahana-wahana tersebut beroperasi selama 46 jam dan menemukan bahwa atmosfer Venus lebih bergolak dari yang diduga sebelumnya, dan terdapat angin kencang dan <a href="/wiki/Sel_konveksi" title="Sel konveksi">sel konveksi</a> yang kuat.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pemetaan_radar">Pemetaan radar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Pemetaan radar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pemetaan radar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Venus2_mag_big.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Venus2_mag_big.png/220px-Venus2_mag_big.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Venus2_mag_big.png/330px-Venus2_mag_big.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Venus2_mag_big.png/440px-Venus2_mag_big.png 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Peta topografi dari radar <a href="/wiki/Wahana_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahana Magellan">Magellan</a> (warna semu).</figcaption></figure> Penelitian dengan menggunakan radar di Bumi telah memberikan gambaran mengenai permukaan Venus. Pioneer Venus dan Venera meningkatkan resolusi data. Amerika Serikat meluncurkan <a href="/wiki/Wahana_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahana Magellan">wahana Magellan</a> pada 4 Mei 1989 untuk memetakan permukaan Venus dengan menggunakan radar.<a href="#cite_note-jpl-magellan-27">[27]</a> Kualitas citra beresolusi tinggi yang diperoleh wahana tersebut melampaui citra-citra sebelumnya. Magellan juga mengambil gambar 98% permukaan Venus dengan menggunakan radar,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> dan memetakan 95% medan gravitasinya. Pada tahun 1994, menjelang akhir misinya, Magellan dihancurkan dengan dikirim ke atmosfer Venus untuk menghitung kepadatannya.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Venus juga diamati oleh wahana <a href="/wiki/Wahana_Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahana Galileo">Galileo</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Cassini-Huygens" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassini-Huygens">Cassini</a> selama <a href="/wiki/Terbang_lintas_(penerbangan_antariksa)" title="Terbang lintas (penerbangan antariksa)">terbang lintas</a> dalam perjalanan menuju Tata Surya luar.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misi_saat_ini_dan_ke_depan">Misi saat ini dan ke depan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Misi saat ini dan ke depan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Misi saat ini dan ke depan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Misi <a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a> yang diluncurkan ke Merkurius oleh NASA melakukan dua terbang lintas di Venus pada Oktober 2006 dan Juni 2007 untuk memperlambat lintasan agar dapat memasuki orbit Merkurius pada Maret 2011. MESSENGER mengumpulkan data-data ilmiah selama penerbangan lintas tersebut.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Wahana <a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a> yang dirancang dan dibangun oleh <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> dikirim pada tanggal 9 November 2005 dengan menggunakan roket <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soyuz-Fregat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soyuz-Fregat (halaman belum tersedia)">Soyuz-Fregat</a> Rusia yang didapat dari <a href="/wiki/Starsem" title="Starsem">Starsem</a>. Wahana ini berhasil mencapai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orbit_kutub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orbit kutub (halaman belum tersedia)">orbit kutub</a> Venus pada 11 April 2006.<a href="#cite_note-venus_express-131">[131]</a> Venus Express mempelajari atmosfer dan awan Venus, lingkungan <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(fisika)" title="Plasma (fisika)">plasma</a>, dan ciri-ciri permukaan, terutama suhu. Salah satu penemuan Venus Express adalah <a href="/wiki/Vorteks_kutub" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorteks kutub">vorteks atmosferik</a> di kutub selatan Venus.<a href="#cite_note-venus_express-131">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Venus_Rover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Venus_Rover.jpg/220px-Venus_Rover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Venus_Rover.jpg/330px-Venus_Rover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Venus_Rover.jpg/440px-Venus_Rover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Penggambaran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus_Rover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venus Rover (halaman belum tersedia)">Venus Rover</a> yang dirancang oleh NASA.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Aerospace_Exploration_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency">Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency</a> (JAXA) merancang wahana pengorbit <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akatsuki_(wahana)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akatsuki (wahana) (halaman belum tersedia)">Akatsuki</a> (sebelumnya "Planet-C") yang diluncurkan pada tanggal 20 Mei 2010, namun wahana tersebut gagal memasuki orbit pada Desember 2010. Masih ada harapan bahwa wahana tersebut dapat mencoba lagi dalam enam tahun. Akatsuki direncanakan akan memetakan permukaan dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamera_inframerah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamera inframerah (halaman belum tersedia)">kamera inframerah</a>, melakukan percobaan untuk memastikan keberadaan <a href="/wiki/Petir" title="Petir">petir</a>, dan menentukan keberadaan <a href="/wiki/Vulkanisme" title="Vulkanisme">vulkanisme</a> di permukaan.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) hendak meluncurkan misi ke Merkurius pada tahun 2014 yang disebut <a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a>. Misi tersebut akan melakukan dua terbang lintas di Venus sebelum mencapai orbit Merkurius pada tahun 2020.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Program_New_Frontiers" title="Program New Frontiers">Program New Frontiers</a>, NASA mengusulkan misi yang disebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus_In-Situ_Explorer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venus In-Situ Explorer (halaman belum tersedia)">Venus In-Situ Explorer</a>. Wahana tersebut akan mendarat di Venus dan mempelajari keadaan permukaan dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regolith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regolith (halaman belum tersedia)">regolith</a>. Venus In-Situ Explorer juga akan dilengkapi dengan alat penggali untuk mempelajari sampel batu yang tidak terpapar dengan keadaan permukaan yang ekstrem. Sementara itu, misi wahana permukaan dan atmosferik "Surface and Atmosphere Geochemical Explorer" (SAGE) dipilih oleh NASA sebagai kandidat dalam seleksi New Frontiers 2009,<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> namun misi tersebut tidak terpilih untuk diluncurkan. Wahana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera-D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venera-D (halaman belum tersedia)">Venera-D</a> (bahasa Rusia: Венера-Д) diusulkan untuk diluncurkan ke Venus pada tahun 2016 untuk melakukan <a href="/wiki/Penginderaan_jauh" class="mw-redirect" title="Penginderaan jauh">penginderaan jauh</a> di sekitar planet dan mengirim wahana pendarat yang didasarkan pada rancangan Venera. Konsep wahana penjelajah lain yang diusulkan adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rover (halaman belum tersedia)">rover</a>, balon, dan pesawat udara.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konsep_terbang_lintas_berawak">Konsep terbang lintas berawak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Konsep terbang lintas berawak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Konsep terbang lintas berawak">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Misi terbang lintas berawak yang menggunakan perangkat keras <a href="/wiki/Program_Apollo" title="Program Apollo">program Apollo</a> pernah diusulkan pada akhir tahun 1960-an.<a href="#cite_note-Manned_Venus_Flyby-137">[137]</a> Berdasarkan usulan ini, sebuah wahana akan diluncurkan pada akhir Oktober atau awal November 1973 dengan menggunakan roket <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a>. Wahana tersebut akan mengangkut tiga awak dan melakukan penerbangan lintas selama satu tahun. Namun, misi ini tidak pernah dijalankan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Garis_waktu_wahana_ke_Venus">Garis waktu wahana ke Venus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Garis waktu wahana ke Venus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Garis waktu wahana ke Venus">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Berikut adalah daftar wahana yang dimaksudkan untuk menjelajahi Venus secara lebih dekat.<a href="#cite_note-chrono-138">[138]</a> Venus juga dicitrakan oleh Teleskop Luar Angkasa Hubble di orbit Bumi, dan pengamatan teleskopik jauh merupakan sumber informasi lain tentang Venus. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Garis waktu oleh NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (hingga tahun 2011)<a href="#cite_note-chrono-138">[138]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Negara </th> <th>Misi </th> <th>Tanggal peluncuran </th> <th>Jenis wahana dan hasil </th> <th>Catatan </th></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sputnik_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sputnik 7 (halaman belum tersedia)">Sputnik 7</a></td> <td>01961-02-044 Februari 1961</td> <td>Wahana tabrak, gagal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_1" title="Venera 1">Venera 1</a></td> <td>01961-02-1212 Februari 1961</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas, kehilangan komunikasi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mariner_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mariner 1 (halaman belum tersedia)">Mariner 1</a></td> <td>01962-07-2222 Juli 1962</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas, kegagalan peluncuran</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sputnik_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sputnik 19 (halaman belum tersedia)">Sputnik 19</a></td> <td>01962-08-2525 Agustus 1962</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas, gagal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mariner_2" title="Mariner 2">Mariner 2</a></td> <td>01962-08-2727 Agustus 1962</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sputnik_20&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sputnik 20 (halaman belum tersedia)">Sputnik 20</a></td> <td>01962-09-011 September 1962</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas, gagal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sputnik_21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sputnik 21 (halaman belum tersedia)">Sputnik 21</a></td> <td>01962-09-1212 September 1962</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas, gagal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos 21 (halaman belum tersedia)">Cosmos 21</a></td> <td>01963-11-1111 November 1963</td> <td>Upaya uji coba penerbangan Venera?</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera_1964A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venera 1964A (halaman belum tersedia)">Venera 1964A</a></td> <td>01964-02-1919 Februari 1964</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas, kegagalan peluncuran</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera_1964B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venera 1964B (halaman belum tersedia)">Venera 1964B</a></td> <td>01964-03-011 Maret 1964</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas, kegagalan peluncuran</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos 27 (halaman belum tersedia)">Cosmos 27</a></td> <td>01964-03-2727 Maret 1964</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas, gagal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zond_1" title="Zond 1">Zond 1</a></td> <td>01964-04-022 April 1964</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas, kehilangan komunikasi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_2" title="Venera 2">Venera 2</a></td> <td>01965-11-1212 November 1965</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas, kehilangan komunikasi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_3" title="Venera 3">Venera 3</a></td> <td>01965-11-1616 November 1965</td> <td>Wahana pendarat, kehilangan komunikasi</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos 96 (halaman belum tersedia)">Cosmos 96</a></td> <td>01965-11-2323 November 1965</td> <td>Wahana pendarat, gagal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venera_1965A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venera 1965A (halaman belum tersedia)">Venera 1965A</a></td> <td>01965-11-2323 November 1965</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas, kegagalan peluncuran</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_4" title="Venera 4">Venera 4</a></td> <td>01967-06-1212 Juni 1967</td> <td>Wahana penjajak</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mariner_5" title="Mariner 5">Mariner 5</a></td> <td>01967-06-1414 Juni 1967</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_167&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos 167 (halaman belum tersedia)">Cosmos 167</a></td> <td>01967-06-1717 Juni 1967</td> <td>Wahana (gagal)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_5" title="Venera 5">Venera 5</a></td> <td>01969-01-055 Januari 1969</td> <td>Wahana penjajak</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_6" title="Venera 6">Venera 6</a></td> <td>01969-01-1010 Januari 1969</td> <td>Wahana penjajak</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_7" title="Venera 7">Venera 7</a></td> <td>01970-08-1717 Agustus 1970</td> <td>Wahana pendarat</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_359&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos 359 (halaman belum tersedia)">Cosmos 359</a></td> <td>01970-08-2222 Agustus 1970</td> <td>Wahana penjajak, gagal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">Venera 8</a></td> <td>01972-03-2727 Maret 1972</td> <td>Wahana penjajak</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cosmos_482&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cosmos 482 (halaman belum tersedia)">Cosmos 482</a></td> <td>01972-03-3131 Maret 1972</td> <td>Wahana penjajak, gagal</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></td> <td>01973-11-044 November 1973</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas</td> <td>Juga melakukan terbang lintas di Merkurius </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_9" title="Venera 9">Venera 9</a></td> <td>01975-06-088 Juni 1975</td> <td>Wahana pengorbit dan pendarat</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_10" title="Venera 10">Venera 10</a></td> <td>01975-06-1414 Juni 1975</td> <td>Wahana pengorbit dan pendarat</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Venus_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer Venus 1 (halaman belum tersedia)">Pioneer Venus 1</a></td> <td>01978-05-2020 Mei 1978</td> <td>Wahana pengorbit</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pioneer_Venus_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pioneer Venus 2 (halaman belum tersedia)">Pioneer Venus 2</a></td> <td>01978-08-088 Agustus 1978</td> <td>Wahana penjajak</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_11" title="Venera 11">Venera 11</a></td> <td>01978-09-099 September 1978</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas dan pendarat</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_12" title="Venera 12">Venera 12</a></td> <td>01978-09-1414 September 1978</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas dan pendarat</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_13" title="Venera 13">Venera 13</a></td> <td>01981-10-3030 Oktober 1981</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas dan pendarat</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_14" title="Venera 14">Venera 14</a></td> <td>01981-11-044 November 1981</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas dan pendarat</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_15" title="Venera 15">Venera 15</a></td> <td>01983-06-022 Juni 1983</td> <td>Wahana pengorbit</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venera_16" title="Venera 16">Venera 16</a></td> <td>01983-06-077 Juni 1983</td> <td>Wahana pengorbit</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vega_1" title="Vega 1">Vega 1</a></td> <td>01984-12-1515 Desember 1984</td> <td>Wahana pendarat dan balon</td> <td>Juga melakukan misi ke Komet Halley </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uni Soviet <a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet"><img alt="Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vega_2" title="Vega 2">Vega 2</a></td> <td>01984-12-2121 Desember 1984</td> <td>Wahana pendarat dan balon</td> <td>Juga melakukan misi ke Komet Halley </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magellan_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magellan (spacecraft) (halaman belum tersedia)">Magellan</a></td> <td>01989-05-044 Mei 1989</td> <td>Wahana pengorbit</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Galileo_(wahana)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo (wahana)">Galileo</a></td> <td>01989-10-1818 Oktober 1989</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas</td> <td>Bagian dari misi ke Jupiter </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini</a></td> <td>01997-10-1515 Oktober 1997</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas</td> <td>Bagian dari misi ke Saturnus </td></tr> <tr> <td>Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat"><img alt="Amerika Serikat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></td> <td>02004-08-033 Agustus 2004</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas (x2)</td> <td>Bagian dari misi ke Merkurius </td></tr> <tr> <td>ESA <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa"><img alt="Eropa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Venus_Express" title="Venus Express">Venus Express</a></td> <td>02005-11-099 November 2005</td> <td>Wahana pengorbit</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jepang <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang"><img alt="Jepang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akatsuki_(spacecraft)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akatsuki (spacecraft) (halaman belum tersedia)">Akatsuki</a></td> <td>02010-12-077 Desember 2010</td> <td>Wahana pengorbit, gagal</td> <td>Mungkin akan dicoba lagi pada tahun 2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td>ESA <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa"><img alt="Eropa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a> Jepang <a href="/wiki/Jepang" title="Jepang"><img alt="Jepang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/BepiColombo" title="BepiColombo">BepiColombo</a></td> <td>02014-07-01Juli 2014</td> <td>Wahana terbang lintas (x2, direncanakan)</td> <td>Wahana pengorbit Merkurius yang direncanakan </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kolonisasi">Kolonisasi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Kolonisasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Kolonisasi">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Kolonisasi_Venus" title="Kolonisasi Venus">Kolonisasi Venus</a></div> Akibat keadaannya yang sangat ekstrem, koloni di permukaan Venus belum bisa dibangun dengan menggunakan teknologi yang ada saat ini. Namun, tekanan atmosfer dan suhu di ketinggian sekitar lima puluh kilometer di atas permukaan mirip dengan yang ada di permukaan Bumi, dan udara Bumi (nitrogen dan oksigen) akan menjadi gas pengangkat di atmosfer Venus yang sebagian besar terdiri dari karbon dioksida. Maka terdapat usulan “kota terapung” di atmosfer Venus.<a href="#cite_note-Landis2003-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerostat" title="Aerostat">Aerostat</a> (balon yang lebih ringan daripada udara) dapat digunakan untuk penjelajahan dan akhirnya untuk permukiman permanen.<a href="#cite_note-Landis2003-139">[139]</a> Beberapa tantangan teknis adalah keberadaan kandungan asam sulfat yang berbahaya.<a href="#cite_note-Landis2003-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dalam_budaya">Dalam budaya</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Dalam budaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dalam budaya">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:ClementineObservesTheMoonSolarCoronaAndVenus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ClementineObservesTheMoonSolarCoronaAndVenus.jpg/170px-ClementineObservesTheMoonSolarCoronaAndVenus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ClementineObservesTheMoonSolarCoronaAndVenus.jpg/255px-ClementineObservesTheMoonSolarCoronaAndVenus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ClementineObservesTheMoonSolarCoronaAndVenus.jpg/340px-ClementineObservesTheMoonSolarCoronaAndVenus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Citra Bulan yang menutupi Matahari dengan Venus di atasnya. Gambar ini diabadikan oleh wahana <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clementine_(wahana)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clementine (wahana) (halaman belum tersedia)">Clementine</a>.</figcaption></figure> Venus merupakan satu-satunya planet di <a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya</a> yang dinamai dari tokoh perempuan. Selain Venus, tiga <a href="/wiki/Planet_katai" title="Planet katai">planet katais</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet_katai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres (planet katai)">Ceres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eris_(planet_katai)" title="Eris (planet katai)">Eris</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet_katai)" title="Haumea (planet katai)">Haumea</a> – dan beberapa <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> pertama yang ditemukan<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> serta beberapai satelit alami seperti <a href="/wiki/Satelit-satelit_Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Satelit-satelit Galileo">satelit-satelit Galileo</a> memiliki nama <a href="/wiki/Feminin" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminin">feminin</a>. Bumi dan Bulan juga memiliki nama yang feminin dalam berbagai bahasa—<a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Gaia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Gaia">Gaia</a>/<a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Terra" class="extiw" title="wikt:Terra">Terra</a>, <a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Selene" class="extiw" title="wikt:Selene">Selene</a>/<a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Luna" class="extiw" title="wikt:Luna">Luna</a>—namun nama-nama tersebut berasal dari Bumi dan Bulan dan bukan sebaliknya.<a href="#cite_note-Universe_Today-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lambang_Venus">Lambang Venus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bagian: Lambang Venus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lambang Venus">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Venus_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♀"><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/50px-Venus_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/75px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Venus_symbol.svg/100px-Venus_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>♀</figcaption></figure> Lambang astronomi untuk Venus sama dengan lambang wanita dalam biologi, yaitu lingkaran dengan salib di bawahnya.<a href="#cite_note-stearn-142">[142]</a> Lambang Venus juga melambangkan <a href="/wiki/Femininitas" title="Femininitas">femininitas</a>, dan dalam <a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">alkimia</a> Barat mewakili tembaga.<a href="#cite_note-stearn-142">[142]</a> Tembaga yang telah dipoles digunakan sebagai kaca semenjak masa kuno, dan kadang-kadang lambang Venus dianggap sebagai kaca untuk para dewi.<a href="#cite_note-stearn-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pemahaman_budaya">Pemahaman budaya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bagian: Pemahaman budaya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pemahaman budaya">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg/170px-Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg/255px-Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg/340px-Dresden_Codex_p09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="3332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kodeks_Dresden" title="Kodeks Dresden">Kodeks Dresden</a> yang berasal dari <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Maya" title="Peradaban Maya">peradaban Maya</a> pada masa <a href="/wiki/Pra-Columbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pra-Columbus">Pra-Columbus</a>. Kodeks ini memperkirakan pergerakan planet Venus dengan akurat.</figcaption></figure> Sebagai salah satu objek tercerah di langit, Venus telah dikenal semenjak masa prasejarah. Planet ini dideskripsikan dalam teks-teks <a href="/wiki/Kuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuneiform">kuneiform</a> <a href="/wiki/Babilonia" title="Babilonia">Babilonia</a> seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prasasti_Ammisaduqa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prasasti Ammisaduqa (halaman belum tersedia)">prasasti Ammisaduqa</a>, yang berasal dari tahun 1600 SM.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Bangsa Babilonia menamai planet ini <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sumeria" title="Bahasa Sumeria">bahasa Sumeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>) yang merupakan personifikasi kewanitaan dan dewi cinta.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Ia juga berperan sebagai dewi perang, dan dengan demikian mewakili dewi yang mengawasi jalannya kelahiran dan kematian.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Bangsa <a href="/wiki/Mesir_Kuno" title="Mesir Kuno">Mesir Kuno</a> percaya bahwa Venus adalah dua objek yang berbeda. Mereka menyebut bintang fajar Tioumoutiri dan bintang senja Ouaiti.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Bangsa <a href="/wiki/Yunani_Kuno" title="Yunani Kuno">Yunani Kuno</a> juga meyakini hal yang sama dan menyebut bintang fajar Φωσφόρος (Phosphoros, dilatinisasi menjadi <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperus">Phosphorus</a>) yang berarti “pembawa cahaya" atau Ἐωσφόρος (Eosphoros, dilatinisasi menjadi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eosphorus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eosphorus (halaman belum tersedia)">Eosphorus</a>) yang berarti “pembawa fajar”. Bintang senja disebut Ἓσπερος ( Hesperos, dilatinisasi menjadi <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperus">Hesperus</a>) yang berarti “bintang senja”. Pada masa <a href="/wiki/Helenistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenistik">Helenistik</a>, bangsa Yunani Kuno mulai menyadari bahwa keduanya merupakan benda yang sama,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> yang kemudian mereka namai dari dewi cinta mereka, Αφροδίτη (<a href="/wiki/Afrodit" title="Afrodit">Afrodit</a>, dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Fenisia" title="Bahasa Fenisia">bahasa Fenisia</a> <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>),<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> yang masih digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bahasa Yunani">bahasa Yunani</a> modern.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hesperus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperus">Hesperos</a> akan diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa <a href="/wiki/Latin" class="mw-disambig" title="Latin">Latin</a> menjadi Vesper dan Phosphoros menjadi <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> (pembawa cahaya, istilah puitis yang nantinya digunakan untuk menyebut seorang malaikat yang diusir dari surga). Bangsa <a href="/wiki/Romawi_Kuno" title="Romawi Kuno">Romawi Kuno</a> yang banyak terpengaruh oleh tradisi Yunani menamai planet ini <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mitologi)" title="Venus (mitologi)">Venus</a>, yang juga dinamai dari dewi cinta mereka.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plinius_yang_Tua" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinius yang Tua">Plinius yang Tua</a> (Natural History, ii,37) mengidentifikasikan planet Venus dengan <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Shukra_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Shukra_cropped.jpg/170px-Shukra_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Shukra_cropped.jpg/255px-Shukra_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Shukra_cropped.jpg/340px-Shukra_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shukra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shukra">Shukra</a> merupakan nama Venus dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Sansekerta" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Sansekerta">bahasa Sansekerta</a>.</figcaption></figure> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Mitologi_Iran" title="Mitologi Iran">mitologi Iran</a>, planet ini dikaitkan dengan dewi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anahita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anahita (halaman belum tersedia)">Anahita</a>. Dalam beberapa sastra <a href="/wiki/Aksara_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara Pahlavi">Pahlavi</a>, dewi Aredvi Sura dan Anahita dianggap sebagai entitas yang berbeda. Tokoh pertama merupakan personifikasi sungai mitos dan tokoh kedua sebagai dewi kesuburan yang diidentifikasikan dengan planet Venus. Dalam deskripsi lain, seperti dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bundahishn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bundahishn (halaman belum tersedia)">Bundahishn</a>, kedua dewi disatukan sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aredvi_Sura_Anahita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aredvi Sura Anahita (halaman belum tersedia)">Aredvi Sura Anahita</a> dan diwakili oleh planet Venus. Dalam teks <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yasht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yasht (halaman belum tersedia)">Mehr Yasht</a> (Yasht 10), kemungkinan terdapat keterkaitan dengan dewa <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>. Planet Venus kini disebut “Nahid” dalam <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Persia" title="Bahasa Persia">bahasa Persia</a> modern, yang berasal dari Anahita dan nantinya dari bahasa Pahlavi Anahid.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Planet Venus juga telah dikenal oleh <a href="/wiki/Peradaban_Maya" title="Peradaban Maya">peradaban Maya</a>, yang telah mengembangkan <a href="/wiki/Kalender_Maya" title="Kalender Maya">kalender religius</a> berdasarkan pergerakannya, dan meyakini bahwa pergerakan Venus menentukan waktu yang tepat untuk berperang. Mereka menyebut planet ini Noh Ek', yang berarti “bintang besar”, dan Xux Ek', yang berarti “bintang tawon”. Bangsa Maya sudah mengetahui periode sinodik Venus dan mampu menghitungnya.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suku_Maasai" class="mw-redirect" title="Suku Maasai">Suku Maasai</a> menamai planet ini <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kileken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kileken (halaman belum tersedia)">Kileken</a> dan memiliki <a href="/wiki/Tradisi_lisan" title="Tradisi lisan">tradisi lisan</a> yang terkait yang disebut “Anak Laki-Laki Yatim Piatu”.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Venus juga sudah dikenal oleh <a href="/wiki/Penduduk_asli_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Penduduk asli Australia">penduduk asli Australia</a>, seperti suku <a href="/wiki/Yolngu" title="Yolngu">Yolngu</a> di Australia Utara. Suku Yolngu berkumpul setelah matahari terbenam untuk menunggu munculnya Venus, yang mereka sebut <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barnumbirr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barnumbirr (halaman belum tersedia)">Barnumbirr</a>. Mereka percaya bahwa begitu ia mendekat sebelum fajar, akan ada tali cahaya yang dapat digunakan untuk berhubungan dengan orang yang sudah meninggal. Barnumbirr juga merupakan pencipta dalam mitologi Yolngu.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Sementara itu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suku_Pawnee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suku Pawnee (halaman belum tersedia)">suku Pawnee</a> melakukan ritual pengorbanan anak perempuan untuk bintang fajar hingga tahun 1838.<a href="#cite_note-weltfish-160">[160]</a> Dalam <a href="/wiki/Astrologi" title="Astrologi">astrologi</a> barat, Venus diyakini memengaruhi hasrat dan nafsu seksual.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Sementara itu, Venus dikenal dengan nama <a href="/wiki/Shukra" class="mw-redirect" title="Shukra">Shukra</a> dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astrologi_Weda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrologi Weda (halaman belum tersedia)">astrologi Weda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-bhalla06-162">[162]</a> yang berarti “murni” atau “kecerahan”. Sebagai salah satu dari sembilan <a href="/wiki/Nawagraha" title="Nawagraha">Nawagraha</a>, Shukra diyakini memengaruhi kekayaan, kesenangan, dan reproduksi. Shukra juga merupakan putra dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhrgu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhrgu (halaman belum tersedia)">Bhrgu</a>, pembimbing <a href="/wiki/Daitya" class="mw-redirect" title="Daitya">Daitya</a>, dan guru <a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-behari_frawley03-163">[163]</a> Di sisi lain, <a href="/wiki/Budaya_Cina" class="mw-redirect" title="Budaya Cina">peradaban Cina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budaya_Jepang" class="mw-redirect" title="Budaya Jepang">Jepang</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Budaya_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Budaya Korea">Korea</a> modern menyebut planet ini “bintang logam " (金星), yang didasarkan pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lima_unsur_(filsafat_Cina)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lima unsur (filsafat Cina) (halaman belum tersedia)">lima unsur dalam filsafat Cina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Penganut <a href="/wiki/Teosofi" title="Teosofi">teosofi</a> meyakini bahwa di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bidang_eterik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bidang eterik (halaman belum tersedia)">bidang eterik</a> Venus, terdapat sebuah peradaban yang sudah ada selama ratusan juta tahun<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> dan diyakini dewa penguasa Bumi, yaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanat_Kumara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanat Kumara (halaman belum tersedia)">Sanat Kumara</a>, berasal dari Venus.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dalam_kesusasteraan">Dalam kesusasteraan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bagian: Dalam kesusasteraan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dalam kesusasteraan">sunting sumber</a>]</div> Banyak penulis fiksi ilmiah yang berspekulasi mengenai permukaan Venus saat pengamatan awal menunjukkan bahwa Venus tidak hanya seukuran dengan Bumi, tetapi juga memiliki atmosfer. Karena terletak lebih dekat dengan Matahari, planet ini sering kali digambarkan sebagai planet yang lebih panas, namun masih dapat dihuni oleh manusia.<a href="#cite_note-miller-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">Genre</a> ini mencapai puncaknya pada tahun 1930-an dan 1950-an, saat sains mulai membuka beberapa tabir Venus, namun masih belum mengetahui keadaan permukaannya yang ekstrem. Setelah misi pertama ke Venus mengungkap kebenarannya, genre ini pun berakhir.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Dengan semakin majunya pengetahuan mengenai Venus, penulis fiksi ilmiah terus mencoba mengejar, salah satunya dengan membuat kisah mengenai upaya manusia untuk melakukan <a href="/wiki/Teraformasi_Venus" title="Teraformasi Venus">proses teraformasi di Venus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Salah satu buku mengenai Venus yang kontroversial adalah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Worlds_in_Collision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Worlds in Collision (halaman belum tersedia)">Worlds in Collision</a> (1950) karya <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Velikovsky" title="Immanuel Velikovsky">Immanuel Velikovsky</a>. Dalam buku ini, Velikovsky menyatakan bahwa kisah dalam <a href="/wiki/Perjanjian_Lama" title="Perjanjian Lama">Perjanjian Lama</a> sebenarnya merupakan peristiwa sejarah yang terjadi ketika Venus terlempar dari Jupiter sebagai sebuah komet dan nyaris bertubrukkan dengan Bumi. Ia meyakini bahwa Venus adalah penyebab terjadinya berbagai peristiwa aneh dalam kisah <a href="/wiki/Keluaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Keluaran">Keluaran</a>. Velikovsky juga mengutip legenda-legenda peradaban lain (seperti Yunani, Meksiko, Cina, dan India) untuk menunjukkan bahwa efeknya bersifat global. Walaupun ditolak oleh komunitas ilmiah, buku ini menjadi salah satu buku terlaris pada masa itu.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22254620">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"> <ul> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tata_Surya" title="Portal:Tata Surya">Portal Tata Surya </a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomi" title="Portal:Astronomi">Portal Astronomi </a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2001_CK32&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2001 CK32 (halaman belum tersedia)">2001 CK32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_VE68" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 VE68">2002 VE68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_XE133" title="2012 XE133">2012 XE133</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor_Venus" class="extiw" title="en:Sailor Venus">Sailor Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kehidupan_di_Venus" title="Kehidupan di Venus">Kehidupan di Venus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan_kaki">Catatan kaki</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan kaki" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan kaki">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Lakdawalla2009-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Lakdawalla2009_1-0">^</a> Lakdawalla, Emily (21 September 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002105/">Venus Looks More Boring than You Think It Does</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120106182912/http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002105">Diarsipkan</a> 2012-01-06 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Planetary Society Blog (diakses 4 Desember 2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-nssdc-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nssdc_2-10">k</a> <cite class="citation web">Williams, David R. (15 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html">"Venus Fact Sheet"</a>. NASA. Diakses tanggal 2007-10-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venus+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2005-04-15&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Ffactsheet%2Fvenusfact.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-meanplane-3"><a href="#cite_ref-meanplane_3-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090420194536/http://home.comcast.net/~kpheider/MeanPlane.gif">"The MeanPlane (Invariable plane) of the Solar System passing through the barycenter"</a>. 3 April 2009. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/MeanPlane.gif">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-04-20. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+MeanPlane+%28Invariable+plane%29+of+the+Solar+System+passing+through+the+barycenter&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.surewest.net%2Fkheider%2Fastro%2FMeanPlane.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  (dihasilkan melalui <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/">Solex 10</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220235836/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-12-20 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ditulis oleh Aldo Vitagliano; lihat pula <a href="/wiki/Bidang_invariabel" title="Bidang invariabel">bidang invariabel</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-horizons-4"><a href="#cite_ref-horizons_4-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Yeomans, Donald K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=mb&sstr=2">"HORIZONS Web-Interface for Venus (Major Body=2)"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System (halaman belum tersedia)">JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HORIZONS+Web-Interface+for+Venus+%28Major+Body%3D2%29&rft.pub=JPL+Horizons+On-Line+Ephemeris+System&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons.cgi%3Ffind_body%3D1%26body_group%3Dmb%26sstr%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> —Select "Ephemeris Type: Orbital Elements", "Time Span: 2000-01-01 12:00 to 2000-01-02". ("Target Body: Venus" and "Center: Sun" should be defaulted to.) Results are instantaneous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osculating_orbit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osculating orbit (halaman belum tersedia)">osculating</a> values at the precise <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a> epoch. </li> <li id="cite_note-Seidelmann2007-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seidelmann2007_5-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Pengenal_objek_digital" title="Pengenal objek digital">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/">10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y 10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y </a> Rujukan ini akan diselesaikan secara otomatis dalam beberapa menit. Anda dapat <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://toolserver.org/~verisimilus/Bot/DOI_bot/doibot.php?doi=10.1007%2Fs10569-007-9072-y">melewati antrian</a> atau <a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Cite_doi/10.1007/s10569-007-9072-y&preload=Templat:Cite_doi/preload&editintro=Templat:Cite_doi/editintro&action=edit">membuat secara manual</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-iauwg_ccrsps2000-6"><a href="#cite_ref-iauwg_ccrsps2000_6-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200512151452/http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm">"Report on the IAU/IAG Working Group on cartographic coordinates and rotational elements of the planets and satellites"</a>. International Astronomical Union. 2000. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2020-05-12. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+IAU%2FIAG+Working+Group+on+cartographic+coordinates+and+rotational+elements+of+the+planets+and+satellites&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hnsky.org%2Fiau-iag.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-MallamaVenus-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MallamaVenus_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MallamaVenus_7-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mallama, A.; Wang, D.; Howard, R.A. (2006). "Venus phase function and forward scattering from H2SO4". Icarus. 182 (1): 10–22. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Icar..182...10M">2006Icar..182...10M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.12.014">10.1016/j.icarus.2005.12.014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Venus+phase+function+and+forward+scattering+from+H%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3ESO%3Csub%3E4%3C%2Fsub%3E&rft.volume=182&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-22&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2005.12.014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Icar..182...10M&rft.aulast=Mallama&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Wang%2C+D.&rft.au=Howard%2C+R.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-MallamaSky-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MallamaSky_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MallamaSky_8-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mallama, A. (2011). "Planetary magnitudes". Sky and Telescope. 121 (1): 51–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sky+and+Telescope&rft.atitle=Planetary+magnitudes&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-56&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Mallama&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-JPL-Horizons-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JPL-Horizons_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JPL-Horizons_9-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons.cgi?find_body=1&body_group=mb&sstr=299">"HORIZONS Web-Interface for Venus (Major Body=299)"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=JPL_Horizons_On-Line_Ephemeris_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System (halaman belum tersedia)">JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System</a>. 2006-Feb-27 (GEOPHYSICAL DATA). Diakses tanggal 2010-11-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HORIZONS+Web-Interface+for+Venus+%28Major+Body%3D299%29&rft.pub=JPL+Horizons+On-Line+Ephemeris+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fhorizons.cgi%3Ffind_body%3D1%26body_group%3Dmb%26sstr%3D299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) (Dengan menggunakan JPL Horizons Anda dapat melihat bahwa pada 8 Desember 2013 magnitudo tampak Venus tercatat sebesar −4,89) </li> <li id="cite_note-ephemeris-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ephemeris_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ephemeris_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ephemeris_10-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web">Espenak, Fred (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/TYPE/venus2.html#ve2006">"Venus: Twelve year planetary ephemeris, 1995–2006"</a>. NASA Reference Publication 1349. NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Reference+Publication+1349&rft.atitle=Venus%3A+Twelve+year+planetary+ephemeris%2C+1995%E2%80%932006&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Espenak&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2FTYPE%2Fvenus2.html%23ve2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nasa_venus-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_venus_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasa_venus_11-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929003116/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Venus&Display=Facts&System=Metric">"Venus: Facts & Figures"</a>. NASA. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Venus&Display=Facts&System=Metric">versi asli</a> tanggal 2006-09-29. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venus%3A+Facts+%26+Figures&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsse.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fplanets%2Fprofile.cfm%3FObject%3DVenus%26Display%3DFacts%26System%3DMetric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Lawrence, Pete (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120611003523/http://www.digitalsky.org.uk/venus/shadow-of-venus.html">"The Shadow of Venus"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalsky.org.uk/venus/shadow-of-venus.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-06-11. Diakses tanggal 13 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shadow+of+Venus&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Pete&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalsky.org.uk%2Fvenus%2Fshadow-of-venus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hashimoto, G. L.; Roos-Serote, M.; Sugita, S.; Gilmore, M. S.; Kamp, L. W.; Carlson, R. W.; Baines, K. H. (2008). "Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data". Journal of Geophysical Research, Planets. 113: E00B24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRE..11300B24H">2008JGRE..11300B24H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008JE003134">10.1029/2008JE003134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%2C+Planets&rft.atitle=Felsic+highland+crust+on+Venus+suggested+by+Galileo+Near-Infrared+Mapping+Spectrometer+data&rft.volume=113&rft.pages=E00B24&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2008JE003134&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JGRE..11300B24H&rft.au=Hashimoto%2C+G.+L.%3B+Roos-Serote%2C+M.%3B+Sugita%2C+S.%3B+Gilmore%2C+M.+S.%3B+Kamp%2C+L.+W.%3B+Carlson%2C+R.+W.%3B+Baines%2C+K.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> David Shiga <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html#.UiwMq8ZMvlU">Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life?</a>, New Scientist, 10 October 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-Jakosky-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Jakosky_15-0">^</a> B.M. Jakosky, "Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets", in Beatty, Petersen and Chaikin (eds,), The New Solar System, 4th edition 1999, Sky Publishing Company (Boston) and Cambridge University Press (Cambridge), hal. 175–200 </li> <li id="cite_note-solarwind-16"><a href="#cite_ref-solarwind_16-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Venus_Express/SEM0G373R8F_0.html">"Caught in the wind from the Sun"</a>. ESA (Venus Express). 28 November 2007. Diakses tanggal 2008-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caught+in+the+wind+from+the+Sun&rft.pub=ESA+%28Venus+Express%29&rft.date=2007-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FSPECIALS%2FVenus_Express%2FSEM0G373R8F_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Rosaly_Lopes" title="Rosaly Lopes">Lopes, Rosaly M. C.</a>; Gregg, Tracy K. P. (2004). Volcanic worlds: exploring the Solar System's volcanoes. Springer. hlm. 61. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/3-540-00431-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/3-540-00431-9">3-540-00431-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanic+worlds%3A+exploring+the+Solar+System%27s+volcanoes&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-540-00431-9&rft.au=Lopes%2C+Rosaly+M.+C.%3B+Gregg%2C+Tracy+K.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402130541/http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/Venusatmos.html">"Atmosphere of Venus"</a>. The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflght. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/V/Venusatmos.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2019-04-02. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Astrobiology%2C+Astronomy%2C+and+Spaceflght&rft.atitle=Atmosphere+of+Venus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daviddarling.info%2Fencyclopedia%2FV%2FVenusatmos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Esposito, Larry W. (9 March 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/223/4640/1072">"Sulfur Dioxide: Episodic Injection Shows Evidence for Active Venus Volcanism"</a>. Science. 223 (4640): 1072–1074. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984Sci...223.1072E">1984Sci...223.1072E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.223.4640.1072">10.1126/science.223.4640.1072</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17830154">17830154</a>. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Sulfur+Dioxide%3A+Episodic+Injection+Shows+Evidence+for+Active+Venus+Volcanism&rft.volume=223&rft.issue=4640&rft.pages=1072-1074&rft.date=1984-03-09&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17830154&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.223.4640.1072&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984Sci...223.1072E&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Larry+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F223%2F4640%2F1072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bullock, Mark A.; Grinspoon, David H. (2001). "The Recent Evolution of Climate on Venus". Icarus. 150 (1): 19–37. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Icar..150...19B">2001Icar..150...19B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.2000.6570">10.1006/icar.2000.6570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+Recent+Evolution+of+Climate+on+Venus&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-37&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.2000.6570&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Icar..150...19B&rft.au=Bullock%2C+Mark+A.%3B+Grinspoon%2C+David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Basilevsky, Alexander T.; Head, James W., III (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_earth-moon-and-planets_1995_66_3/page/285">"Global stratigraphy of Venus: Analysis of a random sample of thirty-six test areas"</a>. Earth, Moon, and Planets. 66 (3): 285–336. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995EM&P...66..285B">1995EM&P...66..285B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00579467">10.1007/BF00579467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Moon%2C+and+Planets&rft.atitle=Global+stratigraphy+of+Venus%3A+Analysis+of+a+random+sample+of+thirty-six+test+areas&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-336&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00579467&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995EM%26P...66..285B&rft.au=Basilevsky%2C+Alexander+T.%3B+Head%2C+James+W.%2C+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_earth-moon-and-planets_1995_66_3%2Fpage%2F285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufmann-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaufmann_22-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Kaufmann, W. J. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universe0004kauf">Universe</a>. New York: W. H. Freeman. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/universe0004kauf/page/204">204</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7167-2379-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7167-2379-4">0-7167-2379-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7167-2379-4&rft.aulast=Kaufmann&rft.aufirst=W.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funiverse0004kauf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Nimmo98-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nimmo98_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nimmo98_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nimmo98_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nimmo98_23-3">d</a> <cite class="citation journal">Nimmo, F.; McKenzie, D. (1998). "Volcanism and Tectonics on Venus". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 26 (1): 23–53. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AREPS..26...23N">1998AREPS..26...23N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.26.1.23">10.1146/annurev.earth.26.1.23</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=Volcanism+and+Tectonics+on+Venus&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-53&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.26.1.23&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998AREPS..26...23N&rft.au=Nimmo%2C+F.%3B+McKenzie%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Strom1994-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strom1994_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strom1994_24-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Strom, R. G. (1994). "The global resurfacing of Venus". Journal of Geophysical Research. 99 (E5): 10899–10926. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994JGR....9910899S">1994JGR....9910899S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F94JE00388">10.1029/94JE00388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=The+global+resurfacing+of+Venus&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=E5&rft.pages=10899-10926&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F94JE00388&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994JGR....9910899S&rft.aulast=Strom&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Frankel-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frankel_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frankel_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frankel_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frankel_25-3">d</a> <cite class="citation book">Frankel, Charles (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/volcanoesofsolar0000fran">Volcanoes of the Solar System</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-47770-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-47770-0">0-521-47770-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+of+the+Solar+System&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-47770-0&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvolcanoesofsolar0000fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation conference">Batson, R.M.; Russell J. F. (18–22 March 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc1991/pdf/1033.pdf">"Naming the Newly Found Landforms on Venus"</a> (PDF). Procedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference XXII. Houston, Texas. hlm. 65. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Naming+the+Newly+Found+Landforms+on+Venus&rft.btitle=Procedings+of+the+Lunar+and+Planetary+Science+Conference+XXII&rft.place=Houston%2C+Texas&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1991-03-18%2F1991-03-22&rft.au=Batson%2C+R.M.%3B+Russell+J.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc1991%2Fpdf%2F1033.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-jpl-magellan-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpl-magellan_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpl-magellan_27-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Young, C., ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/magellan/guide.html">The Magellan Venus Explorer's Guide</a> (edisi ke-JPL Publication 90-24). California: Jet Propulsion Laboratory.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magellan+Venus+Explorer%27s+Guide&rft.place=California&rft.edition=JPL+Publication+90-24&rft.pub=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft.date=1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmagellan%2Fguide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_1994-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Davies_1994_28-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Davies, M. E.; Abalakin, V. K.; Bursa, M.; Lieske, J. H.; Morando, B.; Morrison, D.; Seidelmann, P. K.; Sinclair, A. T.; Yallop, B. (1994). "Report of the IAU Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites". Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy. 63 (2): 127. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996CeMDA..63..127D">1996CeMDA..63..127D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00693410">10.1007/BF00693410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Celestial+Mechanics+and+Dynamical+Astronomy&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+IAU+Working+Group+on+Cartographic+Coordinates+and+Rotational+Elements+of+the+Planets+and+Satellites&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00693410&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996CeMDA..63..127D&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rft.au=Abalakin%2C+V.+K.&rft.au=Bursa%2C+M.&rft.au=Lieske%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Morando%2C+B.&rft.au=Morrison%2C+D.&rft.au=Seidelmann%2C+P.+K.&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+A.+T.&rft.au=Yallop%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/Projects/WGCCRE/constants/iau2000_table1.html">"USGS Astrogeology: Rotation and pole position for the Sun and planets (IAU WGCCRE)"</a>. Diakses tanggal 22 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USGS+Astrogeology%3A+Rotation+and+pole+position+for+the+Sun+and+planets+%28IAU+WGCCRE%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastrogeology.usgs.gov%2FProjects%2FWGCCRE%2Fconstants%2Fiau2000_table1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/magellan/guide8.html">"The Magellan Venus Explorer's Guide"</a>. Diakses tanggal 22 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Magellan+Venus+Explorer%27s+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmagellan%2Fguide8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Karttunen, Hannu; Kroger, P.; Oja, H.; Poutanen, M.; Donner, K. J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalastro0005unse">Fundamental Astronomy</a>. Springer. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalastro0005unse/page/162">162</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/3-540-34143-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/3-540-34143-9">3-540-34143-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Astronomy&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=3-540-34143-9&rft.au=Karttunen%2C+Hannu%3B+Kroger%2C+P.%3B+Oja%2C+H.%3B+Poutanen%2C+M.%3B+Donner%2C+K.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalastro0005unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Venus_Express-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Venus_Express_32-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/space/11/28/venus.lightning.ap/index.html">"Venus also zapped by lightning"</a>. CNN. 29 November 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071130201237/http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/space/11/28/venus.lightning.ap/index.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2007-11-30. Diakses tanggal 2007-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Venus+also+zapped+by+lightning&rft.date=2007-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2007%2FTECH%2Fspace%2F11%2F28%2Fvenus.lightning.ap%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Glaze, L. S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213135800/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1999/1998JE000619.shtml">"Transport of SO2 by explosive volcanism on Venus"</a>. Journal of Geophysical Research. 104 (E8): 18899–18906. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999JGR...10418899G">1999JGR...10418899G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F1998JE000619">10.1029/1998JE000619</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1999/1998JE000619.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2009-02-13. Diakses tanggal 2009-01-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Transport+of+SO2+by+explosive+volcanism+on+Venus&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=E8&rft.pages=18899-18906&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F1998JE000619&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999JGR...10418899G&rft.aulast=Glaze&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fpubs%2Fcrossref%2F1999%2F1998JE000619.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Romeo, I.; Turcotte, D. L. (2009). "The frequency-area distribution of volcanic units on Venus: Implications for planetary resurfacing". Icarus. 203 (1): 13. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..203...13R">2009Icar..203...13R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.03.036">10.1016/j.icarus.2009.03.036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=The+frequency-area+distribution+of+volcanic+units+on+Venus%3A+Implications+for+planetary+resurfacing&rft.volume=203&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.03.036&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Icar..203...13R&rft.au=Romeo%2C+I.%3B+Turcotte%2C+D.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Herrick, R. R. (1993). "Effects of the Venusian atmosphere on incoming meteoroids and the impact crater population". Icarus. 112 (1): 253–281. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Icar..112..253H">1994Icar..112..253H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ficar.1994.1180">10.1006/icar.1994.1180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Effects+of+the+Venusian+atmosphere+on+incoming+meteoroids+and+the+impact+crater+population&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=253-281&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ficar.1994.1180&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Icar..112..253H&rft.aulast=Herrick&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="citation book">David Morrison (2003). The Planetary System. Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8053-8734-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8053-8734-X">0-8053-8734-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Planetary+System&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8053-8734-X&rft.au=David+Morrison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-goettel-37"><a href="#cite_ref-goettel_37-0">^</a> <cite class="citation conference">Goettel, K. A. (16–20 March 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982LPSC...12.1507G">"Density constraints on the composition of Venus"</a>. Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Houston, TX: Pergamon Press. hlm. 1507–1516. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Density+constraints+on+the+composition+of+Venus&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Lunar+and+Planetary+Science+Conference&rft.place=Houston%2C+TX&rft.pages=1507-1516&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1981-03-16%2F1981-03-20&rft.aulast=Goettel&rft.aufirst=K.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1982LPSC...12.1507G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Faure, Gunter; Mensing, Teresa M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontopl0000faur">Introduction to planetary science: the geological perspective</a>. Springer eBook collection. Springer. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontopl0000faur/page/201">201</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4020-5233-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4020-5233-2">1-4020-5233-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+planetary+science%3A+the+geological+perspective&rft.series=Springer+eBook+collection&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=1-4020-5233-2&rft.au=Faure%2C+Gunter%3B+Mensing%2C+Teresa+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontopl0000faur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Nimmo, F. (2002). "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Magellan_probe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magellan probe (halaman belum tersedia)">Magellan</a>". Geology. 30 (11): 987–990. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Geo....30..987N">2002Geo....30..987N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C0987%3AWDVLAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0987:WDVLAM>2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Crustal+analysis+of+Venus+from+Magellan+satellite+observations+at+Atalanta+Planitia%2C+Beta+Regio%2C+and+Thetis+Regio&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=987-990&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0091-7613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C0987%3AWDVLAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Geo....30..987N&rft.au=Nimmo%2C+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426064658/http://burro.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/venus.html">"Venus"</a>. Case Western Reserve University. 13 September 2006. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://burro.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/venus.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-04-26. Diakses tanggal 2011-12-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venus&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.date=2006-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fburro.cwru.edu%2Fstu%2Fadvanced%2Fvenus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lewis, John S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicschemistry00lewi_433">Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System</a> (edisi ke-2nd). Academic Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicschemistry00lewi_433/page/n477">463</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-12-446744-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-12-446744-X">0-12-446744-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+and+Chemistry+of+the+Solar+System&rft.pages=463&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-12-446744-X&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicschemistry00lewi_433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Henry Bortman (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/venus_life_040826.html">"Was Venus Alive? 'The Signs are Probably There'"</a>. space.com. Diakses tanggal 2010-07-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Venus+Alive%3F+%27The+Signs+are+Probably+There%27&rft.pub=space.com&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Henry+Bortman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fscienceastronomy%2Fvenus_life_040826.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-baas39_540-43"><a href="#cite_ref-baas39_540_43-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Grinspoon, David H.; Bullock, M. A. (2007). "Searching for Evidence of Past Oceans on Venus". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 39: 540. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007DPS....39.6109G">2007DPS....39.6109G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Searching+for+Evidence+of+Past+Oceans+on+Venus&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=540&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007DPS....39.6109G&rft.aulast=Grinspoon&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rft.au=Bullock%2C+M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Kasting-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Kasting_44-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kasting, J. F. (1988). "Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus". Icarus. 74 (3): 472–494. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988Icar...74..472K">1988Icar...74..472K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2888%2990116-9">10.1016/0019-1035(88)90116-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11538226">11538226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Runaway+and+moist+greenhouse+atmospheres+and+the+evolution+of+Earth+and+Venus&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=472-494&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11538226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2888%2990116-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1988Icar...74..472K&rft.aulast=Kasting&rft.aufirst=J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807083309/http://www.astrobio.net/news/article311.html">Venusian Cloud Colonies</a> :: Astrobiology Magazine </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Geoffrey A. Landis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807004311/http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/reports/2003/TM-2003-212310.pdf">Astrobiology: The Case for Venus </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cockell1999-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Cockell1999_47-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cockell, C. S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_planetary-and-space-science_1999-12_47_12/page/1487">"Life on Venus"</a>. Planetary and Space Science. 47 (12): 1487–1501. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999P&SS...47.1487C">1999P&SS...47.1487C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2899%2900036-7">10.1016/S0032-0633(99)00036-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&rft.atitle=Life+on+Venus&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1487-1501&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0032-0633%2899%2900036-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999P%26SS...47.1487C&rft.aulast=Cockell&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_planetary-and-space-science_1999-12_47_12%2Fpage%2F1487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Moshkin, B. E.; Ekonomov, A. P.; Golovin Iu. M. (1979). "Dust on the surface of Venus". Kosmicheskie Issledovaniia (Cosmic Research). 17: 280–285. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979CoRe...17..232M">1979CoRe...17..232M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kosmicheskie+Issledovaniia+%28Cosmic+Research%29&rft.atitle=Dust+on+the+surface+of+Venus&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=280-285&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979CoRe...17..232M&rft.au=Moshkin%2C+B.+E.%3B+Ekonomov%2C+A.+P.%3B+Golovin+Iu.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Krasnopolsky, V. A.; Parshev, V. A. (1981). "Chemical composition of the atmosphere of Venus". Nature. 292 (5824): 610–613. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981Natur.292..610K">1981Natur.292..610K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F292610a0">10.1038/292610a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Chemical+composition+of+the+atmosphere+of+Venus&rft.volume=292&rft.issue=5824&rft.pages=610-613&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F292610a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981Natur.292..610K&rft.au=Krasnopolsky%2C+V.+A.%3B+Parshev%2C+V.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Krasnopolsky, Vladimir A. (2006). "Chemical composition of Venus atmosphere and clouds: Some unsolved problems". Planetary and Space Science. 54 (13–14): 1352–1359. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006P&SS...54.1352K">2006P&SS...54.1352K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2006.04.019">10.1016/j.pss.2006.04.019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planetary+and+Space+Science&rft.atitle=Chemical+composition+of+Venus+atmosphere+and+clouds%3A+Some+unsolved+problems&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=13%E2%80%9314&rft.pages=1352-1359&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pss.2006.04.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006P%26SS...54.1352K&rft.aulast=Krasnopolsky&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">W. B., Rossow; A. D., del Genio; T., Eichler (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0469%281990%29047%3C2053%3ACTWFVO%3E2.0.CO%3B2">"Cloud-tracked winds from Pioneer Venus OCPP images"</a> (PDF). Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 47 (17): 2053–2084. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990JAtS...47.2053R">1990JAtS...47.2053R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0469%281990%29047%3C2053%3ACTWFVO%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<2053:CTWFVO>2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1520-0469">1520-0469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Atmospheric+Sciences&rft.atitle=Cloud-tracked+winds+from+Pioneer+Venus+OCPP+images&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=2053-2084&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=1520-0469&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1175%2F1520-0469%281990%29047%3C2053%3ACTWFVO%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990JAtS...47.2053R&rft.au=W.+B.%2C+Rossow%3B+A.+D.%2C+del+Genio%3B+T.%2C+Eichler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ametsoc.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1175%2F1520-0469%25281990%2529047%253C2053%253ACTWFVO%253E2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-science328-52"><a href="#cite_ref-science328_52-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Normile, Dennis (7 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2010-05-07_328_5979/page/677">"Mission to probe Venus's curious winds and test solar sail for propulsion"</a>. Science. 328 (5979): 677. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...328..677N">2010Sci...328..677N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.328.5979.677-a">10.1126/science.328.5979.677-a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20448159">20448159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Mission+to+probe+Venus%27s+curious+winds+and+test+solar+sail+for+propulsion&rft.volume=328&rft.issue=5979&rft.pages=677&rft.date=2010-05-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20448159&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.328.5979.677-a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Sci...328..677N&rft.au=Normile%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_science_2010-05-07_328_5979%2Fpage%2F677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Lorenz, Ralph D.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Withers, Paul G.; McKay, Christopher P. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sirius.bu.edu/withers/pppp/pdf/mepgrl2001.pdf">"Titan, Mars and Earth: Entropy Production by Latitudinal Heat Transport"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Ames_Research_Center" title="Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a>, University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Titan%2C+Mars+and+Earth%3A+Entropy+Production+by+Latitudinal+Heat+Transport&rft.pub=Ames+Research+Center%2C+University+of+Arizona+Lunar+and+Planetary+Laboratory&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Lorenz%2C+Ralph+D.%3B+Lunine%2C+Jonathan+I.%3B+Withers%2C+Paul+G.%3B+McKay%2C+Christopher+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsirius.bu.edu%2Fwithers%2Fpppp%2Fpdf%2Fmepgrl2001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016161443/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/interplanetaryseasons.html">"Interplanetary Seasons"</a>. NASA. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/interplanetaryseasons.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2007-10-16. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Interplanetary+Seasons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nasa.gov%2Fheadlines%2Fy2000%2Finterplanetaryseasons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Otten, Carolyn Jones (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news-info.wustl.edu/news/page/normal/633.html">""Heavy metal" snow on Venus is lead sulfide"</a>. Washington University in St Louis. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Heavy+metal%22+snow+on+Venus+is+lead+sulfide&rft.pub=Washington+University+in+St+Louis&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Otten&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews-info.wustl.edu%2Fnews%2Fpage%2Fnormal%2F633.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell_2007-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_2007_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_2007_56-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Russell, S. T.; Zhang, T. L.; Delva, M.; Magnes, W.; Strangeway, R. J.; Wei, H. Y. (2007). "Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler-mode waves in the ionosphere". Nature. 450 (7170): 661–662. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.450..661R">2007Natur.450..661R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05930">10.1038/nature05930</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046401">18046401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Lightning+on+Venus+inferred+from+whistler-mode+waves+in+the+ionosphere&rft.volume=450&rft.issue=7170&rft.pages=661-662&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18046401&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05930&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.450..661R&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+T.+L.&rft.au=Delva%2C+M.&rft.au=Magnes%2C+W.&rft.au=Strangeway%2C+R.+J.&rft.au=Wei%2C+H.+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hand, Eric (2007). "European mission reports from Venus". Nature (450): 633–660. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2007.297">10.1038/news.2007.297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=European+mission+reports+from+Venus&rft.issue=450&rft.pages=633-660&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews.2007.297&rft.aulast=Hand&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Staff (28 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7117303.stm">"Venus offers Earth climate clues"</a>. BBC News. Diakses tanggal 2007-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Venus+offers+Earth+climate+clues&rft.date=2007-11-28&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F7117303.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-esaozone-59"><a href="#cite_ref-esaozone_59-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMU3N9U7TG_Life_0.html">"ESA finds that Venus has an ozone layer too"</a>. ESA. 6 October 2011. Diakses tanggal 2011-12-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESA+finds+that+Venus+has+an+ozone+layer+too&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaCP%2FSEMU3N9U7TG_Life_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-ESA-20130129-60"><a href="#cite_ref-ESA-20130129_60-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Staff (January 29, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/When_a_planet_behaves_like_a_comet">"When A Planet Behaves Like A Comet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ESA" class="mw-redirect" title="ESA">ESA</a>. Diakses tanggal January 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+A+Planet+Behaves+Like+A+Comet&rft.pub=ESA&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FOur_Activities%2FSpace_Science%2FWhen_a_planet_behaves_like_a_comet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Space-20130130-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Space-20130130_61-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Kramer, Miriam (January 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/19537-venus-comet-atmosphere.html">"Venus Can Have 'Comet-Like' Atmosphere"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Space.com&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space.com (halaman belum tersedia)">Space.com</a>. Diakses tanggal January 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venus+Can+Have+%27Comet-Like%27+Atmosphere&rft.pub=Space.com&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F19537-venus-comet-atmosphere.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-HITRAN-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HITRAN_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HITRAN_62-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/hitran/">"The HITRAN Database"</a>. Atomic and Molecular Physics Division, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Diakses tanggal 8 August 2012. <q>HITRAN is a compilation of spectroscopic parameters that a variety of computer codes use to predict and simulate the transmission and emission of light in the atmosphere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+HITRAN+Database&rft.pub=Atomic+and+Molecular+Physics+Division%2C+Harvard-Smithsonian+Center+for+Astrophysics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cfa.harvard.edu%2Fhitran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-hitraniaoru-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hitraniaoru_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hitraniaoru_63-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hitran.iao.ru/">"Hitran on the Web Information System"</a>. Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CFA), Cambridge, MA, USA; V.E. Zuev Insitute of Atmosperic Optics (IAO), Tomsk, Russia. Diakses tanggal 11 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hitran+on+the+Web+Information+System&rft.pub=Harvard-Smithsonian+Center+for+Astrophysics+%28CFA%29%2C+Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+USA%3B+V.E.+Zuev+Insitute+of+Atmosperic+Optics+%28IAO%29%2C+Tomsk%2C+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhitran.iao.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Dolginov, Nature of the Magnetic Field in the Neighborhood of Venus, COsmic Research, 1969 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Kivelson G. M., Russell, C. T. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontosp0000unse_w5p3">"Introduction to Space Physics"</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-45714-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-45714-9">0-521-45714-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Space+Physics&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-45714-9&rft.au=Kivelson+G.+M.%2C+Russell%2C+C.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontosp0000unse_w5p3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Upadhyay, H. O.; Singh, R. N. (1995). "Cosmic ray Ionization of Lower Venus Atmosphere". Advances in Space Research. 15 (4): 99–108. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995AdSpR..15...99U">1995AdSpR..15...99U</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0273-1177%2894%2900070-H">10.1016/0273-1177(94)00070-H</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Space+Research&rft.atitle=Cosmic+ray+Ionization+of+Lower+Venus+Atmosphere&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=99-108&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0273-1177%2894%2900070-H&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995AdSpR..15...99U&rft.au=Upadhyay%2C+H.+O.%3B+Singh%2C+R.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Luhmann J. G., Russell C. T. (1997). J. H. Shirley and R. W. Fainbridge, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100714051425/http://www-spc.igpp.ucla.edu/personnel/russell/papers/venus_mag/">Venus: Magnetic Field and Magnetosphere</a>. Encyclopedia of Planetary Sciences. Chapman and Hall, New York. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-4020-4520-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-4020-4520-2">978-1-4020-4520-2</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-spc.igpp.ucla.edu/personnel/russell/papers/venus_mag/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2010-07-14. Diakses tanggal 2009-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venus%3A+Magnetic+Field+and+Magnetosphere&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall%2C+New+York&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4520-2&rft.au=Luhmann+J.+G.%2C+Russell+C.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-spc.igpp.ucla.edu%2Fpersonnel%2Frussell%2Fpapers%2Fvenus_mag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Stevenson, D. J. (15 March 2003). "Planetary magnetic fields". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 208 (1–2): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003E&PSL.208....1S">2003E&PSL.208....1S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2802%2901126-3">10.1016/S0012-821X(02)01126-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=Planetary+magnetic+fields&rft.volume=208&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2003-03-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0012-821X%2802%2901126-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003E%26PSL.208....1S&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|year= / |date= mismatch</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-nimmo02-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nimmo02_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nimmo02_69-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Nimmo, Francis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~nimmo/website/paper25.pdf">"Why does Venus lack a magnetic field?"</a> (PDF). Geology. 30 (11): 987–990. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Geo....30..987N">2002Geo....30..987N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C0987%3AWDVLAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0987:WDVLAM>2.0.CO;2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0091-7613">0091-7613</a>. Diakses tanggal 2009-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Why+does+Venus+lack+a+magnetic+field%3F&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=987-990&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0091-7613&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C0987%3AWDVLAM%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Geo....30..987N&rft.aulast=Nimmo&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ess.ucla.edu%2F~nimmo%2Fwebsite%2Fpaper25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Konopliv, A. S.; Yoder, C. F. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512154523/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1996/96GL01589.shtml">"Venusian k2 tidal Love number from Magellan and PVO tracking data"</a>. Geophysical Research Letters. 23 (14): 1857–1860. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996GeoRL..23.1857K">1996GeoRL..23.1857K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F96GL01589">10.1029/96GL01589</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/1996/96GL01589.shtml">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-05-12. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Venusian+k%3Csub%3E2%3C%2Fsub%3E+tidal+Love+number+from+Magellan+and+PVO+tracking+data&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=1857-1860&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F96GL01589&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996GeoRL..23.1857K&rft.au=Konopliv%2C+A.+S.%3B+Yoder%2C+C.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agu.org%2Fpubs%2Fcrossref%2F1996%2F96GL01589.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-nature450_7170_629-71"><a href="#cite_ref-nature450_7170_629_71-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Svedhem, Håkan; Titov, Dmitry V.; Taylor, Fredric W.; Witasse, Olivier (2007). "Venus as a more Earth-like planet". Nature. 450 (7170): 629–632. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.450..629S">2007Natur.450..629S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06432">10.1038/nature06432</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18046393">18046393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Venus+as+a+more+Earth-like+planet&rft.volume=450&rft.issue=7170&rft.pages=629-632&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18046393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06432&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.450..629S&rft.aulast=Svedhem&rft.aufirst=H%C3%A5kan&rft.au=Titov%2C+Dmitry+V.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Fredric+W.&rft.au=Witasse%2C+Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-solex-72"><a href="#cite_ref-solex_72-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809051650/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Solex-Venus.txt">"Venus Close Approaches to Earth as predicted by Solex 11"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/Solex-Venus.txt">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-08-09. Diakses tanggal 2009-03-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venus+Close+Approaches+to+Earth+as+predicted+by+Solex+11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.surewest.net%2Fkheider%2Fastro%2FSolex-Venus.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/">(data dihasilkan oleh Solex)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220235836/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/">Diarsipkan</a> 2008-12-20 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bakich, Michael E. (2000). The Cambridge planetary handbook. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 50. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-63280-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-63280-3">0-521-63280-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+planetary+handbook&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-63280-3&rft.au=Bakich%2C+Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-slowing_spin-74"><a href="#cite_ref-slowing_spin_74-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM0TLSXXXG_index_0.html">"Could Venus be shifting gear?"</a>. European Space Agency. 10 February 2012. Diakses tanggal 19 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Could+Venus+be+shifting+gear%3F&rft.pub=European+Space+Agency&rft.date=2012-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FesaCP%2FSEM0TLSXXXG_index_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-compare-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-compare_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-compare_75-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planetary.org/explore/space-topics/compare/">"Space Topics: Compare the Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, The Moon, and Mars"</a>. Planetary Society. Diakses tanggal 2007-04-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Space+Topics%3A+Compare+the+Planets%3A+Mercury%2C+Venus%2C+Earth%2C+The+Moon%2C+and+Mars&rft.pub=Planetary+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planetary.org%2Fexplore%2Fspace-topics%2Fcompare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Correia, Alexandre C. M.; Laskar, Jacques; de Surgy, Olivier Néron (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/Equipes/ASD/preprints/prep.2002/venus1.2002.pdf">"Long-term evolution of the spin of Venus I. theory"</a> (PDF). Icarus. 163 (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..163....1C">2003Icar..163....1C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900042-3">10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00042-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Long-term+evolution+of+the+spin+of+Venus+I.+theory&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900042-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Icar..163....1C&rft.au=Correia%2C+Alexandre+C.+M.%3B+Laskar%2C+Jacques%3B+de+Surgy%2C+Olivier+N%C3%A9ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imcce.fr%2FEquipes%2FASD%2Fpreprints%2Fprep.2002%2Fvenus1.2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Correia, A. C. M.; Laskar, J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imcce.fr/Equipes/ASD/preprints/prep.2002/venus2.2002.pdf">"Long-term evolution of the spin of Venus: II. numerical simulations"</a> (PDF). Icarus. 163 (1): 24–45. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Icar..163...24C">2003Icar..163...24C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900043-5">10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00043-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Long-term+evolution+of+the+spin+of+Venus%3A+II.+numerical+simulations&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-45&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0019-1035%2803%2900043-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Icar..163...24C&rft.au=Correia%2C+A.+C.+M.%3B+Laskar%2C+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imcce.fr%2FEquipes%2FASD%2Fpreprints%2Fprep.2002%2Fvenus2.2002.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gold, T.; Soter, S. (1969). "Atmospheric tides and the resonant rotation of Venus". Icarus. 11 (3): 356–366. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Icar...11..356G">1969Icar...11..356G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2869%2990068-2">10.1016/0019-1035(69)90068-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+tides+and+the+resonant+rotation+of+Venus&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=356-366&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2869%2990068-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Icar...11..356G&rft.au=Gold%2C+T.%3B+Soter%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-apj2_230_L123-79"><a href="#cite_ref-apj2_230_L123_79-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Shapiro, I. I.; Campbell, D. B.; de Campli, W. M. (1979). "Nonresonance rotation of Venus". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 – Letters to the Editor. 230: L123–L126. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979ApJ...230L.123S">1979ApJ...230L.123S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F182975">10.1086/182975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal%2C+Part+2+%E2%80%93+Letters+to+the+Editor&rft.atitle=Nonresonance+rotation+of+Venus&rft.volume=230&rft.pages=L123-L126&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F182975&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979ApJ...230L.123S&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=I.+I.&rft.au=Campbell%2C+D.+B.&rft.au=de+Campli%2C+W.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-icarus202-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-icarus202_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-icarus202_80-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sheppard, Scott S.; Trujillo, Chadwick A. (2009). "A survey for satellites of Venus". Icarus. 202 (1): 12–16. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/0906.2781">0906.2781</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Icar..202...12S">2009Icar..202...12S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.02.008">10.1016/j.icarus.2009.02.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=A+survey+for+satellites+of+Venus&rft.volume=202&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=12-16&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0906.2781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2009.02.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Icar..202...12S&rft.au=Sheppard%2C+Scott+S.%3B+Trujillo%2C+Chadwick+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mikkola, S.; Brasser, R.; Wiegert, P.; Innanen, K. (2004). "Asteroid 2002 VE68, a quasi-satellite of Venus". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 351 (3): L63. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004MNRAS.351L..63M">2004MNRAS.351L..63M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.07994.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07994.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Asteroid+2002+VE68%2C+a+quasi-satellite+of+Venus&rft.volume=351&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=L63&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2004.07994.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004MNRAS.351L..63M&rft.au=Mikkola%2C+S.%3B+Brasser%2C+R.%3B+Wiegert%2C+P.%3B+Innanen%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">de la Fuente Marcos, C.; de la Fuente Marcos, R. (2012). "On the dynamical evolution of 2002 VE68". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 427 (1): 728. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1208.4444">1208.4444</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.427..728D">2012MNRAS.427..728D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2012.21936.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21936.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+dynamical+evolution+of+2002+VE68&rft.volume=427&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=728&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1208.4444&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2012.21936.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012MNRAS.427..728D&rft.au=de+la+Fuente+Marcos%2C+C.%3B+de+la+Fuente+Marcos%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-dynamics-83"><a href="#cite_ref-dynamics_83-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">de la Fuente Marcos, C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/doi/10.1093/mnras/stt454">"Asteroid 2012 XE133, a transient companion to Venus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a>. 432 (2): 886–893. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//arxiv.org/abs/1303.3705">1303.3705</a> <img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MNRAS.432..886D">2013MNRAS.432..886D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstt454">10.1093/mnras/stt454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Asteroid+2012+XE133%2C+a+transient+companion+to+Venus&rft.volume=432&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=886-893&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1303.3705&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstt454&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013MNRAS.432..886D&rft.aulast=de+la+Fuente+Marcos&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstt454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Musser, George (10 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0008DCD1-0A66-152C-8A6683414B7F0000&ref=sciam">"Double Impact May Explain Why Venus Has No Moon"</a>. Scientific American. Diakses tanggal 2011-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Double+Impact+May+Explain+Why+Venus+Has+No+Moon&rft.date=2006-10-10&rft.au=Musser%2C+George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciam.com%2Farticle.cfm%3FarticleID%3D0008DCD1-0A66-152C-8A6683414B7F0000%26ref%3Dsciam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Tytell, David (10 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/home/4353026.html">"Why Doesn't Venus Have a Moon?"</a>. SkyandTelescope.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530021412/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/home/4353026.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2012-05-30. Diakses tanggal 2007-08-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Doesn%27t+Venus+Have+a+Moon%3F&rft.date=2006-10-10&rft.aulast=Tytell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyandtelescope.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F4353026.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Tony Flanders (25 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120911073404/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/observingblog/116925708.html">"See Venus in Broad Daylight!"</a>. Sky & Telescope. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/observingblog/116925708.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-09-11. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=See+Venus+in+Broad+Daylight%21&rft.date=2011-02-25&rft.au=Tony+Flanders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyandtelescope.com%2Fcommunity%2Fskyblog%2Fobservingblog%2F116925708.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Krystek, Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unmuseum.org/ifonat.htm">"Natural Identified Flying Objects"</a>. The Unngatural Museum. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natural+Identified+Flying+Objects&rft.pub=The+Unngatural+Museum&rft.aulast=Krystek&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unmuseum.org%2Fifonat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-UCLAN-88"><a href="#cite_ref-UCLAN_88-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Anon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040206040946/http://www.transit-of-venus.org.uk/history.htm">"Transit of Venus"</a>. History. University of Central Lancashire. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transit-of-venus.org.uk/history.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2004-02-06. Diakses tanggal 14 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=Transit+of+Venus&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.transit-of-venus.org.uk%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120609145437/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/05/12056397-venus-transit-a-last-minute-guide?lite">"A. Boyle – Venus transit: A last-minute guide – MSNBC"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2012/06/05/12056397-venus-transit-a-last-minute-guide?lite">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-06-09. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A.+Boyle+%E2%80%93+Venus+transit%3A+A+last-minute+guide+%E2%80%93+MSNBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com%2F_news%2F2012%2F06%2F05%2F12056397-venus-transit-a-last-minute-guide%3Flite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Espenak, Fred (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/transit/catalog/VenusCatalog.html">"Transits of Venus, Six Millennium Catalog: 2000 BCE to 4000 CE"</a>. Transits of the Sun. NASA. Diakses tanggal 2009-05-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transits+of+the+Sun&rft.atitle=Transits+of+Venus%2C+Six+Millennium+Catalog%3A+2000+BCE+to+4000+CE&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Espenak&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Ftransit%2Fcatalog%2FVenusCatalog.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Kollerstrom, Nicholas (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioi.org/kn/birth.htm">"Horrocks and the Dawn of British Astronomy"</a>. University College London. Diakses tanggal 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Horrocks+and+the+Dawn+of+British+Astronomy&rft.pub=University+College+London&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Kollerstrom&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioi.org%2Fkn%2Fbirth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hornsby, T. (1771). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k55866b/f617.chemindefer">"The quantity of the Sun's parallax, as deduced from the observations of the transit of Venus on June 3, 1769"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. 61 (0): 574–579. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1771.0054">10.1098/rstl.1771.0054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=The+quantity+of+the+Sun%27s+parallax%2C+as+deduced+from+the+observations+of+the+transit+of+Venus+on+June+3%2C+1769&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=0&rft.pages=574-579&rft.date=1771&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1771.0054&rft.aulast=Hornsby&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k55866b%2Ff617.chemindefer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Woolley, Richard (1969). "Captain Cook and the Transit of Venus of 1769". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 24 (1): 19–32. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1969.0004">10.1098/rsnr.1969.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0035-9149">0035-9149</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/530738">530738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Captain+Cook+and+the+Transit+of+Venus+of+1769&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-32&rft.date=1969&rft.issn=0035-9149&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F530738&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1969.0004&rft.aulast=Woolley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Baum, R. M. (2000). "The enigmatic ashen light of Venus: an overview". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 110: 325. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JBAA..110..325B">2000JBAA..110..325B</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=The+enigmatic+ashen+light+of+Venus%3A+an+overview&rft.volume=110&rft.pages=325&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JBAA..110..325B&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Waerden, Bartel (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=S_T6Pt2qZ5YC">Science awakening II: the birth of astronomy</a>. Springer. hlm. 56. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/90-01-93103-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/90-01-93103-0">90-01-93103-0</a>. Diakses tanggal 2011-01-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+awakening+II%3A+the+birth+of+astronomy&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=90-01-93103-0&rft.au=Waerden%2C+Bartel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_T6Pt2qZ5YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Pliny the Elder (1991). Natural History II:36–37. translated by John F. Healy. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK: Penguin. hlm. 15–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History+II%3A36%E2%80%9337&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+Middlesex%2C+UK&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldstein-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Goldstein_97-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Goldstein, Bernard R. (March 1972). "Theory and Observation in Medieval Astronomy". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isis_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isis (journal) (halaman belum tersedia)">Isis</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. 63 (1): 39–47 [44]. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F350839">10.1086/350839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Theory+and+Observation+in+Medieval+Astronomy&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-47+44&rft.date=1972-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F350839&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-S-Ragep-98"><a href="#cite_ref-S-Ragep_98-0">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Sally P. Ragep (2007). "Ibn Sīnā: Abū ʿAlī al‐Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbdallāh ibn Sīnā". Dalam Thomas Hockey. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. hlm. 570–572.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ibn+S%C4%ABn%C4%81%3A+Ab%C5%AB+%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+al%E2%80%90%E1%B8%A4usayn+ibn+%CA%BFAbdall%C4%81h+ibn+S%C4%ABn%C4%81&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Astronomers&rft.pages=570-572&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Sally+P.+Ragep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite class="citation book">S. M. Razaullah Ansari (2002). History of oriental astronomy: proceedings of the joint discussion-17 at the 23rd General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union, organised by the Commission 41 (History of Astronomy), held in Kyoto, August 25–26, 1997. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. hlm. 137. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4020-0657-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4020-0657-8">1-4020-0657-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+oriental+astronomy%3A+proceedings+of+the+joint+discussion-17+at+the+23rd+General+Assembly+of+the+International+Astronomical+Union%2C+organised+by+the+Commission+41+%28History+of+Astronomy%29%2C+held+in+Kyoto%2C+August+25%E2%80%9326%2C+1997&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-4020-0657-8&rft.au=S.+M.+Razaullah+Ansari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Kollerstrom-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Kollerstrom_100-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Kollerstrom, Nicholas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dioi.org/kn/IAUVenus-Transit.pdf">"William Crabtree's Venus transit observation"</a> (PDF). Proceedings IAU Colloquium No. 196, 2004. International Astronomical Union. Diakses tanggal 10 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+IAU+Colloquium+No.+196%2C+2004&rft.atitle=William+Crabtree%27s+Venus+transit+observation&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Kollerstrom&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dioi.org%2Fkn%2FIAUVenus-Transit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Anonymous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/history/galileo.html">"Galileo: the Telescope & the Laws of Dynamics"</a>. Astronomy 161; The Solar System. Department Physics & Astronomy, University of Tennessee. Diakses tanggal 2006-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+161%3B+The+Solar+System&rft.atitle=Galileo%3A+the+Telescope+%26+the+Laws+of+Dynamics&rft.au=Anonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsep10.phys.utk.edu%2Fastr161%2Flect%2Fhistory%2Fgalileo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Marov2004-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Marov2004_102-0">^</a> <cite class="citation conference">Marov, Mikhail Ya. (2004). D.W. Kurtz, ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005tvnv.conf..209M">Mikhail Lomonosov and the discovery of the atmosphere of Venus during the 1761 transit</a>. Proceedings of IAU Colloquium No. 196. Preston, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 209–219. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1743921305001390">10.1017/S1743921305001390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=conference&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+IAU+Colloquium+No.+196&rft.atitle=Mikhail+Lomonosov+and+the+discovery+of+the+atmosphere+of+Venus+during+the+1761+transit&rft.pages=209-219&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1743921305001390&rft.aulast=Marov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail+Ya.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2005tvnv.conf..209M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048817/Mikhail-Vasilyevich-Lomonosov">"Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov"</a>. Britannica online encyclopedia. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+online+encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Mikhail+Vasilyevich+Lomonosov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9048817%2FMikhail-Vasilyevich-Lomonosov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Russell, H. N. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1899-05_9_5/page/284">"The Atmosphere of Venus"</a>. Astrophysical Journal. 9: 284–299. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1899ApJ.....9..284R">1899ApJ.....9..284R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F140593">10.1086/140593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Atmosphere+of+Venus&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=284-299&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F140593&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1899ApJ.....9..284R&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=H.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_astrophysical-journal_1899-05_9_5%2Fpage%2F284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hussey, T. (1832). "On the Rotation of Venus". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 2: 78–126. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1832MNRAS...2...78H">1832MNRAS...2...78H</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Rotation+of+Venus&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=78-126&rft.date=1832&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1832MNRAS...2...78H&rft.aulast=Hussey&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ross, F. E. (1928). "Photographs of Venus". Astrophysical Journal. 68–92: 57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1928ApJ....68...57R">1928ApJ....68...57R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F143130">10.1086/143130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Photographs+of+Venus&rft.volume=68%E2%80%9392&rft.pages=57&rft.date=1928&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F143130&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1928ApJ....68...57R&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=F.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Slipher, V. M. (1903). "A Spectrographic Investigation of the Rotation Velocity of Venus". Astronomische Nachrichten. 163 (3–4): 35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1903AN....163...35S">1903AN....163...35S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fasna.19031630303">10.1002/asna.19031630303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomische+Nachrichten&rft.atitle=A+Spectrographic+Investigation+of+the+Rotation+Velocity+of+Venus&rft.volume=163&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fasna.19031630303&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1903AN....163...35S&rft.aulast=Slipher&rft.aufirst=V.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Goldstein, R. M.; Carpenter, R. L. (1963). "Rotation of Venus: Period Estimated from Radar Measurements". Science. 139 (3558): 910–911. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1963Sci...139..910G">1963Sci...139..910G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.139.3558.910">10.1126/science.139.3558.910</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17743054">17743054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Rotation+of+Venus%3A+Period+Estimated+from+Radar+Measurements&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=3558&rft.pages=910-911&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17743054&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.139.3558.910&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1963Sci...139..910G&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+R.+M.%3B+Carpenter%2C+R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Campbell, D. B.; Dyce, R. B.; Pettengill G. H. (1976). "New radar image of Venus". Science. 193 (4258): 1123–1124. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Sci...193.1123C">1976Sci...193.1123C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.193.4258.1123">10.1126/science.193.4258.1123</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17792750">17792750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=New+radar+image+of+Venus&rft.volume=193&rft.issue=4258&rft.pages=1123-1124&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17792750&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.193.4258.1123&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976Sci...193.1123C&rft.au=Campbell%2C+D.+B.%3B+Dyce%2C+R.+B.%3B+Pettengill+G.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Carolynn Young (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/magellan/guide8.html">"Chapter 8, What's in a Name?"</a>. The Magellan Venus Explorer's Guide. NASA/JPL. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Magellan+Venus+Explorer%27s+Guide&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%2C+What%27s+in+a+Name%3F&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Carolynn+Young&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmagellan%2Fguide8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-mitchell_1-111"><a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_1_111-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Mitchell, Don (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_OKB1.htm">"Inventing The Interplanetary Probe"</a>. The Soviet Exploration of Venus. Diakses tanggal 2007-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Soviet+Exploration+of+Venus&rft.atitle=Inventing+The+Interplanetary+Probe&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentallandscape.com%2FV_OKB1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mayer, McCullough, and Sloanaker; McCullough; Sloanaker (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_1958-01_127_1/page/1">"Observations of Venus at 3.15-cm Wave Length"</a>. Astrophysical Journal. The Astrophysical Journal. 127: 1. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ApJ...127....1M">1958ApJ...127....1M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F146433">10.1086/146433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Observations+of+Venus+at+3.15-cm+Wave+Length&rft.volume=127&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F146433&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958ApJ...127....1M&rft.au=Mayer%2C+McCullough%2C+and+Sloanaker&rft.au=McCullough&rft.au=Sloanaker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_astrophysical-journal_1958-01_127_1%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jet Propulsion Laboratory (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660005413_1966005413.pdf">"Mariner-Venus 1962 Final Project Report"</a> (PDF). SP-59. NASA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mariner-Venus+1962+Final+Project+Report&rft.date=1962&rft.au=Jet+Propulsion+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19660005413_1966005413.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-mitchell_2-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_2_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_2_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_2_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_2_114-3">d</a> <cite class="citation web">Mitchell, Don (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Lavochkin1.htm">"Plumbing the Atmosphere of Venus"</a>. The Soviet Exploration of Venus. Diakses tanggal 2007-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Soviet+Exploration+of+Venus&rft.atitle=Plumbing+the+Atmosphere+of+Venus&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentallandscape.com%2FV_Lavochkin1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Eshleman, V.; Fjeldbo, G.; Eshleman (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690011426_1969011426.pdf">"The atmosphere of Venus as studied with the Mariner 5 dual radio-frequency occultation experiment"</a> (PDF). Radio Science. SU-SEL-69-003. NASA. 4 (10): 879. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969RaSc....4..879F">1969RaSc....4..879F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2FRS004i010p00879">10.1029/RS004i010p00879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Science&rft.atitle=The+atmosphere+of+Venus+as+studied+with+the+Mariner+5+dual+radio-frequency+occultation+experiment&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=879&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2FRS004i010p00879&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969RaSc....4..879F&rft.au=Eshleman%2C+V.%3B+Fjeldbo%2C+G.&rft.au=Eshleman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19690011426_1969011426.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite class="citation conference">"Report on the Activities of the COSPAR Working Group VII". Preliminary Report, COSPAR Twelfth Plenary Meeting and Tenth International Space Science Symposium. Prague, Czechoslovakia: National Academy of Sciences. 11–24 May 1969. hlm. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+Activities+of+the+COSPAR+Working+Group+VII&rft.btitle=Preliminary+Report%2C+COSPAR+Twelfth+Plenary+Meeting+and+Tenth+International+Space+Science+Symposium&rft.place=Prague%2C+Czechoslovakia&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1969-05-11%2F1969-05-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Sagdeev, Roald; Eisenhower, Susan (28 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/coldWarCoOp.html">"United States-Soviet Space Cooperation during the Cold War"</a>. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States-Soviet+Space+Cooperation+during+the+Cold+War&rft.date=2008-05-28&rft.au=Sagdeev%2C+Roald%3B+Eisenhower%2C+Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2F50th%2F50th_magazine%2FcoldWarCoOp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-mitchell_3-118"><a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_3_118-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Mitchell, Don (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Lavochkin2.htm">"First Pictures of the Surface of Venus"</a>. The Soviet Exploration of Venus. Diakses tanggal 2007-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Soviet+Exploration+of+Venus&rft.atitle=First+Pictures+of+the+Surface+of+Venus&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentallandscape.com%2FV_Lavochkin2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Dunne, J.; Burgess, E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19780019203_1978019203.pdf">"The Voyage of Mariner 10"</a> (PDF). SP-424. NASA. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Voyage+of+Mariner+10&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Dunne%2C+J.%3B+Burgess%2C+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F19780019203_1978019203.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Colin, L.; Hall, C. (1977). "The Pioneer Venus Program". Space Science Reviews. 20 (3): 283–306. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977SSRv...20..283C">1977SSRv...20..283C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02186467">10.1007/BF02186467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+Pioneer+Venus+Program&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283-306&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02186467&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977SSRv...20..283C&rft.au=Colin%2C+L.%3B+Hall%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Williams, David R. (6 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/pioneer_venus.html">"Pioneer Venus Project Information"</a>. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pioneer+Venus+Project+Information&rft.pub=NASA+Goddard+Space+Flight+Center&rft.date=2005-01-06&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fplanetary%2Fpioneer_venus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-mitchell_4-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_4_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_4_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mitchell_4_122-2">c</a> <cite class="citation web">Mitchell, Don (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Venera11.htm">"Drilling into the Surface of Venus"</a>. The Soviet Exploration of Venus. Diakses tanggal 2007-12-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Soviet+Exploration+of+Venus&rft.atitle=Drilling+into+the+Surface+of+Venus&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mentallandscape.com%2FV_Venera11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Greeley, Ronald (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=ztodv66A1VsC&pg=PA47">Planetary Mapping</a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 47. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-521-03373-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-521-03373-2">978-0-521-03373-2</a>. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planetary+Mapping&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-03373-2&rft.aulast=Greeley&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dztodv66A1VsC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Linkin, V.; Blamont, J.; Preston, R. (1985). "The Vega Venus Balloon experiment". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 17: 722. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985BAAS...17..722L">1985BAAS...17..722L</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Vega+Venus+Balloon+experiment&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=722&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985BAAS...17..722L&rft.au=Linkin%2C+V.%3B+Blamont%2C+J.%3B+Preston%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sagdeev, R. Z.; Linkin, V. M.; Blamont, J. E.; Preston, R. A. (1986). "The VEGA Venus Balloon Experiment". Science. 231 (4744): 1407–1408. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Sci...231.1407S">1986Sci...231.1407S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.231.4744.1407">10.1126/science.231.4744.1407</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1696342">1696342</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17748079">17748079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+VEGA+Venus+Balloon+Experiment&rft.volume=231&rft.issue=4744&rft.pages=1407-1408&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.231.4744.1407&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17748079&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1696342&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Sci...231.1407S&rft.au=Sagdeev%2C+R.+Z.%3B+Linkin%2C+V.+M.%3B+Blamont%2C+J.+E.%3B+Preston%2C+R.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lyons, Daniel T.; Saunders, R. Stephen; Griffith, Douglas G. (May–June 1995). "The Magellan Venus mapping mission: Aerobraking operations". Acta Astronautica. 35 (9–11): 669–676. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0094-5765%2895%2900032-U">10.1016/0094-5765(95)00032-U</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Astronautica&rft.atitle=The+Magellan+Venus+mapping+mission%3A+Aerobraking+operations&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9311&rft.pages=669-676&rft.date=1995-05%2F1995-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0094-5765%2895%2900032-U&rft.au=Lyons%2C+Daniel+T.%3B+Saunders%2C+R.+Stephen%3B+Griffith%2C+Douglas+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/magellan/status940909.html">"Magellan begins termination activities"</a>. JPL Universe. 9 September 1994. Diakses tanggal 2009-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JPL+Universe&rft.atitle=Magellan+begins+termination+activities&rft.date=1994-09-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmagellan%2Fstatus940909.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Van Pelt, Michel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spaceinvadershow00pelt">Space invaders: how robotic spacecraft explore the Solar System</a>. Springer. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spaceinvadershow00pelt/page/n196">186</a>–189. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-387-33232-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-387-33232-4">0-387-33232-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Space+invaders%3A+how+robotic+spacecraft+explore+the+Solar+System&rft.pages=186-189&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-387-33232-4&rft.aulast=Van+Pelt&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspaceinvadershow00pelt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Davis, Andrew M.; Holland, Heinrich D.; Turekian, Karl K. (2005). Meteorites, comets, and planets. Elsevier. hlm. 489. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-08-044720-1" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-08-044720-1">0-08-044720-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meteorites%2C+comets%2C+and+planets&rft.pages=489&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-08-044720-1&rft.au=Davis%2C+Andrew+M.%3B+Holland%2C+Heinrich+D.%3B+Turekian%2C+Karl+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513092921/http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/the_mission/MESSENGERTimeline/TimeLine_content.html">"Timeline"</a>. MESSENGER. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/the_mission/MESSENGERTimeline/TimeLine_content.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-05-13. Diakses tanggal 9 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MESSENGER&rft.atitle=Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmessenger.jhuapl.edu%2Fthe_mission%2FMESSENGERTimeline%2FTimeLine_content.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-venus_express-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-venus_express_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-venus_express_131-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Venus_Express/index.html">"Venus Express"</a>. ESA Portal. European Space Agency. Diakses tanggal 9 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA+Portal&rft.atitle=Venus+Express&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FSPECIALS%2FVenus_Express%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> G. A. Landis, "Robotic Exploration of the Surface and Atmosphere of Venus", paper IAC-04-Q.2.A.08, Acta Astronautica, Vol. 59, 7, 517–580 (October 2006). See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/vexag/may2008/presentations/19Landis.mov">animation</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/66pe8RvRF?url=http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/planet_c/index_e.html">"Venus Climate Orbiter "PLANET-C""</a>. JAXA. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/sat/planet_c/index_e.html">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-04-11. Diakses tanggal 9 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JAXA&rft.atitle=Venus+Climate+Orbiter+%22PLANET-C%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jaxa.jp%2Fprojects%2Fsat%2Fplanet_c%2Findex_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Operations/SEMYRMQJNVE_0.html">"BepiColombo"</a>. ESA Spacecraft Operations. Diakses tanggal 9 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESA+Spacecraft+Operations&rft.atitle=BepiColombo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esa.int%2FSPECIALS%2FOperations%2FSEMYRMQJNVE_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2009/dec/HQ_09-296_New_Frontiers_Candidates.html">"New Frontiers missions 2009"</a>. NASA. Diakses tanggal 2011-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Frontiers+missions+2009&rft.pub=NASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhome%2Fhqnews%2F2009%2Fdec%2FHQ_09-296_New_Frontiers_Candidates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720022756/http://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/Citations.aspx?id=1568">"Atmospheric Flight on Venus"</a>. NASA Glenn Research Center Technical Reports. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gltrs.grc.nasa.gov/Citations.aspx?id=1568">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-07-20. Diakses tanggal 18 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA+Glenn+Research+Center+Technical+Reports&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+Flight+on+Venus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgltrs.grc.nasa.gov%2FCitations.aspx%3Fid%3D1568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Manned_Venus_Flyby-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Manned_Venus_Flyby_137-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Feldman, M. S.; Ferrara, L. A.; Havenstein, P. L.; Volonte, J. E.; Whipple, P. H. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051145/http://devin.com/cruft/19790072165_1979072165.pdf">Manned Venus Flyby, February 1, 1967</a> (PDF). Bellcomm, Inc. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://devin.com/cruft/19790072165_1979072165.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2013-12-03. Diakses tanggal 2013-11-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manned+Venus+Flyby%2C+February+1%2C+1967&rft.pub=Bellcomm%2C+Inc&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Feldman%2C+M.+S.%3B+Ferrara%2C+L.+A.%3B+Havenstein%2C+P.+L.%3B+Volonte%2C+J.+E.%3B+Whipple%2C+P.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdevin.com%2Fcruft%2F19790072165_1979072165.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-chrono-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chrono_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chrono_138-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/chronology_venus.html">Chronology of Venus Exploration (NASA)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Landis2003-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Landis2003_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landis2003_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Landis2003_139-2">c</a> <cite class="citation conference">Landis, Geoffrey A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120711103532/http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/654/1193/1">"Colonization of Venus"</a>. AIP Conference Proceedings. 654. hlm. 1193–1198. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1541418">10.1063/1.1541418</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/654/1193/1">versi asli</a> tanggal 2012-07-11. Diakses tanggal 2022-01-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Colonization+of+Venus&rft.btitle=AIP+Conference+Proceedings&rft.pages=1193-1198&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1541418&rft.aulast=Landis&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.aip.org%2Flink%2F%3FAPCPCS%2F654%2F1193%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Nicholson, Seth B. (1961). "The Trojan Asteroids". Astronomical Society of the Pacific Leaflets. 8: 239. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1961ASPL....8..239N">1961ASPL....8..239N</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific+Leaflets&rft.atitle=The+Trojan+Asteroids&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=239&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1961ASPL....8..239N&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=Seth+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Universe_Today-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Universe_Today_141-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Cessna, Abby. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universetoday.com/37122/mythology-of-the-planets/">"Mythology of the Planets"</a>. Universe Today. Fraser Cain. Diakses tanggal 19 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Universe+Today&rft.atitle=Mythology+of+the+Planets&rft.aulast=Cessna&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universetoday.com%2F37122%2Fmythology-of-the-planets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-stearn-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stearn_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stearn_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stearn_142-2">c</a> <cite class="citation journal">Stearn, William (1968). "The Origin of the Male and Female Symbols of Biology". Taxon. 11 (4): 109–113. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1217734">10.2307/1217734</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1217734">1217734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taxon&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+the+Male+and+Female+Symbols+of+Biology&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=109-113&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1217734&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1217734&rft.aulast=Stearn&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sachs, A. (1974). "Babylonian Observational Astronomy". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 276 (1257): 43–50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974RSPTA.276...43S">1974RSPTA.276...43S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.1974.0008">10.1098/rsta.1974.0008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Babylonian+Observational+Astronomy&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=1257&rft.pages=43-50&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.1974.0008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974RSPTA.276...43S&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Meador, Betty De Shong (2000). Inanna, Lady of Largest Heart: Poems of the Sumerian High Priestess Enheduanna. University of Texas Press. hlm. 15. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-292-75242-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-292-75242-3">0-292-75242-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inanna%2C+Lady+of+Largest+Heart%3A+Poems+of+the+Sumerian+High+Priestess+Enheduanna&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-292-75242-3&rft.aulast=Meador&rft.aufirst=Betty+De+Shong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Littleton, C. Scott (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=u27FpnXoyJQC&pg=PA760">Gods, Goddesses, and Mythology</a>. 6. Marshall Cavendish. hlm. 760. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0761475656" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0761475656">0761475656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Goddesses%2C+and+Mythology&rft.pages=760&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0761475656&rft.aulast=Littleton&rft.aufirst=C.+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du27FpnXoyJQC%26pg%3DPA760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Cattermole, Peter John; Moore, Patrick (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofvenus0000catt">Atlas of Venus</a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofvenus0000catt/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-49652-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-49652-7">0-521-49652-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Venus&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-49652-7&rft.au=Cattermole%2C+Peter+John%3B+Moore%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofvenus0000catt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Fox, William Sherwood (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=lEUTAAAAYAAJ">The Mythology of All Races: Greek and Roman</a>. Marshall Jones Company. hlm. 247. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8154-0073-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8154-0073-X">0-8154-0073-X</a>. Diakses tanggal 2009-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mythology+of+All+Races%3A+Greek+and+Roman&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Marshall+Jones+Company&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=0-8154-0073-X&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=William+Sherwood&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DlEUTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Greene, Ellen (1996). Reading Sappho: contemporary approaches. University of California Press. hlm. 54. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-520-20601-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-520-20601-0">0-520-20601-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Sappho%3A+contemporary+approaches&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-520-20601-0&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Greene, Ellen (1999). Reading Sappho: contemporary approaches. University of California Press. hlm. 54. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-520-20601-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-520-20601-0">0-520-20601-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Sappho%3A+contemporary+approaches&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-20601-0&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-names.info/greek-names-of-the-planets/">"Greek Names of the Planets"</a>. Diakses tanggal 2012-07-14. <q>Aphrodite is the Greek name of the planet Venus, which is named after Aphrodite, the goddess of Love.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+Names+of+the+Planets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.greek-names.info%2Fgreek-names-of-the-planets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Lihat pula <a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7_(%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82)" class="extiw" title="el:Αφροδίτη (πλανήτης)">artikel Yunani mengenai Venus</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Guillemin, Amédée; Lockyer, Norman; Proctor, Richard Anthony (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=O34PAAAAYAAJ">The heavens: an illustrated handbook of popular astronomy</a>. London: Richard Bentley & Son. hlm. 67. Diakses tanggal 2009-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heavens%3A+an+illustrated+handbook+of+popular+astronomy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Richard+Bentley+%26+Son&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Guillemin%2C+Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e%3B+Lockyer%2C+Norman%3B+Proctor%2C+Richard+Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DO34PAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Rees, Roger (2002). Layers of loyalty in Latin panegyric, AD 289–307. Oxford University Press. hlm. 112. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-924918-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-924918-0">0-19-924918-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Layers+of+loyalty+in+Latin+panegyric%2C+AD+289%E2%80%93307&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-924918-0&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Boyce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Boyce (halaman belum tersedia)">Boyce, Mary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite">"ANĀHĪD"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_Iranica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica (halaman belum tersedia)">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>. Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501175915/http://www.iranica.com/newsite">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-05-01. Diakses tanggal 2010-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=AN%C4%80H%C4%AAD&rft.au=Boyce%2C+Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Fnewsite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Schmidt, Hanns-Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranica.com/newsite/">"MITHRA"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclopaedia_Iranica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica (halaman belum tersedia)">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>. Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080712124138/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2008-07-12. Diakses tanggal 2010-02-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=MITHRA&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Hanns-Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Fnewsite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <cite class="citation book">MacKenzie, D. N. (2005). A concise Pahlavi Dictionary. London & New York: Routledge Curzon. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-713559-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-713559-5">0-19-713559-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+concise+Pahlavi+Dictionary&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge+Curzon&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-713559-5&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+D.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Moin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Moin (halaman belum tersedia)">Mo'in, M.</a> (1992). A Persian Dictionary. Six Volumes. 5–6. Tehran: Amir Kabir Publications. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-56859-031-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-56859-031-8">1-56859-031-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Persian+Dictionary.+Six+Volumes&rft.place=Tehran&rft.pub=Amir+Kabir+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-56859-031-8&rft.au=Mo%27in%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Sharer, Robert J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientmaya0006shar">The Ancient Maya</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-8047-4817-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-8047-4817-9">0-8047-4817-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Maya&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8047-4817-9&rft.aulast=Sharer&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientmaya0006shar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Verhaag, G. (2000). "Letters to the Editor: Cross-cultural astronomy". Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 110 (1): 49. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JBAA..110...49V">2000JBAA..110...49V</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=Letters+to+the+Editor%3A+Cross-cultural+astronomy&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JBAA..110...49V&rft.aulast=Verhaag&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Norris, Ray P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512174226/http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/AboriginalAstronomy/literature/Norris2007b.pdf">"Searching for the Astronomy of Aboriginal Australians"</a> (PDF). Conference Proceedings. Australia Telescope National Facility. hlm. 1–4. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/AboriginalAstronomy/literature/Norris2007b.pdf">versi asli</a> (PDF) tanggal 2011-05-12. Diakses tanggal 2009-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conference+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Searching+for+the+Astronomy+of+Aboriginal+Australians&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Ray+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atnf.csiro.au%2Fresearch%2FAboriginalAstronomy%2Fliterature%2FNorris2007b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-weltfish-160"><a href="#cite_ref-weltfish_160-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Weltfish, Gene (1965 / reprint 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=-16v2uEgO6EC&dq=The+Lost+Universe&q=captive-girl+sacrifice#v=snippet&q=captive-girl%20sacrifice&f=false">The Lost Universe: Pawnee Life and Culture (Chapter 10: The Captive Girl Sacrifice)</a>. University of Nebraska Press. hlm. 117. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-8032-5871-6" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-8032-5871-6">978-0-8032-5871-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Universe%3A+Pawnee+Life+and+Culture+%28Chapter+10%3A+The+Captive+Girl+Sacrifice%29&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-5871-6&rft.aulast=Weltfish&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-16v2uEgO6EC%26dq%3DThe%2BLost%2BUniverse%26q%3Dcaptive-girl%2Bsacrifice%23v%3Dsnippet%26q%3Dcaptive-girl%2520sacrifice%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Periksa nilai tanggal di: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|year=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#bad_date" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bailey, Michael David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magicsuperstitio00bail">Magic and Superstition in Europe: a Concise History from Antiquity to the Present</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magicsuperstitio00bail/page/93">93</a>–94. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7425-3387-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7425-3387-5">0-7425-3387-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+and+Superstition+in+Europe%3A+a+Concise+History+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=93-94&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-7425-3387-5&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Michael+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmagicsuperstitio00bail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-bhalla06-162"><a href="#cite_ref-bhalla06_162-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bhalla, Prem P. (2006). Hindu Rites, Rituals, Customs and Traditions: A to Z on the Hindu Way of Life. Pustak Mahal. hlm. 29. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/81-223-0902-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/81-223-0902-X">81-223-0902-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Rites%2C+Rituals%2C+Customs+and+Traditions%3A+A+to+Z+on+the+Hindu+Way+of+Life&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Pustak+Mahal&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=81-223-0902-X&rft.au=Bhalla%2C+Prem+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-behari_frawley03-163"><a href="#cite_ref-behari_frawley03_163-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Behari, Bepin; Frawley, David (2003). Myths & Symbols of Vedic Astrology (edisi ke-2). Lotus Press. hlm. 65–74. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-940985-51-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-940985-51-9">0-940985-51-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+%26+Symbols+of+Vedic+Astrology&rft.pages=65-74&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Lotus+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-940985-51-9&rft.au=Behari%2C+Bepin%3B+Frawley%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Tionghoa: <cite class="citation book">De Groot, Jan Jakob Maria (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ZAaP7dyjCrAC&pg=PA300">Religion in China: universism. a key to the study of Taoism and Confucianism</a>. American lectures on the history of religions. 10. G. P. Putnam's Sons. hlm. 300. Diakses tanggal 2010-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+China%3A+universism.+a+key+to+the+study+of+Taoism+and+Confucianism&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=De+Groot&rft.aufirst=Jan+Jakob+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZAaP7dyjCrAC%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Jepang: <cite class="citation book">Crump, Thomas (1992). The Japanese numbers game: the use and understanding of numbers in modern Japan. Nissan Institute/Routledge Japanese studies series. Routledge. hlm. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0415056098" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0415056098">0415056098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+numbers+game%3A+the+use+and+understanding+of+numbers+in+modern+Japan&rft.pages=39-40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0415056098&rft.aulast=Crump&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  Korea: <cite class="citation book">Hulbert, Homer Bezaleel (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=fxwpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA426">The passing of Korea</a>. Doubleday, Page & company. hlm. 426. Diakses tanggal 2010-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+passing+of+Korea&rft.pages=426&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+%26+company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Hulbert&rft.aufirst=Homer+Bezaleel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfxwpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Powell, Arthor E. (1930). The Solar System. London: The Theosophical Publishing House. hlm. 33. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7873-1153-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7873-1153-7">0-7873-1153-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Solar+System&rft.place=London&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=The+Theosophical+Publishing+House&rft.date=1930&rft.isbn=0-7873-1153-7&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Arthor+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> Leadbeater, C.W. The Masters and the Path Adyar, Madras, India: 1925—Theosophical Publishing House. </li> <li id="cite_note-miller-167"><a href="#cite_ref-miller_167-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Miller, Ron (2003). Venus. Twenty-First Century Books. hlm. 12. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7613-2359-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7613-2359-7">0-7613-2359-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venus&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Twenty-First+Century+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7613-2359-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Dick, Steven (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeonotherworld0000dick_y2r4">Life on Other Worlds: The 20th-Century Extraterrestrial Life Debate</a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeonotherworld0000dick_y2r4/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-79912-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-79912-0">0-521-79912-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+on+Other+Worlds%3A+The+20th-Century+Extraterrestrial+Life+Debate&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-79912-0&rft.aulast=Dick&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeonotherworld0000dick_y2r4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Seed, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoscien00seed">A Companion to Science Fiction</a>. Blackwell Publishing. hlm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companiontoscien00seed/page/n151">134</a>–135. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4051-1218-2" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4051-1218-2">1-4051-1218-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4051-1218-2&rft.aulast=Seed&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompaniontoscien00seed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Leroy_Ellenberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Leroy Ellenberger (halaman belum tersedia)">Ellenberger, C. Leroy</a> (Winter 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catastrophism.com/cdrom/pubs/journals/kronos/vol0902/index.htm">"Worlds in Collision in Macmillan's Catalogues"</a>. Kronos. 9 (2). Diakses tanggal 2009-05-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kronos&rft.atitle=Worlds+in+Collision+in+Macmillan%27s+Catalogues&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Ellenberger%2C+C.+Leroy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catastrophism.com%2Fcdrom%2Fpubs%2Fjournals%2Fkronos%2Fvol0902%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988">  The 20 weeks at the top stated by Juergens in The Velikovsky Affair is incorrect. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Venus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Venus">Venus</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23035139"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782729"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Venus_topography" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Venus topography">Venus topography</a>.</div></div> </div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;padding:3px;"> <tbody><tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="margin: auto; text-align: center;padding-bottom:5px;">Cari tahu mengenai Venus pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya: </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" title="Cari di Wiktionary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/21px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/31px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Wiktionary-logo-id.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-id.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="474" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Venus">Definisi dan terjemahan</a> dari Wiktionary </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" title="Cari di Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Venus">Gambar dan media</a> dari Commons </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" title="Cari di Wikinews"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/25px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/38px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/50px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Venus">Berita</a> dari Wikinews </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" title="Cari di Wikiquote"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Venus">Kutipan</a> dari Wikiquote </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" title="Cari di Wikisource"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Venus">Teks sumber</a> dari Wikisource </td></tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="//id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" title="Cari di Wikibuku"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></td> <td><a href="https://id.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Venus" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Venus">Buku</a> dari Wikibuku </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Venus">Profil Venus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831094309/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Venus">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-08-31 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. di <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/">situs Penjelajahan Tata Surya NASA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/planets/venuspage.html">Misi ke Venus</a> (oleh NASA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/imgcat/thumbnail_pages/venus_thumbnails.html">Galeri penjelajahan Venus</a> (oleh NASA)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/V_Venus.htm">Penjelajahan Soviet di Venus</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mentallandscape.com/C_CatalogVenus.htm">Katalog gambar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nineplanets.org/venus.html">Halaman Venus di The Nine Planets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/venera1112.html">Halaman NASA mengenai misi Venera</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/magellan/">Halaman misi Magellan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/heasarc/missions/pvo.html">Informasi Pioneer Venus dari NASA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120523224458/sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/transit/venus0412.html">Informasi mengenai Transit Venus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geody.com/?world=venus">Geody Venus</a>, mesin pencari kenampakan permukaan</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwindcentral.com/wiki/Venus">Peta Venus di NASA World Wind</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.si.edu/exhibitions/chasing-venus/intro.htm">Chasing Venus, Observing the Transits of Venus</a> Perpustakaan Institut Smithsonian</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/vc/vchome.shtml">Basis Data Kawah Venus</a> Lunar and Planetary Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/diskmap.php">Calculate/show Fase-fase Venus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070922224411/http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/diskmap.php">Diarsipkan</a> 2007-09-22 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Observatorium Angkatan Laut AS)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycast.com/astronomy/episode-50-venus/">Venus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_Cast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astronomy Cast (halaman belum tersedia)">Astronomy Cast</a> episode No. 50.</li> <li>Thorsten Dambeck: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/multimedia/mpResearch/2009/heft04/pdf12.pdf">The Blazing Hell Behind the Veil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100118163132/http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/multimedia/mpResearch/2009/heft04/pdf12.pdf">Diarsipkan</a> 2010-01-18 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., MaxPlanckResearch, 4/2009, p. 26–33</li> <li><cite class="citation web">Gray, Meghan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/venus.htm">"Venus"</a>. Sixty Symbols. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brady_Haran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brady Haran (halaman belum tersedia)">Brady Haran</a> untuk <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Nottingham" title="Universitas Nottingham">Universitas Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sixty+Symbols&rft.atitle=Venus&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Meghan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixtysymbols.com%2Fvideos%2Fvenus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AVenus" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumber_kartografis">Sumber kartografis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Sunting bagian: Sumber kartografis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">sunting</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Venus&action=edit&section=28" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sumber kartografis">sunting sumber</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdsmaps.wr.usgs.gov/PDS/public/explorer/html/fmappick.htm">PDS Map-a-Planet & Tata Nama Venus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721070349/http://pdsmaps.wr.usgs.gov/PDS/public/explorer/html/fmappick.htm">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-07-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/jsp/SystemSearch2.jsp?System=Venus">Gazeteer of Planetary Nomenclature – Venus (USGS)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://planetologia.elte.hu/venusz-terkep-elte-ttk-kavucs.pdf">Peta Venus</a></li> <li>Film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sos.noaa.gov/videos/Venus.mov">Venus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721060200/http://sos.noaa.gov/videos/Venus.mov">Diarsipkan</a> 2011-07-21 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. di National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tata_Surya" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Tata_Surya" title="Templat:Tata Surya"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Tata_Surya" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Tata Surya"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Tata_Surya&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tata_Surya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Solar_System_Template_Final.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="43" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_c0b8fb8efc62f9d5" /><map name="ImageMap_c0b8fb8efc62f9d5"><area href="/wiki/Matahari" shape="circle" coords="0,0,108,42" alt="Matahari" title="Matahari" /><area href="/wiki/Merkurius" shape="circle" coords="134,22,7" alt="Merkurius" title="Merkurius" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="184,22,10" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Bumi" shape="circle" coords="233,22,10" alt="Bumi" title="Bumi" /><area href="/wiki/Bulan" shape="circle" coords="244,10,5" alt="Bulan" title="Bulan" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="280,22,10" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Satelit_Mars" shape="circle" coords="287,16,4" alt="Phobos dan Deimos" title="Phobos dan Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/1_Ceres" shape="circle" coords="325,22,10" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Sabuk_asteroid" shape="rect" coords="307,0,346,42" alt="Sabuk asteroid" title="Sabuk asteroid" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres" shape="circle" coords="325,22,10" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="381,22,18" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Satelit_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="395,6,7" alt="Satelit Jupiter" title="Satelit Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Cincin_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="358,18,402,24" alt="Cincin Jupiter" title="Cincin Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturnus" shape="circle" coords="447,22,12" alt="Saturnus" title="Saturnus" /><area href="/wiki/Satelit_Saturnus" shape="circle" coords="458,8,7" alt="Satelit Saturnus" title="Satelit Saturnus" /><area href="/wiki/Cincin_Saturnus" shape="rect" coords="424,6,467,37" alt="Cincin Saturnus" title="Cincin Saturnus" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="502,22,11" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Satelit_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="513,12,7" alt="Satelit Uranus" title="Satelit Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Cincin_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="490,5,515,41" alt="Cincin Uranus" title="Cincin Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptunus" shape="circle" coords="555,22,14" alt="Neptunus" title="Neptunus" /><area href="/wiki/Satelit_Neptunus" shape="circle" coords="566,12,4" alt="Satelit Neptunus" title="Satelit Neptunus" /><area href="/wiki/Cincin_Neptunus" shape="rect" coords="530,11,582,34" alt="Cincin Neptunus" title="Cincin Neptunus" /><area href="/wiki/Satelit_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="610,16,4" alt="Satelit Pluto" title="Satelit Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="605,22,10" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet_katai)" shape="circle" coords="641,22,10" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Satelit_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="648,16,4" alt="Satelit Haumea" title="Satelit Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake_(planet_katai)" shape="circle" coords="681,22,10" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/Eris" shape="circle" coords="716,22,10" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia" shape="circle" coords="653,17,4" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Sabuk_Kuiper" shape="rect" coords="591,0,696,42" alt="Sabuk Kuiper" title="Sabuk Kuiper" /><area href="/wiki/Piringan_tersebar" shape="rect" coords="698,0,733,42" alt="Piringan tersebar" title="Piringan tersebar" /><area href="/wiki/Awan_Hills" shape="rect" coords="748,0,769,42" alt="Awan Hills" title="Awan Hills" /><area href="/wiki/Awan_Oort" shape="rect" coords="770,0,800,42" alt="Awan Oort" title="Awan Oort" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sun_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☉"><img alt="☉" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Matahari" title="Matahari">Matahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mercury_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☿"><img alt="☿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius">Merkurius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Venus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♀"><img alt="♀" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Earth_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🜨"><img alt="🜨" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Earth_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Mars_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♂"><img alt="♂" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ceres_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⚳"><img alt="⚳" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Ceres_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/1_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Ceres">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Jupiter_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♃"><img alt="♃" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Saturn_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♄"><img alt="♄" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus">Saturnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Uranus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⛢"><img alt="⛢" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Uranus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Neptune_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="♆"><img alt="♆" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Neptune_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus">Neptunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Orcus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝿"><img alt="🝿" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Orcus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/90482_Orcus" title="90482 Orcus">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Pluto_symbol_(large_orb,_fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯓"><img alt="⯓" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Pluto_symbol_%28large_orb%2C_fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Haumea_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝻"><img alt="🝻" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Haumea_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet_katai)" title="Haumea (planet katai)">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Quaoar_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝾"><img alt="🝾" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Quaoar_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Makemake_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝼"><img alt="🝼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Makemake_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Makemake_(planet_katai)" title="Makemake (planet katai)">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Gonggong_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="🝽"><img alt="🝽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Gonggong_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/225088_Gonggong" title="225088 Gonggong">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Eris_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯰"><img alt="⯰" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Eris_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eris_(planet_katai)" title="Eris (planet katai)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sedna_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="⯲"><img alt="⯲" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Sedna_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/90377_Sedna" title="90377 Sedna">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px;"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;;;;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planet_kebumian" title="Planet kebumian">Kebumian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkurius" title="Merkurius">Merkurius</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_raksasa" title="Planet raksasa">Raksasa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturnus" title="Saturnus">Saturnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptunus" title="Neptunus">Neptunus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_katai" title="Planet katai">Katai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Ceres">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea_(planet_katai)" title="Haumea (planet katai)">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake_(planet_katai)" title="Makemake (planet katai)">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(planet_katai)" title="Eris (planet katai)">Eris</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cincin_planet" title="Cincin planet">Cincin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincin_Jupiter" title="Cincin Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincin_Saturnus" title="Cincin Saturnus">Saturnus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cincin_Rhea" title="Cincin Rhea">Rhean</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincin_Uranus" title="Cincin Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincin_Neptunus" title="Cincin Neptunus">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Cincin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincin_Chariklo" title="Cincin Chariklo">Chariklo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Cincin" title="2060 Chiron">Chiron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Satelit_alami" title="Satelit alami">Satelit alami</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bumi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Moon_decrescent_symbol_(fixed_width).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="☾"><img alt="☾" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/12px-Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/18px-Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Moon_decrescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">Bulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Bumi_lainnya" class="mw-redirect" title="Satelit Bumi lainnya">Satelit Bumi lainnya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Mars" title="Satelit Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fobos_(satelit)" title="Fobos (satelit)">Fobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(satelit)" title="Deimos (satelit)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Jupiter" title="Satelit Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganimede_(satelit)" title="Ganimede (satelit)">Ganimede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalisto_(satelit)" title="Kalisto (satelit)">Kalisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(satelit)" title="Io (satelit)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(satelit)" title="Europa (satelit)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Jupiter#Daftar" title="Satelit Jupiter">79 satelit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Saturnus" title="Satelit Saturnus">Saturnus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(satelit)" title="Titan (satelit)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(satelit)" title="Rhea (satelit)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(satelit)" title="Iapetus (satelit)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(satelit)" title="Dione (satelit)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(satelit)" title="Tethys (satelit)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas_(satelit)" title="Mimas (satelit)">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(satelit)" title="Hyperion (satelit)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(satelit)" title="Phoebe (satelit)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Saturnus#Daftar" title="Satelit Saturnus">82 satelit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Uranus" title="Satelit Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(satelit)" title="Titania (satelit)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(satelit)" title="Oberon (satelit)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel_(satelit)" title="Umbriel (satelit)">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(satelit)" title="Ariel (satelit)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(satelit)" title="Miranda (satelit)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Uranus#Daftar" title="Satelit Uranus">27 satelit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Neptunus" title="Satelit Neptunus">Neptunus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(satelit)" title="Triton (satelit)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(satelit)" title="Proteus (satelit)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(satelit)" title="Nereid (satelit)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Neptunus#Daftar" title="Satelit Neptunus">14 satelit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Pluto" title="Satelit Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(satelit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charon (satelit)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(satelit)" title="Nix (satelit)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(satelit)" title="Hydra (satelit)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(satelit)" title="Kerberos (satelit)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(satelit)" title="Styx (satelit)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Eris" class="mw-redirect" title="Satelit Eris">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(satelit)" title="Dysnomia (satelit)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satelit_Haumea" title="Satelit Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(satelit)" title="Hiʻiaka (satelit)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(satelit)" title="Namaka (satelit)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Makemake <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_antariksa" title="Penjelajahan antariksa">Penjelajahan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Garis_besar_penjelajahan_antariksa" title="Garis besar penjelajahan antariksa">Garis besar</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolonisasi_angkasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolonisasi angkasa">Kolonisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penemuan_dan_penjelajahan_Tata_Surya" title="Penemuan dan penjelajahan Tata Surya">Penemuan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">astronomi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_historis_Tata_Surya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model historis Tata Surya (halaman belum tersedia)">model historis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_penemuan_planet_Tata_Surya_dan_satelitnya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu penemuan planet Tata Surya dan satelitnya (halaman belum tersedia)">garis waktu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misi_antariksa_berawak" title="Misi antariksa berawak">Misi antariksa berawak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stasiun_luar_angkasa" title="Stasiun luar angkasa">stasiun luar angkasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_wahana_antariksa_berawak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar wahana antariksa berawak (halaman belum tersedia)">daftar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prob_antariksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Prob antariksa">Prob antariksa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garis_waktu_penjelajahan_Tata_Surya" title="Garis waktu penjelajahan Tata Surya">garis waktu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_prob_Tata_Surya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar prob Tata Surya (halaman belum tersedia)">daftar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Merkurius" title="Penjelajahan Merkurius">Merkurius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observasi_dan_penjelajahan_Venus" title="Observasi dan penjelajahan Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Bulan" title="Penjelajahan Bulan">Bulan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumber_daya_Bulan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumber daya Bulan (halaman belum tersedia)">penambangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Mars" title="Penjelajahan Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(planet_katai)#Penjelajahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceres (planet katai)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Penjelajahan" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penambangan_asteroid" title="Penambangan asteroid">penambangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_misi_menuju_komet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar misi menuju komet (halaman belum tersedia)">Komet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Jupiter" title="Penjelajahan Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Saturnus" title="Penjelajahan Saturnus">Saturnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Uranus" title="Penjelajahan Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_Neptunus" title="Penjelajahan Neptunus">Neptunus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penjelajahan_Pluto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penjelajahan Pluto (halaman belum tersedia)">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penjelajahan_antariksa_dalam" title="Penjelajahan antariksa dalam">Antariksa dalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_objek_Tata_Surya_hipotetis" title="Daftar objek Tata Surya hipotetis">Objek hipotetis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_Nice_lima_planet" title="Model Nice lima planet">Model Nice lima planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksasa_gas_kelima" title="Raksasa gas kelima">Raksasa gas kelima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_Nemesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipotesis Nemesis">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(planet_hipotetis)" title="Phaeton (planet hipotetis)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Planet_Kesembilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planet Kesembilan (halaman belum tersedia)">Planet Kesembilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_di_luar_Neptunus#Planet_X" title="Planet di luar Neptunus">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatelit" title="Subsatelit">Subsatelit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(planet_hipotetis)" title="Tyche (planet hipotetis)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(planet_hipotetis)" title="Vulcan (planet hipotetis)">Vulcan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Daftar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_komet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar komet (halaman belum tersedia)">Komet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_katai_yang_mungkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet katai yang mungkin (halaman belum tersedia)">Planet katai (yang mungkin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_objek_membulat_secara_gravitasi_dari_Tata_Surya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar objek membulat secara gravitasi dari Tata Surya (halaman belum tersedia)">Objek membulat secara gravitasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_planet_minor" title="Daftar planet minor">Planet minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_satelit_alami" title="Daftar satelit alami">Satelit alami</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_Tata_Surya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model Tata Surya (halaman belum tersedia)">Model Tata Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_objek_Tata_Surya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar objek Tata Surya (halaman belum tersedia)">Objek Tata Surya</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_objek_Tata_Surya_menurut_ukuran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar objek Tata Surya menurut ukuran (halaman belum tersedia)">menurut ukuran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garis_waktu_penemuan_planet_Tata_Surya_dan_satelitnya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garis waktu penemuan planet Tata Surya dan satelitnya (halaman belum tersedia)">menurut waktu penemuan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Benda_kecil_Tata_Surya" title="Benda kecil Tata Surya">Benda kecil Tata Surya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komet" title="Komet">Komet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damokloid" title="Damokloid">Damokloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_minor" title="Planet minor">Planet minor</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arti_nama_planet_minor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arti nama planet minor (halaman belum tersedia)">Nama dan arti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulan_planet_minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulan planet minor">bulan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetisimal" title="Planetisimal">Planetisimal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Merkurius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Merkurius (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Merkurius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Venus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Venus (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Troya Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objek_dekat_Bumi" title="Objek dekat Bumi">Objek dekat Bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Bumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Bumi (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troya_Bumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troya Bumi (halaman belum tersedia)">Troya Bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Mars (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Troya_Mars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Troya Mars (halaman belum tersedia)">Troya Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuk_asteroid" title="Sabuk asteroid">Sabuk asteroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1_Ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Ceres">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3_Juno" title="3 Juno">Juno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asteroid_aktif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asteroid aktif (halaman belum tersedia)">aktif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_planet_minor:_1%E2%80%931000" title="Daftar planet minor: 1–1000">1.000 pertama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keluarga_asteroid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keluarga asteroid (halaman belum tersedia)">keluarga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_asteroid_istimewa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar asteroid istimewa (halaman belum tersedia)">istimewa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celah_Kirkwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celah Kirkwood (halaman belum tersedia)">Celah Kirkwood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Jupiter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Jupiter (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troya_Jupiter" title="Troya Jupiter">Troya Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(planet_minor)" title="Centaur (planet minor)">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Saturnus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Saturnus (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Saturnus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Uranus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Uranus (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_QF99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 QF99 (halaman belum tersedia)">Troya Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_planet_minor_pelintas_Neptunus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar planet minor pelintas Neptunus (halaman belum tersedia)">Pelintas Neptunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troya_Neptunus" title="Troya Neptunus">Troya Neptunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objek_cis-Neptunus" title="Objek cis-Neptunus">Objek cis-Neptunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objek_trans-Neptunus" title="Objek trans-Neptunus">Objek trans-Neptunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabuk_Kuiper" title="Sabuk Kuiper">Sabuk Kuiper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Objek_Sabuk_Kuiper_klasik" class="mw-redirect" title="Objek Sabuk Kuiper klasik">Cubewano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objek_terlepaskan" title="Objek terlepaskan">Objek terlepaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_Hills" title="Awan Hills">Awan Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_Oort" title="Awan Oort">Awan Oort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Pembentukan_dan_evolusi_Tata_Surya" title="Pembentukan dan evolusi Tata Surya">Pembentukan dan evolusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akresi_(astrofisika)" title="Akresi (astrofisika)">Akresi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piringan_akresi" title="Piringan akresi">Piringan akresi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piringan_akresi#Piringan_ekskresi" title="Piringan akresi">Piringan ekskresi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piringan_lingkar_planet" title="Piringan lingkar planet">Piringan lingkar planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piringan_lingkar_bintang" title="Piringan lingkar bintang">Piringan lingkar bintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungkup_lingkar_bintang" title="Sungkup lingkar bintang">Sungkup lingkar bintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(bintang)" title="Coatlicue (bintang)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debu_kosmik" title="Debu kosmik">Debu kosmik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piringan_serpihan" title="Piringan serpihan">Piringan serpihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_terganggu" title="Planet terganggu">Planet terganggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debu_luar_zodiak" title="Debu luar zodiak">Debu luar zodiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahan_ekstraterestrial" title="Bahan ekstraterestrial">Material luar bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurasi_sampel_luar_bumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurasi sampel luar bumi">Kurasi sampel luar bumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_tubrukan_besar" title="Hipotesis tubrukan besar">Hipotesis tubrukan besar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keruntuhan_gravitasi" title="Keruntuhan gravitasi">Keruntuhan gravitasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_debu_antarplanet" title="Awan debu antarplanet">Awan debu antarplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_antarplanet" title="Medium antarplanet">Medium antarplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruang_antarplanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruang antarplanet">Ruang antarplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_antarbintang" title="Awan antarbintang">Awan antarbintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debu_antarbintang" class="mw-redirect" title="Debu antarbintang">Debu antarbintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_antarbintang" title="Medium antarbintang">Medium antarbintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_molekul_antarbintang_dan_lingkar_bintang" title="Daftar molekul antarbintang dan lingkar bintang">Daftar molekul antarbintang dan lingkar bintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabrakan_bintang#Pembentukan_planet" title="Tabrakan bintang">Bintang yang menyatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_molekul" title="Awan molekul">Awan molekul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_nebula" title="Hipotesis nebula">Hipotesis nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migrasi_planet" title="Migrasi planet">Migrasi planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_keplanetan" title="Sistem keplanetan">Sistem keplanetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipotesis_nebula#Pembentukan_planet" title="Hipotesis nebula">Pembentukan planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piringan_protoplanet" title="Piringan protoplanet">Piringan protoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincin_planet" title="Cincin planet">Cincin planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumpukan_puing" title="Tumpukan puing">Tumpukan puing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misi_pengembalian_sampel" title="Misi pengembalian sampel">Misi pengembalian sampel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piringan_tersebar" title="Piringan tersebar">Piringan tersebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembentukan_bintang" title="Pembentukan bintang">Pembentukan bintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garis_besar_Tata_Surya" title="Garis besar Tata Surya">Garis besar Tata Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Solar_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Tata_Surya" title="Portal:Tata Surya">Portal Tata Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Crab_Nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomi" title="Portal:Astronomi">Portal Astronomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkas:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ilmu_kebumian" title="Portal:Ilmu kebumian">Portal Ilmu kebumian</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Tata_Surya" title="Tata Surya">Tata Surya</a> → <a href="/wiki/Awan_Antarbintang_Lokal" title="Awan Antarbintang Lokal">Awan Antarbintang Lokal</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gelembung_Lokal" title="Gelembung Lokal">Gelembung Lokal</a> → <a href="/wiki/Sabuk_Gould" title="Sabuk Gould">Sabuk Gould</a> → <a href="/wiki/Lengan_Orion" title="Lengan Orion">Lengan Orion</a> → <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sakti" title="Bima Sakti">Bima Sakti</a> → <a href="/wiki/Galaksi_satelit_Bima_Sakti" title="Galaksi satelit Bima Sakti">Subgrup Bima Sakti</a> → <a href="/wiki/Grup_Lokal" title="Grup Lokal">Grup Lokal</a> → <a href="/wiki/Lembaran_Lokal" title="Lembaran Lokal">Lembaran Lokal</a> → <a href="/wiki/Supergugus_Virgo" title="Supergugus Virgo">Supergugus Virgo</a> → <a href="/wiki/Supergugus_Laniakea" title="Supergugus Laniakea">Supergugus Laniakea</a> → <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta_teramati" title="Alam semesta teramati">Alam semesta teramati</a> → <a href="/wiki/Alam_semesta" title="Alam semesta">Alam semesta</a> Setiap panah (→) bisa berarti "di dalam" atau "bagian dari". </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pengawasan_otoritas_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313#identifiers&#124;Sunting_ini_di_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengawasan_otoritas" title="Bantuan:Pengawasan otoritas">Pengawasan otoritas</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q313#identifiers" title="Sunting ini di Wikidata"><img alt="Sunting ini di Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4062527-8">Integrated Authority File (Jerman)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIAF_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="VIAF (identifier)">VIAF</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316741882">1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/316741882">WorldCat (via VIAF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpustakaan nasional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451944">Spanyol</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12066488g">Prancis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12066488g">(data)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=33436">Ukraina</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85142768">Amerika Serikat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565856">Jepang</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118176&CON_LNG=ENG">Republik Ceko</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record1892">Yunani</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000766770&local_base=nlx10">Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1242235/">Faceted Application of Subject Terminology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046627">National Archives (US)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venus&oldid=26232351">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venus&oldid=26232351</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Planet_dalam_Tata_Surya" title="Kategori:Planet dalam Tata Surya">Planet dalam Tata Surya</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Planet_kebumian" title="Kategori:Planet kebumian">Planet kebumian</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_yang_menggunakan_ekstensi_Phonos" title="Kategori:Halaman yang menggunakan ekstensi Phonos">Halaman yang menggunakan ekstensi Phonos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_webarchive_tautan_wayback" title="Kategori:Templat webarchive tautan wayback">Templat webarchive tautan wayback</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_referensi_DOI_tidak_lengkap" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan referensi DOI tidak lengkap">Halaman dengan referensi DOI tidak lengkap</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Galat_CS1:_tanggal" title="Kategori:Galat CS1: tanggal">Galat CS1: tanggal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_pelafalan_terekam" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan pelafalan terekam">Halaman dengan pelafalan terekam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Yunani_Kuno" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Yunani Kuno">Artikel mengandung aksara Yunani Kuno</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_non-Indonesia" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara non-Indonesia">Artikel mengandung aksara non-Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pranala_kategori_Commons_didefinisikan_sebagai_nama_halaman" title="Kategori:Pranala kategori Commons didefinisikan sebagai nama halaman">Pranala kategori Commons didefinisikan sebagai nama halaman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pranala_kategori_Commons_ditentukan_secara_lokal" title="Kategori:Pranala kategori Commons ditentukan secara lokal">Pranala kategori Commons ditentukan secara lokal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_GND" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_VIAF" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda VIAF">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda VIAF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_BNE" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNE">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_BNF" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNF">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_EMU" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda EMU">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda EMU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_LCCN" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NDL" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NDL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NKC" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NKC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NLG" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLG">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLG</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NLI" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLI">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NLI</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_FAST" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda FAST">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda FAST</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_NARA" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NARA">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda NARA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_dengan_penanda_WorldCat-VIAF" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda WorldCat-VIAF">Artikel Wikipedia dengan penanda WorldCat-VIAF</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 29 Agustus 2024, pukul 07.18.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Ketentuan Penggunaan</a> untuk rincian lebih lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Kebijakan privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tentang">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penyangkalan_umum">Penyangkalan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kode Etik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pengembang</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/id.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Pernyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venus&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Tampilan seluler</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xz5ct","wgBackendResponseTime":188,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.752","walltime":"2.140","ppvisitednodes":{"value":23622,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":509029,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":52635,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":258110,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1595.661 1 -total"," 42.68% 681.021 2 Templat:Reflist"," 11.75% 187.554 60 Templat:Cite_journal"," 11.31% 180.450 53 Templat:Cite_web"," 11.26% 179.716 1 Templat:Infobox_planet"," 10.79% 172.145 1 Templat:Infobox"," 9.38% 149.606 1 Templat:Tata_surya"," 9.01% 143.695 1 Templat:Navbox_with_columns"," 7.14% 113.882 39 Templat:Cite_book"," 6.94% 110.704 46 Templat:Flagicon"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.752","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7687432,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-n4k26","timestamp":"20241122203545","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Venus","url":"https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q313","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q313","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Kontributor dari proyek Wikimedia."},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-10-25T05:51:59Z","dateModified":"2024-08-29T07:18:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c7\/PIA23791-Venus-RealAndEnhancedContrastViews-20200608_%28cropped%29.jpg","headline":"Planet kedua di Tata Surya"}</script> </body> </html>