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id="toc-Nationalism,_anti-imperialism_and_anti-nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_progressivism_and_counterculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_progressivism_and_counterculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Social progressivism and counterculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_progressivism_and_counterculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Left-wing politics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links_(politiek)" title="Links (politiek) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Links (politiek)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Linke" title="Politische Linke – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Politische Linke" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="يسارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يسارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezquierda_politica" title="Ezquierda politica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ezquierda politica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izquierda_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Izquierda política – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Izquierda política" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol%C3%A7uluq" title="Solçuluq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Solçuluq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="বামপন্থী রাজনীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বামপন্থী রাজনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B3-ph%C3%A0i" title="Chó-phài – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chó-phài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Левыя (палітыка) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Левыя (палітыка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="वामपंथी राजनीति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वामपंथी राजनीति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Левица – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Левица" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu-kleiz_(politikerezh)" title="Tu-kleiz (politikerezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tu-kleiz (politikerezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquerra" title="Esquerra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esquerra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levice" title="Levice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Levice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstreorienteret" title="Venstreorienteret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Venstreorienteret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_Linke" title="Politische Linke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politische Linke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasakpoolsus" title="Vasakpoolsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vasakpoolsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AC_(%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE)" title="Αριστερά (πολιτική) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αριστερά (πολιτική)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izquierda_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Izquierda política – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Izquierda política" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_maldekstro" title="Politika maldekstro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Politika maldekstro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezker_politiko" title="Ezker politiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ezker politiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%BE_(%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="چپ (گرایش سیاسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چپ (گرایش سیاسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinstrahallur_politikkur" title="Vinstrahallur politikkur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vinstrahallur politikkur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauche_(politique)" title="Gauche (politique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gauche (politique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofts_(polityk)" title="Lofts (polityk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lofts (polityk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eite_chl%C3%A9" title="Eite chlé – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eite chlé" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquerda_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Esquerda política – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Esquerda política" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%8C%EC%9D%B5" title="좌익 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="좌익" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ձախեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձախեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="वामपन्थी राजनीति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वामपन्थी राजनीति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_ljevica" title="Politička ljevica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Politička ljevica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_sayap_kiri" title="Politik sayap kiri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Politik sayap kiri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinstristefna" title="Vinstristefna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vinstristefna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_(politica)" title="Sinistra (politica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sinistra (politica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C" title="פוליטיקת שמאל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליטיקת שמאל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%AF" title="ಎಡಪಂಥೀಯ ರಾಜಕೀಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಎಡಪಂಥೀಯ ರಾಜಕೀಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მემარცხენეობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მემარცხენეობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Солшыл саясат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Солшыл саясат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyaseta_%C3%A7epgir" title="Siyaseta çepgir – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Siyaseta çepgir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%9D%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%8A%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D" title="ການເມືອງຝ່າຍຊ້າຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການເມືອງຝ່າຍຊ້າຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreisa_politika" title="Kreisa politika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kreisa politika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9nks_(Politik)" title="Lénks (Politik) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lénks (Politik)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politin%C4%97_kair%C4%97" title="Politinė kairė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Politinė kairė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistra_(politega)" title="Sinistra (politega) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sinistra (politega)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baloldal" title="Baloldal – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baloldal" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Левица (политика) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Левица (политика)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%82" title="ഇടതുപക്ഷം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇടതുപക്ഷം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="वामपंथी राजकारण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वामपंथी राजकारण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="يساريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يساريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik_haluan_kiri" title="Politik haluan kiri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Politik haluan kiri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Зүүний улс төр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зүүний улс төр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Links_(politiek)" title="Links (politiek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Links (politiek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="वामपन्थी राजनीति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वामपन्थी राजनीति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" title="左翼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="左翼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstresiden" title="Venstresiden – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Venstresiden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venstresida" title="Venstresida – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Venstresida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80" title="ਖੱਬੇ-ਪੱਖੀ ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੱਬੇ-ਪੱਖੀ ਰਾਜਨੀਤੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%DA%BC_%D8%A7%DA%93%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="کيڼ اړخی سياست – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيڼ اړخی سياست" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewica" title="Lewica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lewica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esquerda_(pol%C3%ADtica)" title="Esquerda (política) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Esquerda (política)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politic%C4%83_de_st%C3%A2nga" title="Politică de stânga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Politică de stânga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Левые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Левые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_e_majt%C3%AB" title="Politika e majtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Politika e majtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="වාමාංශික දේශපාලනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වාමාංශික දේශපාලනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Left-wing politics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BB%D9%8A_%DA%8C%D8%B1" title="کاٻي ڌر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="کاٻي ڌر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDavica_(politika)" title="Ľavica (politika) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľavica (politika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dna_levica" title="Politična levica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Politična levica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%95%D9%BE%DA%95%DB%95%D9%88%DB%8C" title="چەپڕەوی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چەپڕەوی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Левица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Левица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljevica" title="Ljevica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljevica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasemmisto" title="Vasemmisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vasemmisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_v%C3%A4nster" title="Politisk vänster – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Politisk vänster" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இடதுசாரி அரசியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இடதுசாரி அரசியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9D%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="การเมืองฝ่ายซ้าย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การเมืองฝ่ายซ้าย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solculuk" title="Solculuk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Solculuk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%96_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Ліві (політика) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ліві (політика)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%88" title="بایاں بازو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بایاں بازو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanca_(pu%C5%82%C3%ACtega)" title="Sanca (pułìtega) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sanca (pułìtega)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B_c%C3%A1nh_t%E1%BA%A3" title="Chính trị cánh tả – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính trị cánh tả" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A5tche_(politike)" title="Gåtche (politike) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gåtche (politike)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E7%BF%BC" title="左翼 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="左翼" data-language-autonym="吴语" 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style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Left-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_party" title="Bloc party">Bloc party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Catch-all party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business-firm_party" title="Business-firm party">Entrepreneurial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">Ruling party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Parliamentary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Official party status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics#Single-issue_parties" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_political_party" title="Transnational political party">Transnational</a> / <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders and organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_chair" title="Caucus chair">Caucus chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">Frontbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Political faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Party leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Party spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Internal elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_election" title="Leadership election">Leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">Party convention/conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">Leadership convention</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">Conscience vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">Crossing the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">Party line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">Party-line vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalitions</a> between parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_government" title="Rotation government">Rotation government</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" title="Lists of political parties">Lists of political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Ruling parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_region" title="List of political parties by region">Political parties by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_politics" title="Template:Party politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_politics" title="Template talk:Party politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Left-wing politics</b> describes the range of <a href="/wiki/Ideology#Political_ideologies" title="Ideology">political ideologies</a> that support and seek to achieve <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>, often in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">social hierarchy</a> as a whole<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lukes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or certain social hierarchies.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Left-wing politics typically involve a concern for those in society whom its adherents perceive as disadvantaged relative to others as well as a belief that there are unjustified inequalities that need to be reduced or abolished<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through radical means that change the nature of the society they are implemented in.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to emeritus professor of economics Barry Clark, supporters of left-wing politics "claim that human development flourishes when individuals engage in cooperative, mutually respectful relations that can thrive only when excessive differences in status, power, and wealth are eliminated."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">left–right political spectrum</a>, <i>Left</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right</a></i> were coined during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, referring to the seating arrangement in the French <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>. Those who sat on the left generally opposed the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">ancien régime</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Bourbon</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> and supported the Revolution, the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">secularisation</a> of society<sup id="cite_ref-Knapp_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while those on the right were supportive of the traditional institutions of the Ancien Régime. Usage of the term <i>Left</i> became more prominent after the restoration of the French monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the <i>Independents</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>wing</i> was first appended to Left and Right in the late 19th century, usually with disparaging intent, and <i>left-wing</i> was applied to those who were unorthodox in their religious or political views. </p><p>Ideologies considered to be <i>left-wing</i> vary greatly depending on the placement along the <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">political spectrum</a> in a given time and place. At the end of the 18th century, upon the founding of the first <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy#Origins" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracies</a>, the term <i>Left</i> was used to describe <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republicanism</a> in France, supporting a lesser degree of <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">hierarchical decision-making</a> than the <i>right-wing politics</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional conservatism">traditional conservatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchists">monarchists</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modern</a> politics, the term <i>Left</i> typically applies to ideologies and movements to the left of <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>, supporting some degree of <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">democracy in the economic sphere</a>. Today, ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">social liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a>, while <i>the Left</i> is typically reserved for movements more <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">critical of capitalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">syndicalism</a>, each of which rose to prominence in the 19th and 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the term <i>left-wing</i> has also been applied to a broad range of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">culturally liberal</a> social movements,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights movement">LGBT rights movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abortion-rights_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="Abortion-rights movements">abortion-rights movements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sarnold_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sarnold-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>‌ </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Positions">Positions</h2></div> <p>The following positions are typically associated with left-wing politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist economics">Anarchist economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism and Keynesianism">Marxism and Keynesianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></div> <p>Left-leaning economic beliefs range from <a href="/wiki/Keynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesian">Keynesian</a> economics and the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> through <a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">industrial democracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Social_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Social market">social market</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of the economy and <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">central planning</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-syndicalist">anarcho-syndicalist</a> advocacy of a council-based and self-managed <a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">anarchist communism</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, leftists supported <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>. At the beginning of the 20th century, many leftists advocated strong government intervention in the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leftists continue to criticize the perceived exploitative nature of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">race to the bottom</a>" and unjust lay-offs and exploitation of workers. In the last quarter of the 20th century, the belief that the government (ruling in accordance with the interests of the people) ought to be directly involved in the day-to-day workings of an economy declined in popularity amongst the <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a> who adopted the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a>. Left-wing politics are typically associated with popular or state control of major political and economic institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other leftists believe in <a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian economics</a>, named after the economic theories of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>. Some distinguish Marx's economic theories from his political philosophy, arguing that Marx's approach to understanding the economy is independent of his advocacy of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">revolutionary socialism</a> or his belief in the inevitability of a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marxian economics do not exclusively rely on Marx and draw from a range of Marxist and non-Marxist sources. The <i><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' state">workers' state</a></i> are terms used by some Marxists, particularly <a href="/wiki/Leninists" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninists">Leninists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninists">Marxist–Leninists</a>, to describe what they see as a temporary state between the <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/State_of_affairs_(sociology)" title="State of affairs (sociology)">state of affairs</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a>. Marx defined the proletariat as salaried workers, in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">lumpenproletariat</a>, who he defined as the outcasts of society such as beggars, tricksters, entertainers, buskers, criminals and prostitutes.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political relevance of farmers has divided the left. In <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></span>, Marx scarcely mentioned the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a> thought the <a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">lumpenproletariat</a> was a revolutionary class, while <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> believed that it would be rural peasants, not urban workers, who would bring about the <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-libertarians">Left-libertarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian socialists">libertarian socialists</a> believe in a <a href="/wiki/Decentralized" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized">decentralized</a> economy run by <a href="/wiki/Trade_unions" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unions">trade unions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' councils">workers' councils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperatives">cooperatives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities">municipalities</a> and communes, opposing both <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private</a> control of the economy, preferring <a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">social ownership</a> and local control in which a nation of decentralized regions is united in a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Global_justice_movement" title="Global justice movement">global justice movement</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalisation_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-globalisation movement">anti-globalisation movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alter-globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Alter-globalisation">alter-globalisation</a> movement, protests against <a href="/wiki/Corporate" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate">corporate</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic globalisation">economic globalisation</a> due to its negative consequences for the poor, workers, the environment, and small businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Juris_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Juris-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leftists generally believe in innovation in various technological and philosophical fields and disciplines to help causes they support.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></div> <p>One of the foremost left-wing advocates was Thomas Paine, one of the first individuals since <i>left</i> and <i>right</i> became political terms to describe the collective human ownership of the world which he speaks of in Agrarian Justice.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, most of left-wing thought and literature regarding environmentalism stems from this duty of ownership and the aforementioned form of cooperative ownership means that humanity must take care of the Earth. This principle is reflected in much of the historical left-wing thought and literature that came afterwards, although there were disagreements about what this entailed. Both Karl Marx and the early socialist philosopher and scholar <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a> arguably had a concern for environmental matters.<sup id="cite_ref-Foster2000_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster2000-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Marx, "[e]ven an entire society, a nation, or all simultaneously existing societies taken together, are not the owners of the earth. They are simply its possessors, its beneficiaries, and have to bequeath it in an improved state to succeeding generations".<sup id="cite_ref-Foster2000_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster2000-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Russian Revolution, environmental scientists such as revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Proletkult" title="Proletkult">Proletkult</a> organisation made efforts to incorporate environmentalism into Bolshevism and "integrate production with natural laws and limits" in the first decade of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> rule, before <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> attacked ecologists and the science of ecology, purged environmentalists and promoted the <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trofim_Lysenko" title="Trofim Lysenko">Trofim Lysenko</a> during his rule up until his death in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> rejected environmentalism and believed that based on the laws of historical materialism, all of nature must be put into the service of revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1970s onwards, environmentalism became an increasing concern of the left, with social movements and several unions campaigning on environmental issues and causes. In Australia, the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Builders_Labourers_Federation" title="Builders Labourers Federation">Builders Labourers Federation</a>, led by the communist Jack Mundy, united with environmentalists to place <a href="/wiki/Green_ban" title="Green ban">green bans</a> on environmentally destructive development projects.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several segments of the socialist and Marxist left consciously merged environmentalism and anti-capitalism into an <a href="/wiki/Eco-socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Eco-socialist">eco-socialist</a> ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Commoner" title="Barry Commoner">Barry Commoner</a> articulated a left-wing response to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a></i> model that predicted catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">resource depletion</a> and spurred environmentalism, postulating that capitalist technologies were the key cause responsible for environmental degradation, as opposed to human population pressures.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Environmental degradation can be seen as a class or equity issue, as environmental destruction disproportionately affects poorer communities and countries.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Spring_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Spring_2007.jpg/220px-Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Spring_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Spring_2007.jpg/330px-Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Spring_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Spring_2007.jpg/440px-Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Spring_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="2233" /></a><figcaption>Global warming was the cover story of this 2007 issue of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ms._(magazine)" title="Ms. (magazine)">Ms.</a></i> magazine.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several left-wing or socialist groupings have an overt environmental concern and several green parties contain a strong socialist presence. The <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_England_and_Wales" title="Green Party of England and Wales">Green Party of England and Wales</a> features an eco-socialist group, the <a href="/wiki/Green_Left_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Left (UK)">Green Left</a>, which was founded in June 2005. Its members held several influential positions within the party, including both the former Principal Speakers <a href="/wiki/Si%C3%A2n_Berry" title="Siân Berry">Siân Berry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derek_Wall" title="Derek Wall">Derek Wall</a>, himself an eco-socialist and Marxist academic.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, several <a href="/wiki/Green_left" title="Green left">green left</a> political parties such as the <a href="/wiki/European_United_Left%E2%80%93Nordic_Green_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="European United Left–Nordic Green Left">European United Left–Nordic Green Left</a> combine traditional social-democratic values such as a desire for greater economic equality and workers rights with demands for environmental protection. Democratic socialist <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_president" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivian president">Bolivian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> has traced <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> to capitalist <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating that "[t]he Earth does not have enough for the North to live better and better, but it does have enough for all of us to live well". <a href="/wiki/James_Hansen" title="James Hansen">James Hansen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raj_Patel" title="Raj Patel">Raj Patel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Yes_Men" title="The Yes Men">The Yes Men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a> hold similar views.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>, the Left is also divided over how to effectively and equitably reduce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon emissions">carbon emissions</a> as the center-left often advocates a reliance on market measures such as <a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">emissions trading</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">carbon tax</a> while those further to the left support direct government regulation and intervention in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">Green New Deal</a>, either alongside or instead of market mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism,_anti-imperialism_and_anti-nationalism"><span id="Nationalism.2C_anti-imperialism_and_anti-nationalism"></span>Nationalism, anti-imperialism and anti-nationalism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_nationalism" title="Anarchism and nationalism">Anarchism and nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism (politics)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist Left">Anti-Stalinist Left</a></div> <p>The question of <a href="/wiki/Nationality" title="Nationality">nationality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> has been a central feature of political debates on the Left. During the French Revolution, nationalism was a key policy of the Republican Left.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Republican Left advocated for <a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">civic nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Knapp_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and argued that the nation is a "daily plebiscite" formed by the subjective "will to live together". Related to <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchism</a>, the belligerent will to take revenge against Germany and retake control of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, nationalism was sometimes opposed to <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. In the 1880s, there was a debate between leftists such as the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">Socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a> and the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Maurice Barrès</a>, who argued that colonialism diverted France from liberating the "blue line of the <a href="/wiki/Vosges" title="Vosges">Vosges</a>", in reference to Alsace-Lorraine; and the "<a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">colonial lobby</a>" such as <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(France,_1871%E2%80%931901)" title="Moderate Republicans (France, 1871–1901)">Moderate Republicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Léon Gambetta</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Union_(France)" title="Republican Union (France)">Republicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Etienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène Etienne">Eugène Etienne</a>, the president of the Parliamentary Colonial Group. After the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreyfus Affair">Dreyfus Affair</a> in which officer <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus" title="Alfred Dreyfus">Alfred Dreyfus</a> was falsely convicted of sedition and exiled to a penal colony in 1894 before being exonerated in 1906, nationalism in the form of <a href="/wiki/Boulangism" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulangism">Boulangism</a> increasingly became associated with the far-right.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> theory of <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">proletarian internationalism</a> asserts that members of the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> should act in solidarity with working people in other countries in pursuit of a common <a href="/wiki/Class_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Class interest">class interest</a>, rather than only focusing on their own countries. Proletarian internationalism is summed up in the slogan: "<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>", the last line of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i>. Union members had learned that more members meant more bargaining power. Taken to an international level, leftists argued that workers should act in solidarity with the international proletariat in order to further increase the power of the working class. Proletarian internationalism saw itself as a deterrent against war and international conflicts, because people with a common interest are less likely to take up arms against one another, instead focusing on fighting the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a>. According to Marxist theory, the <a href="/wiki/Antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonym">antonym</a> of proletarian internationalism is <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">bourgeois nationalism</a>. Some Marxists, together with others on the left, view <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (including antisemitism)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> as <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and conquer</a> tactics used by the ruling classes to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> from uniting against them in solidarity with one another. Left-wing movements have often taken up anti-imperialist positions. Anarchism has developed a critique of nationalism that focuses on nationalism's role in justifying and consolidating state power and domination. Through its unifying goal, nationalism strives for <a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">centralisation</a> (both in specific territories and in a ruling elite of individuals) while it prepares a population for capitalist exploitation. Within anarchism, this subject has been extensively discussed by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rudolf Rocker</a> in his book titled <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_Culture" title="Nationalism and Culture">Nationalism and Culture</a></i> and by the works of <a href="/wiki/Fredy_Perlman" title="Fredy Perlman">Fredy Perlman</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Against_His-Story,_Against_Leviathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Against His-Story, Against Leviathan">Against His-Story, Against Leviathan</a></i> and <i>The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The failure of revolutions in <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary</a> in the 1918–1920 years ended <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> hopes for an imminent <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a> and led to the promotion of the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>. In the first edition of his book titled <i>Osnovy Leninizma</i> (<i>Foundations of Leninism</i>, 1924), Stalin argued that revolution in one country is insufficient. By the end of that year in the second edition of the book, he argued that the "<a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> can and must build the socialist society in one country". In April 1925, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a> elaborated on the issue in his brochure titled <i>Can We Build Socialism in One Country in the Absence of the Victory of the West-European Proletariat?</i>, whose position was adopted as state policy after Stalin's January 1926 article titled <i>On the Issues of Leninism</i> (К вопросам ленинизма) was published. This idea was opposed by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> and his supporters, who declared the need for an international "<a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a>" and condemned Stalin for betraying the goals and ideals of the socialist revolution. Various <a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth Internationalist</a> groups around the world who describe themselves as <a href="/wiki/Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> see themselves as standing in this tradition while <a href="/wiki/Maoist_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoist China">Maoist China</a> formally supported the theory of socialism in one country. </p><p>European social democrats strongly support <a href="/wiki/Europeanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeanism">Europeanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> integration within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, although there is a minority of nationalists and <a href="/wiki/Eurosceptics" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurosceptics">Eurosceptics</a> on the left. Several scholars have linked this form of left-wing nationalism to the pressure generated by economic integration with other countries, often encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">free trade</a> agreements. This view is sometimes used to justify hostility towards supranational organizations. Left-wing nationalism can also refer to any form of nationalism which emphasizes a leftist working-class <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> agenda that seeks to overcome exploitation or oppression by other nations. Many Third World <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">anti-colonialist movements</a> have adopted leftist and socialist ideas. <a href="/wiki/Third-Worldism" class="mw-redirect" title="Third-Worldism">Third-Worldism</a> is a tendency within leftist thought that regards the division between <a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a> <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> as being of high political importance. This tendency supports <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_liberation_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="National liberation movements">national liberation movements</a> against imperialism by capitalists. Third-Worldism is closely connected with <a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American socialism">Latin American socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Independent_sources" title="Wikipedia:Independent sources"><span title="This claim needs a reference to a independent, third-party source. (November 2012)">third-party source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">pan-Africanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">pan-Arabism</a>. Several left-wing groups in the developing world such as the <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_Army_of_National_Liberation" title="Zapatista Army of National Liberation">Zapatista Army of National Liberation</a> in Mexico, the <a href="/wiki/Abahlali_baseMjondolo" title="Abahlali baseMjondolo">Abahlali baseMjondolo</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Naxalites" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxalites">Naxalites</a> in India have argued that the First World and the Second World Left takes a racist and paternalistic attitude towards liberation movements in the Third World.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_religion" title="Anarchism and religion">Anarchism and religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></div> <p>The original <a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a> was firmly <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-clerical">anti-clerical</a>, strongly opposing the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and supporting <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, ushering in a policy known as <i><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Knapp_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> asserted that "religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions. It is the <a href="/wiki/Opium_of_the_people" title="Opium of the people">opium of the people</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Soviet Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> originally embraced an ideological principle which professed that all religion would eventually atrophy and resolved to eradicate organized <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and other religious institutions. In 1918, 10 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox">Russian Orthodox</a> hierarchs were summarily executed by a firing squad, and children were deprived of any religious education outside of the home.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, those on the Left generally support <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> and the separation of church and state. However, religious beliefs have also been associated with many left-wing movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive movement">progressive movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a> movement, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war movement</a>, the anti-<a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a>. Early <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian socialist">utopian socialist</a> thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Saint-Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte de Saint-Simon">Comte de Saint-Simon</a> based their theories of socialism upon Christian principles. Other common leftist concerns such as <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality">racial equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> and the rejection of capitalism and excessive <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> can be found in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Social Gospel movement arose in the United States which integrated <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> thought with <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> through faith-based social activism. Other left-wing religious movements include Buddhist socialism, Jewish socialism and Islamic socialism. There have been alliances between the left and anti-war <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Respect_Party" title="Respect Party">Respect Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stop_the_War_Coalition" title="Stop the War Coalition">Stop the War Coalition</a> in Britain. In France, the left has been divided over moves to ban the <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a> from schools, with some leftists supporting a ban based on the separation of church and state in accordance with the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a></i> and other leftists opposing the prohibition based on personal and religious freedom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_progressivism_and_counterculture">Social progressivism and counterculture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism_and_LGBT_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism and LGBT rights">Socialism and LGBT rights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist feminism</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left-wing_politics&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Left-wing_politics" title="Talk:Left-wing politics">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">Social progressivism</a> is another common feature of modern leftism, particularly in the United States, where social progressives played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition of slavery</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the enshrinement of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the protection of <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>. Progressives have both advocated for <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_prohibition" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcohol prohibition">alcohol prohibition</a> legislation and worked towards its repeal in the mid to late 1920s and early 1930s. Current positions associated with social progressivism in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> include strong opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a>, and support for <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> rights, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" title="Cognitive liberty">cognitive liberty</a>, LGBTQ rights including legal recognition of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">same-sex adoption</a> of children, the <a href="/wiki/Gender_reassignment" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender reassignment">right to change one's legal gender</a>, distribution of <a href="/wiki/Contraceptives" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptives">contraceptives</a>, and public funding of embryonic <a href="/wiki/Stem-cell_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem-cell research">stem-cell research</a>. The desire for an expansion of social and civil liberties often overlaps that of the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian">libertarian</a> movement. Public education was a subject of great interest to groundbreaking social progressives such as <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Lester Frank Ward</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, who believed that a democratic society and system of government was practically impossible without a universal and comprehensive nationwide system of education. </p><p>Various counterculture and anti-war movements in the 1960s and 1970s were associated with the New Left. Unlike the earlier leftist focus on <a href="/wiki/Labour_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour union">labour union</a> activism and a proletarian revolution, the New Left instead adopted a broader definition of political activism commonly called <a href="/wiki/Social_activism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social activism">social activism</a>. The New Left in the United States is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Hippie_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippie movement">hippie movement</a>, mass protest movements on school campuses and a broadening of focus from protesting <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">class</a>-based oppression to include issues such as <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a>. The British New Left was an intellectually driven movement which attempted to correct the perceived errors of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a>. The New Left opposed prevailing authoritarian structures in society which it designated as "<a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a>" and became known as the "Anti-Establishment". The New Left did not seek to recruit industrial workers en masse, but instead concentrated on a social activist approach to organization, convinced that they could be the source for a better kind of <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>. This view has been criticized by several <a href="/wiki/Marxists" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxists">Marxists</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Trotskyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyists">Trotskyists</a>, who characterized this approach as "substitutionism" which they described as a misguided and non-Marxist belief that other groups in society could "substitute" for and "replace" the revolutionary agency of the working class.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many early <a href="/wiki/Feminists" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminists">feminists</a> and advocates of women's rights were considered a part of the Left by their contemporaries. Feminist pioneer <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>. Many notable leftists have been strong supporters of gender equality such as <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> philosophers and activists <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clara_Zetkin" title="Clara Zetkin">Clara Zetkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Alexandra Kollontai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> philosophers and activists such as <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Bolten" title="Virginia Bolten">Virginia Bolten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Goldman" title="Emma Goldman">Emma Goldman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luc%C3%ADa_S%C3%A1nchez_Saornil" title="Lucía Sánchez Saornil">Lucía Sánchez Saornil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a> philosophers and activists such as <a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Marxists such as Rosa Luxemburg,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clara Zetkin,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Alexandra Kollontai,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who are supporters of radical social equality for women and have rejected and opposed <a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">liberal feminism</a> because they considered it to be a capitalist <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> ideology. Marxists were responsible for organizing the first <a href="/wiki/International_Working_Women%27s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="International Working Women's Day">International Working Women's Day</a> events.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">women's liberation movement</a> is closely connected to the New Left and other <a href="/wiki/New_social_movements" title="New social movements">new social movements</a> which openly challenged the orthodoxies of the Old Left. Socialist feminism as exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radical_Women" title="Radical Women">Radical Women</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist feminism</a>, spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Selma_James" title="Selma James">Selma James</a>, saw themselves as a part of the Left that challenges male-dominated and <a href="/wiki/Sexist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexist">sexist</a> structures within the Left. The connection between left-wing ideologies and the struggle for LGBTQ rights also has an important history. Prominent socialists who were involved in early struggles for LGBTQ rights include <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carpenter" title="Edward Carpenter">Edward Carpenter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Hay" title="Harry Hay">Harry Hay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Daniel Guérin">Daniel Guérin</a>, among others. The New Left is also strongly supportive of LGBTQ rights and liberation, having been instrumental in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ rights movement">LGBTQ rights movement</a> in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_riots" title="Stonewall riots">Stonewall Riots</a> of 1969. Contemporary leftist activists and socialist countries such as Cuba are actively supportive of LGBTQ+ people and are involved in the struggle for LGBTQ+ rights and equality. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">American Left</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">Left–right political spectrum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estatesgeneral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Estatesgeneral.jpg/300px-Estatesgeneral.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Estatesgeneral.jpg/450px-Estatesgeneral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Estatesgeneral.jpg/600px-Estatesgeneral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5132" data-file-height="3226" /></a><figcaption>The 5 May 1789 opening of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Estates General of 1789</a> in Versailles</figcaption></figure> <p>In politics, the term <i>Left</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> as the political groups opposed to the royal veto privilege (<a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobin</a> deputies from the <a href="/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates-General of 1789">Third Estate</a>) generally sat to the left of the presiding member's chair in parliament while the ones in favour of the royal veto privilege sat on its right.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That habit began in the original French <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>. Throughout the 19th century, the main line dividing <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Left and Right</a> was between supporters of the French <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> and those of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>'s privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-Knapp_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knapp-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> The <a href="/wiki/June_Days_uprising" title="June Days uprising">June Days uprising</a> during the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a> was an attempt by the Left to re-assert itself after the <a href="/wiki/1848_Revolution_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 Revolution (France)">1848 Revolution</a>, but only a small portion of the population supported this. </p><p>In the mid-19th century, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> became key features of the French Left. After <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>'s <a href="/wiki/French_coup_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="French coup of 1851">1851 coup</a> and the subsequent establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> began to rival radical republicanism and <a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">utopian socialism</a> as a force within left-wing politics. The influential <i><a href="/wiki/Communist_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Manifesto">Communist Manifesto</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, published amidst the wave of <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">revolutions of 1848</a> across Europe, asserted that all of human history is defined by <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a>. They predicted that a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proletarian">proletarian</a> revolution would eventually overthrow <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and create a <a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">stateless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">moneyless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classless" class="mw-redirect" title="Classless">classless</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communist society</a>. It was in this period that the word <i>wing</i> was appended to both Left and Right.<sup id="cite_ref-oed.com_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed.com-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">International Workingmen's Association</a> (1864–1876), sometimes called the First International, brought together delegates from many different countries, with many different views about how to reach a classless and stateless society. Following a split between supporters of Marx and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>, anarchists formed the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Imier_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint-Imier International">Saint-Imier International</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Association_%E2%80%93_Asociaci%C3%B3n_Internacional_de_los_Trabajadores" class="mw-redirect" title="International Workers' Association – Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores">International Workers' Association (IWA–AIT)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a> (1888–1916) became divided over the issue of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Those who opposed the war, among them <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>, saw themselves as further to the left. </p><p>In the United States, leftists such as <a href="/wiki/Social_liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberals">social liberals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">progressives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade_unionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unionists">trade unionists</a> were influenced by the works of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, who introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Asset-based_egalitarianism" title="Asset-based egalitarianism">asset-based egalitarianism</a> which theorises that <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a> is possible by a redistribution of resources. After the <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction era of the United States">Reconstruction</a> era in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the phrase "the Left" was used to describe those who supported trade unions, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-war_movement" title="Anti-war movement">anti-war movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Gosse_2005_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Gosse_2005-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, <i>left-wing</i> and <i>right-wing</i> have often been used as synonyms for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> parties, or as synonyms for <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservatism</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (June 2017)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the Right was populist, both in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>, anything viewed as avant-garde art was called leftist across Europe, thus the identification of Picasso's <i><a href="/wiki/Guernica_(Picasso)" title="Guernica (Picasso)">Guernica</a></i> as "leftist" in Europe<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the condemnation of the Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Shostakovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Shostakovich">Shostakovich</a>'s opera (<i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth_of_Mtsensk_(opera)" title="Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk (opera)">The Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk District</a></i>) in <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> as follows: "Here we have 'leftist' confusion instead of natural, human music".<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <p>The spectrum of left-wing politics ranges from <a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">centre-left</a> to <a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">far-left</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ultra-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra-left">ultra-left</a>. The term <i>centre-left</i> describes a position within the political mainstream that accepts capitalism and a market economy. The terms <i>far-left</i> and <i>ultra-left</i> are used for positions that are more <a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">radical</a>, more strongly rejecting <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and mainstream <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, instead advocating for a socialist society based on <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, representing economic, political and social democracy. The centre-left includes <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_liberals" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberals">social liberals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">greens</a>. Centre-left supporters accept market allocation of resources in a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> with an empowered <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> and a thriving <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a>. Centre-left policies tend to favour limited <a href="/wiki/State_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="State intervention">state intervention</a> in matters pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">public interest</a>. </p><p>In several countries, the terms <i>far-left</i> and <i>radical left</i> have been associated with many varieties of <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">autonomism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. They have been used to describe groups that advocate <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">eco-terrorism</a>. In France, a distinction is made between the centre-left and the left represented by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> and the far-left as represented by <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communists">anarcho-communists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maoists" class="mw-redirect" title="Maoists">Maoists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trotskyists" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyists">Trotskyists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a> defines "left-wing extremism" as groups that "seek to bring about change through violent revolution, rather than through established political processes".<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremist</a> far-left politics have motivated <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radicalization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, sabotage and damage to property, the formation of <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> organizations, <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conspiracism" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracism">conspiracism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rossi_2021_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossi_2021-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ojeili-Taylor_2018_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ojeili-Taylor_2018-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Left" title="Chinese New Left">Chinese New Left</a></i> denotes those who oppose the <a href="/wiki/Economic_reform_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reform in the People's Republic of China">economic reforms</a> enacted by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> in the 1980s and 1990s, favour instead the restoration of Maoist policies and the immediate transition to a socialist economy.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>, the term <i>New Left</i> is used for social and cultural politics. </p><p>In the United Kingdom during the 1980s, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">hard left</a></i> was applied to supporters of <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign Group">Campaign Group</a> and those involved in the <i><a href="/wiki/Labour_Briefing" title="Labour Briefing">London Labour Briefing</a></i> newspaper as well as Trotskyist groups such as <a href="/wiki/Militant_(Trotskyist_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Militant (Trotskyist group)">Militant</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Workers%27_Liberty" title="Alliance for Workers' Liberty">Alliance for Workers' Liberty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same period, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">soft left</a></i> was applied to supporters of the British <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> who were perceived to be more moderate and closer to the centre, accepting <a href="/wiki/Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Keynesianism">Keynesianism</a>. Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a>, the Labour Party adopted the <a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a> and rebranded itself as <a href="/wiki/New_Labour" title="New Labour">New Labour</a> in order to promote the notion that it was less left-wing than it had been in the past to accommodate the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> trend arising since the 1970s with the <a href="/wiki/Displacement_of_Keynesianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Displacement of Keynesianism">displacement of Keynesianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-war_social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-war social democracy">post-war social democracy</a>. One of the first actions of <a href="/wiki/Ed_Miliband" title="Ed Miliband">Ed Miliband</a>, the Labour Party leader who succeeded Blair and Brown, was the rejection of the New Labour label and a promise to abandon the Third Way and turn back to the left. However, Labour's voting record in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons" title="House of Commons">House of Commons</a> from 2010 to 2015 indicated that the Labour Party under Miliband had maintained the same distance from the left as it did under Blair.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the election of <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Jeremy Corbyn</a> as the Labour Party leader was viewed by scholars and political commentators as Labour turning back toward its more classical socialist roots, rejecting neoliberalism and the Third Way whilst supporting a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a> society and an end to <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_unions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of trade unions in the United Kingdom">History of trade unions in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">Labor history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_left-wing_internationals" title="List of left-wing internationals">List of left-wing internationals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_left-wing_political_parties" title="List of left-wing political parties">List of left-wing political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-left anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-baiting" title="Red-baiting">Red-baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwashing" title="Redwashing">Redwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Woke" title="Woke">Woke</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Smith-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmithTatalovich2003" class="citation book cs1">Smith, T. Alexander; Tatalovich, Raymond (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturesatwarmor0000smit"><i>Cultures at War: Moral Conflicts in Western Democracies</i></a></span>. Toronto, Canada: Broadview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturesatwarmor0000smit/page/30">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781551113340" title="Special:BookSources/9781551113340"><bdi>9781551113340</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures+at+War%3A+Moral+Conflicts+in+Western+Democracies&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Broadview+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781551113340&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=T.+Alexander&rft.au=Tatalovich%2C+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturesatwarmor0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobbioCameron1997" class="citation book cs1">Bobbio, Norberto; Cameron, Allan (1997). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leftrightsignifi00bobb"><i>Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leftrightsignifi00bobb/page/n58">37</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Left+and+Right%3A+The+Significance+of+a+Political+Distinction&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bobbio&rft.aufirst=Norberto&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleftrightsignifi00bobb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lukes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lukes_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2005" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Terence (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1h4_NqTOFoC&q=The+Cambridge+History+of+Twentieth-Century+Political+Thought"><i>The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought</i></a> (Reprint. ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 614. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521563543" title="Special:BookSources/9780521563543"><bdi>9780521563543</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Twentieth-Century+Political+Thought&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=614&rft.edition=Reprint.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780521563543&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1h4_NqTOFoC%26q%3DThe%2BCambridge%2BHistory%2Bof%2BTwentieth-Century%2BPolitical%2BThought&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1997" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Willie (1997). <i>The Left In History: Revolution and Reform in Twentieth-Century Politic</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745308913" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745308913"><bdi>978-0745308913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Left+In+History%3A+Revolution+and+Reform+in+Twentieth-Century+Politic&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0745308913&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Willie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Edmund, ed. (2006). <i>The Desk Encyclopedia of World History</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 370. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7394-7809-7"><bdi>978-0-7394-7809-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desk+Encyclopedia+of+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=370&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7394-7809-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1998" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Barry (1998). <i>Political Economy: A Comparative Approach</i>. Westport, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Praeger_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Praeger Press">Praeger Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275958695" title="Special:BookSources/9780275958695"><bdi>9780275958695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Economy%3A+A+Comparative+Approach&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Praeger+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780275958695&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knapp-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knapp_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knapp_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knapp_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knapp_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnappWright2006" class="citation book cs1">Knapp, Andrew; Wright, Vincent (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/governmentpoliti0000knap"><i>The government and politics of France</i></a></span> (5th ed.). London [u.a.]: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35732-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35732-6"><bdi>978-0-415-35732-6</bdi></a>. <q>the government and politics of france.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+government+and+politics+of+France&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35732-6&rft.aulast=Knapp&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Wright%2C+Vincent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgovernmentpoliti0000knap&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGauchet1996" class="citation book cs1">Gauchet, Marcel (1996). "Right and Left". In Nora, Pierre (ed.). <i>Realms of memory: conflicts and divisions</i>. p. 248.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Right+and+Left&rft.btitle=Realms+of+memory%3A+conflicts+and+divisions&rft.pages=248&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Gauchet&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaassZinn2010" class="citation book cs1">Maass, Alan; <a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn, Howard</a> (2010). <i>The Case for Socialism</i> (Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Books" title="Haymarket Books">Haymarket Books</a>. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608460731" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608460731"><bdi>978-1608460731</bdi></a>. <q>The <i>International Socialist Review</i> is one of the best left-wing journals around...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Socialism&rft.pages=164&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Haymarket+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1608460731&rft.aulast=Maass&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Zinn%2C+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtVan_der_Walt2009" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Michael; <a href="/wiki/Lucien_van_der_Walt" title="Lucien van der Walt">Van der Walt, Lucien</a> (2009). <i>Black Flame: The Revolutionary Class Politics of Anarchism and Syndicalism</i>. Counter-Power. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/AK_Press" title="AK Press">AK Press</a>. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-16-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904859-16-1"><bdi>978-1-904859-16-1</bdi></a>. <q>[...] anarchism is a coherent intellectual and political current dating back to the 1860s and the First International, and part of the labour and left tradition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Flame%3A+The+Revolutionary+Class+Politics+of+Anarchism+and+Syndicalism&rft.series=Counter-Power&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=AK+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-904859-16-1&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Van+der+Walt%2C+Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevel2009" class="citation book cs1">Revel, Jean Francois (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastexittoutopia0000reve/page/24"><i>Last Exit to Utopia</i></a>. Encounter Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastexittoutopia0000reve/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594032646" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594032646"><bdi>978-1594032646</bdi></a>. <q>In the United States, the word liberal is often used to describe the left wing of the Democratic party.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Exit+to+Utopia&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Encounter+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1594032646&rft.aulast=Revel&rft.aufirst=Jean+Francois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastexittoutopia0000reve%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumayer2004" class="citation journal cs1">Neumayer, Eric (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/714/1/EE_51%283-4%29.pdf">"The environment, left-wing political orientation, and ecological economics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ecological Economics</i>. <b>51</b> (3–4): 167–175. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EcoEc..51..167N">2004EcoEc..51..167N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2004.06.006">10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.06.006</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921200052/http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/714/1/EE_51%283-4%29.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 21 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Economics&rft.atitle=The+environment%2C+left-wing+political+orientation%2C+and+ecological+economics&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=167-175&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2004.06.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004EcoEc..51..167N&rft.aulast=Neumayer&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F714%2F1%2FEE_51%25283-4%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2002" class="citation book cs1">Barry, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalenc0000unse_a2h7"><i>International Encyclopedia of Environmental Politics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415202855" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415202855"><bdi>978-0415202855</bdi></a>. <q>All surveys confirm that environmental concern is associated with green voting...[I]n subsequent European elections, green voters have tended to be more left-leaning...the party is capable of motivating its core supporters as well as other environmentally minded voters of predominantly left-wing persuasion...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Environmental+Politics&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0415202855&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationalenc0000unse_a2h7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902085146/http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/Fleisher/courses/econ508winter06/docs/Democratic_socialism.pdf">"Democratic socialism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econ.ohio-state.edu/Fleisher/courses/econ508winter06/docs/Democratic_socialism.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democratic+socialism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.econ.ohio-state.edu%2FFleisher%2Fcourses%2Fecon508winter06%2Fdocs%2FDemocratic_socialism.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2014" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fiona_Harvey" title="Fiona Harvey">Harvey, Fiona</a> (5 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/05/green-party-left-uk-politics-caroline-lucas">"Green party to position itself as the real left of UK politics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170213003036/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/sep/05/green-party-left-uk-politics-caroline-lucas">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Green+party+to+position+itself+as+the+real+left+of+UK+politics&rft.date=2014-09-05&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2014%2Fsep%2F05%2Fgreen-party-left-uk-politics-caroline-lucas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sarnold-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sarnold_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2009" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, N. Scott (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordclinicalda00libg"><i>Imposing values: an essay on liberalism and regulation</i></a></span>. Florence: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordclinicalda00libg/page/n15">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50112-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-50112-1"><bdi>978-0-495-50112-1</bdi></a>. <q>Modern liberalism occupies the left-of-center in the traditional political spectrum and is represented by the Democratic Party in the United States, the Labor Party in the United Kingdom, and the mainstream Left (including some nominally socialist parties) in other advanced democratic societies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imposing+values%3A+an+essay+on+liberalism+and+regulation&rft.place=Florence&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-495-50112-1&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=N.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordclinicalda00libg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlyn2001" class="citation book cs1">Glyn, Andrew (2001). <i>Social Democracy in Neoliberal Times: The Left and Economic Policy since 1980</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924138-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924138-5"><bdi>978-0-19-924138-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Democracy+in+Neoliberal+Times%3A+The+Left+and+Economic+Policy+since+1980&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924138-5&rft.aulast=Glyn&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeinhocker2006" class="citation book cs1">Beinhocker, Eric D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originofwealthev00bein/page/316"><i>The Origin of Wealth: Evolution, Complexity, and the Radical Remaking of Economics</i></a>. Boston, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Business Press">Harvard Business School Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originofwealthev00bein/page/316">316</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57851-777-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57851-777-0"><bdi>978-1-57851-777-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Wealth%3A+Evolution%2C+Complexity%2C+and+the+Radical+Remaking+of+Economics&rft.place=Boston%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=316&rft.pub=Harvard+Business+School+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57851-777-0&rft.aulast=Beinhocker&rft.aufirst=Eric+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginofwealthev00bein%2Fpage%2F316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/left">"Left"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. 15 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127205533/https://www.britannica.com/topic/left">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Left&rft.date=2009-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fleft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416234151/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/schools/neomarx.htm">"The Neo-Marxian Schools"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_School" title="The New School">The New School</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Neo-Marxian+Schools&rft.pub=The+New+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcepa.newschool.edu%2Fhet%2Fschools%2Fneomarx.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro" class="citation web cs1">Munro, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020054744/http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~munro5/MARXECON.htm">"Some Basic Principles of Marxian Economics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. 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(June 2017)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrisha2010" class="citation web cs1">Trisha (6 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rajpatel.org/2010/08/06/we-have-yet-to-see-the-biggest-costs-of-the-bp-spill">"The Nation: We Have Yet to See The Biggest Costs of the BP Spill"</a>. Raj Patel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326124941/http://rajpatel.org/2010/08/06/we-have-yet-to-see-the-biggest-costs-of-the-bp-spill/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925298-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925298-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925298-5</bdi></a>. <q>An exuberant, uncompromising nationalism lay behind France's revolutionary expansion in the 1790s...", "The message of the French Revolution was that the people are sovereign; and in the two centuries since it was first proclaimed, it has conquered the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925298-5&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryoff00doyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinock1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Winock" title="Michel Winock">Winock, Michel</a> (1993). <i>Histoire de l'extrême droite en France</i> [<i>History of the extreme right in France</i>] (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27extr%C3%AAme+droite+en+France&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Winock&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzporluk1991" class="citation book cs1">Szporluk, Roman (1991). <i>Communism and Nationalism</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+and+Nationalism&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Szporluk&rft.aufirst=Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolomosBack1995" class="citation journal cs1">Solomos, John; Back, Les (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maxweber.hunter.cuny.edu/pub/eres/SOC217_PIMENTEL/solomos.pdf">"Marxism, Racism, and Ethnicity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Behavioral Scientist</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 407–420. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.602.5843">10.1.1.602.5843</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0002764295038003004">10.1177/0002764295038003004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39984567">39984567</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810135237/http://maxweber.hunter.cuny.edu/pub/eres/SOC217_PIMENTEL/solomos.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Behavioral+Scientist&rft.atitle=Marxism%2C+Racism%2C+and+Ethnicity&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=407-420&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.602.5843%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39984567%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0002764295038003004&rft.aulast=Solomos&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Back%2C+Les&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaxweber.hunter.cuny.edu%2Fpub%2Feres%2FSOC217_PIMENTEL%2Fsolomos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin1919" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, Vladimir</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1919/mar/x10.htm">"Anti-Jewish Pogroms"</a>. <i>Speeches On Gramophone Records</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200319172258/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1919/mar/x10.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Speeches+On+Gramophone+Records&rft.atitle=Anti-Jewish+Pogroms&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1919%2Fmar%2Fx10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlman1985" class="citation book cs1">Perlman, Fredy (1985). <i>The Continuing Appeal of Nationalism</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Does+God+Want+You+To+Be+Rich%3F&rft.date=2006-09-10&rft.aulast=Biema&rft.aufirst=David+van&rft.au=Chu%2C+Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fprintout%2F0%2C8816%2C1533448%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Brewer Stewart, <i>Abolitionist Politics and the Coming of the Civil War</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-635-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-635-4">978-1-55849-635-4</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+Teachers+%28Library+of+Congress%29&rft.pub=Lcweb2.loc.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Flearn%2Ffeatures%2Ftimeline%2Fprogress%2Fsuffrage%2Fsuffrage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1960/xx/trotsub.htm">"Tony Cliff: Trotsky on substitutionism (Autumn 1960)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tony+Cliff%3A+Trotsky+on+substitutionism+%28Autumn+1960%29&rft.pub=Marxists.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fcliff%2Fworks%2F1960%2Fxx%2Ftrotsub.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/4662049/Against-Substitutionism">"Against Substitutionism"</a>. 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Marxists.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113123614/https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1912/05/12.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rosa+Luxemburg%3A+Women%27s+Suffrage+and+Class+Struggle+%281912%29&rft.pub=Marxists.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fluxemburg%2F1912%2F05%2F12.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/draper/1976/women/3-zetkin.html">"Clara Zetkin: On a Bourgeois Feminist Petition"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clara+Zetkin%3A+On+a+Bourgeois+Feminist+Petition&rft.pub=Marxists.org&rft.date=2008-12-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fdraper%2F1976%2Fwomen%2F3-zetkin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/zetkin/1920/lenin/zetkin1.htm">"Clara Zetkin: Lenin on the Women's Question – 1"</a>. Marxists.org. 29 February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191030154957/http://www.marxists.org/archive/zetkin/1920/lenin/zetkin1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clara+Zetkin%3A+Lenin+on+the+Women%27s+Question+%E2%80%93+1&rft.pub=Marxists.org&rft.date=2004-02-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fzetkin%2F1920%2Flenin%2Fzetkin1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollontai" class="citation web cs1">Kollontai, Alexandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1909/social-basis.htm">"The Social Basis of the Woman Question by Alexandra Kollontai 1909"</a>. Marxists.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191028195319/http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1909/social-basis.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Social+Basis+of+the+Woman+Question+by+Alexandra+Kollontai+1909&rft.pub=Marxists.org&rft.aulast=Kollontai&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fkollonta%2F1909%2Fsocial-basis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollontai" class="citation web cs1">Kollontai, Alexandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1919/women-workers/ch01.htm">"Women Workers Struggle For Their Rights by Alexandra Kollontai 1919"</a>. Marxists.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181212181444/http://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1919/women-workers/ch01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+Workers+Struggle+For+Their+Rights+by+Alexandra+Kollontai+1919&rft.pub=Marxists.org&rft.aulast=Kollontai&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fkollonta%2F1919%2Fwomen-workers%2Fch01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollontai1920" class="citation web cs1">Kollontai, Alexandra (26 August 1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1920/womens-day.htm">"1920-Inter Women's Day"</a>. Marxists.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180523044541/https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1920/womens-day.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1920-Inter+Women%27s+Day&rft.pub=Marxists.org&rft.date=1920-08-26&rft.aulast=Kollontai&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fkollonta%2F1920%2Fwomens-day.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Winock" title="Michel Winock">Michel Winock</a>, La Droite, hier et aujourd'hui, tempus, 2012, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oed.com-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oed.com_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/107000?redirectedFrom=left-wing#eid">"Home: Oxford English Dictionary"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Home%3A+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F107000%3FredirectedFrom%3Dleft-wing%23eid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1993" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, Peter (1993). <a href="/wiki/Demanding_the_Impossible" title="Demanding the Impossible"><i>Demanding the Impossible — A History of Anarchism</i></a>. London: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fontana_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fontana Press (page does not exist)">Fontana Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/demandingimpossi00mars_782/page/n545">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686245-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686245-1"><bdi>978-0-00-686245-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demanding+the+Impossible+%E2%80%94+A+History+of+Anarchism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Fontana+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-00-686245-1&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Gosse_2005-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Van_Gosse_2005_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Gosse2005" class="citation book cs1">Van Gosse (2005). <i>The Movements of the New Left, 1950–1975: A Brief History with Documents</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6804-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6804-3"><bdi>978-1-4039-6804-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Movements+of+the+New+Left%2C+1950%E2%80%931975%3A+A+Brief+History+with+Documents&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6804-3&rft.au=Van+Gosse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuss2000" class="citation book cs1">Reuss, JoAnne C. (2000). <i>American Folk Music and Left-Wing Politics</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scarecrow Press">The Scarecrow Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3684-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-3684-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-3684-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Folk+Music+and+Left-Wing+Politics&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-3684-6&rft.aulast=Reuss&rft.aufirst=JoAnne+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722030847/http://thepage.time.com/2009/03/03/steele-to-gop-fight-for-coleman/?xid=rss-page">"Steel to gop fight for Coleman"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. 3 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thepage.time.com/2009/03/03/steele-to-gop-fight-for-coleman/?xid=rss-page">the original</a> on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Steel+to+gop+fight+for+Coleman&rft.date=2009-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthepage.time.com%2F2009%2F03%2F03%2Fsteele-to-gop-fight-for-coleman%2F%3Fxid%3Drss-page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theweek.com/article/index/96256/Is_it_Spains_place_to_investigate_Gitmo">"Is it Spain's place to investigate Gitmo?"</a>. <i>The Week</i>. 7 May 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140425012717/http://theweek.com/article/index/96256/Is_it_Spains_place_to_investigate_Gitmo">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=Is+it+Spain%27s+place+to+investigate+Gitmo%3F&rft.date=2009-05-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.com%2Farticle%2Findex%2F96256%2FIs_it_Spains_place_to_investigate_Gitmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reported in <i>Mother Jones</i>, 29 April 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellene2007" class="citation news cs1">Gellene, Denise (10 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-politics10sep10,0,5982337.story">"Study finds left-wing brain, right-wing brain"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412144317/http://www.latimes.com/news/science/la-sci-politics10sep10,0,5982337.story">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Study+finds+left-wing+brain%2C+right-wing+brain&rft.date=2007-09-10&rft.aulast=Gellene&rft.aufirst=Denise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2Fla-sci-politics10sep10%2C0%2C5982337.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerckmeister1999" class="citation book cs1">Werckmeister, Otto Karl (1999). <i>Icons of the Left: Benjamin and Eisenstein, Picasso and Kafka After the Fall of Communism</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226893563" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226893563"><bdi>978-0226893563</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+the+Left%3A+Benjamin+and+Eisenstein%2C+Picasso+and+Kafka+After+the+Fall+of+Communism&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0226893563&rft.aulast=Werckmeister&rft.aufirst=Otto+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutman1996" class="citation book cs1">Gutman, David (1996). <i>Prokofiev</i> (New ed.). London: Omnibus Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0711920835" title="Special:BookSources/978-0711920835"><bdi>978-0711920835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prokofiev&rft.place=London&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0711920835&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cosseron, Serge (ed.). <i>Le dictionnaire de l'extrême gauche</i>. Paris: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_Larousse" title="Éditions Larousse">Larousse</a>, 2007. p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090419052505/http://theplumline.whorunsgov.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/hsa-leftwing-extremists-increase-in-cyber-attacks-dated-26-january-2009.pdf">"Leftwing Extremists Increase in Cyber Attacks"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theplumline.whorunsgov.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/hsa-leftwing-extremists-increase-in-cyber-attacks-dated-26-january-2009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leftwing+Extremists+Increase+in+Cyber+Attacks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheplumline.whorunsgov.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F04%2Fhsa-leftwing-extremists-increase-in-cyber-attacks-dated-26-january-2009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossi_2021-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rossi_2021_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossi2021" class="citation journal cs1">Rossi, Federica (April 2021). Treiber, Kyle (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F14773708211008441">"The failed amnesty of the 'years of lead' in Italy: Continuity and transformations between (de)politicization and punitiveness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Criminology" title="European Journal of Criminology">European Journal of Criminology</a></i>. <b>20</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/European_Society_of_Criminology" title="European Society of Criminology">European Society of Criminology</a>: 381–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F14773708211008441">10.1177/14773708211008441</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-2609">1741-2609</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234835036">234835036</a>. <q>The <a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">1970s in Italy</a> were characterized by the persistence and prolongation of political and social unrest that many Western countries experienced during the late 1960s. The decade saw the multiplication of far-left <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">extra-parliamentary organizations</a>, the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Militant" title="Militant">militant</a> <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right politics in Italy">far right movement</a>, and an upsurge in the use of <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">politically motivated violence</a> and state repressive measures. The increasing militarization and the use of political violence, from <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a> and damage to property, to <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnappings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Targeted_killing" title="Targeted killing">targeted assassinations</a>, were justified by left-wing groups both as necessary means to achieve a revolutionary project and as defences against the threat of a neo-fascist coup.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Criminology&rft.atitle=The+failed+amnesty+of+the+%27years+of+lead%27+in+Italy%3A+Continuity+and+transformations+between+%28de%29politicization+and+punitiveness&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=381-400&rft.date=2021-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234835036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1741-2609&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F14773708211008441&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Federica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F14773708211008441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ojeili-Taylor_2018-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ojeili-Taylor_2018_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFel-OjeiliTaylor2018" class="citation journal cs1">el-Ojeili, Chamsy; Taylor, Dylan (September 2018). Cheng, Enfu; Schweickart, David; Andreani, Tony (eds.). "The Revaluation of All Values: Extremism, The Ultra-Left, and Revolutionary Anthropology". <i>International Critical Thought</i>. <b>8</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a> on behalf of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences: 410–425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21598282.2018.1506262">10.1080/21598282.2018.1506262</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-8312">2159-8312</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2159-8282">2159-8282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158719628">158719628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Critical+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Revaluation+of+All+Values%3A+Extremism%2C+The+Ultra-Left%2C+and+Revolutionary+Anthropology&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=410-425&rft.date=2018-09&rft.issn=2159-8282&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158719628%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.eissn=2159-8312&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21598282.2018.1506262&rft.aulast=el-Ojeili&rft.aufirst=Chamsy&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Dylan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCloskyChong1985" class="citation journal cs1">McClosky, Herbert; Chong, Dennis (July 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0007123400004221/type/journal_article">"Similarities and Differences Between Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals"</a>. <i>British Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 329–363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123400004221">10.1017/S0007123400004221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1234">0007-1234</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154330828">154330828</a>. <q>Once one adjusts for superficial differences, Shils contended, communists and other radicals of the far left resemble right-wing radicals in zealotry, susceptibility to Manichean interpretations of human events, implacable hatred of opponents, intolerance toward dissenters and deviants, and an inclination to view public affairs as the outcome of conspiracies and secret plots.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Similarities+and+Differences+Between+Left-Wing+and+Right-Wing+Radicals&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=329-363&rft.date=1985-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154330828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0007-1234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123400004221&rft.aulast=McClosky&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Chong%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0007123400004221%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopyciokSilver2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kopyciok, Svenja; Silver, Hilary (10 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8222516">"Left-Wing Xenophobia in Europe"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Sociology</i>. <b>6</b>: 666717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffsoc.2021.666717">10.3389/fsoc.2021.666717</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2297-7775">2297-7775</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8222516">8222516</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34179182">34179182</a>. <q>We find that a surprisingly large share of those who identify as far left do express extremely xenophobic attitudes, and we profile them in contrast to far right xenophobes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Sociology&rft.atitle=Left-Wing+Xenophobia+in+Europe&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=666717&rft.date=2021-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8222516%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2297-7775&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34179182&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffsoc.2021.666717&rft.aulast=Kopyciok&rft.aufirst=Svenja&rft.au=Silver%2C+Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8222516&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenLee2007" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Cheng; Lee, Ji-Yong (1 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/cpcs/article/40/4/459/77/Making-sense-of-North-Korea-National-Stalinism-in">"Making sense of North Korea: "National Stalinism" in comparative-historical perspective"</a>. <i>Communist and Post-Communist Studies</i>. <b>40</b> (4): 459–475. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2007.10.003">10.1016/j.postcomstud.2007.10.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-067X">0967-067X</a>. <q>the role of strong anti-liberal ideology that combined both far left and far right nationalist elements was highly significant in sustaining the regime and therefore should not be underestimated...the DPRK regime was able to hold on to power by using imagined and real external threats, such as the nuclear and missile crises, to justify continuing domestic repression and reinforce its nationalist claims</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communist+and+Post-Communist+Studies&rft.atitle=Making+sense+of+North+Korea%3A+%22National+Stalinism%22+in+comparative-historical+perspective&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=459-475&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.postcomstud.2007.10.003&rft.issn=0967-067X&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Cheng&rft.au=Lee%2C+Ji-Yong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fcpcs%2Farticle%2F40%2F4%2F459%2F77%2FMaking-sense-of-North-Korea-National-Stalinism-in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ft.com/cms/s/74029202-a389-11da-83cc-0000779e2340,s01=1.html">"China launches 'New Deal' for farmers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. 22 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=China+launches+%27New+Deal%27+for+farmers&rft.date=2006-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F74029202-a389-11da-83cc-0000779e2340%2Cs01%3D1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/1054337.stm">"Benn's golden anniversary"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 4 December 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301121545/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/1054337.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Benn%27s+golden+anniversary&rft.date=2000-12-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fpolitics%2F1054337.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-26743802">"MPs approve annual welfare cap in Commons vote"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 26 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181130234519/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-26743802">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=MPs+approve+annual+welfare+cap+in+Commons+vote&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-26743802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKampfner2012" class="citation news cs1">Kampfner, John (5 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/05/labour-back-on-the-right">"Labour's return to the right"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202114513/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/05/labour-back-on-the-right">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Labour%27s+return+to+the+right&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft.aulast=Kampfner&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Fnov%2F05%2Flabour-back-on-the-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Best, Steven</a> (2014). "Rethinking Revolution: Veganism, Animal Liberation, Ecology, and the Left". <i>The Politics of Total Liberation: Revolution for the 21st Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 79–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137440723_4">10.1057/9781137440723_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137471116" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137471116"><bdi>978-1137471116</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Revolution%3A+Veganism%2C+Animal+Liberation%2C+Ecology%2C+and+the+Left&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Total+Liberation%3A+Revolution+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=79-106&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137440723_4&rft.isbn=978-1137471116&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeft-wing+politics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Encyclopedia of the American Left</i>, ed. by <a href="/wiki/Mari_Jo_Buhle" title="Mari Jo Buhle">Mari Jo Buhle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Buhle" title="Paul Buhle">Paul Buhle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Georgakas" title="Dan Georgakas">Dan Georgakas</a>, Second Edition, Oxford University Press 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512088-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512088-4">0-19-512088-4</a>.</li> <li>Lin Chun, <i>The British New Left</i>, Edinburgh: Edinburgh Univ. Press, 1993.</li> <li>Geoff Eley, <i>Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000</i>, Oxford University Press 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504479-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504479-7">0-19-504479-7</a>.</li> <li>"Leftism in India, 1917–1947", <a href="/wiki/Satyabrata_Rai_Chowdhuri" title="Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri">Satyabrata Rai Chowdhuri</a>, Palgrave Macmillan, UK, 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-51716-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-51716-5">978-0-230-51716-5</a>.</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_spectrum" title="Template talk:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_spectrum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political spectrum"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_spectrum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political positions</b><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-left_anarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-left anarchy">Post-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-leftism" title="Ultra-leftism">Ultra-leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_left" title="Anti-Stalinist left">Anti-Stalinist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political ideologies</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Religious politics</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim left">Muslim left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Political pejoratives</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist" title="Champagne socialist">Champagne socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_left" title="Hard left">Hard left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">Liberal elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loony_left" title="Loony left">Loony left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbat" title="Moonbat">Moonbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_left" title="Regressive left">Regressive left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice_warrior" title="Social justice warrior">Social justice warrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_left" title="Soft left">Soft left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingnut_(politics)" title="Wingnut (politics)">Wingnut</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Models</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_theory" title="Horseshoe theory">Horseshoe theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left%E2%80%93right_political_spectrum" title="Left–right political spectrum">Left–right political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolan_Chart" title="Nolan Chart">Nolan Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open%E2%80%93closed_political_spectrum" title="Open–closed political spectrum">Open–closed political spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pournelle_chart" title="Pournelle chart">Pournelle chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>See also</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti-establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_politics" title="Radical politics">Radical politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulation_(politics)" title="Triangulation (politics)">Triangulation</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_ideologies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_ideologies" title="Template talk:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_ideologies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political ideologies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_ideologies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Political ideologies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">The Establishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardline" title="Hardline">Hardline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_moderate" title="Political moderate">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Left-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political radicalism">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary" title="Revolutionary">Revolutionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accelerationism" title="Accelerationism">Accelerationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalism">Royalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">Extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Left-wing politics</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Left-wing_politics" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Left-wing politics">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Left-wing_politics" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Left-wing politics">News</a></b> from Wikinews</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img 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