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href="/wiki/File:Membrane_Electrode_Assembly_-_Electro-Chemical_Reaction_Diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Membrane_Electrode_Assembly_-_Electro-Chemical_Reaction_Diagram.jpg/250px-Membrane_Electrode_Assembly_-_Electro-Chemical_Reaction_Diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Membrane_Electrode_Assembly_-_Electro-Chemical_Reaction_Diagram.jpg/375px-Membrane_Electrode_Assembly_-_Electro-Chemical_Reaction_Diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Membrane_Electrode_Assembly_-_Electro-Chemical_Reaction_Diagram.jpg/500px-Membrane_Electrode_Assembly_-_Electro-Chemical_Reaction_Diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Electro-<a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a> Diagram of PEM MEA</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>membrane electrode assembly</b> (<b>MEA</b>) is an assembled stack of <a href="/wiki/Proton-exchange_membrane" title="Proton-exchange membrane">proton-exchange membranes</a> (PEM) or <a href="/wiki/Alkali_anion_exchange_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali anion exchange membrane">alkali anion exchange membrane</a> (AAEM), catalyst and flat plate electrode used in <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polymer_electrolyte_membrane_electrolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis">electrolyzers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carmo2013a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carmo2013a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="PEM-MEA">PEM-MEA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Membrane_electrode_assembly&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: PEM-MEA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transport_of_Gases,_p%2B_and_e-_in_PEMFC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Transport_of_Gases%2C_p%2B_and_e-_in_PEMFC.png/250px-Transport_of_Gases%2C_p%2B_and_e-_in_PEMFC.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Transport_of_Gases%2C_p%2B_and_e-_in_PEMFC.png/375px-Transport_of_Gases%2C_p%2B_and_e-_in_PEMFC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Transport_of_Gases%2C_p%2B_and_e-_in_PEMFC.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Transport of Gases, p+ and e- in PEMFC</figcaption></figure> <p>The PEM is sandwiched between two <a href="/wiki/Electrode" title="Electrode">electrodes</a> which have the catalyst embedded in them. The electrodes are electrically insulated from each other by the PEM. These two electrodes make up the <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a> respectively. </p><p>The PEM is typically a <a href="/wiki/Fluoropolymer" title="Fluoropolymer">fluoropolymer</a> (PFSA) proton permeable <a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical insulation">electrical insulator</a> barrier. Hydrocarbon variants are currently being developed and are expected to succeed fluoropolymers. This barrier allows the transport of the protons from the anode to the cathode through the membrane but forces the electrons to travel around a conductive path to the cathode. The most commonly used Nafion PEMs are <a href="/wiki/Nafion" title="Nafion">Nafion</a> XL, 112, 115, 117, and 1110. </p><p>The electrodes are heat pressed onto the PEM. Commonly used materials for these electrodes are carbon cloth or carbon fiber papers.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NuVant produces a carbon cloth called ELAT which maximizes gas transport to the PEM as well as moves <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor" title="Water vapor">water vapor</a> away from the PEM. Imbedding ELAT with <a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">noble metal</a> catalyst allows this carbon cloth to also act as the electrode. Many other different methods and procedures also exist for the production of MEAs which are quite similar between <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polymer_electrolyte_membrane_electrolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis">electrolyzers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-carmo2013a_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carmo2013a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Platinum is one of the most commonly used catalysts, however other <a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">platinum group</a> metals are also used. Ruthenium and platinum are often used together, if <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (CO) is a product of the electro-<a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a> as CO poisons the PEM and impacts the efficiency of the fuel cell. Due to the high cost of these and other similar materials, research is being undertaken to develop catalysts that use lower cost materials as the high costs are still a hindering factor in the widespread economical acceptance of fuel cell technology. </p><p>Current <a href="/wiki/Service_life" title="Service life">service life</a> is 7,300 hours under cycling conditions, while at the same time reducing platinum group metal loading to 0.2 mg/cm2.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Membrane_electrode_assembly&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At this time most companies manufacturing MEAs specialize solely in high volume production, such as <a href="/wiki/W._L._Gore_%26_Associates" title="W. L. Gore & Associates">W. L. Gore & Associates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Matthey" title="Johnson Matthey">Johnson Matthey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3M" title="3M">3M</a>. However, there are other companies which produce MEAs, allowing different shapes, catalysts or membranes to be evaluated as well, which include Fuel Cell Store, FuelCellsEtc, and many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_Overview">Market Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Membrane_electrode_assembly&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Market Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The global market for Membrane Electrode Assemblies (MEA) was estimated to be worth US$ 672 million in 2023 and is forecast to reach US$ 3853 million by 2030, with a CAGR of 28.2% during the forecast period 2024-2030.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market_Segmentation">Market Segmentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Membrane_electrode_assembly&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Market Segmentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_Type">By Type</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Membrane_electrode_assembly&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: By Type"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>5-layer MEA</b>: The 5-layer MEA is the most widely used type due to its balance of performance and cost-effectiveness. It typically consists of an <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Ion-exchange_membrane" title="Ion-exchange membrane">ion exchange membranes</a>. This configuration allows for efficient proton conduction and effective gas diffusion, making it suitable for various applications, including <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">fuel cell vehicles</a> and portable power systems. Research has shown that 5-layer MEAs can provide improved performance under different operating conditions, making them a preferred choice in the industry.</li> <li><b>7-layer MEA:</b> The 7-layer MEA incorporates additional layers that enhance performance and durability. This design usually includes extra <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyst</a> and membrane layers, which can improve the overall efficiency of the <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell" title="Fuel cell">fuel cell</a>. These MEAs are often used in high-performance applications where maximum power output and longevity are critical. Studies indicate that the 7-layer configuration can achieve higher current densities and lower degradation rates compared to simpler designs, making them suitable for demanding environments such as heavy-duty transport and stationary power generation.</li> <li><b>3-layer MEA</b>: The 3-layer MEA is primarily used in applications where cost reduction is a priority. While this type may not provide the same level of performance as 5-layer or 7-layer configurations, it can still be effective for specific low-power applications. This design typically includes fewer catalyst layers and is more suitable for small-scale devices or applications where weight and cost are significant factors.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_Application">By Application</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Membrane_electrode_assembly&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: By Application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_cell_vehicle" title="Fuel cell vehicle">Fuel Cell Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stationary_fuel-cell_applications" title="Stationary fuel-cell applications">Stationary Fuel Cell</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Membrane_electrode_assembly&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_hydrogen_compressor" title="Electrochemical hydrogen compressor">Electrochemical hydrogen compressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroosmotic_pump" title="Electroosmotic pump">Electroosmotic pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_diffusion_electrode" title="Gas diffusion electrode">Gas diffusion electrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fuel_cell_terms" title="Glossary of fuel cell terms">Glossary of fuel cell terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microelectrode_array" title="Microelectrode array">Microelectrode array</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Membrane_electrode_assembly&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-carmo2013a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carmo2013a_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carmo2013a_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCarmoFritz_DMergel_JStolten_D2013" class="citation journal cs1">Carmo, M; Fritz D; Mergel J; Stolten D (2013). "A comprehensive review on PEM water electrolysis". <i>Journal of Hydrogen Energy</i>. <b>38</b> (12): 4901–4934. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJHE...38.4901C">2013IJHE...38.4901C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijhydene.2013.01.151">10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.01.151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Hydrogen+Energy&rft.atitle=A+comprehensive+review+on+PEM+water+electrolysis&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4901-4934&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijhydene.2013.01.151&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013IJHE...38.4901C&rft.aulast=Carmo&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Fritz+D&rft.au=Mergel+J&rft.au=Stolten+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMembrane+electrode+assembly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bentham, Daniel <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freepatentsonline.com/WO2008007108.html">WIPO patent WO/2008/007108 Current distribution system for electrochemical cells</a>. Freepatentsonline.com (2008-01-17). Retrieved on 2013-04-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeHigierLiu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ge, Jiabin; Higier, Andrew; Liu, Hongtan (2006). "Effect of gas diffusion layer compression on PEM fuel cell performance". <i>Journal of Power Sources</i>. <b>159</b> (2): 922. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JPS...159..922G">2006JPS...159..922G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2005.11.069">10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.11.069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Power+Sources&rft.atitle=Effect+of+gas+diffusion+layer+compression+on+PEM+fuel+cell+performance&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=922&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpowsour.2005.11.069&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JPS...159..922G&rft.aulast=Ge&rft.aufirst=Jiabin&rft.au=Higier%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Liu%2C+Hongtan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMembrane+electrode+assembly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/epact_743_fuel_cell_school_bus.pdf">Fuel Cell School Buses: Report to Congress</a>. US Department of Energy, December 2008, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pragmamarketresearch.com/reports/121383/membrane-electrode-assemblies-mea-market-size">"Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) Market Size and Forecast to 2032"</a>. <i>PragmaMarketResearch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PragmaMarketResearch&rft.atitle=Membrane+Electrode+Assembly+%28MEA%29+Market+Size+and+Forecast+to+2032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pragmamarketresearch.com%2Freports%2F121383%2Fmembrane-electrode-assemblies-mea-market-size&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMembrane+electrode+assembly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Membrane_electrode_assembly&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/docs/hydrogenprogramlibraries/pdfs/review05/fc2_decastro.pdf?sfvrsn=336ee17d_1">Integrated Manufacturing for Advanced MEAs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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title="Membraneless Fuel Cells">Membraneless Fuel Cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemical_cell" title="Photoelectrochemical cell">Photoelectrochemical cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-exchange_membrane" title="Proton-exchange membrane">Proton-exchange membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonic_ceramic_fuel_cell" title="Protonic ceramic fuel cell">Protonic ceramic fuel cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerative_fuel_cell" title="Regenerative fuel cell">Regenerative fuel cell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solid_oxide_electrolyzer_cell" title="Solid oxide electrolyzer cell">Solid oxide electrolyzer cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitized_regenerative_fuel_cell" title="Unitized regenerative fuel cell">Unitized regenerative fuel cell</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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