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<?xml version="1.0"?> <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="en"> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=87.116.135.163</id> <title>Wikipedia - User contributions [en]</title> <link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=87.116.135.163"/> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/87.116.135.163"/> <updated>2024-12-03T19:04:17Z</updated> <subtitle>User contributions</subtitle> <generator>MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5</generator> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3&diff=1258895445</id> <title>3</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3&diff=1258895445"/> <updated>2024-11-22T06:30:54Z</updated> <summary type="html">87.116.135.163: <hr /> <div>{{day}}'''28BCE''' ==Evolution of the Arabic digit== [[File:Evolution3glyph.png|x50px|left]] The use of three lines to denote the number 3 occurred in many writing systems, including some (like Roman and [[Chinese numerals]]) that are still in use. That was also the original representation of 3 in the [[Brahmic numerals|Brahmic]] (Indian) numerical notation, its earliest forms aligned vertically.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith Karpinski 1911&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=David Eugene |last2=Karpinski |first2=Louis Charles |author1-link=David Eugene Smith |author2-link=Louis Charles Karpinski |title=The Hindu-Arabic numerals |date=1911 |publisher=Ginn and Company |location=Boston; London |pages=27–29, 40–41 |url=https://archive.org/details/hinduarabicnumer00smitrich/}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, during the [[Gupta Empire]] the sign was modified by the addition of a curve on each line. The [[Nāgarī script]] rotated the lines clockwise, so they appeared horizontally, and ended each line with a short downward stroke on the right. In cursive script, the three strokes were eventually connected to form a glyph resembling a {{angbr|3}} with an additional stroke at the bottom: '''३'''. The Indian digits spread to the [[Caliphate]] in the 9th century. The bottom stroke was dropped around the 10th century in the western parts of the Caliphate, such as the [[Maghreb]] and [[Al-Andalus]], when a distinct variant (&quot;Western Arabic&quot;) of the digit symbols developed, including modern Western 3. In contrast, the Eastern Arabs retained and enlarged that stroke, rotating the digit once more to yield the modern (&quot;Eastern&quot;) [[Arabic script|Arabic]] digit &quot;'''٣'''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Georges Ifrah, ''The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer'' transl. David Bellos et al. London: The Harvill Press (1998): 393, Fig. 24.63&lt;/ref&gt; In most modern Western [[typeface]]s, the digit 3, like the other [[decimal digit]]s, has the height of a [[capital letter]], and sits on the [[baseline (typography)|baseline]]. In typefaces with [[text figures]], on the other hand, the glyph usually has the height of a [[lowercase letter]] &quot;x&quot; and a [[descender]]: &quot;[[File:Text figures 036.svg|50px]]&quot;. In some [[French language|French]] text-figure typefaces, though, it has an [[ascender (typography)|ascender]] instead of a descender. {{anchor|Flat-topped 3}} A common graphic variant of the digit three has a flat top, similar to the letter [[Ʒ]] (ezh). This form is sometimes used to prevent falsifying a 3 as an 8. It is found on [[Universal Product Code|UPC-A]] barcodes and [[standard 52-card deck]]s. == Mathematics == According to [[Pythagoras]] and the [[Pythagoreanism|Pythagorean]] school, the number 3, which they called ''triad'', is the only number to equal the sum of all the terms below it, and the only number whose sum with those below equals the product of them and itself.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |author=Priya Hemenway |title=Divine Proportion: Phi In Art, Nature, and Science |pages=53–54 |year=2005 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company Inc. |isbn=1-4027-3522-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; === Divisibility rule === A [[natural number]] is [[divisible]] by three if the [[digital root|sum of its digits]] in [[base 10]] is divisible by 3. For example, the number 21 is divisible by three (3 times 7) and the sum of its digits is 2 + 1 = 3. Because of this, the reverse of any number that is divisible by three (or indeed, any [[permutation]] of its digits) is also divisible by three. For instance, 1368 and its reverse 8631 are both divisible by three (and so are 1386, 3168, 3186, 3618, etc.). See also [[Divisibility rule]]. This works in [[base 10]] and in any [[positional notation|positional numeral system]] whose [[radix|base]] divided by three leaves a remainder of one (bases 4, 7, 10, etc.). === Properties of the number === 3 is the second smallest [[prime number]] and the first [[Parity (mathematics)|odd]] prime number. It is the first [[unique prime]], such that the [[period length]] value of [[1]] of the [[decimal expansion]] of its [[Multiplicative inverse|reciprocal]], 0.333..., is unique. 3 is a [[twin prime]] with [[5]], and a [[cousin prime]] with [[7]], and the only known number &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;! − 1 and &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;! + 1 are prime, as well as the only prime number &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; such that &lt;math&gt;p&lt;/math&gt; − 1 yields another prime number, [[2]]. A [[triangle]] is made of three [[Edge (geometry)|sides]]. It is the smallest non-self-intersecting [[polygon]] and the only polygon not to have proper [[diagonals]]. When doing quick estimates, 3 is a rough approximation of [[pi|{{pi}}]], 3.1415..., and a very rough approximation of [[E (mathematical constant)|''e'']], 2.71828... 3 is the first [[Mersenne prime]], as well as the second Mersenne prime exponent and the second [[Double Mersenne number#Double Mersenne primes|double Mersenne prime exponent]], for 7 and [[127 (number)|127]], respectively. 3 is also the first of five known [[Fermat prime]]s, which include 5, [[17 (number)|17]], [[257 (number)|257]], and [[65537 (number)|65537]]. It is the second [[Fibonacci number|Fibonacci prime]] (and the second [[Lucas prime]]), the second [[Sophie Germain prime]], the third Harshad number in base 10, and the second [[factorial prime]], as it is equal to 2! + 1. 3 is the second and only prime [[triangular number]], and [[Gauss]] proved that every integer is the sum of at most 3 [[triangular numbers]]. Three is the only prime which is one less than a [[square number|perfect square]]. Any other number which is &lt;math&gt;n^2&lt;/math&gt; − 1 for some integer &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; is not prime, since it is (&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; − 1)(&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; + 1). This is true for 3 as well (with &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; = 2), but in this case the smaller factor is 1. If &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; is greater than 2, both &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; − 1 and &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; + 1 are greater than 1 so their product is not prime. === Related properties === The [[trisection of the angle]] was one of the three famous problems of antiquity. 3 is the number of non-collinear points needed to determine a [[Plane (mathematics)|plane]], a [[circle]], and a [[parabola]]. There are only three distinct 4×4 [[panmagic square]]s. Three of the five [[Platonic solids]] have triangular faces – the [[tetrahedron]], the [[octahedron]], and the [[icosahedron]]. Also, three of the five Platonic solids have [[vertex (geometry)|vertices]] where three faces meet&amp;nbsp;– the [[tetrahedron]], the [[hexahedron]] ([[cube]]), and the [[dodecahedron]]. Furthermore, only three different types of [[polygons]] comprise the faces of the five Platonic solids&amp;nbsp;– the [[triangle]], the [[square]], and the [[pentagon]]. There are three finite convex [[Uniform polyhedron|uniform polytope groups]] in three dimensions, aside from the infinite families of [[Prism (geometry)|prisms]] and [[antiprisms]]: the [[tetrahedral group]], the [[octahedral group]], and the [[icosahedral group]]. In dimensions &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; ⩾ 5, there are only three regular polytopes: the &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;-[[simplex]]es, &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;-[[cube]]s, and &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;-[[orthoplex]]es. In dimensions &lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt; ⩾ [[9]], the only three uniform polytope families, aside from the numerous infinite [[proprism]]atic families, are the &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{A}_{n}&lt;/math&gt; simplex, &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{B}_{n}&lt;/math&gt; cubic, and &lt;math&gt;\mathrm{D}_{n}&lt;/math&gt; [[Demihypercube|demihypercubic]] families. For [[Coxeter–Dynkin diagram#Paracompact (Koszul simplex groups)|paracompact hyperbolic honeycomb]]s, there are three groups in [[dimension]]s [[Uniform 7-polytope#Regular and uniform hyperbolic honeycombs|6]] and [[Uniform 10-polytope#Regular and uniform hyperbolic honeycombs|9]], or equivalently of ranks 7 and 10, with no other forms in higher dimensions. Of the final three groups, the largest and most important is [[E9 honeycomb|&lt;math&gt;{\bar{T}}_9&lt;/math&gt;]], that is associated with an important [[En (Lie algebra)|Kac–Moody]] [[Lie algebra]] &lt;math&gt;\mathrm {E}_{10}&lt;/math&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Allcock |first1=Daniel |date=May 2018 |title=Prenilpotent Pairs in the E10 root lattice. |url=https://web.ma.utexas.edu/users/allcock/research/prenilpotent.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society |volume=164 |issue=3 |pages=473–483 |bibcode=2018MPCPS.164..473A |doi=10.1017/S0305004117000287 |s2cid=8547735 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103135851/https://web.ma.utexas.edu/users/allcock/research/prenilpotent.pdf |archive-date=2022-11-03 |access-date=2022-11-03}} : &quot;The details of the previous section were E10-specific, but the same philosophy looks likely to apply to the other symmetrizable hyperbolic root systems...it seems valuable to give an outline of how the calculations would go&quot;, regarding E10 as a model example of symmetrizability of other root hyperbolic E&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt; systems.&lt;/ref&gt; === Numeral systems === There is some evidence to suggest that early man may have used counting systems which consisted of &quot;One, Two, Three&quot; and thereafter &quot;Many&quot; to describe counting limits. Early peoples had a word to describe the quantities of one, two, and three but any quantity beyond was simply denoted as &quot;Many&quot;. This is most likely based on the prevalence of this phenomenon among people in such disparate regions as the deep Amazon and Borneo jungles, where western civilization's explorers have historical records of their first encounters with these indigenous people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1 = Gribbin | first1 = Mary | last2 = Gribbin | first2 = John R. | last3 = Edney | first3 = Ralph | last4 = Halliday | first4 = Nicholas | title = Big numbers | publisher = Wizard | location = Cambridge | year = 2003 | isbn = 1840464313 }}&lt;/ref&gt; === List of basic calculations === {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background: white&quot; |- !width=&quot;105px&quot;|[[Multiplication]] !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 !11 !12 !13 !14 !15 !16 !17 !18 !19 !20 !21 !22 !23 !24 !25 !50 !100 !1000 !10000 |- |'''3 × ''x''''' |'''3''' |[[6 (number)|6]] |[[9 (number)|9]] |[[12 (number)|12]] |[[15 (number)|15]] |[[18 (number)|18]] |[[21 (number)|21]] |[[24 (number)|24]] |[[27 (number)|27]] |[[30 (number)|30]] |[[33 (number)|33]] |[[36 (number)|36]] |[[39 (number)|39]] |[[42 (number)|42]] |[[45 (number)|45]] |[[48 (number)|48]] |[[51 (number)|51]] |[[54 (number)|54]] |[[57 (number)|57]] |[[60 (number)|60]] |[[63 (number)|63]] |[[66 (number)|66]] |[[69 (number)|69]] |[[72 (number)|72]] |[[75 (number)|75]] |[[150 (number)|150]] |[[300 (number)|300]] |[[3000 (number)|3000]] |[[30000 (number)|30000]] |} {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background: white&quot; |- !width=&quot;105px&quot;|[[Division (mathematics)|Division]] !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 !width=&quot;5px&quot;| !11 !12 !13 !14 !15 !16 !17 !18 !19 !20 |- |'''3 ÷ ''x''''' |'''3''' |1.5 |1 |0.75 |0.6 |0.5 |0.{{overline|428571}} |0.375 |0.{{overline|3}} |0.3 ! |0.{{overline|27}} |0.25 |0.{{overline|230769}} |0.2{{overline|142857}} |0.2 |0.1875 |0.1{{overline|7647058823529411}} |0.1{{overline|6}} |0.1{{overline|57894736842105263}} |0.15 |- |'''''x'' ÷ 3''' |0.{{overline|3}} |0.{{overline|6}} |1 |1.{{overline|3}} |1.{{overline|6}} |2 |2.{{overline|3}} |2.{{overline|6}} |'''3''' |3.{{overline|3}} ! |3.{{overline|6}} |4 |4.{{overline|3}} |4.{{overline|6}} |5 |5.{{overline|3}} |5.{{overline|6}} |6 |6.{{overline|3}} |6.{{overline|6}} |} {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background: white&quot; |- !width=&quot;105px&quot;|[[Exponentiation]] !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 !width=&quot;5px&quot;| !11 !12 !13 !14 !15 !16 !17 !18 !19 !20 |- |'''3{{sup|''x''}}''' |'''3''' |9 |27 |[[81 (number)|81]] |[[243 (number)|243]] |729 |2187 |6561 |19683 |59049 ! |177147 |531441 |1594323 |4782969 |14348907 |43046721 |129140163 |387420489 |1162261467 |3486784401 |- |'''''x''{{sup|3}}''' |1 |[[8 (number)|8]] |27 |[[64 (number)|64]] |[[125 (number)|125]] |[[216 (number)|216]] |[[343 (number)|343]] |[[512 (number)|512]] |729 |[[1000 (number)|1000]] ! |1331 |1728 |2197 |2744 |3375 |4096 |4913 |5832 |6859 |8000 |} ==Science== *Three is the [[atomic number]] of [[lithium]]. *Three is the number of [[Dimension (mathematics and physics)|dimensions]] that humans can perceive. Humans perceive the [[universe]] to have [[Three-dimensional space|three spatial dimensions]], but some theories, such as [[string theory]], suggest there are more.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Zwiebach |first=Barton |title=A first course in string theory |date=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-88032-9 |edition=2nd |location=Cambridge ; New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; *Three is the number of elementary fermion [[Generation (particle physics)|generations]] according to the [[Standard Model]] of particle physics.&lt;ref&gt; {{cite conference |last = Harari |first = H. |year = 1977 |title = Three generations of quarks and leptons |book-title = Proceedings of the XII Rencontre de Moriond |editor1 = van Goeler, E. |editor2 = Weinstein, R. |page = 170 |id = SLAC-PUB-1974 |url = http://slac.stanford.edu/cgi-wrap/getdoc/slac-pub-1974.pdf }} &lt;/ref&gt; *In [[particle physics]], each [[proton]] or [[neutron]] is composed of three [[quarks]].&lt;ref&gt; {{cite book |author=Adair, R.K. |year=1989 |title=The Great Design: Particles, Fields, and Creation |page=214 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |bibcode=1988gdpf.book.....A }}&lt;/ref&gt; *There are three [[primary color]]s in the [[additive color|additive]] and [[subtractive color|subtractive]] models. *The ability of the [[human eye]] to distinguish [[color]]s is based upon the varying sensitivity of different cells in the [[retina]] to light of different [[wavelengths]]. Humans being [[Trichromacy|trichromatic]], the retina contains three types of color receptor cells, or [[cone cell|cones]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Rods and Cones of the Human Eye |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/rodcone.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; *In [[physics]], [[three-body problem|three-body problems]] have no general [[closed-form solution]], unlike [[two-body problem|two-body problems]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | last = Barrow-Green | first = June | year = 2008 | title = The Three-Body Problem | editor-last1 = Gowers | editor-first1 = Timothy | editor-last2 = Barrow-Green | editor-first2 = June | editor-last3 = Leader | editor-first3 = Imre | encyclopedia = The Princeton Companion to Mathematics | pages = 726–728 | publisher = Princeton University Press }}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Engineering== *The [[triangle]], a [[polygon]] with three [[Edge (geometry)|edges]] and three [[Vertex (geometry)|vertices]], is the most stable physical shape. For this reason it is widely utilized in construction, engineering and design.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120412203618/http://www.mathsinthecity.com/sites/most-stable-shape-triangle Most stable shape- triangle]&quot;. ''Maths in the city''. Retrieved February 23, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; ===Protoscience=== *In European [[alchemy]], the three primes ({{langx|la|tria prima}}) were [[salt (chemistry)|salt]] ([[File:Salt symbol (alchemical).svg|16px]]), [[sulfur]] ([[Image:Sulphur symbol (fixed width).svg|16px]]) and [[mercury (element)|mercury]] ([[Image:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg|16px]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Eric John Holmyard 1990. p.153&quot;&gt;Eric John Holmyard. ''Alchemy.'' 1995. p.153&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Walter J. Friedlander. ''The golden wand of medicine: a history of the caduceus symbol in medicine.'' 1992. p.76-77&lt;/ref&gt; *The three [[doshas]] (weaknesses) and their [[antidote]]s are the basis of [[Ayurvedic medicine]] in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kreidler |first=Marc |date=2017-12-14 |title=Ayurveda: Ancient Superstition, Not Ancient Wisdom |url=https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/ayurveda-ancient-superstition-not-ancient-wisdom/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=Skeptical Inquirer |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===Pseudoscience=== *Three is the symbolic representation for [[Mu (lost continent)|Mu]], [[Augustus Le Plongeon]]'s and [[James Churchward]]'s lost continent.&lt;ref name=&quot;Three is for the Lost Continent of Mu&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/atlantida_mu/contmu/contmu09.htm |title=The Lost Continent of Mu – Symbols, Vignettes, Tableaux and Diagrams |first=James |last=Churchward |year=1931 |access-date=2016-03-15 |work=Biblioteca Pleyades |archive-date=2015-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150718115213/http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/atlantida_mu/contmu/contmu09.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Philosophy== {{Main article|Trichotomy (philosophy)}} *Philosophers such as [[Aquinas]], [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Hegel]], [[Charles Sanders Peirce|C.&amp;nbsp;S. Peirce]], and [[Karl Popper]] have made threefold divisions, or ''[[Trichotomy (philosophy)|trichotomies]]'', which have been important in their work.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} *[[Hegel]]'s [[Dialectic#Hegelian dialectic|dialectic]] of [[Thesis, antithesis, synthesis|Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis]] creates three-ness from two-ness.{{citation needed|date=October 2023}} * In a 1931 interview, [[Nikola Tesla]] allegedly said, &quot;If you only knew the magnificence of the 3, 6, and 9, then you would have a key to the universe.&quot; {{citation needed|date=July 2024}} ==Religion== {{prose|section|date=October 2023}}{{more references|section|date=October 2023}} {{See also|Triple deity}} [[File:Triple Goddess Symbol.svg|thumb|right|Symbol of the Triple Goddess showing the waxing, full and waning Moon]] Many world religions contain triple deities or concepts of trinity, including the [[Hindu]] [[Trimurti]] and [[Tridevi]], the [[Triglav (mythology)|Triglav]] (lit. &quot;Three-headed one&quot;), the chief god of the [[slav]]s, the [[three Jewels]] of [[Buddhism]], the [[three Pure Ones]] of [[Taoism]], the [[Christianity|Christian]] [[Trinity|Holy Trinity]], and the [[Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)|Triple Goddess]] of [[Wicca]]. [[File:Shield-Trinity-Scutum-Fidei-English.svg|thumb|The [[Shield of the Trinity]] is a diagram of the Christian doctrine of the Trinity.]] ===Christianity=== *The [[threefold office]] of [[Christ]] is a Christian doctrine which states that Christ performs the functions of [[prophet]], [[priest]], and [[Christ the king|king]]. *During the [[Agony in the Garden]], Christ asked three times for the cup to be taken from him. *Jesus [[Resurrection of Jesus|rose from the dead]] on the third day after his death. *The [[Temptation of Christ|devil tempted Jesus]] three times. *[[Saint Peter]] [[Denial of Peter|thrice denied Jesus]] and [[Restoration of Peter|thrice affirmed his faith in Jesus]]. *The [[Biblical magi|Magi]] – wise men who were astronomers/astrologers from Persia&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Windle |first=Bryan |date=2022-12-22 |title=Who Were the Magi? |url=https://biblearchaeologyreport.com/2022/12/22/who-were-the-magi/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=Bible Archaeology Report |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; – gave Jesus three gifts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=Encyclopaedia Britannica |doi=10.1163/9789004337862_lgbo_com_050367 |journal=Lexikon des Gesamten Buchwesens Online |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=The Encyclopaedia Britannica |journal=Nature |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1609149 |date=25 January 1877 |volume=XV |issue=378 |pages=269–271 |access-date=12 July 2019 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724194916/https://zenodo.org/record/1609149 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; *There are three [[Synoptic Gospels]] and three [[epistles of John]]. *[[Paul the Apostle]] went blind for three days after his [[Conversion of Paul the Apostle|conversion to Christianity]]. ===Judaism=== *[[Noah]] had three sons: [[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]], [[Shem]] and [[Japheth]] *The Three [[Patriarchs (Bible)|Patriarchs]]: [[Abraham]], [[Isaac]] and [[Jacob]] *The prophet [[Balaam]] beat his donkey three times. *The prophet [[Jonah]] spent three days and nights in the belly of a large fish *Three divisions of the Written [[Torah]]: [[Torah]] (Five Books of Moses), [[Nevi'im]] (Prophets), [[Ketuvim]] (Writings)&lt;ref name=why&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.askmoses.com/en/article/228,503/Why-are-many-things-in-Judaism-done-three-times.html |title=Why are many things in Judaism done three times? |first=Rabbi Yossi |last=Marcus |year=2015 |access-date=16 March 2015 |work=Ask Moses |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134737/http://www.askmoses.com/en/article/228,503/Why-are-many-things-in-Judaism-done-three-times.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; *Three divisions of the Jewish people: [[Kohen]], [[Levite]], Yisrael *Three daily [[Jewish prayer|prayers]]: ''[[Shacharit]]'', ''[[Mincha]]'', ''[[Maariv]]'' *Three [[Shabbat]] meals *Shabbat ends when three stars are visible in the night sky&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewfaq.org/shabbat.htm |title=Shabbat |work=Judaism 101 |year=2011 |access-date=16 March 2015 |archive-date=29 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629025034/http://www.jewfaq.org/shabbat.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; *[[Three Pilgrimage Festivals]]: [[Passover]], [[Shavuot]], [[Sukkot]] *Three [[Matzah|matzo]]s on the [[Passover Seder]] table&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/1702/jewish/The-Three-Matzot.htm |title=The Three Matzot |first=Eliyahu |last=Kitov |author-link=Eliyahu Kitov |year=2015 |work=Chabad.org |access-date=16 March 2015 |archive-date=24 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324124011/http://www.chabad.org/holidays/passover/pesach_cdo/aid/1702/jewish/The-Three-Matzot.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; *[[The Three Weeks]], a period of mourning bridging the fast days of [[Seventeenth of Tammuz]] and [[Tisha B'Av]] *Three cardinal sins for which a Jew must die rather than transgress: [[Idolatry#Judaism|idolatry]], [[murder]], [[Immorality#Sexual immorality|sexual immorality]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aish.com/jl/m/pm/48936542.html |title=Judaism and Martyrdom |first=Rabbi Aryeh |last=Kaplan |author-link=Aryeh Kaplan |date=28 August 2004 |access-date=16 March 2015 |publisher=Aish.com |archive-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320081912/http://www.aish.com/jl/m/pm/48936542.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; *[[Upsherin]], a Jewish boy's first haircut at age 3&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/710724/jewish/The-Basics-of-the-Upsherin.htm |title=The Basics of the Upsherin: A Boy's First Haircut |year=2015 |access-date=16 March 2015 |work=Chabad.org |archive-date=22 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150322124639/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/710724/jewish/The-Basics-of-the-Upsherin.htm |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; *A [[Beth din]] is composed of three members *Potential [[Conversion to Judaism|converts]] are traditionally turned away three times to test their sincerity&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.convert.org/Conversion_Process.html |title=The Conversion Process |publisher=Center for Conversion to Judaism |access-date=16 March 2015 |archive-date=23 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223162821/http://www.convert.org/Conversion_Process.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; *In the [[Jewish mysticism|Jewish mystical]] tradition of the [[Kabbalah]], it is believed that [[the soul]] consists of three parts, with the highest being ''[[Soul#Judaism|neshamah]]'' (&quot;breath&quot;), the middle being ''[[ruach]]'' (&quot;wind&quot; or &quot;spirit&quot;) and the lowest being ''[[Nephesh|nefesh]]'' (&quot;repose&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Kaplan, Aryeh. &quot;[http://www.aish.com/jl/sp/bas/48942091.html The Soul] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224124738/http://www.aish.com/jl/sp/bas/48942091.html |date=2015-02-24 }}&quot;. ''Aish''. From ''The Handbook of Jewish Thought'' (Vol. 2, ''Maznaim Publishing''. Reprinted with permission.) September 4, 2004. Retrieved February 24, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Sometimes the two elements of ''Chayah'' (&quot;life&quot; or &quot;animal&quot;) and ''Yechidah'' (&quot;unit&quot;) are additionally mentioned. *In the Kabbalah, the [[Tree of life (Kabbalah)|Tree of Life]] (Hebrew: ''Etz ha-Chayim'', עץ החיים) refers to a latter 3-pillar diagrammatic representation of its central mystical symbol, known as the ''[[Sephirot|10 Sephirot]]''. ===Islam=== *The three core principles in Shia tradition: Tawhid (Oneness of God), Nabuwwa (Concept of Prophethood), Imama (Concept of Imam) ===Buddhism=== *The Triple [[Bodhi]] (ways to understand the end of birth) are Budhu, Pasebudhu, and Mahaarahath. *The [[Three Jewels]], the three things that Buddhists take refuge in. ===Shinto=== *The [[Imperial Regalia of Japan]] of the sword, mirror, and jewel. ===Daoism=== *The [[Three Treasures (Taoism)|Three Treasures]] ({{zh|c=[[Wikt:三|三]][[Wikt:寶|寶]]|p=''sānbǎo''| w=''san-pao''}}), the basic [[virtues]] in [[Taoism]]. *The Three [[Dantian]]s *Three Lines of a [[Bagua|Trigram]] *[[Three Sovereigns]]: Heaven [[Fu Xi]] (Hand – Head – 3º Eye), Humanity [[Shen Nong]] ([[Liang Yi|Unit 69]]), Hell [[Nüwa]] (Foot – Abdomen – Umbiculus). ===Hinduism=== *The [[Trimurti]]: [[Brahma]] the Creator, [[Vishnu]] the Preserver, and [[Shiva]] the Destroyer. *The three [[guṇa]]s (''triguna'') found in the [[Samkhya]] school of Hindu philosophy.&lt;ref&gt;James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|978-0-8239-3179-8}}, page 265&lt;/ref&gt; *The three paths to salvation in the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' named [[Karma Yoga]], [[Bhakti Yoga]] and [[Jnana Yoga]]. ===Zoroastrianism=== *The three virtues of ''Humata'', ''Hukhta'' and ''Huvarshta'' (Good Thoughts, Good Words and Good Deeds) are a basic tenet in [[Zoroastrianism]]. ===Norse mythology=== Three is a very significant number in [[Norse mythology]], along with its powers 9 and 27. *Prior to [[Ragnarök]], there will be three hard winters without an intervening summer, the [[Fimbulwinter]]. *Odin endured three hardships upon the World Tree in his quest for the [[runic alphabet|runes]]: he hanged himself, wounded himself with a spear, and suffered from hunger and thirst. *[[Borr|Bor]] had three sons, [[Odin]], [[Vili]], and [[Vé]]. ===Other religions=== *The [[Wicca]]n [[Rule of Three (Wiccan)|Rule of Three]]. *The [[Triple Goddess (Neopaganism)|Triple Goddess]]: Maiden, Mother, Crone; the three fates. *The sons of [[Cronus]]: [[Zeus]], [[Poseidon]], and [[Hades]]. *The Slavic god [[Triglav (mythology)|Triglav]] has three heads. ===Esoteric tradition=== *The [[Theosophical Society]] has [[Theosophy (Blavatskian)|three conditions of membership]]. *[[Gurdjieff]]'s [[Three Centres|Three Centers]] and the [[Fourth Way|Law of Three]]. *''[[Liber AL vel Legis]]'', the central scripture of the religion of [[Thelema]], consists of three chapters, corresponding to three divine narrators respectively: [[Nuit]], [[Hadit]] and [[Ra-Hoor-Khuit]]. *The Triple Greatness of [[Hermes Trismegistus]] is an important theme in [[Hermeticism]]. ===As a lucky or unlucky number=== {{refimprove section|date=April 2009}} Three ({{lang|zh|三}}, formal writing: {{lang|zh|叁}}, [[pinyin]] ''sān'', [[Cantonese]]: ''saam''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;) is considered a [[numerology|good number]] in [[Chinese culture]] because it sounds like the word &quot;alive&quot; ({{lang|zh|生}} pinyin ''shēng'', Cantonese: ''saang''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;), compared to [[4 (number)|four]] ({{lang|zh|四}}, pinyin: ''sì'', Cantonese: ''sei''&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;), which sounds like the word &quot;death&quot; ({{lang|zh|死}} pinyin ''sǐ'', Cantonese: ''sei''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;). Counting to three is common in situations where a group of people wish to perform an action in [[Synchronization|synchrony]]: ''Now, on the count of three, everybody pull!'' Assuming the counter is proceeding at a uniform rate, the first two counts are necessary to establish the rate, and the count of &quot;three&quot; is predicted based on the timing of the &quot;one&quot; and &quot;two&quot; before it. Three is likely used instead of some other number because it requires the minimal amount counts while setting a rate. There is another superstition that it is unlucky to take a [[Three on a match (superstition)|third light]], that is, to be the third person to light a cigarette from the same match or lighter. This superstition is sometimes asserted to have originated among soldiers in the trenches of the First World War when a sniper might see the first light, take aim on the second and fire on the third.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} The phrase &quot;[[:wikt:Third time's the charm|Third time's the charm]]&quot; refers to the superstition that after two failures in any endeavor, a third attempt is more likely to succeed. This is also sometimes seen in reverse, as in &quot;third man [to do something, presumably forbidden] gets caught&quot;. {{citation needed|date=May 2021}} [[Luck]], especially bad luck, is often said to &quot;come in threes&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;See &quot;[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-bad.html bad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302124523/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O214-bad.html |date=2009-03-02 }}&quot; in the ''Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable'', 2006, via Encyclopedia.com.&lt;/ref&gt; ==See also== {{Portal|Mathematics}} *[[Cube (algebra)]] – (3 [[superscript]]) *[[Thrice]] *[[Third (disambiguation)|Third]] *[[Triad (disambiguation)|Triad]] *[[Trio (disambiguation)|Trio]] *[[Rule of three (disambiguation)|Rule of three]] * [[Open-mid central unrounded vowel|ɜ]], {{unichar|025C}} also known as [[Open-mid central unrounded vowel|Reversed epsilon]] *[[List of highways numbered 3]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} *Wells, D. ''[[The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers]]'' London: Penguin Group. (1987): 46&amp;ndash;48 ==External links== {{Wiktionary|three}} {{Commons category}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20071023064015/http://threes.com/ Tricyclopedic Book of Threes] by Michael Eck *[http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/Threes.html Threes in Human Anatomy] by John A. McNulty *{{cite web|last=Grime|first=James|title=3 is everywhere|url=http://www.numberphile.com/videos/three.html|work=Numberphile|publisher=[[Brady Haran]]|access-date=2013-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514230849/http://www.numberphile.com/videos/three.html|archive-date=2013-05-14|url-status=dead}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20140201161634/http://numdic.com/3 The Number 3] *[http://www.positiveintegers.org/3 The Positive Integer 3] *[http://primes.utm.edu/curios/page.php/3.html Prime curiosities: 3] {{Integers|zero}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:3 (Number)}} [[Category:Integers]] [[Category:3 (number)| ]]</div></summary> <author><name>87.116.135.163</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation&diff=1258894964</id> <title>VME eXtensions for Instrumentation</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VME_eXtensions_for_Instrumentation&diff=1258894964"/> <updated>2024-11-22T06:27:40Z</updated> <summary type="html">87.116.135.163: <hr /> <div>[[File:VXIbus-Digitizer.png|thumb|VCIbus hardware]][[Screenshot of edit summary box.png]] ==See also== * [[PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation]] (PXI) * [[LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation]] (LXI) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://www.vxibus.org/ VXIbus Consortium] * [http://www.vxibus.org/files/VXI_Specs/VXI-1_4-0%2020100527.pdf VMEbus Extensions for Instrumentation. VXIbus. System Specification VXI-1. Revision 4.0], May 27, 2010 * [http://www.vxitech.com/files/articles/vxibus.pdf Technical note. VXIbus overview] {{Computer-bus}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Vxi}} [[Category:Computer buses]]</div></summary> <author><name>87.116.135.163</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie_Leibovitz&diff=266460628</id> <title>Annie Leibovitz</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie_Leibovitz&diff=266460628"/> <updated>2009-01-26T04:32:58Z</updated> <summary type="html">87.116.135.163: /* Vanity Fair magazine */ <hr /> <div>{{otherpeople4|the American photographer|the American writer|Fran Lebowitz}} {{Infobox Artist | bgcolour = orange | name = Annie Leibovitz | image = Annieliebovitz.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Annie Leibovitz, October 2006 | birthname = Anna-Lou Leibovitz | birthdate = {{birth date and age|1949|10|2}} | location = [[Waterbury, Connecticut]], [[United States]] | deathdate = | deathplace = | nationality = [[United States|American]] | field = | training = [[San Francisco Art Institute]] | movement = | works = | patrons = | influenced by = mother, a modern dance instructor | influenced = | awards = }} '''Anna-Lou &quot;Annie&quot; Leibovitz''' ({{IPAEng|ˈliːbəvɪts}}) (born [[October 2]], [[1949]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[portrait]] [[Photography|photographer]] whose style is marked by a close collaboration between the photographer and the subject. ==Early life and education== Born in [[Waterbury, Connecticut]], Leibovitz is the third of six children in a [[Jew]]ish family. Her mother was a [[modern dance]] instructor, while her father was a [[lieutenant colonel]] in the [[United States Air Force]]. The family moved frequently with her father's duty assignments, and she took her first pictures when he was stationed in the [[Philippines]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2251302,00.html|title=How I shot my sister Annie ...|author=Cooke, Rachel|publisher=The Observer|date=2008-02-03|accessdate=2008-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; In high school, she became interested in various artistic endeavours, and began to write and play music. She attended the [[San Francisco Art Institute]]. She became interested in photography after taking pictures when she lived in the Philippines, where her Air Force father was stationed during the Vietnam War. For several years, she continued to develop her photography skills while she worked various jobs, including a stint on a [[kibbutz]] [[Amir, Israel|Amir]] in [[Israel]] for several months in 1969.&lt;ref name=bookrags&gt;{{cite web | author= | title=Annie Leibovitz Biography | url=http://www.bookrags.com/biography/annie-leibovitz | publisher=bookrags | date= | accessdate=2007-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Career== ===''Rolling Stone'' magazine=== When Leibovitz returned to America in 1970, she worked for the recently launched ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine. In 1973, publisher [[Jann Wenner]] named Leibovitz chief photographer of ''Rolling Stone''. Leibovitz worked for the magazine until 1983, and her intimate photographs of celebrities helped define the ''Rolling Stone'' look.&lt;ref name=bookrags/&gt; In 1975, Leibovitz served as a concert-tour photographer for [[The Rolling Stones|The Rolling Stones']] [[Rolling Stones Tour of the Americas '75|Tour of the Americas]]. ===''Vanity Fair'' magazine=== Since 1983, Leibovitz has worked as a featured portrait photographer for ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''. Leibovitz sued [[Paramount Pictures]] for [[copyright infringement]] of her ''Vanity Fair'' cover photograph of a pregnant [[Demi Moore]] from a 1991 issue titled &quot;[[More Demi Moore]].&quot; Paramount had commissioned a [[parody]] photograph of [[Leslie Nielsen]], [[pregnant]], for use in a promotional poster for the 1994 comedy ''[[Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult]]''. The case, ''[[Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.]]''&lt;ref&gt;''[[Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.]]'', 137 F.3d 109 ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]] 1998).&lt;/ref&gt;, has become an important [[fair use]] case in [[United States copyright law|U.S. copyright law]]. At [[Trial court|trial]], the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]] found that Paramount's use of the photo constituted fair use because parodies were likely to generate little or no licensing revenue. On [[appeal]], the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] affirmed. ===Lennon and Ono=== On [[December 8]], [[1980]], Leibovitz had a photo shoot with [[John Lennon]] for ''Rolling Stone'', promising him he would make the cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;buzzle&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2005-12-08| url = http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/12-8-2005-83469.asp| title = Hours After This Picture Was Taken John Lennon Was Dead| format = HTML | publisher = Guardian Unlimited| accessdate = 2007-07-26 | last= }}&lt;/ref&gt; After she had initially tried to get a picture with just Lennon alone, which is what ''Rolling Stone'' wanted, Lennon insisted that both he and [[Yoko Ono]] be on the cover. Leibovitz then tried to re-create something like the kissing scene from the ''[[Double Fantasy]]'' album cover, a picture that she loved. She had John remove his clothes and curl up next to Yoko. Leibovitz recalls, &quot;What is interesting is she said she'd take her top off and I said, 'Leave everything on' — not really preconceiving the picture at all. Then he curled up next to her and it was very, very strong. You couldn't help but feel that she was cold and he looked like he was clinging on to her. I think it was amazing to look at the first Polaroid and they were both very excited. John said, 'You've captured our relationship exactly. Promise me it'll be on the cover.' I looked him in the eye and we shook on it.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;RS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2007 | url = http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/1000thphotographers/11/john_lennon_and_yoko_ono| title = Issue #335 (Jan. 22, 1981)| format = Audio | publisher = [[Rolling Stone|The Rolling Stone magazine]]| accessdate = 2007-07-26 | last=[[Rolling Stone|The Rolling Stone magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Leibovitz was the last person to professionally photograph Lennon — he was [[Death of John Lennon|shot and killed]] five hours later. ===Other noted projects=== [[Image:Annie Leibovitz-SF-1.jpg|thumb|Leibovitz at &quot;Annie Leibovitz: A Photographer's Life, 1990-2005&quot;, [[San Francisco, California]], 2008]] *In the 1980s, Leibovitz photographed [[celebrity|celebrities]] for an international advertising campaign for [[American Express]] [[charge card]]s. *In 1991, Leibovitz mounted an exhibition at the [[National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)|National Portrait Gallery]]. *Also in 1991, Leibovitz emulated [[Margaret Bourke-White]]'s feat, when she mounted one of the eagle gargoyles on the 61st floor of the [[Chrysler Building]] in [[Manhattan]], where she photographed the dancer David Parsons cavorting on another [[eagle]] [[gargoyle]]. Noted ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' photographer and picture editor [[John Loengard]] made a gripping photo of Leibovitz at the climax of her danger. (Loengard was photographing Leibovitz for the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' that day). *A major [[retrospective]] of Leibovitz's work was held at the [[Brooklyn Museum]], [http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/annie_leibovitz/ Oct. 2006 - Jan. 2007]. The retrospective was based on her book, ''Annie Leibovitz: A Photographer's Life, 1990 &amp;ndash; 2005'', and included many of her professional (celebrity) photographs as well as numerous personal photographs of her family, children, and partner [[Susan Sontag]]. This show, which was expanded to include three of the official portraits of Queen Elizabeth II, then went on the road for seven stops. It was on display at the [[Corcoran Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], from October 2007 to January 2008, and as of April 2008 is at the [[California Palace of the Legion of Honor|Palace of the Legion of Honor]] in [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]]. The show included 200 photographs.&lt;ref&gt;Associated Press, 21 October 2007, article by Lubna Taknuri&lt;/ref&gt; At the exhibition, Leibovitz said that she doesn't have two lives, career and personal, but has one where assignments and personal pictures are all part of her works. This exhibition and her talk focused on her personal photos and life. &lt;ref&gt;{{citation | title= Artist Walk: Annie Leibovitz | author=Jacquelyn Lewis | publisher=ARTINFO | date= October 19, 2006 | url=http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/22798/artist-walk-annie-leibovitz/ | accessdate=2008-04-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, Leibovitz was asked by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] to take the queen's official picture for her [[List of state visits made by Queen Elizabeth II|state visit]] to [[Virginia]]. This was filmed for the [[BBC]] documentary ''[[A Year with the Queen]]''. A promotional trailer for the film showed the Queen reacting angrily to Leibovitz's suggestion (&quot;less dressy&quot;) that she remove her [[Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom|crown]], then a scene of the Queen walking down a corridor, telling an aide &quot;I'm not changing anything. I've had enough dressing like this, thank you very much.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Reuters | title=BBC sorry for misrepresenting Queen | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/12/1977378.htm | work=ABC News | date=2007-07-12 | accessdate=2007-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The BBC later apologised and admitted that the sequence of events had been misrepresented, as the Queen was in fact walking to the sitting in the second scene.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Associated Press | title=Broadcaster sorry for queen claim | url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/07/12/britain.queen/index.html | work=CNN | date=2007-07-12 | accessdate=2007-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; This led to a BBC scandal and a shake-up of ethics training. See [[RDF Media#Tiaragate Affair|The Tiaragate Affair]]. *In 2007, the [[Walt Disney Company]] hired her to do a series of photographs with celebrities in various roles and scenes for [[Disney parks|Disney Parks]] &quot;[[Year of a Million Dreams]]&quot; campaign. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.usatoday.com/travel/disneyads/flash.htm USATODAY Photo Gallery]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-01-25-disney-ad-campaign_x.htm Disney's dazzling 'Dreams' - USATODAY.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.notcot.com/archives/2007/01/leibovitz_takes.html NOTCOT: Leibovitz takes on Disney&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; On [[April 25]], [[2008]], the televised entertainment program ''[[Entertainment Tonight]]'' reported that 15 year old [[Miley Cyrus]] had posed topless for a photo shoot with ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanity Fair June 2008&quot;&gt;[http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2008/06/miley200806 Miley Knows Best, [[Vanity Fair]], June 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23608789-5001026,00.html|title=Miley Cyrus topless controversy|date=2008-04-28|accessdate=2008-04-27|publisher=news.com.au/dailytelegraph/}}&lt;/ref&gt; The photo, and subsequently released behind-the-scenes photos, show Cyrus without a top, her bare back exposed but her front covered with a bedsheet. The photo shoot was taken by photographer Annie Leibovitz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20195785,00.html|title=Miley Cyrus: I'm Sorry for Photos|author=Stephen M. Silverman|date=2008-04-27|accessdate=2008-04-27|publisher=people.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The full photograph was published with an accompanying story on ''[[The New York Times]]''' website on [[April 27]], [[2008]]. On [[April 29]] [[2008]], ''The New York Times'' clarified that though the pictures left an impression that she was bare-breasted, Cyrus was wrapped in a bedsheet and was actually not topless.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT VF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/business/media/28hannah.html|title=A Topless Photo Threatens a Major Disney Franchise|author=Brook Barnes|date=2008-04-28|accessdate=2008-04-29|publisher=nytimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some parents expressed outrage at the nature of the photograph, which a [[Disney]] spokesperson described as &quot;a situation [that] was created to deliberately manipulate a 15-year-old in order to sell magazines.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT VF&quot;/&gt; In response to the internet circulation of the photo and ensuing media attention, Cyrus released a statement of apology on [[April 27]]: &lt;blockquote&gt;“I took part in a photo shoot that was supposed to be ‘artistic’ and now, seeing the photographs and reading the story, I feel so embarrassed. I never intended for any of this to happen and I apologize to my fans who I care so deeply about.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT VF&quot;/&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; Leibovitz also released a statement saying: &lt;blockquote&gt;“&quot;I'm sorry that my portrait of Miley has been misinterpreted,&quot; Leibovitz said. &quot; The photograph is a simple, classic portrait, shot with very little makeup, and I think it is very beautiful.[http://www.hollywood.com/news/Annie_Leibovitz_Miley_Cyrus_Photos_Were_Misinterpreted/5226536]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT VF&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; ===Archive=== Since 1977, Leibovitz licensing images have been represented by [[Contact Press Images]], a [[photojournalism]] agency based in New York City. Her assignment work is represented by Jim Moffat at [http://www.artandcommerce.com A Corporation for Art &amp; Commerce] in New York. ==Personal life== Leibovitz had a close romantic relationship with noted writer and essayist [[Susan Sontag]]. They met in 1989, when both had already established notability in their careers. Leibovitz has suggested that Sontag mentored her and constructively criticized her work. After Sontag's death in 2004, ''[[Newsweek]]'' published an article about Leibovitz that made reference to her decade-plus relationship with Sontag, stating that &quot;The two first met in the late '80s, when Leibovitz photographed her for a book jacket. They never lived together, though they each had an apartment within view of the other's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Cathleen McGuigan | title=Through Her Lens | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14964292/site/newsweek | work=Newsweek | date=2006-10-02 | accessdate=2007-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neither Leibovitz nor Sontag had ever previously publicly disclosed whether the relationship was familial, a friendship, or romantic in nature. However, when Leibovitz was interviewed for her 2006 book ''A Photographer's Life: 1990-2005'', she said the book told a number of stories, and that &quot;with Susan, it was a love story.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Janny Scott | title=From Annie Leibovitz: Life, and Death, Examined | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/06/arts/design/06leib.html?pagewanted=3&amp;_r=1 | work=New York Times | date=2006-10-06 | accessdate=2007-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the preface to the new book, she speaks in greater detail about her romantic/intellectual relationship with Sontag, briefly discussing a book they were working on together and describes how assembling her new book was part of the grieving process after Sontag's death. The book and accompanying show include many photographs of Sontag throughout their life together, including several on her deathbed. Leibovitz acknowledged that she and Sontag were romantically involved. When asked why she used terms like &quot;companion&quot; to describe Sontag, instead of more specific ones like &quot;partner&quot; or &quot;lover,&quot; Leibovitz finally said that &quot;lover&quot; was fine with her.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite interview | last=Leibovitz | first=Annie | subject=Annie Leibovitz | interviewer=Tom Ashbrook | url=http://www.onpointradio.org/shows/2006/10/20061017_b_main.asp | format=Audio | program=On Point | callsign=WBUR, NPR | city=Boston | date=17 October 2006 | accessdate=2007-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; She later repeated the assertion in stating to the ''San Francisco Chronicle'': &quot;Call us 'lovers'. I like 'lovers.' You know, 'lovers' sounds romantic. I mean, I want to be perfectly clear. I love Susan.&quot;&lt;ref name=sfgate&gt;{{cite news | author=Edward Guthmann | title=Love, family, celebrity, grief -- Leibovitz puts her life on display in photo memoir | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/01/DDGCKM2T9J1.DTL | work=San Francisco Chronicle | date=2006-11-01 | accessdate=2007-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===Children=== Leibovitz has three children: Sarah Cameron Leibovitz (b. October 2001) was born when Leibovitz was 51 years old. Her twins Susan and Samuelle were born to a [[surrogate mother]] in May 2005.&lt;ref name=sfgate/&gt; ==Famous Leibovitz photos== * [[John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]] for the Jan. 22, 1981 Rolling Stone cover, shot the day of Lennon's death. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.john-lennon.com/1980rollingstoneinterview.htm John-Lennon.com - 1980 Rolling Stone Interview With John Lennon by Jonathan Cott&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rollingstone.com/photos/gallery/5392223/1981_rolling_stone_covers/photo/1/large/elvispresley Rolling Stone cover: January 22, 1981]&lt;/ref&gt; * [[Linda Ronstadt]] in a red slip, on her bed, reaching for a glass of water in a 1976 cover story for Rolling Stone magazine. * [[Demi Moore]] has been the subject of two highly publicized covers taken by Leibovitz. ''Vanity Fair'' featured a nude Moore who, at the time, was seven months pregnant with her daughter Scout LaRue. Moore also appeared later on the cover of the same magazine nude with a suit painted on her body.[http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2008/10/covers_portfolio200810?slide=10#globalNav] *[[Brooke Shields]], pregnant for the cover of [[Vogue (magazine)|''Vogue'']] in April 2003. This was the first image of a visibly pregnant woman on its cover. * [[Whoopi Goldberg]] lying in a [[bathtub]] full of milk, shot from above.[http://loser.miniwini.com/wp/images/Annie.Leibovitz.09.jpg] * [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude|Christo]], fully wrapped so the viewer must take the artist's word that Christo is actually under the wrapping.[http://rsrc5.bubbleshare.com/media/00/22/c1/14/7fc9d097e764dbe71afd4e62948f986d14bb1315/580x435/AL-ChristoNYC1981-600_580x435.jpg] *[[David Cassidy]] on the infamous ''Rolling Stone'' cover depicting him naked from his head to above his crotch. * [[Dolly Parton]] vamping for the camera while [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] flexes his biceps behind her. * [[Dan Aykroyd]] and [[John Belushi]], as [[The Blues Brothers]], with their faces painted blue.[http://www.bubbleshare.com/album/68653.991524698ba/overview#2260746] * [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth]] on occasion of her state visit in United States in 2007.[http://www.britainusa.com/sections/articles_show_nt1.asp?d=5&amp;i=70003&amp;L1=41004&amp;L2=70003&amp;a=46309] * [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] in the desert, covered in mud to blend in with the scenery.[http://www.bubbleshare.com/album/68653.991524698ba/overview#3723598] * Closeup portrait of [[Pete Townshend]] framed by his bleeding hand dripping real blood down the side of his face. * &quot;Fire&quot; portrait and caption &quot;[[Patti Smith]] Catches Fire&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rollingstone.com/photos/gallery/5392220/1978_rolling_stone_covers/photo/13/large RS 270 (July 27, 1978)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.oceanstar.com/patti/crit/rs780727.htm Patti Smith Catches Fire]&lt;/ref&gt; *[[Cyndi Lauper]], ''[[She's So Unusual]]'' and ''[[True Colors (Cyndi Lauper album)|True Colors]]'' [[album cover]]s [http://www.cyndilauper.com/index.php?module=discography&amp;discography_item_id=2&amp;discography_tag=studio_album] [http://www.cyndilauper.com/index.php?module=discography&amp;discography_item_id=3&amp;discography_tag=studio_album] *[[Bruce Springsteen]], ''[[Born in the U.S.A.]]'' album cover. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.brucespringsteen.net/albums/bornintheusa.html Bruce Springsteen.net]&lt;/ref&gt; *[[Gisele Bündchen]] and [[LeBron James]] on the April 2008 cover of ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' America. &lt;ref name=&quot;npr 3/27/08&quot;&gt;[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89151096 Some Call LeBron James' 'Vogue' Cover Offensive], [[News &amp; Notes]], [[2008-03-27]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-03-24-vogue-controversy_N.htm?csp=3 LeBron James' 'Vogue' cover called racially insensitive], [[USA Today]], [[2008-03-24]]&lt;/ref&gt; *[[Miley Cyrus]]' [[Vanity Fair]] photo in which the young star appeared semi-nude, leading to a controversy. ==Leibovitz's photo books== * ''Photographs'' * ''Photographs 1970-1990'' * ''Olympic Portraits'' * ''Women'' * ''American Music'' * ''A Photographer’s Life 1990-2005'' (catalog for a travelling exhibit that debuted at the [[Brooklyn Museum]] in October 2006) * ''Annie Leibovitz: At Work'' ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== {{commons}} *[http://contactpressimages.com Contact Press Images] * [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6184192 NPR's interview with Leibovitz, All Things Considered, October 3, 2006] * [http://www.onpointradio.org/shows/2006/10/20061017_b_main.asp October 17th 2006 Interview with Tom Ashbrook on NPR’s ''On Point'']. * [http://www.kqed.org/epArchive/R610261000 Interview by Michael Krasny on KQED Forum, October 26, 2006] * [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/01/DDGCKM2T9J1.DTL 1 Nov 06 San Francisco Chronicle Interview] * [http://fotophile.com/reviews/200507leibovitz.html Review of Leibovitz's ''American Music'' exhibit at the Austin Museum of Art in Fotophile Magazine] * [http://support.nature.org/site/PageServer?pagename=annieleibovitz_ed6 Annie Leibovitz's thoughts on Earth Day 2006] * [http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_BBC_Offers_Apologies_For_Showing_Film_Of_Angry_Queen_06995.html BBC Offers Apologies For Showing Film Of Angry Queen] * [http://www.adcglobal.org/archive/hof/1999/?id=312 Art Directors Club biography, portrait and images of work] * [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/indelible-200802.html David J. Marcou's ''Smithsonian'' article of February 2008, pp. 10-12, ''Gaga Over a Gargoyle,''covering John Loengard's gripping photo of Annie Leibovitz photographing atop an eagle gargoyle on the 61st floor of New York's Chrysler Building in 1991.] &lt;!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --&gt; {{Persondata |NAME= Leibovitz, Annie |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Leibovitz, Anna-Lou |SHORT DESCRIPTION= Photographer |DATE OF BIRTH= [[October 2]], [[1949]] |PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Waterbury, Connecticut]], [[United States]] |DATE OF DEATH= |PLACE OF DEATH= }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leibovitz, Annie}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:American photographers]] [[Category:Fashion photographers]] [[Category:Jewish photographers]] [[Category:Lesbian artists]] [[Category:LGBT Jews]] [[Category:LGBT people from the United States]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Westport, Connecticut]] [[Category:Portrait photographers]] [[Category:Jewish American photographers]] [[Category:San Francisco Art Institute alumni]] [[Category:People from Greenwich Village, New York]] [[Category:Military brats]] [[Category:Women photographers]] [[de:Annie Leibovitz]] [[es:Annie Leibovitz]] [[fr:Annie Leibovitz]] [[it:Annie Leibovitz]] [[lv:Annija Leibovica]] [[hu:Annie Leibovitz]] [[nl:Annie Leibovitz]] [[no:Annie Leibovitz]] [[pl:Annie Leibovitz]] [[pt:Annie Leibovitz]] [[ru:Лейбовиц, Анни]] [[fi:Annie Leibovitz]] [[sv:Annie Leibovitz]] [[tr:Annie Leibovitz]] [[uk:Анні Лейбовіц]]</div></summary> <author><name>87.116.135.163</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie_Leibovitz&diff=266460593</id> <title>Annie Leibovitz</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annie_Leibovitz&diff=266460593"/> <updated>2009-01-26T04:32:38Z</updated> <summary type="html">87.116.135.163: /* Vanity Fair magazine */ <hr /> <div>{{otherpeople4|the American photographer|the American writer|Fran Lebowitz}} {{Infobox Artist | bgcolour = orange | name = Annie Leibovitz | image = Annieliebovitz.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Annie Leibovitz, October 2006 | birthname = Anna-Lou Leibovitz | birthdate = {{birth date and age|1949|10|2}} | location = [[Waterbury, Connecticut]], [[United States]] | deathdate = | deathplace = | nationality = [[United States|American]] | field = | training = [[San Francisco Art Institute]] | movement = | works = | patrons = | influenced by = mother, a modern dance instructor | influenced = | awards = }} '''Anna-Lou &quot;Annie&quot; Leibovitz''' ({{IPAEng|ˈliːbəvɪts}}) (born [[October 2]], [[1949]]) is an [[United States|American]] [[portrait]] [[Photography|photographer]] whose style is marked by a close collaboration between the photographer and the subject. ==Early life and education== Born in [[Waterbury, Connecticut]], Leibovitz is the third of six children in a [[Jew]]ish family. Her mother was a [[modern dance]] instructor, while her father was a [[lieutenant colonel]] in the [[United States Air Force]]. The family moved frequently with her father's duty assignments, and she took her first pictures when he was stationed in the [[Philippines]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb|url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2251302,00.html|title=How I shot my sister Annie ...|author=Cooke, Rachel|publisher=The Observer|date=2008-02-03|accessdate=2008-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; In high school, she became interested in various artistic endeavours, and began to write and play music. She attended the [[San Francisco Art Institute]]. She became interested in photography after taking pictures when she lived in the Philippines, where her Air Force father was stationed during the Vietnam War. For several years, she continued to develop her photography skills while she worked various jobs, including a stint on a [[kibbutz]] [[Amir, Israel|Amir]] in [[Israel]] for several months in 1969.&lt;ref name=bookrags&gt;{{cite web | author= | title=Annie Leibovitz Biography | url=http://www.bookrags.com/biography/annie-leibovitz | publisher=bookrags | date= | accessdate=2007-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Career== ===''Rolling Stone'' magazine=== When Leibovitz returned to America in 1970, she worked for the recently launched ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine. In 1973, publisher [[Jann Wenner]] named Leibovitz chief photographer of ''Rolling Stone''. Leibovitz worked for the magazine until 1983, and her intimate photographs of celebrities helped define the ''Rolling Stone'' look.&lt;ref name=bookrags/&gt; In 1975, Leibovitz served as a concert-tour photographer for [[The Rolling Stones|The Rolling Stones']] [[Rolling Stones Tour of the Americas '75|Tour of the Americas]]. ===''Vanity Fair'' magazine=== Since 1983, Leibovitz has worked as a featured portrait photographer for ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''. Leibovitz sued [[Paramount Pictures]] for [[copyright infringement]] of her ''Vanity Fair'' cover photograph of a pregnant [[Demi Moore]] from a 1991 issue titled &quot;[[More Demi Moore]].&quot; Paramount had commissioned a [[parody]] photograph of [[Leslie Nielsen]], [[pregnant]], for use in a promotional poster for the 1994 comedy ''[[Naked Gun 33⅓: The Final Insult]]''. The case, ''[[Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.]]''&lt;ref&gt;''[[Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.]]'', 137 F.3d 109 ([[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit|2d Cir.]] 1998).&lt;/ref&gt;, has become an important [[fair use]] case in [[United States copyright law|U.S. copyright law]]. At [[Trial court|trial]], the [[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York]] found that Paramount's use of the photo constituted fair use because parodies were likely to generate little or no licensing revenue. On [[appeal]], the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] affirmed. she is the best ===Lennon and Ono=== On [[December 8]], [[1980]], Leibovitz had a photo shoot with [[John Lennon]] for ''Rolling Stone'', promising him he would make the cover.&lt;ref name=&quot;buzzle&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2005-12-08| url = http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/12-8-2005-83469.asp| title = Hours After This Picture Was Taken John Lennon Was Dead| format = HTML | publisher = Guardian Unlimited| accessdate = 2007-07-26 | last= }}&lt;/ref&gt; After she had initially tried to get a picture with just Lennon alone, which is what ''Rolling Stone'' wanted, Lennon insisted that both he and [[Yoko Ono]] be on the cover. Leibovitz then tried to re-create something like the kissing scene from the ''[[Double Fantasy]]'' album cover, a picture that she loved. She had John remove his clothes and curl up next to Yoko. Leibovitz recalls, &quot;What is interesting is she said she'd take her top off and I said, 'Leave everything on' — not really preconceiving the picture at all. Then he curled up next to her and it was very, very strong. You couldn't help but feel that she was cold and he looked like he was clinging on to her. I think it was amazing to look at the first Polaroid and they were both very excited. John said, 'You've captured our relationship exactly. Promise me it'll be on the cover.' I looked him in the eye and we shook on it.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;RS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |year=2007 | url = http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/1000thphotographers/11/john_lennon_and_yoko_ono| title = Issue #335 (Jan. 22, 1981)| format = Audio | publisher = [[Rolling Stone|The Rolling Stone magazine]]| accessdate = 2007-07-26 | last=[[Rolling Stone|The Rolling Stone magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Leibovitz was the last person to professionally photograph Lennon — he was [[Death of John Lennon|shot and killed]] five hours later. ===Other noted projects=== [[Image:Annie Leibovitz-SF-1.jpg|thumb|Leibovitz at &quot;Annie Leibovitz: A Photographer's Life, 1990-2005&quot;, [[San Francisco, California]], 2008]] *In the 1980s, Leibovitz photographed [[celebrity|celebrities]] for an international advertising campaign for [[American Express]] [[charge card]]s. *In 1991, Leibovitz mounted an exhibition at the [[National Portrait Gallery (United Kingdom)|National Portrait Gallery]]. *Also in 1991, Leibovitz emulated [[Margaret Bourke-White]]'s feat, when she mounted one of the eagle gargoyles on the 61st floor of the [[Chrysler Building]] in [[Manhattan]], where she photographed the dancer David Parsons cavorting on another [[eagle]] [[gargoyle]]. Noted ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' photographer and picture editor [[John Loengard]] made a gripping photo of Leibovitz at the climax of her danger. (Loengard was photographing Leibovitz for the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' that day). *A major [[retrospective]] of Leibovitz's work was held at the [[Brooklyn Museum]], [http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/exhibitions/annie_leibovitz/ Oct. 2006 - Jan. 2007]. The retrospective was based on her book, ''Annie Leibovitz: A Photographer's Life, 1990 &amp;ndash; 2005'', and included many of her professional (celebrity) photographs as well as numerous personal photographs of her family, children, and partner [[Susan Sontag]]. This show, which was expanded to include three of the official portraits of Queen Elizabeth II, then went on the road for seven stops. It was on display at the [[Corcoran Gallery of Art]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], from October 2007 to January 2008, and as of April 2008 is at the [[California Palace of the Legion of Honor|Palace of the Legion of Honor]] in [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]]. The show included 200 photographs.&lt;ref&gt;Associated Press, 21 October 2007, article by Lubna Taknuri&lt;/ref&gt; At the exhibition, Leibovitz said that she doesn't have two lives, career and personal, but has one where assignments and personal pictures are all part of her works. This exhibition and her talk focused on her personal photos and life. &lt;ref&gt;{{citation | title= Artist Walk: Annie Leibovitz | author=Jacquelyn Lewis | publisher=ARTINFO | date= October 19, 2006 | url=http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/22798/artist-walk-annie-leibovitz/ | accessdate=2008-04-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, Leibovitz was asked by [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] to take the queen's official picture for her [[List of state visits made by Queen Elizabeth II|state visit]] to [[Virginia]]. This was filmed for the [[BBC]] documentary ''[[A Year with the Queen]]''. A promotional trailer for the film showed the Queen reacting angrily to Leibovitz's suggestion (&quot;less dressy&quot;) that she remove her [[Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom|crown]], then a scene of the Queen walking down a corridor, telling an aide &quot;I'm not changing anything. I've had enough dressing like this, thank you very much.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Reuters | title=BBC sorry for misrepresenting Queen | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/07/12/1977378.htm | work=ABC News | date=2007-07-12 | accessdate=2007-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; The BBC later apologised and admitted that the sequence of events had been misrepresented, as the Queen was in fact walking to the sitting in the second scene.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Associated Press | title=Broadcaster sorry for queen claim | url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/07/12/britain.queen/index.html | work=CNN | date=2007-07-12 | accessdate=2007-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; This led to a BBC scandal and a shake-up of ethics training. See [[RDF Media#Tiaragate Affair|The Tiaragate Affair]]. *In 2007, the [[Walt Disney Company]] hired her to do a series of photographs with celebrities in various roles and scenes for [[Disney parks|Disney Parks]] &quot;[[Year of a Million Dreams]]&quot; campaign. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.usatoday.com/travel/disneyads/flash.htm USATODAY Photo Gallery]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2007-01-25-disney-ad-campaign_x.htm Disney's dazzling 'Dreams' - USATODAY.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.notcot.com/archives/2007/01/leibovitz_takes.html NOTCOT: Leibovitz takes on Disney&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; On [[April 25]], [[2008]], the televised entertainment program ''[[Entertainment Tonight]]'' reported that 15 year old [[Miley Cyrus]] had posed topless for a photo shoot with ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vanity Fair June 2008&quot;&gt;[http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2008/06/miley200806 Miley Knows Best, [[Vanity Fair]], June 2008]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0,22049,23608789-5001026,00.html|title=Miley Cyrus topless controversy|date=2008-04-28|accessdate=2008-04-27|publisher=news.com.au/dailytelegraph/}}&lt;/ref&gt; The photo, and subsequently released behind-the-scenes photos, show Cyrus without a top, her bare back exposed but her front covered with a bedsheet. The photo shoot was taken by photographer Annie Leibovitz.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.people.com/people/article/0,,20195785,00.html|title=Miley Cyrus: I'm Sorry for Photos|author=Stephen M. Silverman|date=2008-04-27|accessdate=2008-04-27|publisher=people.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The full photograph was published with an accompanying story on ''[[The New York Times]]''' website on [[April 27]], [[2008]]. On [[April 29]] [[2008]], ''The New York Times'' clarified that though the pictures left an impression that she was bare-breasted, Cyrus was wrapped in a bedsheet and was actually not topless.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT VF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/28/business/media/28hannah.html|title=A Topless Photo Threatens a Major Disney Franchise|author=Brook Barnes|date=2008-04-28|accessdate=2008-04-29|publisher=nytimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some parents expressed outrage at the nature of the photograph, which a [[Disney]] spokesperson described as &quot;a situation [that] was created to deliberately manipulate a 15-year-old in order to sell magazines.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT VF&quot;/&gt; In response to the internet circulation of the photo and ensuing media attention, Cyrus released a statement of apology on [[April 27]]: &lt;blockquote&gt;“I took part in a photo shoot that was supposed to be ‘artistic’ and now, seeing the photographs and reading the story, I feel so embarrassed. I never intended for any of this to happen and I apologize to my fans who I care so deeply about.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT VF&quot;/&gt; &lt;/blockquote&gt; Leibovitz also released a statement saying: &lt;blockquote&gt;“&quot;I'm sorry that my portrait of Miley has been misinterpreted,&quot; Leibovitz said. &quot; The photograph is a simple, classic portrait, shot with very little makeup, and I think it is very beautiful.[http://www.hollywood.com/news/Annie_Leibovitz_Miley_Cyrus_Photos_Were_Misinterpreted/5226536]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT VF&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; ===Archive=== Since 1977, Leibovitz licensing images have been represented by [[Contact Press Images]], a [[photojournalism]] agency based in New York City. Her assignment work is represented by Jim Moffat at [http://www.artandcommerce.com A Corporation for Art &amp; Commerce] in New York. ==Personal life== Leibovitz had a close romantic relationship with noted writer and essayist [[Susan Sontag]]. They met in 1989, when both had already established notability in their careers. Leibovitz has suggested that Sontag mentored her and constructively criticized her work. After Sontag's death in 2004, ''[[Newsweek]]'' published an article about Leibovitz that made reference to her decade-plus relationship with Sontag, stating that &quot;The two first met in the late '80s, when Leibovitz photographed her for a book jacket. They never lived together, though they each had an apartment within view of the other's.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Cathleen McGuigan | title=Through Her Lens | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/14964292/site/newsweek | work=Newsweek | date=2006-10-02 | accessdate=2007-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neither Leibovitz nor Sontag had ever previously publicly disclosed whether the relationship was familial, a friendship, or romantic in nature. However, when Leibovitz was interviewed for her 2006 book ''A Photographer's Life: 1990-2005'', she said the book told a number of stories, and that &quot;with Susan, it was a love story.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | author=Janny Scott | title=From Annie Leibovitz: Life, and Death, Examined | url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/06/arts/design/06leib.html?pagewanted=3&amp;_r=1 | work=New York Times | date=2006-10-06 | accessdate=2007-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the preface to the new book, she speaks in greater detail about her romantic/intellectual relationship with Sontag, briefly discussing a book they were working on together and describes how assembling her new book was part of the grieving process after Sontag's death. The book and accompanying show include many photographs of Sontag throughout their life together, including several on her deathbed. Leibovitz acknowledged that she and Sontag were romantically involved. When asked why she used terms like &quot;companion&quot; to describe Sontag, instead of more specific ones like &quot;partner&quot; or &quot;lover,&quot; Leibovitz finally said that &quot;lover&quot; was fine with her.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite interview | last=Leibovitz | first=Annie | subject=Annie Leibovitz | interviewer=Tom Ashbrook | url=http://www.onpointradio.org/shows/2006/10/20061017_b_main.asp | format=Audio | program=On Point | callsign=WBUR, NPR | city=Boston | date=17 October 2006 | accessdate=2007-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; She later repeated the assertion in stating to the ''San Francisco Chronicle'': &quot;Call us 'lovers'. I like 'lovers.' You know, 'lovers' sounds romantic. I mean, I want to be perfectly clear. I love Susan.&quot;&lt;ref name=sfgate&gt;{{cite news | author=Edward Guthmann | title=Love, family, celebrity, grief -- Leibovitz puts her life on display in photo memoir | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/01/DDGCKM2T9J1.DTL | work=San Francisco Chronicle | date=2006-11-01 | accessdate=2007-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===Children=== Leibovitz has three children: Sarah Cameron Leibovitz (b. October 2001) was born when Leibovitz was 51 years old. Her twins Susan and Samuelle were born to a [[surrogate mother]] in May 2005.&lt;ref name=sfgate/&gt; ==Famous Leibovitz photos== * [[John Lennon]] and [[Yoko Ono]] for the Jan. 22, 1981 Rolling Stone cover, shot the day of Lennon's death. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.john-lennon.com/1980rollingstoneinterview.htm John-Lennon.com - 1980 Rolling Stone Interview With John Lennon by Jonathan Cott&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rollingstone.com/photos/gallery/5392223/1981_rolling_stone_covers/photo/1/large/elvispresley Rolling Stone cover: January 22, 1981]&lt;/ref&gt; * [[Linda Ronstadt]] in a red slip, on her bed, reaching for a glass of water in a 1976 cover story for Rolling Stone magazine. * [[Demi Moore]] has been the subject of two highly publicized covers taken by Leibovitz. ''Vanity Fair'' featured a nude Moore who, at the time, was seven months pregnant with her daughter Scout LaRue. Moore also appeared later on the cover of the same magazine nude with a suit painted on her body.[http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2008/10/covers_portfolio200810?slide=10#globalNav] *[[Brooke Shields]], pregnant for the cover of [[Vogue (magazine)|''Vogue'']] in April 2003. This was the first image of a visibly pregnant woman on its cover. * [[Whoopi Goldberg]] lying in a [[bathtub]] full of milk, shot from above.[http://loser.miniwini.com/wp/images/Annie.Leibovitz.09.jpg] * [[Christo and Jeanne-Claude|Christo]], fully wrapped so the viewer must take the artist's word that Christo is actually under the wrapping.[http://rsrc5.bubbleshare.com/media/00/22/c1/14/7fc9d097e764dbe71afd4e62948f986d14bb1315/580x435/AL-ChristoNYC1981-600_580x435.jpg] *[[David Cassidy]] on the infamous ''Rolling Stone'' cover depicting him naked from his head to above his crotch. * [[Dolly Parton]] vamping for the camera while [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] flexes his biceps behind her. * [[Dan Aykroyd]] and [[John Belushi]], as [[The Blues Brothers]], with their faces painted blue.[http://www.bubbleshare.com/album/68653.991524698ba/overview#2260746] * [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth]] on occasion of her state visit in United States in 2007.[http://www.britainusa.com/sections/articles_show_nt1.asp?d=5&amp;i=70003&amp;L1=41004&amp;L2=70003&amp;a=46309] * [[Sting (musician)|Sting]] in the desert, covered in mud to blend in with the scenery.[http://www.bubbleshare.com/album/68653.991524698ba/overview#3723598] * Closeup portrait of [[Pete Townshend]] framed by his bleeding hand dripping real blood down the side of his face. * &quot;Fire&quot; portrait and caption &quot;[[Patti Smith]] Catches Fire&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.rollingstone.com/photos/gallery/5392220/1978_rolling_stone_covers/photo/13/large RS 270 (July 27, 1978)]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.oceanstar.com/patti/crit/rs780727.htm Patti Smith Catches Fire]&lt;/ref&gt; *[[Cyndi Lauper]], ''[[She's So Unusual]]'' and ''[[True Colors (Cyndi Lauper album)|True Colors]]'' [[album cover]]s [http://www.cyndilauper.com/index.php?module=discography&amp;discography_item_id=2&amp;discography_tag=studio_album] [http://www.cyndilauper.com/index.php?module=discography&amp;discography_item_id=3&amp;discography_tag=studio_album] *[[Bruce Springsteen]], ''[[Born in the U.S.A.]]'' album cover. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.brucespringsteen.net/albums/bornintheusa.html Bruce Springsteen.net]&lt;/ref&gt; *[[Gisele Bündchen]] and [[LeBron James]] on the April 2008 cover of ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]'' America. &lt;ref name=&quot;npr 3/27/08&quot;&gt;[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89151096 Some Call LeBron James' 'Vogue' Cover Offensive], [[News &amp; Notes]], [[2008-03-27]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2008-03-24-vogue-controversy_N.htm?csp=3 LeBron James' 'Vogue' cover called racially insensitive], [[USA Today]], [[2008-03-24]]&lt;/ref&gt; *[[Miley Cyrus]]' [[Vanity Fair]] photo in which the young star appeared semi-nude, leading to a controversy. ==Leibovitz's photo books== * ''Photographs'' * ''Photographs 1970-1990'' * ''Olympic Portraits'' * ''Women'' * ''American Music'' * ''A Photographer’s Life 1990-2005'' (catalog for a travelling exhibit that debuted at the [[Brooklyn Museum]] in October 2006) * ''Annie Leibovitz: At Work'' ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== {{commons}} *[http://contactpressimages.com Contact Press Images] * [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6184192 NPR's interview with Leibovitz, All Things Considered, October 3, 2006] * [http://www.onpointradio.org/shows/2006/10/20061017_b_main.asp October 17th 2006 Interview with Tom Ashbrook on NPR’s ''On Point'']. * [http://www.kqed.org/epArchive/R610261000 Interview by Michael Krasny on KQED Forum, October 26, 2006] * [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2006/11/01/DDGCKM2T9J1.DTL 1 Nov 06 San Francisco Chronicle Interview] * [http://fotophile.com/reviews/200507leibovitz.html Review of Leibovitz's ''American Music'' exhibit at the Austin Museum of Art in Fotophile Magazine] * [http://support.nature.org/site/PageServer?pagename=annieleibovitz_ed6 Annie Leibovitz's thoughts on Earth Day 2006] * [http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_BBC_Offers_Apologies_For_Showing_Film_Of_Angry_Queen_06995.html BBC Offers Apologies For Showing Film Of Angry Queen] * [http://www.adcglobal.org/archive/hof/1999/?id=312 Art Directors Club biography, portrait and images of work] * [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/indelible-200802.html David J. Marcou's ''Smithsonian'' article of February 2008, pp. 10-12, ''Gaga Over a Gargoyle,''covering John Loengard's gripping photo of Annie Leibovitz photographing atop an eagle gargoyle on the 61st floor of New York's Chrysler Building in 1991.] &lt;!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] --&gt; {{Persondata |NAME= Leibovitz, Annie |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= Leibovitz, Anna-Lou |SHORT DESCRIPTION= Photographer |DATE OF BIRTH= [[October 2]], [[1949]] |PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Waterbury, Connecticut]], [[United States]] |DATE OF DEATH= |PLACE OF DEATH= }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leibovitz, Annie}} [[Category:1949 births]] [[Category:American photographers]] [[Category:Fashion photographers]] [[Category:Jewish photographers]] [[Category:Lesbian artists]] [[Category:LGBT Jews]] [[Category:LGBT people from the United States]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Westport, Connecticut]] [[Category:Portrait photographers]] [[Category:Jewish American photographers]] [[Category:San Francisco Art Institute alumni]] [[Category:People from Greenwich Village, New York]] [[Category:Military brats]] [[Category:Women photographers]] [[de:Annie Leibovitz]] [[es:Annie Leibovitz]] [[fr:Annie Leibovitz]] [[it:Annie Leibovitz]] [[lv:Annija Leibovica]] [[hu:Annie Leibovitz]] [[nl:Annie Leibovitz]] [[no:Annie Leibovitz]] [[pl:Annie Leibovitz]] [[pt:Annie Leibovitz]] [[ru:Лейбовиц, Анни]] [[fi:Annie Leibovitz]] [[sv:Annie Leibovitz]] [[tr:Annie Leibovitz]] [[uk:Анні Лейбовіц]]</div></summary> <author><name>87.116.135.163</name></author> </entry> </feed>