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vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research on worker cooperatives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research_on_worker_cooperatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Longevity_and_resilience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Longevity_and_resilience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Longevity and resilience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Longevity_and_resilience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pay_and_employment_stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pay_and_employment_stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pay and employment stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pay_and_employment_stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pay_inequality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pay_inequality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Pay inequality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pay_inequality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Productivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Productivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Productivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Productivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worker_satisfaction,_trust,_health_and_commitment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worker_satisfaction,_trust,_health_and_commitment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Worker satisfaction, trust, health and commitment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worker_satisfaction,_trust,_health_and_commitment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition_of_worker_cooperative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_worker_cooperative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Definition of worker cooperative</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Definition_of_worker_cooperative-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Definition of worker cooperative subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_worker_cooperative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Internal structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Worker_collectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worker_collectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Worker collectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worker_collectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_ownership_worker_co-operatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_ownership_worker_co-operatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Common ownership worker co-operatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_ownership_worker_co-operatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Financing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_Capital_Accounts/Member_Buy-Ins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_Capital_Accounts/Member_Buy-Ins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span><i>Internal Capital Accounts/Member Buy-Ins</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_Capital_Accounts/Member_Buy-Ins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Committed_Capital/Preferred_Stock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Committed_Capital/Preferred_Stock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span><i>Committed Capital/Preferred Stock</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Committed_Capital/Preferred_Stock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_Financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span><i>State Financing</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing_via_Traditional_Business_Transitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing_via_Traditional_Business_Transitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span><i>Financing via Traditional Business Transitions</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing_via_Traditional_Business_Transitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_Finance_Firm_Investment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_Finance_Firm_Investment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span><i>External Finance Firm Investment</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_Finance_Firm_Investment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direct_Public_Offerings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_Public_Offerings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.6</span> <span><i>Direct Public Offerings</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_Public_Offerings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peer_Financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peer_Financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.7</span> <span><i>Peer Financing</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peer_Financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-An_economic_model:_the_labor-managed_firm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_economic_model:_the_labor-managed_firm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>An economic model: the labor-managed firm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_economic_model:_the_labor-managed_firm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worker_cooperatives_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worker_cooperatives_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Worker cooperatives by country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worker_cooperatives_by_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worker cooperatives by country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worker_cooperatives_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>In North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Venezuela" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Venezuela"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Venezuela</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Venezuela-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_other_work_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_other_work_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Comparison with other work organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_other_work_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Worker cooperative</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تعاونية العمال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تعاونية العمال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%87%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E" title="Вытворчы каапэратыў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вытворчы каапэратыў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativa_de_producci%C3%B3" title="Cooperativa de producció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cooperativa de producció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDrobn%C3%AD_dru%C5%BEstvo" title="Výrobní družstvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výrobní družstvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitarbeiterunternehmen" title="Mitarbeiterunternehmen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mitarbeiterunternehmen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6%C3%B6%C3%BChistu" title="Tööühistu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tööühistu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativa_de_trabajo_asociado" title="Cooperativa de trabajo asociado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cooperativa de trabajo asociado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laborista_Kooperativo" title="Laborista Kooperativo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laborista Kooperativo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تعاونی کارگری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تعاونی کارگری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coop%C3%A9rative_de_travail_associ%C3%A9" title="Coopérative de travail associé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coopérative de travail associé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EC%9E%90_%ED%98%91%EB%8F%99%EC%A1%B0%ED%95%A9" title="노동자 협동조합 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노동자 협동조합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cooperative that is owned and self-managed by its workers</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Labour cooperative" redirects here. For the British electoral alliance, see <a href="/wiki/Labour_and_Co-operative_Party" title="Labour and Co-operative Party">Labour and Co-operative Party</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>worker cooperative</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> owned and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">self-managed by its workers</a>. This control may mean a <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">firm</a> where every worker-owner participates in <a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">decision-making</a> in a democratic fashion, or it may refer to one in which management is elected by every worker-owner who each have one vote. Worker cooperatives may also be referred to as labor-managed firms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_harmony_vision.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/New_harmony_vision.jpg/250px-New_harmony_vision.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/New_harmony_vision.jpg/375px-New_harmony_vision.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/New_harmony_vision.jpg/500px-New_harmony_vision.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Model of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a>'s visionary project for a cooperative settlement (<a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenites</a> fired bricks to build it, but construction never took place)</figcaption></figure> <p>Worker cooperatives rose to prominence during the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a>. As employment moved to industrial areas and job sectors declined, workers began organizing and controlling businesses for themselves. Worker cooperatives were originally sparked by "critical reaction to industrial capitalism and the excesses of the industrial revolution," with the first worker owned and managed firm first appearing in England in 1760.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some worker cooperatives were designed to "cope with the evils of unbridled capitalism and the insecurities of wage labor".<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The philosophy that underpinned the cooperative movement stemmed from the <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> writings of thinkers including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Charles Fourier</a>. Robert Owen, considered by many as the father of the cooperative movement, made his fortune in the cotton trade but believed in putting his workers in a good environment with access to education for themselves and their children. These ideas were put into effect successfully in the <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">cotton mills</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Lanark" title="New Lanark">New Lanark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. It was here that the first co-operative store was opened. Spurred on by the success of this, he had the idea of forming "villages of co-operation" where workers would drag themselves out of poverty by growing their own food, making their own clothes and ultimately becoming self-governing. He tried to form such communities in <a href="/wiki/Orbiston,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbiston, Scotland">Orbiston</a> in Scotland and in <a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana" title="New Harmony, Indiana">New Harmony, Indiana</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a>, but both communities failed.<sup id="cite_ref-Garnett_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garnett-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar early experiments were made in the early 19th century and by 1830 there were several hundred co-operatives.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_King_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William King (doctor)">Dr William King</a> made Owen's ideas more workable and practical. He believed in starting small and realized that the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working classes</a> would need to set up co-operatives for themselves, so he saw his role as one of instruction. He founded a monthly periodical called <i>The Co-operator</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first edition of which appeared on 1 May 1828. This gave a mixture of co-operative philosophy and practical advice about running a shop using cooperative principles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_movement">Modern movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers_1865_photograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers_1865_photograph.jpg/350px-Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers_1865_photograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers_1865_photograph.jpg/525px-Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers_1865_photograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers_1865_photograph.jpg/700px-Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers_1865_photograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers" title="Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers">Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers</a> was established in 1844 and defined the modern cooperative movement</figcaption></figure> <p>The first successful cooperative organization was the consumer-owned <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers" title="Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers">Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers</a>, established in England in 1844. The Rochdale Pioneers established the '<a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a>' on which they ran their cooperative. This became the basis for the development and growth of the modern cooperative movement.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the mechanization of the Industrial Revolution was forcing more and more skilled workers into poverty, these tradesmen decided to band together to open their own store selling food items they could not otherwise afford.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With lessons from prior failed attempts at co-operation in mind, they designed the now famous <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a>, and over a period of four months, they struggled to pool one <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> per person for a total of 28 pounds of capital. On 21 December 1844, they opened their store with a very meager selection of butter, sugar, flour, oatmeal, and a few candles. Within three months, they expanded their selection to include tea and tobacco, and they were soon known for providing high quality, unadulterated goods.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1880 some 200 cooperatives had been started in Britain, but they were generally short-lived and by 1975 there were only 19 remaining.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The International organization representing worker cooperatives is <a href="/wiki/CICOPA" title="CICOPA">CICOPA</a>. CICOPA has two regional organizations: CECOP – CICOPA Europe and CICOPA Americas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Today">Today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastlebridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Newcastlebridge.jpg/300px-Newcastlebridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Newcastlebridge.jpg/450px-Newcastlebridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Newcastlebridge.jpg/600px-Newcastlebridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>The old Co-operative building behind the <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Millennium_Bridge" title="Gateshead Millennium Bridge">Gateshead Millennium Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When the current cooperative movement resurfaced in the 1960s, it developed mostly on a new system of "collective ownership" where par value shares were issued as symbols of egalitarian voting rights. Typically, a member may only own one share to maintain the egalitarian ethos. Once brought in as a member and after a period of time on probation usually so the new candidate can be evaluated, they would be given the power to manage the coop without "ownership" in the traditional sense. In the UK, this system is known as <a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">common ownership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Britain, this type of cooperative was traditionally known as a <i>producer cooperative</i>; and while it was overshadowed by the consumer and agricultural types, it also made up a small section of its own within the national apex body, the Cooperative Union. The 'new wave' of worker cooperatives that took off in Britain in the mid-1970s joined the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Common_Ownership_Movement" title="Industrial Common Ownership Movement">Industrial Common Ownership Movement</a> (ICOM) as a separate federation. Buoyed up by the alternative and ecological movements and by the political drive to create jobs, the sector peaked at around 2,000 enterprises. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the growth rate slowed, the sector contracted, and in 2001 ICOM merged with the Co-operative Union (which was the federal body for consumer cooperatives) to create <a href="/wiki/Co-operatives_UK" title="Co-operatives UK">Co-operatives UK</a>, thus reunifying the cooperative sector.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2006, Co-operatives UK's Worker Cooperative Council wrote and updated a worker co-operative code, the booklet that "sets out what anyone should expect and should work together to achieve, as a member of a worker co-operative".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, Google announced a $1 million grant to a <a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">platform cooperative</a> development kit in collaboration with 5 pilot cooperatives, which are all worker-owned.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_on_worker_cooperatives">Research on worker cooperatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research on worker cooperatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Longevity_and_resilience">Longevity and resilience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Longevity and resilience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to an analysis of all businesses in Uruguay between 1997 and 2009, worker cooperatives have a 29% smaller chance of closure after controlling for variables such as industry.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Italy, worker owned cooperatives that have been created by workers buying a business when it is facing a closure or put up to sale have a 3-year survival rate of 87%, compared to 48% of all Italian businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. The source does not have this data nor does it cite this data from a peer-reviewed study. (November 2020)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup> A 2012 study of Spanish and French worker cooperatives found that they "have been more resilient than conventional enterprises during the economic crisis."<sup id="cite_ref-Co-opLaw_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Co-opLaw-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, the three year survival rate of worker cooperatives is 80–90%, compared to the 66% overall survival rate for all businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2008 economic crisis, the number of workers in worker owned cooperatives in France increased by 4.2%, while employment in other businesses decreased by 0.7%.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than three quarters of UK co-op start-ups (76%) are still flourishing after the difficult first five years, however, other business forms are far less likely to survive, with only 42% of all new UK companies making it through to the end of year five.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pay_and_employment_stability">Pay and employment stability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pay and employment stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2006 study found that wages on co-ops pay in Italy were 15 to 16 percent lower than those that capitalist firms paid on average, and were more volatile, while employment was more stable. After controlling for variables, such as schooling, age, gender, occupation, industry, location, firm-size, user cost of capital, fixed costs, and deviations in its real sales, this changed to 14 percent. The authors suggest this might be due to worker cooperatives being more likely than capitalist firms to cut wages instead of laying off employees during periods of economic difficulty, or because co-op workers may be willing to accept lower wages than workers in capitalist firms.<sup id="cite_ref-pencavel2006_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pencavel2006-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study looking at all firms in Uruguay concluded that when controlling for variables such as industry, firm size, gender, age and tenure, workers employed in a worker-managed firm earn 3 percent higher wages compared with similar workers employed in the conventional firms. However, this wage premium declines significantly with increasing pay and becomes negative for top earners.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to research by Virginie Pérotin, which looked at two decades worth of international data, the tendency for greater wage flexibility and employment stability helps explain why some research observes higher and others lower pay in worker cooperatives relative to conventional businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Pérotin2016_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérotin2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study by <i>The Democracy Collaborative</i> found that in the US, worker cooperatives can increase worker incomes by 70 to 80 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pay_inequality">Pay inequality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pay inequality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Mondragon_Corporation" title="Mondragon Corporation">Mondragon Corporation</a>, the world's largest worker cooperative, the pay ratio between the lowest and the highest earner was 1:9 in 2018. The ratio is decided by a democratic vote by the worker-members.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, the pay ratio between the highest and lowest paid 10% of the employees is 14% lower in worker cooperatives than in otherwise similar conventional firms.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Productivity">Productivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Productivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Virginie Pérotin's research which looked at two decades worth of international data, worker cooperatives are more productive than conventional businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Pérotin2016_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pérotin2016-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 1987 study of worker cooperatives in Italy, the UK, and France found "positive" relationships with productivity. It also found that worker cooperatives do not become less productive as they get larger. A 1995 study of worker cooperatives in the timber industry in Washington, USA found that "co-ops are more efficient than the principal conventional firms by between 6 and 14 percent".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worker_satisfaction,_trust,_health_and_commitment"><span id="Worker_satisfaction.2C_trust.2C_health_and_commitment"></span>Worker satisfaction, trust, health and commitment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Worker satisfaction, trust, health and commitment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a study drawing on a questionnaire from the population of the Italian province of <a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>, worker cooperatives are the only form of enterprise that fosters social trust between employees.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey conducted in Seoul suggests that in conventional firms, employees become less committed to their job as their work becomes more demanding; however, this was not the case in worker cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, home health aides in worker cooperatives were significantly more satisfied with their jobs than in other agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study from 2013 about home aid workers found that "Home health aides at the worker-owned, participative decision-making organization were significantly more satisfied with their jobs than those at other agencies."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One 1995 study from the US also indicates that "employees who embrace an increased influence and participation in workplace decisions also reported greater job satisfaction"<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 2011 study in France found that worker-owned businesses "had a positive effect on workers' job satisfaction."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One 2019 study indicates that "the impact on the happiness of workers is generally positive".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 1995 analysis published in <a href="/wiki/Ecological_Economics_(journal)" title="Ecological Economics (journal)">Ecological Economics</a> suggests that "cooperatives will tend to use natural resource inputs more efficiently and will be less growth oriented than corporations."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_of_worker_cooperative">Definition of worker cooperative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Definition of worker cooperative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Worker_cooperative" title="Special:EditPage/Worker cooperative">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many definitions exist as to what qualifies as a workers' cooperative. <a href="/wiki/CICOPA" title="CICOPA">CICOPA</a>, the International Organisation of Industrial, Artisanal and Service Producers' Cooperatives, gives an 8-page definition in their World Declaration on Workers' Cooperatives, which was approved by the <a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a> General Assembly in September 2005. Below is the section on the basic characteristics of workers' cooperatives: </p> <ol><li>They have the objective of creating and maintaining sustainable jobs and generating wealth, to improve the quality of life of the worker-members, dignify human work, allow workers' democratic self-management and promote community and local development.</li> <li>The free and voluntary membership of their members, in order to contribute with their personal work and economic resources, is conditioned by the existence of workplaces.</li> <li>As a general rule, work shall be carried out by the members. This implies that the majority of the workers in a given worker cooperative enterprise are members and vice versa.</li> <li>The worker-members' relation with their cooperative shall be considered as different from that of conventional wage-based labor and to that of autonomous individual work.</li> <li>Their internal regulation is formally defined by regimes that are democratically agreed upon and accepted by the worker-members.</li> <li>They shall be autonomous and independent, before the State and third parties, in their labor relations and management, and in the usage and management of the means of production.<sup id="cite_ref-ICA_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICA-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Even though there is no universally accepted definition of a workers' cooperative, they can be considered to be businesses that make a product or offer a service to sell for profit where the workers are members or worker-owners. Worker-owners work in the business, govern it and manage it. Unlike with conventional firms, ownership and decision-making power of a worker cooperative should be vested solely with the worker-owners and ultimate authority rests with the worker-owners as a whole. Worker-owners control the resources of the cooperative and the work process, such as wages or hours of work.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As mentioned above, the majority—if not all—of the workers in a given worker cooperative enterprise are worker-owners, although some casual or wage workers may be employed with whom profits and decision making are not necessarily shared equally. Workers also often undergo a trial or screening period (such as three or six months) before being allowed to have full voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Participation is based on one vote per worker-owner, regardless of the number of shares or equity owned by each worker-owner. Voting rights are not tied to investment or patronage in the workers' co-operative, and only worker-owners can vote on decisions that affect them. In practice, worker co-operatives have to accommodate a range of interests to survive and have experimented with different voice and voting arrangements to accommodate the interests of trade unions,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> local authorities,<sup id="cite_ref-Paton,_R._1989_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paton,_R._1989-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those who have invested proportionately more labor, or through attempts to mix individual and collective forms of worker-ownership and control.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As noted by theorists and practitioners alike, the importance of capital should be subordinated to labor in workers' cooperatives. Indeed, Adams et al. see workers' cooperatives as "labor-ist" rather than "capital-ist": </p><p>"Labor is the hiring factor, therefore the voting and property rights are assigned to the people who do the work and not to capital, even though the worker-members supply capital through membership fees and retained earnings...Any profit or loss after normal operating expenses is assigned to members on the basis of their labor contribution."<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, recent developments in the co-operative movement have started to shift thinking more clearly towards multi-stakeholder perspectives. This has resulted in repeated attempts to develop model rules that differentiate control rights from investment and profit-sharing rights.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In short, workers' co-operatives are organized to serve the needs of worker-owners by generating benefits (which may or may not be profits) for the worker-owners rather than external investors. This worker-driven orientation makes them fundamentally different from other corporations. Additional cooperative structural characteristics and guiding principles further distinguish them from other business models. For example, worker-owners may not believe that <a href="/wiki/Profit_maximization" title="Profit maximization">profit maximization</a> is the best or only goal for their co-operative or they may follow the <a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a>. As another example, worker cooperatives' flattened management structure and more egalitarian ideology often give workers more options and greater freedom in resolving work-place problems.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Profits (or losses) earned by the worker's cooperative are shared by worker-owners. Salaries generally have a low ratio difference which ideally should be "guided by principles of proportionality, external solidarity and internal solidarity".<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_structure">Internal structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Internal structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>If exercised directly, all members meet regularly to make—and vote on—decisions on how the co-operative is run. Direct workers' cooperatives sometimes use <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus decision-making</a> to make decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Routes_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routes-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Direct worker control ensures a formally flat management structure instead of a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> one. This structure is influenced by activist collectives and civic organizations, with all members allowed and expected to play a managerial role. Such structures may be associated with political aims such as <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">libertarian socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">distributism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">participatory economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some workers' cooperatives also practice <a href="/wiki/Job_rotation" title="Job rotation">job rotation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Balanced_job_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanced job complex">balanced job complexes</a> to overcome inequalities of <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">power</a> as well as to give workers a wider range of experiences and exposure to the different jobs in a workplace so that they are better able to make decisions about the whole workplace. This has proved sustainable with workforces as large as 300, as at <a href="/wiki/Suma_(co-operative)" title="Suma (co-operative)">Suma Wholefoods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Worker_collectives">Worker collectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Worker collectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term 'worker collective' is sometimes used to describe worker cooperatives which are also <a href="/wiki/Collectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectives">collectives</a>: that is, managed without hierarchies such as permanent manager roles.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_ownership_worker_co-operatives">Common ownership worker co-operatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Common ownership worker co-operatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Definition">Definition</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principle of common ownership was codified in UK law in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1976/78/contents">Industrial Common Ownership Act 1976</a> which defines a "common ownership enterprise" as: </p><p>a body as to which the registrar has given, and has not revoked, a certificate stating that he is satisfied— </p> <dl><dd>(a) that the body is—</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(i) a company which has no share capital, is limited by guarantee and is a bona fide co-operative society; or</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(ii) a registered society within the meaning of the Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014; and</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>(b) that the articles of association or rules of the body include provisions which secure—</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(i) that only persons who are employed by, or by a subsidiary of, the body may be members of it, that (subject to any provision about qualifications for membership which is from time to time made by the members of the body by reference to age, length of service or other factors of any description which do not discriminate between persons by reference to politics or religion) all such persons may be members of the body and that members have equal voting rights at meetings of the body,</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(ii) that the assets of the body are applied only for the purposes of objects of the body which do not include the making over of assets to any member of the body except for value and except in pursuance of arrangements for sharing the profits of the body among its members, and</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd>(iii) that, if on the winding up or dissolution of the body any of its assets remain to be disposed of after its liabilities are satisfied, the assets are not distributed among its members but are transferred to such a common ownership enterprise or such a central fund maintained for the benefit of common ownership enterprises as may be determined by the members at or before the time of the winding-up or dissolution or, in so far as the assets are not so transferred, are held for charitable purposes; and</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>(c) that the body is controlled by a majority of the people working for the body and of the people working for the subsidiaries, if any, of the body.</dd></dl> <p>The principle is typically implemented through inserting two clauses in a company's <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_association" title="Memorandum of association">memorandum of association</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_and_provident_society" title="Industrial and provident society">industrial and provident society</a>'s rules: </p> <ul><li>The first provides that the company's assets shall be applied solely in furtherance of its objectives and may not be divided among the members or trustees.</li> <li>The second provides for "<a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruistic</a> dissolution", an "asset lock", whereby if the enterprise is wound up, remaining assets exceeding liabilities shall not be divided among the members but shall be transferred to another enterprise with similar aims or to charity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A very significant early influence on the movement has been the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Bader_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Bader Commonwealth">Scott Bader Commonwealth</a>, a composites and specialty polymer plastics manufacturing company in Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, which its owner Ernest Bader gave to the workforce in installments through the late 1950s to early 1960s. Contrary to the popular concept of common ownership organizations as being small organisations, this is a high-technology chemical manufacturer whose turnover has exceeded £100 million per annum since the early 1990s with a workforce of hundreds.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In London, Calverts is an example of an established worker co-operative with a policy of pay parity.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the collective movement, one of the most successful ventures is probably <a href="/wiki/Suma_(co-operative)" title="Suma (co-operative)">Suma Wholefoods</a> in Elland, West Yorkshire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financing">Financing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internal_Capital_Accounts/Member_Buy-Ins"><span id="Internal_Capital_Accounts.2FMember_Buy-Ins"></span><i>Internal Capital Accounts/Member Buy-Ins</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Internal Capital Accounts/Member Buy-Ins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Internal Capital Accounts (ICA's), also known as Member Buy-Ins, are shares of capital distributed equally and exclusively to workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Lingane2017_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lingane2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They act as a mandated buy-in loan to the cooperative that generates financial return over time in the form of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Lingane2017_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lingane2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICA's are typically equal to a specific term's wages, like an annual salary, that is given a fixed rate of return that is not directly tied to the cooperative's losses or profits.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cooperatives in low-income communities often raise donations to assist workers in meeting the ICA Buy-In requirement, as in the case of the Mariposa Food Coop.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2016_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This method of financing is one of the most prominent due to its high rates of success in maintaining financial stability for cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2016_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the cooperative allocates profits, a significant portion are paid back to the workers through these capital accounts. The <a href="/wiki/Mondragon_Corporation" title="Mondragon Corporation">Mondragon Corporation</a> utilizes a 10-20-70 system, in which 10% of profits are placed into community development and infrastructure programs, 20% back into corporate reserves, and 70% into individual capital accounts.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In certain cases, like the Mumbai Tiffin Box Supplier's Association in India, Member Buy-In's allow cooperatives to become completely financially independent from other sources of investment.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Committed_Capital/Preferred_Stock"><span id="Committed_Capital.2FPreferred_Stock"></span><i>Committed Capital/Preferred Stock</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Committed Capital/Preferred Stock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Committed Capital, also known as <a href="/wiki/Preferred_Stock" class="mw-redirect" title="Preferred Stock">Preferred Stock</a>, are shares of capital offered to external accredited investors that are not a part of the cooperative.<sup id="cite_ref-Lingane2017_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lingane2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to maintain workers' ownership over the firm's decisions, these external investors have limited to no voting rights within the cooperative.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Committed Capital often have non-guaranteed rates of return.<sup id="cite_ref-Lingane2017_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lingane2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Equal_Exchange" title="Equal Exchange">Equal Exchange</a>, a U.S.-based worker cooperative, offers preferred stock that still ensures at least a 5% return rate even during periods of economic recession.<sup id="cite_ref-Co-opLaw_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Co-opLaw-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lingane2017_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lingane2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because the communal ownership model of cooperatives makes it difficult for investors to determine the credit and reliability of their investments, they often rely on close analysis of the structure, management, and experience of each cooperative in order to decide in which one to acquire stock.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2016_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_Financing"><i>State Financing</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: State Financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many countries, the state provides loans or direct funding for worker cooperatives' production, community programs, and investments. Government funding is especially important in assisting newly developing cooperatives in securing finances for the initial stages of business.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2016_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Government" title="Basque Government">Basque Government</a> assists in financing cooperatives within the <a href="/wiki/Mondragon_Corporation" title="Mondragon Corporation">Mondragon Corporation</a> and for many of Mondragon's education and healthcare programs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Government" title="Basque Government">Basque Government</a> financially assists Mondragon in acquiring declining capitalist businesses and transitioning them into worker cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Indian government</a> provides financing, often in the form of loans, to new cooperatives. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kerala" title="Government of Kerala">government of Kerala</a><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Khadi_and_Village_Industries_Commission" title="Khadi and Village Industries Commission">Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in India often provide initial loans for cooperatives in order to help them eventually transition into relying primarily on Internal Capital Accounts. </p><p>In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">UK government</a> set up the National Cooperative Development Agency and in subsequent years common ownership was promoted as a model to create employment, leading approximately 100 local authorities to establish cooperative development agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Industrial Common Ownership Act authorized the Secretary of State for Industry to make grants and loans to organizations that assisted common ownership and cooperative enterprises. Grants were made to the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Common_Ownership_Movement" title="Industrial Common Ownership Movement">Industrial Common Ownership Movement</a> and the Scottish Co-operatives Development Committee, while loans were administered through Common Ownership Finance Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this section was repealed in 2004. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Italian Government</a>, through the <i>Legge Marcora</i> (Marcora Law) provisions of 1985, reformed in 2001, has established a financing mechanism of patient capital for creating worker cooperatives, social cooperatives, and for worker buyouts of firms that are in trouble or that have retiring owners,<sup id="cite_ref-Vieta,_Marcelo_2020_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vieta,_Marcelo_2020-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially for traditional businesses that require extra financial assistance while transitioning or converting into cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, this state investment was equivalent to three times the collective internal capital account investment from workers.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2001, the state investment is on a 1:1 ratio with workers' capital contributions.<sup id="cite_ref-Vieta,_Marcelo_2020_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vieta,_Marcelo_2020-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canadian worker cooperatives also rely on government funding to finance their early development.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State sources of finance, which often come in the form of grants, include the Quebec Local Development Centre, the Co-op Development Initiative, and the Young Entrepreneurs program.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financing_via_Traditional_Business_Transitions"><i>Financing via Traditional Business Transitions</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Financing via Traditional Business Transitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the owner of a traditional business decides to resign and transition the ownership of the firm into a workers' cooperative, they often provide initial financial investment.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this typically is not a sustainable form of capital investment and cooperatives often use it to begin business and then transition to depend on other forms of finance.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of this method of financing include Select Machines, Inc.,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metis Construction, A Slice of New York, and Rock City Roasters.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transition process often takes several years and is executed in 5 stages. First, the selling owners must evaluate if a transition is an appropriate step for the business and must consult with advisors and employees regarding new leadership changes. Second, the selling owner must employ specialists to determine the legal and financial logistics of the transition. Third, a transition group or the selling owner must organize the new managerial structure, business practices, and ownership policies. Fourth, legal contracts are signed to establish the new management while methods of finance are drawn upon to jumpstart the newfound cooperative. Fifth, an adjustment period occurs in which training is provided for workers regarding new business policies.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="External_Finance_Firm_Investment"><i>External Finance Firm Investment</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External Finance Firm Investment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most finance firms that specialize in providing capital for worker cooperatives are Cooperative Funds and <a href="/wiki/Community_development_financial_institution" title="Community development financial institution">Community Development Financial Institutions</a> (CDFI's).<sup id="cite_ref-Lingane2017_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lingane2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CDFI's often do not supply the majority of finance for cooperatives, but act as collateral for other forms of investment and/or as support for another form of finance. Additionally, many cooperatives utilize external finance for improvements to their physical capital in order to improve productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2016_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several U.S. CDFIs include the Cooperative Fund of New England, the Common Wealth Revolving Loan Fund, the Shared Capital Cooperative of Minneapolis, and <a href="/wiki/Capital_Impact_Partners" title="Capital Impact Partners">Capital Impact Partners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2016_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In France, worker cooperatives contribute funds to the SOCODEN (Société coopérative de développement et d'entraide), a cooperative financial institution that finances developing and struggling cooperatives. Additionally, this fund provides collateral for other sources of funding and subsidies for interests on loans for these cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Direct_Public_Offerings"><i>Direct Public Offerings</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Direct Public Offerings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Direct_public_offering" title="Direct public offering">Direct Public Offerings</a> (DPO's) are loans or donations generated either socially by communities or individually by both accredited and non-accredited investors.<sup id="cite_ref-Lingane2017_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lingane2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The voting rights that this investment produces for the community or investor varies depending on the cooperative and offering type.<sup id="cite_ref-Lingane2017_53-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lingane2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of financing is especially popular with cooperatives that provide services to local communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the primary attributes of DPO's that attract cooperatives is that by advertising investment opportunities to local communities, the firm not only generates financial capital but it also employs an efficient method of advertising that keeps the community engaged in the firm's products and success.<sup id="cite_ref-Lingane2017_53-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lingane2017-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For cooperatives undergoing an ownership transition, DPO's are often a source of financial support to the initial loan of the retiring owner.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of firms that have utilized Direct Public Offerings for financial support are Real Pickles and the CERO Cooperative.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peer_Financing"><i>Peer Financing</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Peer Financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many worker cooperatives utilize surplus profits to provide loans or establish offering funds in order to support other developing or struggling cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2016_55-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These funds are also used as collateral for other forms of finance by cooperatives in need.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2016_55-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of Peer Financing in the U.S. include the <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Cooperatives" title="Evergreen Cooperatives">Evergreen Cooperatives</a>, the Share Capital Cooperative, and the Valley Alliance of Worker Cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly2016_55-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly2016-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Italy, large cooperative federations utilize excess profits to develop peer financing funds that not only financially assist other cooperatives, but are also used for workers' training programs and for research into cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>France's worker cooperatives, otherwise known as <i>sociétés coopératives et participatives</i> (SCOPs), are required to allocate a small portion of profits to a financial fund for other French worker cooperatives in <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federation" title="Cooperative federation">cooperative federations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="An_economic_model:_the_labor-managed_firm">An economic model: the labor-managed firm</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: An economic model: the labor-managed firm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Economists have modeled the worker cooperative as a firm in which labor hires capital, rather than capital hiring labor as in a conventional firm. The classic theoretical contributions of such a "labor managed firm" (LMF) model are due to Benjamin Ward and <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Vanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaroslav Vanek">Jaroslav Vanek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the neoclassical version, the objective of the LMF is to maximize not total profit, but rather income per worker. But such a scenario implies "perverse" behavior, such as laying off workers when output price rises so as to divide increased profits among fewer members.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence supporting such behavior is lacking, however; a review of the empirical economics literature is found in Bonin, Jones, and Putterman.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But alternative behavioral models have been proposed. Peter Law examined LMFs that value employment and income.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobel Laureate <a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a> examined pay according to work and according to need.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nobel Laureate <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a> examined behavior of an "inegalitarian" LMF.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worker cooperatives tend to have a more compressed wage distribution, which can potentially turn off high-ability workers, potentially causing the cooperative to suffer a "brain drain" as they leave to seek higher wages elsewhere, though this effect is less of an issue in a cooperative with a less compressed wage distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiring managers from capitalist firms can be very difficult because of the lower wages.<sup id="cite_ref-Basterretxea_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basterretxea-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, the evidence indicates that worker cooperatives have higher productivity than conventional companies although this difference may be modest in size.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research indicates that employee ownership can improve company performance, increase firm stability, increase survival rates and reduce layoffs during a crisis, though the effect is small and only an average, meaning it is not necessarily guaranteed to bring benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 metanalysis concluded that employee ownership had a small positive effect on firm performance but no effects on efficiency or growth-related outcomes.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However some researchers have argued that while cooperatives can have higher performance in some circumstances, there is generally little difference in performance between cooperatives and conventional firms and that ultimately they are, on average, just as productive as each other.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Economists have explained the clustering of worker coops through leagues or "supporting structures"<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regions where large clusters of worker cooperatives are found supported by leagues include <a href="/wiki/Mondrag%C3%B3n" title="Mondragón">Mondragón</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque region of Spain</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/Mondrag%C3%B3n_Cooperative_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondragón Cooperative Corporation">Mondragón Cooperative Corporation</a> and in Italy, particularly <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>. Leagues provide various kinds of scale economies to make coops viable. But as leagues need coops to start them the result is a <a href="/wiki/Chicken_or_egg" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken or egg">chicken or egg</a> problem that helps explain why few coops get started.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has suggested that the primary appeal of a cooperative for its members is in security of employment, as workers can actually become decoupled from a cooperative's ostensible worker ownership (due to a mixture of interests and the more individualistic values of more recent workers), making secure employment, particularly in economically precarious times, a major draw.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it has been suggested that cooperatives could be a solution to unemployment, research indicates that this is unlikely to be the case.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worker cooperatives do not seem to differ in innovation or management capabilities from conventional firms.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers at cooperatives tend to report higher levels of involvement in their tasks, more positive evaluations of supervisors and greater fairness in their perception of the amount of wages they received and methods of payment.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Employment in worker-owned firms tends to be more stable than conventional firms, which fluctuate more. This was attributed to conventional firms fixing wages and having to lay off employees during times of economic difficulty, as workers would not accept a wage cut since they could not guarantee restoration of their original wages at a later date, requiring workers to be laid off instead. In a cooperative, workers can accept a wage cut since they know they can restore it at a later date.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooperatives have a higher survival rate than traditional firms, which seems to be down to greater employment stability and willingness of workers to make adjustments to allow the firm to survive, rather than other possible explanations like greater productivity or financial strength.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worker cooperatives and conventional firms tend to have similar wages after controlling for other possible variables, with any wage differentiation being due to other characteristics aside from firm organization.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the workers are not satisfied with their work and participation, they can express their disengagement with higher rates of <a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">absenteeism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Basterretxea_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basterretxea-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Managers can refrain from proposing controversial, needed changes if they feel that they would be rejected by the workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Basterretxea_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basterretxea-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worker_cooperatives_by_country">Worker cooperatives by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Worker cooperatives by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_worker_cooperatives" title="List of worker cooperatives">List of worker cooperatives</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Worker co-operation is well established in most countries in Europe, with the largest movements being in Italy, Spain, and France.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Cooperative_Statute" class="mw-redirect" title="European Cooperative Statute">European Cooperative Statute</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been in force since 2006, permits worker cooperatives to be created by individuals or corporate bodies in different EU countries. It is a loose framework that devolves much detail to the national legislation of the country in which the European Cooperative Society (ECS) is registered. It permits a minority of shares to be held by 'investor members' which are not employees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Workers' associations were legalized in 1848 and again in 1864. In 1871, during the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, workshops abandoned by their owners were taken over by their workers. In 1884 a chamber of workers' cooperatives was founded. By 1900 France had nearly 250 workers' cooperatives and 500 by 1910. The movement was to rise and fall throughout the twentieth century, with growth in 1936, after the Second World War, between 1978 and 1982 and since 1995. </p><p>In 2004 France had 1700 workers' co-operatives, with 36,000 people working in them. The average size of a co-operative was 21 employees. More than 60% of co-operative employees were also members.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French workers' co-operatives today include some large organisations such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%A8que_D%C3%A9jeuner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chèque Déjeuner (page does not exist)">Chèque Déjeuner</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_Up" class="extiw" title="fr:Groupe Up">fr</a>]</span> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acome (page does not exist)">Acome</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acome" class="extiw" title="fr:Acome">fr</a>]</span>. Other cooperatives whose names are generally known to include the magazines <i><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Alternatives économiques">Alternatives économiques</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Derni%C3%A8res_Nouvelles_d%27Alsace" title="Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace">Les Dernières Nouvelles d'Alsace</a></i>, the driving school ECF CERCA and the toy manufacturer "Moulin Roty". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=EURICSE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EURICSE (page does not exist)">EURICSE</a> there are 29,414 worker cooperatives in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study conducted by the organization measured the survival rates of worker buyouts (WBOs) of failed firms that transitioned to worker cooperatives in the manufacturing sector and found that they generally had greater rates of survival than the average for all Italian businesses in the same sector.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pencavel et al. (2006) found that in the north of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, the area where the most co-ops are located, employing around over 4% of the labour force, actually paid their workers 14% less than capitalist firms and their wages were more volatile. This was after controlling for various variables, such as schooling, age, gender, occupation, industry, location, firm-size, user cost of capital, fixed costs, and deviations in its real sales.<sup id="cite_ref-pencavel2006_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pencavel2006-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cooperative movement in Emilia-Romagna, Italy, successfully melds two divergent philosophical currents: Socialism and Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With more than a century of cooperative history, the region includes more than 8,000 cooperatives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spain is home to over 17,000 worker cooperatives.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the world's best known examples of worker cooperatives is the <a href="/wiki/Mondrag%C3%B3n_Cooperative_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondragón Cooperative Corporation">Mondragón Cooperative Corporation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque Country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>'s enthusiasm for worker cooperatives was at its highest in the 1970s and 1980s, with <a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Tony Benn</a> being a prominent advocate. The principle has also found some support from the more radical wing of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a>, such as from <a href="/wiki/Michael_Meadowcroft" title="Michael Meadowcroft">Michael Meadowcroft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small number of such co-operatives were formed during the 1974 Labour Government as worker takeovers<sup id="cite_ref-www3.interscience.wiley.com_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www3.interscience.wiley.com-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following the bankruptcy of a private firm in a desperate attempt to save the jobs at risk. However the change in ownership structure was usually unable to resist the underlying commercial failure.<sup id="cite_ref-Paton,_R._1989_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paton,_R._1989-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was true in particular of the best known, the <a href="/wiki/Meriden,_West_Midlands" title="Meriden, West Midlands">Meriden</a> motor-cycle cooperative in the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)" title="West Midlands (county)">West Midlands</a> which took over the assets of the ailing <a href="/wiki/Triumph_Engineering_Co_Ltd#The_Meriden_Motorcycle_Co-operative" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumph Engineering Co Ltd">Triumph</a> company, although there were instances of successful employee buy-outs of nationalized industries in the period, notably <a href="/wiki/National_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="National Express">National Express</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, many more worker co-operatives were founded as start-up businesses, and by the late 1980s, there were some 2,000 in existence. Since then the number has declined to about 400 in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Co-operatives are typically registered under either the <a href="/wiki/Companies_Act_2006" title="Companies Act 2006">Companies Act 2006</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_and_Community_Benefit_Societies_Act_2014" title="Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014">Co-operative and Community Benefit Societies Act 2014</a> (IPS), though other legal forms are available. A number of model rules have been devised to enable cooperatives to register under both acts; for workers' cooperatives, these rules restrict membership to those who are employed by the workplace. Most workers' co-operatives are incorporated bodies, which limits the liability if the co-operative fails and goes into liquidation.<sup id="cite_ref-Routes_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routes-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest examples of a British worker cooperatives include, <a href="/wiki/Suma_(co-operative)" title="Suma (co-operative)">Suma Wholefoods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol-based</a> Essential Trading Co-operative and the <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>-based Infinity Foods Cooperative Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022 a new federation of worker co-operatives in the UK, workers.coop, was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_North_America">In North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>National organization</b> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federation_of_Worker_Cooperatives" title="United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives">United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives</a> is the only organization in the U.S. representing worker cooperative interests nationally. Offering a voice on national level, promoting the worker co-operative model, uniting co-ops at conferences and providing a base of support and technical assistance to the worker co-operative community.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Regional organizations</b> </p><p>The Eastern Conference for Workplace Democracy<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Western Worker Co-operative Conference<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hold conferences every other year for their respective regions. In addition, there are national and regional nonprofit organizations that focus on providing technical support and assistance to both create new worker cooperatives (start-ups) and conversions of existing businesses into worker cooperatives, usually when the business owner is retiring and wants to sell the company. These organizations include <a href="/w/index.php?title=Democracy_at_Work_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democracy at Work Institute (page does not exist)">Democracy at Work Institute</a> (created by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Federation_of_Worker_Cooperatives" title="United States Federation of Worker Cooperatives">U.S. Federation of Worker Cooperatives</a>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cooperative_Development_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cooperative Development Institute (page does not exist)">Cooperative Development Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Employee_Ownership_Center" title="Ohio Employee Ownership Center">Ohio Employee Ownership Center</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vermont_Employee_Ownership_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vermont Employee Ownership Center (page does not exist)">Vermont Employee Ownership Center</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhode_Island_Center_for_Employee_Ownership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhode Island Center for Employee Ownership (page does not exist)">Rhode Island Center for Employee Ownership</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Project_Equity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Project Equity (page does not exist)">Project Equity</a>, and others. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Jackson" title="Cooperation Jackson">Cooperation Jackson</a> is a federation of cooperatives based in <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson, Mississippi</a>, which seeks to build worker-owned coops and other locally operated institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Quilting_Bee" title="Freedom Quilting Bee">Freedom Quilting Bee</a> was a notable cooperative founded in Alabama during the midst of the Civil Rights movement, and was instrumental in helping underprivileged black workers in the area escape poverty, amassing enough success to fill orders for major department stores such as <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a> while helping to spark contemporary interest in quilting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Worker co-ops in Canada are represented by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canadian_Worker_Co-op_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canadian Worker Co-op Federation (page does not exist)">Canadian Worker Co-op Federation</a> (CWCF). Members of the CWCF are found throughout English Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ontario has its own federation with well-developed standards.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quebec has a distinct worker co-operative history, and is presently organised into a number of regional federations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the revolt on 1 January 1994 from <a href="/wiki/EZLN" class="mw-redirect" title="EZLN">EZLN</a>, the indigenous people in <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a> started the reconstruction of their <a href="/wiki/Zapatista_coffee_cooperatives" title="Zapatista coffee cooperatives">Zapatista coffee cooperatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Venezuela"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, in his effort to democratize the workforce, established a lot of worker-owned and operated cooperatives the moment he got into office, in 1998. By 2006, there had been 100,000 worker co-ops set up, which represented around 1.5 million workers. From day one, he made sure to give them cheap start-up credit, technical training, and preferential treatment with government purchases of goods and equipment. Not even a year later, in 1999, he increased the number of co-ops that got tax incentives.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2006 census showed that 50% of the co-ops were either functioning improperly or were simply created just to get access to public funds.<sup id="cite_ref-vene-coop-rev_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vene-coop-rev-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Recovered_factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Recovered factories">Recovered factories</a></div> <p>In response to the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_(1999-2002)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine economic crisis (1999-2002)">economic crisis in Argentina</a>, many Argentinian workers occupied the premises of bankrupt businesses and began to run them as worker-owned cooperatives. As of 2005, there were roughly 200 worker-owned businesses in Argentina, most of which were started in response to this crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2020, around 16,000 Argentine workers were running over 400 recuperated enterprises in Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Take_(2004_film)" title="The Take (2004 film)">The Take</a></i> described this phenomenon journalistically, while Marcelo Vieta's book, <i>Workers' Self-Management in Argentina</i>, provides and extensive academic, case study, and historical account of the phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall survival rate of these recuperated firms is almost ninety percent, displaying the resilience of the model even in times of economic turmoil.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a recent statement by the International Co-operative Alliance, cooperative businesses (most of which are not worker co-ops) in Argentina have nearly 20 million members across a number of business sectors from health care to housing to factory work and beyond. These businesses are increasing in number at a drastic rate, with over 6,000 having been created in 2012 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-2013_ICA_report_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2013_ICA_report-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worker-owned cooperatives in Argentina have played a role in developing their surrounding communities. For example, the worker-owners of <a href="/wiki/FaSinPat" title="FaSinPat">FaSinPat</a> voted to use excess profits to establish education programs, healthcare facilities, and recreational activities for its neighborhood.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overall number of worker cooperatives within Argentina seems to be at over 23,000.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>India has a substantial set of laws, rules & regulations for enterprises in the co-operative sector. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Coffee_House" title="Indian Coffee House">Indian Coffee Houses</a> in India were started by the Coffee Board in the early 1940s, during British rule. In the mid-1950s the Board closed down the Coffee Houses, due to a policy change. The thrown-out workers then took over the branches, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/A._K._Gopalan" title="A. K. Gopalan">A. K. Gopalan</a> and renamed the network as Indian Coffee House. This history is recorded in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffee_Housinte_Katha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coffee Housinte Katha (page does not exist)">Coffee Housinte Katha</a>, a book in <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a>, the mother tongue of A. K. Gopalan. The author of the book is <a href="/wiki/Nadakkal_Parameswaran_Pillai" title="Nadakkal Parameswaran Pillai">Nadakkal Parameswaran Pillai</a> one of the leaders of the ICH movement. Another very large network of worker coops is <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a> Dinesh Beedi, originally started by exploited beedi rollers.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_other_work_organizations">Comparison with other work organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Comparison with other work organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are significant differences between ends and means between firms where capital controls labor or firms where the state controls both labor and capital. These distinctions are easily seen when measured by essential elements of commerce: purpose, organization, ownership, control, sources of capital, distribution of profits, <a href="/wiki/Dividend" title="Dividend">dividends</a>, operational practices, and tax treatment. The following chart compares the commercial elements of capitalism, state ownership, and cooperative worker-ownership. It is based on US rules and regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Commercial criteria</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Corporations" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporations">For-profit corporations</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">State-owned enterprises</a></th> <th>Worker cooperatives </th></tr> <tr> <th>Purpose </th> <td>a) To earn profit for owners, to increase the value of shares.</td> <td>a) To provide goods and services, or hold and manage resources for citizens.</td> <td>a) To maximize net and real worth of all owners. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Organization </th> <td>a) Organized and controlled by investors <br /> b) Incorporated under relevant incorporation laws – varies by country <br /> c) Except for closely held companies anyone may buy stock <br /> d) Stock may be traded in the public market </td> <td>a) Organized and controlled by state <br /> b) Chartered by relevant level of government <br /> c) No stock <br /> d) n/a </td> <td>a) Organized and controlled by worker-members <br /> b) Incorporated under relevant incorporation laws – varies by country <br /> c) Only worker-members may own stock, one share per member <br /> d) No public sale of stock </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ownership </th> <td>a) Stockholders </td> <td>a) State </td> <td>a) Worker members </td></tr> <tr> <th>Control </th> <td>a) By Investors <br /> b) Policies set by stockholders or board of directors. <br /> c) Voting on basis of shares held <br /> d) Proxy voting permitted </td> <td>a) By state <br /> b) Policy set by government planners. <br /> c) n/a <br /> d) n/a </td> <td>a) By worker-members <br /> b) Policy set by directors elected by worker-members, or by assembly of worker-members <br /> c) One person, one vote <br /> d) Proxy votes seldom allowed </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sources of capital </th> <td>a) Investors, banks, pension funds, the public <br /> b) From profitable subsidiaries or by retaining all or part of the profits </td> <td>a) The state </td> <td>a) By members or by lenders who have no equity or vote <br /> b) From net earnings, a portion of which are set aside for reinvestment </td></tr> <tr> <th>Distribution of net margin </th> <td>a) To stockholders on the basis of the number of shares owned</td> <td>a) To the State</td> <td>a) To members after funds are set aside for reserves and allocated to a collective account </td></tr> <tr> <th>Capital dividends </th> <td>a) No limit, amount set by owner or Board of Directors</td> <td>a) n/a</td> <td>a) Limited to an interest-like percentage set by policy </td></tr> <tr> <th>Operating practices </th> <td>a) Owners or managers order production schedules and set wages and hours, sometimes with union participation <br /> b) Working conditions determined by labor law and collective bargaining. </td> <td>a) Managers order production schedules and set wages and hours, sometimes with union participation <br /> b) Working conditions determined by labor law and collective bargaining </td> <td>a) Workers set production schedules either through elected boards and appointed managers or directly through assemblies <br /> b) Working conditions determined by labor law and assembly of worker-members, or internal dialogue between members and managers. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Tax treatment </th> <td>a) Subject to normal corporate taxes</td> <td>a) n/a</td> <td>a) Special tax treatment in some jurisdictions </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codetermination" class="mw-redirect" title="Codetermination">Codetermination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worker_representation_on_corporate_boards_of_directors" title="Worker representation on corporate boards of directors">Worker representation on corporate boards of directors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee-owned_corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee-owned corporation">Employee-owned corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_stock_ownership" title="Employee stock ownership">Employee stock ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Economics of participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_association" title="Voluntary association">Voluntary association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artel" title="Artel">Artel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectives" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectives">Collectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benefit_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Benefit Corporation">Benefit Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">Housing Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee ownership">Employee ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_control" title="Workers' control">Workers' control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace democracy</a></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>Other workers' cooperative thinkers</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Albert" title="Michael Albert">Michael Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Carson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Carson">Kevin Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.D.H._Cole" class="mw-redirect" title="G.D.H. Cole">G.D.H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Dahl" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert A. Dahl">Robert A. Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Dolgoff" title="Sam Dolgoff">Sam Dolgoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Dow" title="Gregory Dow">Gregory Dow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ellerman" title="David Ellerman">David Ellerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gide" title="Charles Gide">Charles Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Griffiths_(co-operative_economist)" title="David Griffiths (co-operative economist)">David Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Holyoake" title="George Holyoake">George Holyoake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_C._Jones" title="Derek C. Jones">Derek C. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_King_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="William King (doctor)">William King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Michael Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Pateman" title="Carole Pateman">Carole Pateman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Pioneers" class="mw-redirect" title="Rochdale Pioneers">The Rochdale Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Schweickart" title="David Schweickart">David Schweickart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Arizmendiarrieta" title="José María Arizmendiarrieta">José María Arizmendiarrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Smith_(economist)" title="Stephen C. Smith (economist)">Stephen C. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Spear" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Spear">Roger Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Stanford" title="Leland Stanford">Leland Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Vanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaroslav Vanek">Jaroslav Vanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney Webb">Sidney Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Foote_Whyte" title="William Foote Whyte">William Foote Whyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Richard D. Wolff</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Videos about workers' cooperatives</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_America_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism in America (film)">Anarchism in America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism:_A_Love_Story" title="Capitalism: A Love Story">Capitalism: A Love Story</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mightysmallfilms.com/This_Way_Out.html">This Way Out: A Guide to Starting a Worker Cooperative. (and other films by Jai Jai Noire, Mighty Small Films)</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yZHYiz60R5Q&ab_channel=UnlearningEconomics">Worker Democracy (YouTube video by Unlearning Economics), comprehensive review of the economic literature on worker cooperatives</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Adams-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, Frank and Gary Hansen (1993) Putting Democracy To Work: A Practical Guide for Starting and Managing Worker-Owned Businesses, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, Inc, San Francisco. Page 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garnett-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garnett_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarnett1972" class="citation book cs1">Garnett, Ronald (1972). <i>Co-operation and the Owenite Socialist Communities in Britain, 1825–45</i>. Manchester University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Co-operation+and+the+Owenite+Socialist+Communities+in+Britain%2C+1825%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Garnett&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger D. Branigin, "Robert Owen's New Harmony: An American Heritage," in <i>Robert Owen's American Legacy</i>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forestville Commonwealth was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in 1974. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. 13 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoug_Peacock" class="citation web cs1">Doug Peacock. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725065418/http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/co-op02.html">"Social strife: The birth of the co-op"</a>. <i>Cotton Times, understanding the industrial revolution</i>. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cottontimes.co.uk/co-op02.html">the original</a> on 25 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cotton+Times%2C+understanding+the+industrial+revolution&rft.atitle=Social+strife%3A+The+birth+of+the+co-op&rft.pages=2&rft.au=Doug+Peacock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cottontimes.co.uk%2Fco-op02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4mATAAAAQAAJ">"The Co-operator"</a>. 14 May 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Co-operator&rft.date=2018-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4mATAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Thompson1994" class="citation news cs1">David Thompson (July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071010012855/http://cooperativegrocer.coop/articles/index.php?id=158">"Cooperative Principles Then and Now"</a>. <i>Co-operative Grocer</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Cooperative_Grocers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="National Cooperative Grocers Association">National Cooperative Grocers Association</a>, Minneapolis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cooperativegrocer.coop/articles/index.php?id=158">the original</a> on 10 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Co-operative+Grocer&rft.atitle=Cooperative+Principles+Then+and+Now&rft.date=1994-07&rft.au=David+Thompson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cooperativegrocer.coop%2Farticles%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbairn" class="citation web cs1">Fairbairn, Brett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301073250/http://usaskstudies.coop/documents/occasional-papers/Meaning%20of%20Rochdale.pdf">"The Meaning of Rochdale"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usaskstudies.coop/documents/occasional-papers/Meaning%20of%20Rochdale.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Rochdale&rft.aulast=Fairbairn&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusaskstudies.coop%2Fdocuments%2Foccasional-papers%2FMeaning%2520of%2520Rochdale.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.agriculture.gov.kn/philosophy">"Philosophy | Department of Agriculture"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philosophy+%7C+Department+of+Agriculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agriculture.gov.kn%2Fphilosophy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vipauk.org/enter/muse/nw/nw42.html">"VIPA Rochdale Pioneers Museum"</a>. <i>vipauk.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Worker+Cooperative+Federation&rft.atitle=The+Worker+Co-operative+Movements+in+Italy%2C+Mondragon+and+France%3A+Context%2C+Success+Factors+and+Lessons&rft.date=2010-05-31&rft.aulast=Corcoran&rft.aufirst=Hazel&rft.au=Wilson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommunity-wealth.org%2Fsites%2Fclone.community-wealth.org%2Ffiles%2Fdownloads%2Fpaper-corcoran-wilson.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoughWilsonCorcoran2010" class="citation web cs1">Hough, Peter; Wilson, David; Corcoran, Hazel (31 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socialeconomyhub.ca/sites/socialeconomyhub.ca/files/Canadian%20SSHRC%20Paper%2016-6-2010%20fnl_0.doc">"The Worker Co-op Sector in Canada: Success Factors, and Planning for Growth"</a>. <i>Canadian Worker Cooperative Federation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Worker+Cooperative+Federation&rft.atitle=The+Worker+Co-op+Sector+in+Canada%3A+Success+Factors%2C+and+Planning+for+Growth&rft.date=2010-05-31&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Wilson%2C+David&rft.au=Corcoran%2C+Hazel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socialeconomyhub.ca%2Fsites%2Fsocialeconomyhub.ca%2Ffiles%2FCanadian%2520SSHRC%2520Paper%252016-6-2010%2520fnl_0.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geo.coop/articles/transitioning-private-business-worker-cooperative-viable-community-development-tool">"Transitioning a Private Business to a Worker Cooperative: A Viable Community Development Tool | Grassroots Economic Organizing"</a>. <i>geo.coop</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geo.coop&rft.atitle=Transitioning+a+Private+Business+to+a+Worker+Cooperative%3A+A+Viable+Community+Development+Tool+%7C+Grassroots+Economic+Organizing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeo.coop%2Farticles%2Ftransitioning-private-business-worker-cooperative-viable-community-development-tool&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.uwcc.wisc.edu/Business%20Conversion/Becoming%20Employee%20Owned%20Toolkit.pdf">"Becoming Employee-Owned: A Small Business Toolkit for Transitioning to Employee Ownership"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Wisconsin Center for Cooperatives</i>. Democracy at Work Institute<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Wisconsin+Center+for+Cooperatives&rft.atitle=Becoming+Employee-Owned%3A+A+Small+Business+Toolkit+for+Transitioning+to+Employee+Ownership&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.uwcc.wisc.edu%2FBusiness%2520Conversion%2FBecoming%2520Employee%2520Owned%2520Toolkit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Vanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaroslav Vanek">Jaroslav Vanek</a>, The General Theory of Labor-Managed Market Economies, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1970; Ward, Benjamin, 1958. "The Firm in Illyria: Market Syndicalism," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 48, 4, 1958, 566–589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is known as the Ward effect; see Ward, Benjamin, 1958. "The Firm in Illyria: Market Syndicalism," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 48, 4, 1958, 566–589.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonin, John, <a href="/wiki/Derek_C._Jones" title="Derek C. Jones">Derek C. Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Putterman" title="Louis Putterman">Louis Putterman</a>, "Theoretical and Empirical Research on the Labor Managed Firm: Will the Twain Ever Meet?" <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i>, Fall 1993. See also W. Bartlett, J. Cable, S. Estrin, D.C. Jones, and S.C. Smith, "Labor Managed Cooperatives and Private Firms in North Central Italy: An Empirical Comparison," Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 46, 103–118, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Law showed that if enough weight were placed on employment LMFs would not behave "perversely"; Peter J. Law, "The Illyrian firm and Fellner's union-management model, <i>Journal of Economic Studies</i> 4 29–37 (1977). Evidence is consistent with this scenario e.g. for Italian Lega labor-managed firms; see Bonin, Jones and Putterman op cit pp. 1299-1300.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a>, "Labour Allocation in a Cooperative Enterprise," <i>The Review of Economic Studies</i>, Vol. 33, No. 4 (October 1966), pp. 361–371</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such firms would not exhibit the "Ward effect" even in theory: <a href="/wiki/James_Meade" title="James Meade">James Meade</a>, "The Theory of Labour Managed Firms and of Profit Sharing," <i>Economic Journal</i> 82, 325 (Supplement, March 1972): 402–428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burdín, Gabriel. "Equality Under Threat by the Talented: Evidence from Worker‐Managed Firms." <i>The Economic Journal</i> 126, no. 594 (2016): 1372–1403.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basterretxea-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Basterretxea_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basterretxea_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Basterretxea_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasterretxeaHeras-SaizarbitoriaLertxundi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Basterretxea, Imanol; Heras-Saizarbitoria, Iñaki; Lertxundi, Aitziber (20 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331252011">"Can employee ownership and human resource management policies clash in worker cooperatives? Lessons from a defunct cooperative"</a>. <i>Human Resource Management</i>. <b>58</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">585–</span>601. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fhrm.21957">10.1002/hrm.21957</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10810%2F31804">10810/31804</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159410290">159410290</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Resource+Management&rft.atitle=Can+employee+ownership+and+human+resource+management+policies+clash+in+worker+cooperatives%3F+Lessons+from+a+defunct+cooperative&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E585-%3C%2Fspan%3E601&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10810%2F31804&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159410290%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fhrm.21957&rft.aulast=Basterretxea&rft.aufirst=Imanol&rft.au=Heras-Saizarbitoria%2C+I%C3%B1aki&rft.au=Lertxundi%2C+Aitziber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F331252011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Chris Doucouliagos, "Worker participation and productivity in labor-managed and participatory capitalist firms: A Meta-Analysis," <i>Industrial and Labor Relations Review</i>, Vol. 49, No. 1, October 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kruse, Douglas. "Does employee ownership improve performance?." <i>IZA World of Labor</i> (2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Boyle, Ernest H., Pankaj C. Patel, and Erik Gonzalez-Mulé. <i>Employee ownership and firm performance: a meta-analysis.</i> (2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arando, Saioa, Monica Gago, Derek C. Jones, and Takao Kato. "Efficiency in employee-owned enterprises: An econometric case study of Mondragon." <i>ILR Review</i> 68, no. 2 (2015): 398–425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monteiro, Natalia P., and Odd Rune Straume. "Are Cooperatives More Productive than Investor‐Owned Firms? Cross‐Industry Evidence from Portugal." <i>Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics</i> 89, no. 2 (2018): 377–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Vanek" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaroslav Vanek">Jaroslav Vanek</a> termed such leagues "supporting structures."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sumit Joshi and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Smith_(economist)" title="Stephen C. Smith (economist)">Stephen C. Smith</a>, "Endogenous Formation of Coops and Cooperative Leagues," <i>Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization</i>, 68, 1, October 2008, 217–233. Examples of leagues include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legacoop.it/">Legacoop in Italy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091130030151/http://www.legacoop.it/">Archived</a> 30 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mondrag%C3%B3n_Cooperative_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mondragón Cooperative Corporation">Mondragón Cooperative Corporation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heras-Saizarbitoria, Iñaki. "The ties that bind? Exploring the basic principles of worker-owned organizations in practice." <i>Organization</i> 21, no. 5 (2014): 645–665.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staber, Udo. "Worker cooperatives and the business cycle: are cooperatives the answer to unemployment?." <i>American journal of economics and sociology</i> 52, no. 2 (1993): 129–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basterretxea, Imanol, and Ricardo Martínez. "Impact of management and innovation capabilities on performance: Are cooperatives different?." <i>Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics</i> 83, no. 3 (2012): 357–381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frohlich, Norman, John Godard, Joe A. Oppenheimer, and Frederick A. Starke. "Employee versus conventionally‐owned and controlled firms: an experimental analysis." <i>Managerial and Decision Economics</i> 19, no. 4–5 (1998): 311–326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albanese, Marina, Cecilia Navarra, and Ermanno C. Tortia. "Employer moral hazard and wage rigidity. The case of worker-owned and investor-owned firms." <i>International Review of Law and Economics</i> 43 (2015): 227–237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Park, Rhokeun, Douglas Kruse, and James Sesil. "Does employee ownership enhance firm survival?." In <i>Employee Participation, Firm Performance and Survival</i>, pp. 3–33. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bailly, Franck, Karine Chapelle, and Lionel Prouteau. "Wage differentials between conventional firms and non-worker cooperatives: Analysis of evidence from France." <i>Competition & Change</i> 21, no. 4 (2017): 321–341.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cicopa.coop/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Cooperatives-and-Employment-Second-Global-Report-2017.pdf">"Cooperatives and Employment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cooperatives+and+Employment&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cicopa.coop%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2FCooperatives-and-Employment-Second-Global-Report-2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32003R1435">Council Regulation (EC) No 1435/2003 of 22 July 2003 on the Statute for a European Cooperative Society (SCE)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CGSCOP</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euricse.eu/en/structure-and-performance-of-italian-cooperatives">"EURICSE. "Structure and Performance of Italian Cooperatives"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>euricse.eu</i>. 30 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euricse.eu&rft.atitle=EURICSE.+%22Structure+and+Performance+of+Italian+Cooperatives%22&rft.date=2019-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuricse.eu%2Fen%2Fstructure-and-performance-of-italian-cooperatives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euricse.eu/en/publications/italys-worker-buyouts-in-times-of-crisis">"EURICSE. "Italy's Worker Buyouts in Times of Crisis"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>euricse.eu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euricse.eu&rft.atitle=EURICSE.+%22Italy%27s+Worker+Buyouts+in+Times+of+Crisis%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuricse.eu%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fitalys-worker-buyouts-in-times-of-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/8311289/emiliaromagna">"emiliaromagna"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009212433/https://www.scribd.com/doc/8311289/emiliaromagna">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zapatista+coffee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftangoitalia.com%2Fzapatistas%2Fcafe_coops_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowmanStone" class="citation web cs1">Bowman, Betsy; Stone, Bob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dollarsandsense.org/archives/2006/0706bowmanstone.html">"Venezuela's Cooperative Revolution"</a>. <i>Dollar and Sense: Real World Economics</i>. Dollar and Sense.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dollar+and+Sense%3A+Real+World+Economics&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Cooperative+Revolution&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft.au=Stone%2C+Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdollarsandsense.org%2Farchives%2F2006%2F0706bowmanstone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vene-coop-rev-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vene-coop-rev_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetsy_BowmanBob_Stone" class="citation web cs1">Betsy Bowman; Bob Stone. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2006/0706bowmanstone.html">"Venezuela's Cooperative Revolution"</a>. <i>Dollars and Sense</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dollars+and+Sense&rft.atitle=Venezuela%27s+Cooperative+Revolution&rft.au=Betsy+Bowman&rft.au=Bob+Stone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dollarsandsense.org%2Farchives%2F2006%2F0706bowmanstone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029220734/http://upsidedownworld.org/coops_arg.htm">"Benjamin Dangl, 'Occupy, Resist, Produce: Worker Cooperatives in Argentina'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://upsidedownworld.org/coops_arg.htm">the original</a> on 29 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Dangl%2C+%27Occupy%2C+Resist%2C+Produce%3A+Worker+Cooperatives+in+Argentina%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fupsidedownworld.org%2Fcoops_arg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vieta, Marcelo, 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/25183">Workers' Self-Management in Argentina: Contesting Neo-Liberalism by Occupying Companies, Creating Cooperatives, and Recuperating Autogestión</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217215523/https://brill.com/view/title/25183">Archived</a> 2020-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Brill, Leiden, pp. 517–519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vieta, Marcelo, 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/25183">Workers' Self-Management in Argentina: Contesting Neo-Liberalism by Occupying Companies, Creating Cooperatives, and Recuperating Autogestión</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217215523/https://brill.com/view/title/25183">Archived</a> 2020-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Brill, Leiden</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vieta, Marcelo, 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/25183">Workers' Self-Management in Argentina: Contesting Neo-Liberalism by Occupying Companies, Creating Cooperatives, and Recuperating Autogestión</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217215523/https://brill.com/view/title/25183">Archived</a> 2020-02-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Brill, Leiden, pp. 115–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2013_ICA_report-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2013_ICA_report_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ica.coop/en/media/news/argentinas-co-operative-sector-continues-grow">"Argentinas Co-Operative Sector Continues Grow"</a>. International Co-operative Alliance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201928/http://ica.coop/en/media/news/argentinas-co-operative-sector-continues-grow">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Argentinas+Co-Operative+Sector+Continues+Grow&rft.pub=International+Co-operative+Alliance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fica.coop%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fnews%2Fargentinas-co-operative-sector-continues-grow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson-Graham2013" class="citation book cs1">Gibson-Graham, J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/880821723"><i>Take back the economy : an ethical guide for transforming our communities</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-7606-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-7606-4"><bdi>978-0-8166-7606-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880821723">880821723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Take+back+the+economy+%3A+an+ethical+guide+for+transforming+our+communities&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880821723&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-7606-4&rft.aulast=Gibson-Graham&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F880821723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geo.coop/blog/argentinas-worker-co-ops-under-attack">"Davis, Josh. "Argentina's Worker Co-ops Under Attack"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Davis%2C+Josh.+%22Argentina%27s+Worker+Co-ops+Under+Attack%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeo.coop%2Fblog%2Fargentinas-worker-co-ops-under-attack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWorker+cooperative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See T.M. Thomas Isaac, Richard W. Franke, and Pyaralal Raghavan, <i>Democracy at Work in an Indian Industrial Cooperative. The Story of Kerala Dinesh Beedi</i>, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>For All The People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America</i>, PM Press, by John Curl, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60486-072-6">978-1-60486-072-6</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Créer en Scop, le guide de l'entreprise participative, Ed Scop Edit 2005 (disponible gratuitement sur <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scop.coop">le site de la CG SCOP</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110111181147/http://www.scop.coop/">Archived</a> 11 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>).</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Histoire des Scop et de la coopération, Jean Gautier, Ed Scop Edit, 2006 (DVD).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Worker_cooperative&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cicopa.coop/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.coop/about">GEO.Coop</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nycworker.coop/">NYCWorker.Coop</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usworker.coop/about/">USWorker.Coop</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Primary cooperative (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cooperatives" title="List of cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumers%27_co-operative" title="Consumers' co-operative">Consumer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Worker</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_worker_cooperatives" title="List of worker cooperatives">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purchasing_cooperative" title="Purchasing cooperative">Purchasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retailers%27_cooperative" title="Retailers' cooperative">Retailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federation" title="Cooperative federation">Federation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_co-operative_federations" title="List of co-operative federations">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Co-operative_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="International Co-operative Alliance">International Co-operative Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_wholesale_society" title="Co-operative wholesale society">Cooperative wholesale society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By product</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_banking" title="Cooperative banking">Banking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_savings_bank" title="Mutual savings bank">Mutual savings bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_association" title="Savings and loan association">Savings and loan association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_society" title="Building society">Building society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Housing_cooperative" title="Housing cooperative">Housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_cooperative" title="Building cooperative">Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohousing" title="Cohousing">Cohousing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_housing_cooperative" title="Student housing cooperative">Student housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Housing society">Housing society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarian_community" title="Egalitarian community">egalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collective farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoedads_Reforestation_Cooperative" title="Hoedads Reforestation Cooperative">Reforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking_cooperative" title="Winemaking cooperative">Winemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_pools_in_Canada" title="Wheat pools in Canada">Wheat pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Utility_cooperative" title="Utility cooperative">Utility</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_utility_cooperatives" title="List of utility cooperatives">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_wind_energy" title="Community wind energy">Community wind energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric cooperative">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_cooperative" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone cooperative">Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_broadband" title="Municipal broadband">Broadband</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Insurance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_cooperative" title="Health insurance cooperative">Health insurance cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutual_insurance" title="Mutual insurance">Mutual insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_cooperative" title="Food cooperative">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_cooperatives" title="List of food cooperatives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_cooperative" title="Recycling cooperative">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_cooperative" title="Platform cooperative">Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_cooperative" title="Media cooperative">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cooperative" title="Social cooperative">Social services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendly_society" title="Friendly society">Friendly society</a></li> <li>Agent-owned company</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stokvel" title="Stokvel">Stokvel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artel" title="Artel">Artel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Identity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Principles" title="Rochdale Principles">Rochdale Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_the_Co-operative_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Statement on the Co-operative Identity">ICA Statement on the Cooperative Identity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Political and<br />economic theories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_economics" title="Co-operative economics">Co-operative economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-operative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owenism" title="Owenism">Owenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">Social enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">Socially responsible investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key theorists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">G. D. H. Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gide" title="Charles Gide">Charles Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Griffiths_(co-operative_economist)" title="David Griffiths (co-operative economist)">David Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_King_(physician)" title="William King (physician)">William King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Raiffeisen" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen">Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Schweickart" title="David Schweickart">David Schweickart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochdale_Society_of_Equitable_Pioneers" title="Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers">Rochdale Pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_Storehouse_Company" title="Farmers' Storehouse Company">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cooperative_movement" title="Ukrainian cooperative movement">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_co-operative_movement" title="British co-operative movement">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cooperatives_in_the_United_States" title="History of cooperatives in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Commonwealth_Federation" title="Co-operative Commonwealth Federation">Co-operative Commonwealth Federation</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farmers_of_Alberta" title="United Farmers of Alberta">United Farmers of Alberta</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Party" title="Co-operative Party">Co-operative Party</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Co-operative_Party" title="Nepal Co-operative Party">Nepal Co-operative Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_cooperative_movement" title="History of the cooperative movement">History of the cooperative movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.coop" title=".coop">.coop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link 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