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id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> <span>"Wandering stars" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wandering_star_(disambiguation)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Wandering star (disambiguation)">Wandering star</a>.</span> <span>For the failed IAU planet category of Classical Planets, see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/IAU_definition_of_planet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="IAU definition of planet">IAU definition of planet</a>.</span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <p>A <b>classical planet</b> is an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomical_object?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronomical object">astronomical object</a> that is visible to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naked_eye?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a> and moves across the sky and its <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celestial_dome?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial dome">backdrop</a> of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fixed_star?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed star">fixed stars</a> (the common stars which seem still in contrast to the planets). Visible to humans on Earth there are <b>seven classical planets</b> (the <b>seven luminaries</b>). They are from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Apparent_magnitude?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apparent magnitude">brightest to dimmest</a>: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sun?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sun">Sun</a>, the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moon">Moon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venus">Venus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jupiter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercury_(planet)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saturn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>.</p> <p>Greek astronomers such as <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geminus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geminus">Geminus</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> recorded these classical planets during <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_antiquity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, introducing the term <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planet">planet</a></i>, which means 'wanderer' in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek language">Greek</a> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πλάνης</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">planēs</i></span> and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πλανήτης</span></span> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">planētēs</i></span>), expressing the fact that these objects move across the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celestial_sphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a> relative to the fixed stars.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the Greeks were the first to document the astrological connections to the planets' visual detail.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Through the use of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Telescope?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Telescope">telescopes</a> other celestial objects like the classical planets were found, starting with the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Galilean_moons?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galilean moons">Galilean moons</a> in 1610. Today the term <i>planet</i> is used considerably differently, with a planet <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Definition_of_planet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Definition of planet">being defined</a> as a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Natural_satellite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Natural satellite">natural satellite</a> directly orbiting the Sun (or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exoplanet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exoplanet">other stars</a>) and having cleared its own orbit. Therefore, only five of the seven classical planets remain recognized as planets, alongside <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Earth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Earth">Earth</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uranus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neptune?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>.</p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Babylonian"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Babylonian</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Mandaean"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Mandaean</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Symbols"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Symbols</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Planetary_hours"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Planetary hours</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Alchemy"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Alchemy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Contemporary_astrology"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Contemporary astrology</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Western_astrology"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Western astrology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Indian_astrology"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Indian astrology</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Naked-eye_planets"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Naked-eye planets</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classical_planet&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Babylonian">Babylonian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classical_planet&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Babylonian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a> </div> <p>The Babylonians recognized seven planets. A bilingual list in the British Museum records the seven Babylonian planets in the following order:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <ul> <li>The Moon, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sin_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a>.</li> <li>The Sun, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shamash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>.</li> <li>Jupiter, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marduk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marduk">Merodach</a>.</li> <li>Venus, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ishtar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>.</li> <li>Saturn, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ninurta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ninurta">Ninip</a>.</li> <li>Mercury, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nabu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nabu">Nebo</a>.</li> <li>Mars, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nergal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nergal">Nergal</a>.</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Mandaean">Mandaean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classical_planet&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Mandaean" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandaean cosmology">Mandaean cosmology</a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style> <div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"> <b>This section contains <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandaic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> text.</b> Without proper <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:Special_characters?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>. </div> </div> </div> <p>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandaeism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>, the names of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Planets" title="Mandaean cosmology">seven planets</a> are derived from the seven Babylonian planets.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhayro_2020_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bhayro_2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the seven classical planets (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_Mandaic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Mandaic language">Classical Mandaic</a>: <span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡔࡅࡁࡀ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Classical Mandaic-language romanization"><i lang="myz-Latn">šuba</i></span>, <small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literal_translation?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'The Seven'; <span title="Classical Mandaic-language text"><span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡔࡉࡁࡉࡀࡄࡉࡀ</span></span> <span title="Classical Mandaic-language romanization"><i lang="myz-Latn">šibiahia</i></span>, "planets"; or, combined, <span title="Classical Mandaic-language romanization"><i lang="myz-Latn">šuba šibiahia</i></span> "Seven Planets"<sup id="cite_ref-Nasoraia_2021_8-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Nasoraia_2021-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are generally not viewed favorably in Mandaeism, since they constitute part of the entourage of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruha">Ruha</a>, the Queen of the World of Darkness who is also their mother. However, individually, some of the planets can be associated with positive qualities. The names of the seven planets in Mandaic are borrowed from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akkadian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bhayro_2020_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Bhayro_2020-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the names are ultimately derived from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sumerian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>, since <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akkadian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> had borrowed many deity names from Sumerian.</p> <p>Each planet is said to be carried in a ship. Drawings of these ships are found in various <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandaean_scriptures?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandaean scriptures">Mandaean scriptures</a>, such as the <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scroll_of_Abatur?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scroll of Abatur">Scroll of Abatur</a></i>. The planets are listed according to the traditional Mandaean order of the planets as mentioned in Masco (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-Masco_2012_9-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Masco_2012-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87">: 87 </span></sup></p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Planet</th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandaic_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic script</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Akkadian_language?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></th> <th>Other names</th> <th>Associations</th> </tr> <tr> <td>Sun</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shamish?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shamish">Šamiš</a></td> <td><span title="Classical Mandaic-language text"><span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡔࡀࡌࡉࡔ</span></span></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shamash?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shamash">Šamaš</a></td> <td><i>Adunai</i> ← Hebrew <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adonai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonai">Adonai</a></td> <td>light and life-powers <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></i> (Dazzling Light) and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Simat_Hayyi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></i> (Treasure of Life); <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yazuqaeans?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yazuqaeans">Yazuqaeans</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shapira_2004_10-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Shapira_2004-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Venus</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libat">Libat</a></td> <td><span title="Classical Mandaic-language text"><span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡋࡉࡁࡀࡕ</span></span></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inanna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inanna">Delebat</a></td> <td><i>Amamit</i> (the underworld goddess), <i>Argiuat</i>, <i>Daitia</i>, <i>Kukbat</i> (the diminutive of 'star'), <i>Spindar</i>, <i>ʿstira</i> (i.e., <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ishtar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> or <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astarte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>), and <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></i> or <i>Ruha ḏ-qudša</i> (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Holy_Spirit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>)</td> <td>success in love and reproduction</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mercury</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nbu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nbu">Nbu</a> (ʿNbu)</td> <td><span title="Classical Mandaic-language text"><span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡍࡁࡅ</span></span><br><span title="Classical Mandaic-language text"><span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡏࡍࡁࡅ</span></span></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nabu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nabu">Nabû</a></td> <td><i>Maqurpiil</i>, <i>Mšiha</i> ← <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Messiah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>; <i>ʿaṭarid</i> ← Arabic</td> <td>learning, scribes; Christ and Christianity</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Moon</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sin_(Mandaeism)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sin (Mandaeism)">Sin</a></td> <td><span title="Classical Mandaic-language text"><span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡎࡉࡍ</span></span></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sin_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sin (mythology)">Sīnu</a></td> <td><i>Agzʿil</i>, <i>Ṭaṭmʿil</i>, <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saureil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saureil">Ṣaurʿil</a></i>, and <i>Sira</i></td> <td>miscarriages and abnormal births</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Saturn</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kiwan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kiwan">Kiwan</a></td> <td><span title="Classical Mandaic-language text"><span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡊࡉࡅࡀࡍ</span></span></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kajamanu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kajamanu">Kayyamānu</a></td> <td><i>Br Šamiš</i> (The Son of the Sun)</td> <td>Jews; Saturday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jupiter</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bil_(Mandaeism)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bil (Mandaeism)">Bil</a></td> <td><span title="Classical Mandaic-language text"><span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡁࡉࡋ</span></span></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bel_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēlu</a></td> <td><i>Angʿil</i></td> <td>male; "hot and moist"</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mars</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nirig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nirig">Nirig</a></td> <td><span title="Classical Mandaic-language text"><span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡍࡉࡓࡉࡂ</span></span></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nergal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nergal">Nergallu</a></td> <td><i>Marik</i></td> <td>violence; Islam</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Symbols">Symbols</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classical_planet&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Symbols" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astrological_symbols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astrological symbols">Astrological symbols</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planet_symbols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet symbols">Planet symbols</a> </div> <p>The astrological symbols for the classical planets appear in the medieval Byzantine codices in which many ancient horoscopes were preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-neugebauer-1975_11-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-neugebauer-1975-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the original papyri of these Greek horoscopes, there are found a circle with one ray (<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Sun_symbol_(medieval).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="old sun symbol"> <noscript> <img alt="old sun symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sun_symbol_%28medieval%29.svg/15px-Sun_symbol_%28medieval%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sun_symbol_%28medieval%29.svg/15px-Sun_symbol_%28medieval%29.svg.png" data-alt="old sun symbol" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sun_symbol_%28medieval%29.svg/23px-Sun_symbol_%28medieval%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sun_symbol_%28medieval%29.svg/30px-Sun_symbol_%28medieval%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span>) for the Sun and a crescent for the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-neugebauer-1987_12-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-neugebauer-1987-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The written symbols for Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn have been traced to forms found in late Greek papyri.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-1999_13-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jones-1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbols for Jupiter and Saturn are identified as monograms of the initial letters of the corresponding Greek names, and the symbol for Mercury is a stylized <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caduceus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caduceus">caduceus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jones-1999_13-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-jones-1999-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>A. S. D. Maunder finds antecedents of the planetary symbols in earlier sources, used to represent the gods associated with the classical planets. <i>Bianchini's <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planisphere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planisphere">planisphere</a></i>, produced in the 2nd century,<sup id="cite_ref-imss_14-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-imss-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows Greek personifications of planetary gods charged with early versions of the planetary symbols: Mercury has a caduceus; Venus has, attached to her necklace, a cord connected to another necklace; Mars, a spear; Jupiter, a staff; Saturn, a scythe; the Sun, a <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Circlet?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Circlet">circlet</a> with rays radiating from it; and the Moon, a headdress with a crescent attached.<sup id="cite_ref-maunder_15-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-maunder-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A diagram in Johannes Kamateros' 12th century <i>Compendium of Astrology</i> shows the Sun represented by the circle with a ray, Jupiter by the letter <i>zeta</i> (the initial of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, Jupiter's counterpart in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_mythology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>), Mars by a shield crossed by a spear, and the remaining classical planets by symbols resembling the modern ones, without the cross-mark seen in modern versions of the symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-maunder_15-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-maunder-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern Sun symbol, pictured as a circle with a dot (☉), first appeared in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renaissance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-neugebauer-1987_12-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-neugebauer-1987-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Planetary_hours">Planetary hours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classical_planet&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Planetary hours" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main articles: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planetary_hours?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planetary hours">Planetary hours</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Names of the days of the week">Names of the days of the week</a> </div> <p>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ptolemaic_system?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic system">Ptolemaic system</a> used in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">ancient Greek astronomy</a> placed the planets by order of proximity to Earth in the then-current <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geocentric_model?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geocentric model">geocentric model</a>, closest to furthest, as the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition the day was divided into seven-hour intervals, each ruled by one of the planets, although the order was staggered (see below).</p> <p>The first hour of each day was named after the ruling planet, giving rise to the names and order of the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Names_of_the_days_of_the_week?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Names of the days of the week">Roman seven-day week</a>. Modern Latin-based cultures, in general, directly inherited the days of the week from the Romans and they were named after the classical planets; for example, in Spanish <i>Miércoles</i> is Mercury, and in French <i>mardi</i> is Mars-day.</p> <p>The modern English days of the week were mostly inherited from gods of the old Germanic Norse culture – Wednesday is <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Odin">Wōden</a></i>’s-day (<i>Wōden</i> or <i>Wettin</i> eqv. Mercury), Thursday is <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thor">Thor</a></i>’s-day (Thor eqv. Jupiter), Friday is <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frigg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frigg">Frige</a></i>-day (Frige eqv. Venus). Equivalence here is by the gods' roles; for instance, Venus and Frige were both goddesses of love. It can be correlated that the Norse gods were attributed to each Roman planet and its god, probably due to Roman influence rather than coincidentally by the naming of the planets. A vestige of the Roman convention remains in the English name Saturday.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Weekday</th> <th>Planet</th> <th>Greek god</th> <th colspan="2">Germanic god</th> <th>Weekday</th> </tr> <tr> <th><small>French name</small></th> <th><small>Roman god</small></th> <th><small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Greek_mythology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> name</small></th> <th><small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_Norse?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old Norse">Norse</a> name</small></th> <th><small><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Old_English?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Old English">Saxon</a> name</small></th> <th><small>English name</small></th> </tr> <tr> <td>dimanche</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Helios?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Helios">Helios</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></td> <td>Sunne</td> <td>Sunday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>lundi</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Luna_(goddess)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Luna (goddess)">Luna</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Selene?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Selene">Selene</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A1ni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Máni">Máni</a></td> <td>Mōnda</td> <td>Monday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>mardi</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ares?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ares">Ares</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%BDr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Týr">Týr</a></td> <td>Tīw</td> <td>Tuesday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>mercredi</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercury_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercury (mythology)">Mercury</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermes">Hermes</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0inn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Óðinn">Óðinn</a></td> <td>Wōden / Wettin</td> <td>Wednesday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>jeudi</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jupiter_(god)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zeus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zeus">Zeus</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3rr?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Þórr">Þórr</a></td> <td>Thunor</td> <td>Thursday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>vendredi</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venus_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aphrodite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frigg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></td> <td>Frige</td> <td>Friday</td> </tr> <tr> <td>samedi</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cronus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cronus">Cronus</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a><sup id="cite_ref-VIGFÚSSON456_17-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-VIGF%C3%9ASSON456-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Njord<sup id="cite_ref-VIGFÚSSON456_17-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-VIGF%C3%9ASSON456-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Saturday</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Alchemy">Alchemy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classical_planet&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Alchemy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Further information: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomical_symbols?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astronomical symbols">Astronomical symbols</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alchemical_symbol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alchemical symbol">Alchemical symbol</a> </div> <p>In <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, each classical planet (Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn) was associated with one of the seven metals known to the classical world (<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercury_(element)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercury (element)">mercury/quicksilver</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gold?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tin">tin</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lead">lead</a> respectively). As a result, the alchemical glyphs for the metal and associated planet coincide. Alchemists believed the other elemental metals were variants of these seven (e.g. zinc was known as "Indian tin" or "mock silver"<sup id="cite_ref-BallParacelsus_18-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BallParacelsus-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png/300px-Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 115px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png/300px-Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png" data-width="300" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png/450px-Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png/600px-Alchemy-Digby-RareSecrets.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> Extract and symbol key from 17th century alchemy text. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Alchemy in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Western_world?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Western world">Western World</a> and other locations where it was widely practiced was (and in many cases still is) allied and intertwined with traditional Babylonian-Greek style astrology; in numerous ways they were built to complement each other in the search for <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Occult?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Occult">hidden knowledge</a> (knowledge that is not common i.e. the occult). <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astrology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astrology">Astrology</a> has used the concept of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_elements?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical elements">classical elements</a> from antiquity up until the present day today. Most modern astrologers use the four classical elements extensively, and indeed they are still viewed as a critical part of interpreting the astrological chart.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Alchemical_table_Valentine_(1671).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Alchemical_table_Valentine_%281671%29.jpg/200px-Alchemical_table_Valentine_%281671%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="333" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="666"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 333px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Alchemical_table_Valentine_%281671%29.jpg/200px-Alchemical_table_Valentine_%281671%29.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="333" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Alchemical_table_Valentine_%281671%29.jpg/300px-Alchemical_table_Valentine_%281671%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Alchemical_table_Valentine_%281671%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> A table of alchemical symbols from <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Basil_Valentine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a>’s <i>The Last Will and Testament</i>, 1670 ce. </figcaption> </figure> <p>Traditionally, each of the seven <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planets_in_astrology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planets in astrology">planets</a> in the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solar_System?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> as known to the ancients was associated with, held dominion over, and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metals_of_antiquity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Astrological_and_alchemical_symbolism" title="Metals of antiquity">"ruled" a certain metal</a>.</p> <p>The list of <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domicile_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domicile (astrology)">rulership</a> is as follows:</p> <ul> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sun_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun (astrology)">Sun</a> rules <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gold?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gold">Gold</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Sun_symbol_(fixed_width).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Sun_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span>)</li> <li>The <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon (astrology)">Moon</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silver?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silver">Silver</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Moon_crescent_symbol_(fixed_width).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Moon_crescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Moon_crescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Moon_crescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/14px-Moon_crescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" data-width="14" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Moon_crescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/21px-Moon_crescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Moon_crescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/28px-Moon_crescent_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercury_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (astrology)">Mercury</a>, Quicksilver/<a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercury_(element)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Mercury_symbol_(fixed_width).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Mercury_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venus_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (astrology)">Venus</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Copper?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Copper">Copper</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(fixed_width).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Venus_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (astrology)">Mars</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iron?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iron">Iron</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Mars_symbol_(fixed_width).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/16px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/24px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/32px-Mars_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jupiter_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (astrology)">Jupiter</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tin">Tin</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Jupiter_symbol_(fixed_width).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Jupiter_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span>)</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saturn_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn (astrology)">Saturn</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lead?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lead">Lead</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Saturn_symbol_(fixed_width).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/20px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/30px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg/40px-Saturn_symbol_%28fixed_width%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span>)</li> </ul> <p>Some alchemists (e.g. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paracelsus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>) adopted the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hermetic_Qabalah?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hermetic Qabalah">Hermetic Qabalah</a> assignment between the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vital_organs?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vital organs">vital organs</a> and the planets as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-BallParacelsus_18-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-BallParacelsus-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <td><b>Planet</b></td> <td><b>Organ</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Sun</td> <td>Heart</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Moon</td> <td>Brain</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mercury</td> <td>Lungs</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Venus</td> <td>Kidneys</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mars</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gallbladder?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Jupiter</td> <td>Liver</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Saturn</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spleen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Contemporary_astrology">Contemporary astrology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classical_planet&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Contemporary astrology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Western_astrology">Western astrology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classical_planet&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Western astrology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planets_in_astrology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planets in astrology">Planets in astrology</a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> See also: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astrological_sign?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dignity_and_detriment,_exaltation_and_fall" title="Astrological sign">Astrological sign § Dignity and detriment, exaltation and fall</a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/File:Thema_Mundi.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thema_Mundi.svg/220px-Thema_Mundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="510"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thema_Mundi.svg/220px-Thema_Mundi.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thema_Mundi.svg/330px-Thema_Mundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thema_Mundi.svg/440px-Thema_Mundi.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a> <figcaption> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astrology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Astrology">Astrology</a>: the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Thema_Mundi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Thema Mundi">Thema Mundi</a> shows the naked-eye planets in their <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domicile_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domicile (astrology)">domicile</a> </figcaption> </figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Planet</th> <th>Domicile sign(s)<sup id="cite_ref-Astrology_by_Hand_19-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Astrology_by_Hand-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Detriment sign(s)<sup id="cite_ref-Astrology_by_Hand_19-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Astrology_by_Hand-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Exaltation sign<sup id="cite_ref-Burk2001_20-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Burk2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Fall sign<sup id="cite_ref-Burk2001_20-1" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Burk2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sun_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun (astrology)">Sun</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leo_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leo (astrology)">Leo</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aquarius (astrology)">Aquarius</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aries_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aries (astrology)">Aries</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libra_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libra (astrology)">Libra</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moon_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon (astrology)">Moon</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cancer_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cancer (astrology)">Cancer</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taurus_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taurus (astrology)">Taurus</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scorpio_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scorpio (astrology)">Scorpio</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mercury_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury (astrology)">Mercury</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gemini_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gemini (astrology)">Gemini</a> (diurnal) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgo_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgo (astrology)">Virgo</a> (nocturnal)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sagittarius_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sagittarius (astrology)">Sagittarius</a> (diurnal) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pisces_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pisces (astrology)">Pisces</a> (nocturnal)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgo_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgo (astrology)">Virgo</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pisces_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pisces (astrology)">Pisces</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Venus_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus (astrology)">Venus</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libra_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libra (astrology)">Libra</a> (diurnal) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taurus_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taurus (astrology)">Taurus</a> (nocturnal)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aries_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aries (astrology)">Aries</a> (diurnal) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scorpio_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scorpio (astrology)">Scorpio</a> (nocturnal)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pisces_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pisces (astrology)">Pisces</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgo_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgo (astrology)">Virgo</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mars_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars (astrology)">Mars</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aries_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aries (astrology)">Aries</a> (diurnal) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Scorpio_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Scorpio (astrology)">Scorpio</a> (nocturnal)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libra_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libra (astrology)">Libra</a> (diurnal) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taurus_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taurus (astrology)">Taurus</a> (nocturnal)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cancer_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cancer (astrology)">Cancer</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jupiter_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (astrology)">Jupiter</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sagittarius_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sagittarius (astrology)">Sagittarius</a> (diurnal) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pisces_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pisces (astrology)">Pisces</a> (nocturnal)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gemini_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gemini (astrology)">Gemini</a> (diurnal) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Virgo_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Virgo (astrology)">Virgo</a> (nocturnal)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cancer_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cancer (astrology)">Cancer</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Saturn_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturn (astrology)">Saturn</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aquarius (astrology)">Aquarius</a> (diurnal) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn</a> (nocturnal)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Leo_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Leo (astrology)">Leo</a> (diurnal) and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cancer_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cancer (astrology)">Cancer</a> (nocturnal)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Libra_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Libra (astrology)">Libra</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aries_(astrology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aries (astrology)">Aries</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Indian_astrology">Indian astrology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classical_planet&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Indian astrology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navagraha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a> </div> <p><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indian_astronomy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indian astronomy">Indian astronomy</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hindu_astrology?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hindu astrology">astrology</a> (<i>jyotiṣa</i>) recognises seven visible planets (including the Sun and Moon) and two additional invisible planets(<i>tamo'graha</i>); rahu and ketu.<sup id="cite_ref-dalalnavagr_21-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-dalalnavagr-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Sanskrit Name</th> <th>English Name</th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nakshatra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nakshatra">Nakshatras</a></th> <th><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guṇa">Guna</a></th> <th>Represents</th> <th>Day</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Surya?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Surya">Surya</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">सूर्य</span></span>)</td> <td>Sun</td> <td>Krittika, Uttara Phalguni and Uttara Ashadha</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sattva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sattva">Sattva</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Soul">Soul</a>, king, highly placed persons, father, ego</td> <td>Sunday</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chandra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chandra">Chandra</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">चंद्र</span></span>)</td> <td>Moon</td> <td>Rohini, Hasta and Shravana</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sattva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sattva">Sattva</a></td> <td>Emotional Mind, queen, mother.</td> <td>Monday</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mangala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mangala">Mangala</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">मंगल</span></span>)</td> <td>Mars</td> <td>Mrigashira, Chitra and Dhanishta</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tamas (philosophy)">Tamas</a></td> <td>energy, action, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confidence?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confidence">confidence</a></td> <td>Tuesday</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Budha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Budha">Budha</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">बुध</span></span>)</td> <td>Mercury</td> <td>Ashlesha, Jyeshta and Revati</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rajas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rajas">Rajas</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Communication?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Communication">Communication</a> and analysis, mind</td> <td>Wednesday</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brihaspati?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brihaspati">Brihaspati</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">बृहस्पति</span></span>)</td> <td>Jupiter</td> <td>Punarvasu, Vishakha and Purva Bhadrapada</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sattva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sattva">Sattva</a></td> <td>the great teacher, wealth, Expansion, progeny</td> <td>Thursday</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shukra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shukra">Shukra</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">शुक्र</span></span>)</td> <td>Venus</td> <td>Bharani, Purva Phalguni and Purva Ashadha</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rajas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rajas">Rajas</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Feminine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine">Feminine</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pleasure?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pleasure">pleasure</a> and <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reproduction?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, Luxury, Love, Spouse</td> <td>Friday</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Shani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Shani">Shani</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">शनि</span></span>)</td> <td>Saturn</td> <td>Pushya, Anuradha and Uttara Bhadrapada</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tamas (philosophy)">Tamas</a></td> <td>learning <i>the hard way</i>. Career and Longevity, Contraction</td> <td>Saturday</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rahu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rahu">Rahu</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">राहु</span></span>)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_node?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar node">Ascending/North Lunar Node</a></td> <td>Ardra, Swati and Shatabhisha</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tamas (philosophy)">Tamas</a></td> <td>an <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Asura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Asura">Asura</a> who does his best to plunge any area of one's life he controls into <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">chaos</a>, works on the subconscious level</td> <td>none</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ketu_(mythology)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ketu (mythology)">Ketu</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">केतु</span></span>)</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lunar_node?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lunar node">Descending/South Lunar Node</a></td> <td>Ashwini, Magha and Mula</td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tamas (philosophy)">Tamas</a></td> <td><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Supernatural?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> influences, works on the subconscious level</td> <td>none</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Naked-eye_planets">Naked-eye planets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classical_planet&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Naked-eye planets" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Main article: <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Planetae?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Planetae">Planetae</a> </div> <p>Mercury and Venus are visible only in twilight hours because their orbits are interior to that of Earth. Venus is the third-brightest object in the sky and the most prominent planet. Mercury is more difficult to see due to its proximity to the Sun. Lengthy <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Twilight?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Twilight">twilight</a> and an extremely low angle at maximum <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elongation_(astronomy)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elongation (astronomy)">elongations</a> make optical filters necessary to see Mercury from extreme polar locations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mars is at its brightest when it is in <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Astronomical_opposition?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical opposition">opposition</a>, which occurs approximately every twenty-five months. Jupiter and Saturn are the largest of the five planets, but are farther from the Sun, and therefore receive less sunlight. Nonetheless, Jupiter is often the next brightest object in the sky after Venus. Saturn's luminosity is often enhanced by its rings, which reflect light to varying degrees, depending on their inclination to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ecliptic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>; however, the rings themselves are not visible to the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Naked_eye?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a> from the Earth.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classical_planet&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Behenian_fixed_star?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Behenian fixed star">Behenian fixed star</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_former_planets?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="List of former planets">List of former planets</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Major_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">List of Mesopotamian deities § Major deities</a></li> <li><i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monas_Hieroglyphica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monas Hieroglyphica">Monas Hieroglyphica</a></i> of John Dee</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olympian_spirits?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olympian spirits">Olympian spirits</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Worship of heavenly bodies</a></li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wufang_Shangdi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wufang Shangdi">Wufang Shangdi</a> (the Classical planets in Chinese mythology).</li> <li><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navagraha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a> (the Classical planets in Hindu mythology).</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classical_planet&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein2007" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bernard_R._Goldstein?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bernard R. Goldstein">Goldstein, Bernard R.</a> (2007), "What's New in Ptolemy's <i>Almagest</i>", <i>Nuncius</i>, <b>22</b> (2): 271, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1163%252F221058707X00549">10.1163/221058707X00549</a></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nuncius&rft.atitle=What%27s+New+in+Ptolemy%27s+Almagest&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=271&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F221058707X00549&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedersen2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olaf_Pedersen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olaf Pedersen">Pedersen, Olaf</a> (2011), <i>A Survey of the Almagest</i>, Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, New York / Dordrecht / Heidelberg / London: Springer Science + Business Media, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-84825-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-84825-9"><bdi>978-0-387-84825-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+the+Almagest&rft.place=New+York+%2F+Dordrecht+%2F+Heidelberg+%2F+London&rft.series=Sources+and+Studies+in+the+History+of+Mathematics+and+Physical+Sciences&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%2B+Business+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-387-84825-9&rft.aulast=Pedersen&rft.aufirst=Olaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/classification/classification.html">Classification of the Planets</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc%3DPerseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry%3Dpla/nhs"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πλάνης</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc%3DPerseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry%3Dplanh/ths"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">πλανήτης</span></span></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henry_Liddell?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Perseus_Project?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampion2022" class="citation cs2">Campion, Nicholas (2022-03-23), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oxfordre.com/planetaryscience/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.001.0001/acrefore-9780190647926-e-178">"The Planets in Alchemy and Astrology (Medieval and Renaissance)"</a>, <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science</i>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1093%252Facrefore%252F9780190647926.013.178">10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.178</a>, <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-064792-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-064792-6"><bdi>978-0-19-064792-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Planets+in+Alchemy+and+Astrology+%28Medieval+and+Renaissance%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Planetary+Science&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190647926.013.178&rft.isbn=978-0-19-064792-6&rft.aulast=Campion&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fplanetaryscience%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190647926.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190647926-e-178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1915" class="citation book cs1">Mackenzie (1915). "13 Astrology and Astronomy". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://sacred-texts.com/ane/mba/mba19.htm"><i>Myths of Babylonia and Assyria</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=13+Astrology+and+Astronomy&rft.btitle=Myths+of+Babylonia+and+Assyria&rft.date=1915&rft.au=Mackenzie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsacred-texts.com%2Fane%2Fmba%2Fmba19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Bhayro_2020-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bhayro_2020_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Bhayro_2020_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhayro2020" class="citation book cs1">Bhayro, Siam (2020-02-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004400566/BP000051.xml">"Cosmology in Mandaean Texts"</a>. <i>Hellenistic Astronomy</i>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">572–</span>579. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.1163%252F9789004400566_046">10.1163/9789004400566_046</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004243361?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/9789004243361"><bdi>9789004243361</bdi></a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213438712">213438712</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id%3D60d8fdd28336c">"Manichaeans (<i>Marmanaiia</i>), Zoroastrians (<i>Iazuqaiia</i>), Jews, Christians and Other Heretics: A Study in the Redaction of Mandaic Texts"</a>. <i><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Le_Mus%C3%A9on?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Le Muséon">Le Muséon</a></i>. <b>117</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">243–</span>280. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2143%252FMUS.117.3.516929">10.2143/MUS.117.3.516929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Mus%C3%A9on&rft.atitle=Manichaeans+%28Marmanaiia%29%2C+Zoroastrians+%28Iazuqaiia%29%2C+Jews%2C+Christians+and+Other+Heretics%3A+A+Study+in+the+Redaction+of+Mandaic+Texts&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FMUS.117.3.516929&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Dan+D.Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoj.peeters-leuven.be%2Fsecure%2FPOJ%2Fdownloadpdf.php%3Fticket_id%3D60d8fdd28336c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-neugebauer-1975-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-neugebauer-1975_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauer1975" class="citation book cs1">Neugebauer, Otto (1975). <i>A history of ancient mathematical astronomy</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">788–</span>789.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+ancient+mathematical+astronomy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E788-%3C%2Fspan%3E789&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Neugebauer&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-neugebauer-1987-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-neugebauer-1987_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-neugebauer-1987_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeugebauerVan_Hoesen1987" class="citation book cs1">Neugebauer, Otto; Van Hoesen, H. B. (1987). <i>Greek Horoscopes</i>. pp. 1, 159, 163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Horoscopes&rft.pages=1%2C+159%2C+163&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Neugebauer&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft.au=Van+Hoesen%2C+H.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-jones-1999-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-jones-1999_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-jones-1999_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1999" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Alexander (1999). <i>Astronomical papyri from Oxyrhynchus</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">62–</span>63. <q>It is now possible to trace the medieval symbols for at least four of the five planets to forms that occur in some of the latest papyrus horoscopes ([ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oxyrhynchus Papyri">P.Oxy.</a> ] 4272, 4274, 4275 [...]). That for Jupiter is an obvious monogram derived from the initial letter of the Greek name. Saturn's has a similar derivation [...] but underwent simplification. The ideal form of Mars' symbol is uncertain, and perhaps not related to the later circle with an arrow through it. Mercury's is a stylized caduceus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomical+papyri+from+Oxyrhynchus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-imss-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-imss_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/galileopalazzostrozzi/object/BianchinisPlanisphere.html">"Bianchini's planisphere"</a>. Florence, Italy: Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza (Institute and Museum of the History of Science)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bianchini%27s+planisphere&rft.place=Florence%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Istituto+e+Museo+di+Storia+della+Scienza+%28Institute+and+Museum+of+the+History+of+Science%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrunelleschi.imss.fi.it%2Fgalileopalazzostrozzi%2Fobject%2FBianchinisPlanisphere.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-maunder-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-maunder_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-maunder_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaunder1934" class="citation journal cs1">Maunder, A. S. D. (1934). "The origin of the symbols of the planets". <i>The Observatory</i>. <b>57</b>: <span class="nowrap">238–</span>247. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934Obs....57..238M">1934Obs....57..238M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observatory&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+symbols+of+the+planets&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1934Obs....57..238M&rft.aulast=Maunder&rft.aufirst=A.+S.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstein1967" class="citation journal cs1">Goldstein, Bernard R. (1967). "The Arabic version of Ptolemy's planetary hypothesis". <i>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>57</b> (pt. 4): 6. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doi_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.2307%252F1006040">10.2307/1006040</a>. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1006040">1006040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Arabic+version+of+Ptolemy%27s+planetary+hypothesis&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=pt.+4&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1006040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1006040%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-VIGFÚSSON456-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-VIGF%C3%9ASSON456_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-VIGF%C3%9ASSON456_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vigfússon (1874:456).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-BallParacelsus-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BallParacelsus_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-BallParacelsus_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Ball, <i>The Devil's Doctor: Paracelsus and the World of Renaissance Magic and Science</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-945787-9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-945787-9">978-0-09-945787-9</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Astrology_by_Hand-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Astrology_by_Hand_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Astrology_by_Hand_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHand" class="citation web cs1">Hand, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.astro.com/astrology/in_astrobyhand35_e.htm">"Astrology by Hand"</a>. <i>Astro.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astro.com&rft.atitle=Astrology+by+Hand&rft.aulast=Hand&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.astro.com%2Fastrology%2Fin_astrobyhand35_e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Burk2001-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Burk2001_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Burk2001_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurk2001" class="citation book cs1">Burk, Kevin (2001). <i>Astrology: Understanding the Birth Chart: A Comprehensive Guide to Classical Interpretation</i>. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 81. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56718-088-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56718-088-6"><bdi>978-1-56718-088-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astrology%3A+Understanding+the+Birth+Chart%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide+to+Classical+Interpretation&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56718-088-6&rft.aulast=Burk&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-dalalnavagr-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-dalalnavagr_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2010). <i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i>. Penguin Books. p. 280. <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pages=280&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341421-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nepalirudraksha.com/blogs/blog/strengthening-planetary-forces-with-rudraksha">"Strengthening Planetary Forces"</a>. <i>Nepa Rudraksha</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nepa+Rudraksha&rft.atitle=Strengthening+Planetary+Forces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnepalirudraksha.com%2Fblogs%2Fblog%2Fstrengthening-planetary-forces-with-rudraksha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Classical_planets_in_western_alchemy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324061045/http://www.wwnorton.com/college/astronomy/astro21/sandt/latitude.html">"Sky Publishing – Latitude Is Everything"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www2.wwnorton.com/college/astronomy/astro21/sandt/latitude.html">the original</a> on 2017-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sky+Publishing+%E2%80%93+Latitude+Is+Everything&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.wwnorton.com%2Fcollege%2Fastronomy%2Fastro21%2Fsandt%2Flatitude.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://en-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Classical_planet&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell" class="citation web cs1">Powell, Martin J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nakedeyeplanets.com/">"The Naked Eye Planets in the Night Sky (and how to identify them)"</a>. <i>Nakedeyeplanets.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nakedeyeplanets.com&rft.atitle=The+Naked+Eye+Planets+in+the+Night+Sky+%28and+how+to+identify+them%29&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nakedeyeplanets.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClassical+planet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell" class="citation web cs1">Powell, Martin J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nakedeyeplanets.com/movements.htm">"Wandering Stars: The Movements and Visibility Cycles of the Naked Eye Planets"</a>. <i>Nakedeyeplanets.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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