Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences | Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society

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analyses of the plastid genes <em>atpB</em> and <em>rbcL</em> support an expanded order Malvales. Within this alliance, core Malvales are clearly supported and comprise most genera that have previously been included in Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Bombacaceae, and Malvaceae. Additional well supported malvalean alliances include the bixalean clade (Bixaceae, Diego-dendraceae, and Cochlospermaceae), the cistalean clade (Cistaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, and Sarcolaenaceae) and Thymelaeaceae (including Gonystyloideae and Aquilarioideae). Our results indicate sister-group relationships between (1) Neuradaceae and the cistalean clade; (2) Sphaerosepalaceae and Thymelaeaceae; (3) these two clades (1 and 2); and (4) all these and an alliance comprising the bixalean clade and core Malvales, but this pattern is weakly supported by the bootstrap. The affinities of Muntingiaceae and <em>Petenaea</em> are especially ambiguous, although almost certainly they are Malvales <em>s.l.</em> The traditional delimitation of families within core Malvales is untenable. Instead, we propose to merge Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae and Bombacaceae with Malvaceae and subdivide this enlarged family Malvaceae into nine subfamilies based on molecular, morphological, and biogeographical data: (1) Byttnerioideae, including tribes Byttnerieae, Lasiopetaleae and Theobromeae (all of which have cucullate petals) and Hermannieae; (2) Grewioideae, including most genera of former Tiliaceae; (3) Tilioideae, monogeneric in our analysis; (4) Helicteroideae, comprising most of the taxa previously included in Helictereae, plus <em>Mansonia, Triplochiton</em> (indicating that apocarpy evolved at least twice within Malvaceae) and possibly Durioneae; (5) Sterculioideae, defined by apetalous, apocarpous, usually unisexual flowers with androgynophores; (6) Brownlowioideae, circumscribed as in previous classifications; (7) Dombeyoideae, expanded to include <em>Burretiodendron, Eriolaena, Pterospermum</em>, and <em>Schoutmia;</em> (8) Bombacoideae, corresponding to former Bombacaceae (without Durioneae) but including Fremontodendreae and <em>Pentaplaris</em>; (9) Malvoideae, monophyletic but difficult to delimit from Bombacoideae, which with more data and taxon sampling than here might prove to be paraphyletic without Malvoideae.</p></section> <div class="article-metadata-panel clearfix at-ArticleMetadata"></div> <div class="kwd-group"><a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Sterculiaceae">Sterculiaceae</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Tiliaceae">Tiliaceae</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Bombacaceae">Bombacaceae</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Bixales">Bixales</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="Cistales">Cistales</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="apocarpy">apocarpy</a>, <a class="kwd-part kwd-main" href="javascript:;" data-keyword="pollen">pollen</a>, <a class="kwd-part 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Support for an expanded family concept of Malvaceae within a recircumscribed order Malvales: a combined analysis of plastid atpB and rbcL DNA sequences | Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society | Oxford Academic