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<li id="toc-Christian_response_to_early_rock_music_(1950s–1960s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_response_to_early_rock_music_(1950s–1960s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Christian response to early rock music (1950s–1960s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_response_to_early_rock_music_(1950s–1960s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_(mid_1960s–1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_(mid_1960s–1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Development (mid 1960s–1980s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_(mid_1960s–1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1990s–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evangelism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evangelism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evangelism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evangelism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian rock</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="روك مسيحي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روك مسيحي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Хрысціянскі рок – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хрысціянскі рок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Хрысьціянскі рок – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хрысьціянскі рок" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anski_rock" title="Kršćanski rock – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kršćanski rock" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_cristi%C3%A0" title="Rock cristià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rock cristià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99es%C5%A5ansk%C3%BD_rock" title="Křesťanský rock – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křesťanský rock" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christlicher_Rock" title="Christlicher Rock – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Christlicher Rock" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA" title="Χριστιανική ροκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χριστιανική ροκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_cristiano" title="Rock cristiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rock cristiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristana_roko" title="Kristana roko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristana roko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="کریستین راک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کریستین راک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_chr%C3%A9tien" title="Rock chrétien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rock chrétien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%B2%9C_%EB%A1%9D" title="크리스천 록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="크리스천 록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%84" title="Քրիստոնեական ռոք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրիստոնեական ռոք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C5%A1%C4%87anski_rock" title="Kršćanski rock – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kršćanski rock" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musik_rok_Kristen" title="Musik rok Kristen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Musik rok Kristen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristilegt_rokk" title="Kristilegt rokk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kristilegt rokk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Christian rock" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99" title="רוק נוצרי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוק נוצרי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C4%ABgais_roks" title="Kristīgais roks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristīgais roks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kereszt%C3%A9ny_rock" title="Keresztény rock – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keresztény rock" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95" title="कृस्चियन रक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कृस्चियन रक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="クリスチャン・ロック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クリスチャン・ロック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristenrock" title="Kristenrock – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kristenrock" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_chrze%C5%9Bcija%C5%84ski" title="Rock chrześcijański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rock chrześcijański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_crist%C3%A3o" title="Rock cristão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rock cristão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Christian rock" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Христианский рок – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианский рок" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_rock" title="Christian rock – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Christian rock" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kres%C5%A5ansk%C3%BD_rock" title="Kresťanský rock – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kresťanský rock" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristillinen_rock" title="Kristillinen rock – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristillinen rock" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_rock" title="Kristen rock – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristen rock" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="คริสเตียนร็อก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสเตียนร็อก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Християнський рок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Християнський рок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E6%90%96%E6%BB%BE" title="基督教搖滾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="基督教搖滾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q753520#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Christian rock</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_music" title="Jesus music">Jesus music</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Christian music</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">Late 1960s, United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_alternative_rock" title="Christian alternative rock">Christian alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_metal" title="Christian metal">Christian metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_punk" title="Christian punk">Christian punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hardcore" title="Christian hardcore">Christian hardcore</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian hip hop">Christian hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Contemporary Christian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_electronic_dance_music" title="Christian electronic dance music">Christian electronic dance music</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Christian rock</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a> that features <a href="/wiki/Lyrics" title="Lyrics">lyrics</a> focusing on matters of <a href="/wiki/Christian_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian faith">Christian faith</a>, often with an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a>, typically performed by <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> individuals. The extent to which their lyrics are explicitly Christian varies between <a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">bands</a>. Many bands who perform Christian rock have ties to the <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">contemporary Christian music</a> labels, media outlets, and <a href="/wiki/Music_festival" title="Music festival">festivals</a>, while other bands are independent. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_rock&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_response_to_early_rock_music_(1950s–1960s)"><span id="Christian_response_to_early_rock_music_.281950s.E2.80.931960s.29"></span>Christian response to early rock music (1950s–1960s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_rock&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christian response to early rock music (1950s–1960s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most traditional and <a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> Christians did not view rock music favorably when it became popular with young people from the 1950s, even though <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a> often influenced early rock music. In 1952, Archibald Davison, a Harvard professor, summed up the sound of traditional Christian music and why its supporters might not like rock music when he wrote of "... a rhythm that avoids strong pulses; a melody whose physiognomy is neither so characteristic nor so engaging as to make an appeal in its own behalf; counterpoint, which cultivates long-breathed eloquence rather than instant and dramatic effect; a chromaticism which is at all times restricted in amount and lacking in emotionalism; and modality which creates an atmosphere unmistakably ecclesiastical".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the light of Archibald Davison's characterisation it is easy to see how different these two genres of music are. Christians in the United States did not want their children exposed to music with unruly, impassioned vocals, loud <a href="/wiki/Guitar_riff" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar riff">guitar-riffs</a> and jarring, hypnotic rhythms. <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a> differed from the norm, and thus it was seen by them as a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often the music was overtly sexual in nature, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, who became controversial and massively popular partly for his suggestive stage antics and dancing. However, "Elvis" was a <a href="/wiki/Religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious">religious</a> person who released a gospel album: <a href="/wiki/Peace_in_the_Valley_(EP)" title="Peace in the Valley (EP)"><i>Peace in the Valley</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1957. Individual Christians may<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (February 2020)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> have listened to or even performed rock music in many cases, but conservative church establishments - particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">American South</a> - regarded it as <a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">anathema</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/He_Touched_Me_(album)" title="He Touched Me (album)"><i>He Touched Me</i></a>, a 1972 gospel-music album by Elvis Presley, sold over 1 million copies in the US alone and earned Presley his second of three Grammy Awards. Not counting compilations, it was his third and final album devoted exclusively to gospel music. The song "He Touched Me" was written in 1963 by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gaither" title="Bill Gaither">Bill Gaither</a>, an American singer and songwriter of southern gospel and Contemporary Christian music. </p><p>In the 1960s, rock music developed artistically, attained worldwide popularity and became associated with the radical <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a>, firmly alienating many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (February 2020)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> Christians. In 1966 <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a>, one of the most popular and influential rock-bands of their era, ran into trouble with many of their American fans when <a href="/wiki/John_Lennon" title="John Lennon">John Lennon</a> jokingly offered his opinion that Christianity was dying and that the Beatles were "<a href="/wiki/More_popular_than_Jesus" title="More popular than Jesus">more popular than Jesus</a> now".<sup id="cite_ref-Time_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LennonIKnew_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LennonIKnew-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The romantic, melodic rock songs of the band's early career had formerly been viewed as relatively inoffensive by Christians, but after the remark, churches nationwide organized Beatles-record burnings and Lennon was forced to apologize.<sup id="cite_ref-LennonSorryJesus_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LennonSorryJesus-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the Beatles and most rock musicians experimented with a more complex, <a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">psychedelic style of music</a> that frequently used anti-establishment, drug-related, or sexual lyrics, while <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a> sang "<a href="/wiki/Sympathy_for_the_Devil" title="Sympathy for the Devil">Sympathy for the Devil</a>" (1968), a song openly written from the point of view of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. Allegations of <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanic</a> intent also arose from the Beatles and others of the controversial <a href="/wiki/Backmasking#Controversies" title="Backmasking">backmasking</a> recording-technique. This further increased Christian opposition to rock music. </p><p>Later, in the 1960s, the escalating <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">Paris student riots</a> of 1968 and other events served as catalysts for youth activism and political withdrawal or protest, which became associated with rock bands, whether or not they were openly political. Moreover, many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (February 2020)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> saw the music as promoting a lifestyle of promiscuous "sex, drugs and rock and roll", also reflected in the behavior of many rock stars. However, there was growing recognition of the diverse musical and ideological potential of rock.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Countless new bands sprang up in the mid-to-late 1960s, as rock displaced older, smoother pop styles to become the dominant form of <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a>, a position it would enjoy almost continuously until the end of the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_(mid_1960s–1980s)"><span id="Development_.28mid_1960s.E2.80.931980s.29"></span>Development (mid 1960s–1980s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_rock&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development (mid 1960s–1980s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_music" title="Jesus music">Jesus music</a></div> <p>Among the first bands that played Christian rock was <a href="/wiki/The_Crusaders_(1960s_garage_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crusaders (1960s garage band)">the Crusaders</a>, a Southern Californian <a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">garage rock</a> band, whose November 1966 <a href="/wiki/Tower_Records_(record_label)" title="Tower Records (record label)">Tower Records</a> album <i>Make a Joyful Noise with Drums and Guitars</i> is considered one of the first gospel rock releases;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (November 2022)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> John Joseph Thompson identifies it as "the first record of Christian rock".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brian Collins characterises <a href="/wiki/Mind_Garage" title="Mind Garage">Mind Garage</a> as "arguably the first band of its kind":<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they recorded the 1967 <i>Electric Liturgy</i> at <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>'s "Nashville Sound" studio in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both of these recordings were preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">rockabilly</a> praise LP <i>I Like God's Style</i>, written and performed by one 16-year-old Isabel Baker and released on the private Wichita, Kansas Romco label in 1965, which no one published on until the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Larry_Norman" title="Larry Norman">Larry Norman</a>, often described as the "father of Christian rock",<sup id="cite_ref-Sanford_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanford-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in his later years "the Grandfather of Christian rock",<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who, in 1969 recorded and released <i><a href="/wiki/Upon_This_Rock_(Larry_Norman_album)" title="Upon This Rock (Larry Norman album)">Upon This Rock</a></i>, "the first commercially released Jesus rock album",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> challenged a view held by some conservative Christians (predominantly fundamentalists) that rock music was anti-Christian. One of his songs, "Why Should the Devil Have All the Good Music?" summarized his attitude and his quest to pioneer Christian rock music.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A cover version of Larry Norman's <a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a>-themed "I Wish We'd All Been Ready" appears in the Evangelical Christian feature film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Thief_in_the_Night_(film)" title="A Thief in the Night (film)">A Thief in the Night</a></i> and appeared on <a href="/wiki/Cliff_Richard" title="Cliff Richard">Cliff Richard</a>'s Christian album <i><a href="/wiki/Small_Corners" title="Small Corners">Small Corners</a></i> along with "Why Should the Devil Have All the Good Music?". </p><p>In 1966, the band <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeteoci" title="Žeteoci">Žeteoci</a> (transl. <i>The Harvesters</i>) was formed in <a href="/wiki/SFRY" class="mw-redirect" title="SFRY">Yugoslavia</a>. Founded by four students of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Faculty_of_Theology,_University_of_Zagreb" title="Catholic Faculty of Theology, University of Zagreb">Zagreb Catholic Faculty of Theology</a>, Žeteoci performed <a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">beat music</a> with religious lyrics, being the first Christian rock band in Yugoslavia and arguably the first Christian rock band in a <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist country</a>. Their first and only album, <i>To nije tajna</i> (<i>It Is Not a Secret</i>), released in 1969, was the second full-length album in the history of Yugoslav rock music. They ended their activity in 1971, as the members of the band finished their studies of theology and went on to become priests of the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-janjatović252_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-janjatović252-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-istorija372-374_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-istorija372-374-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WelcomeToParadiseStonehill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/WelcomeToParadiseStonehill.jpg/250px-WelcomeToParadiseStonehill.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/88/WelcomeToParadiseStonehill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Randy Stonehill's "Welcome To Paradise" (1976)</figcaption></figure> <p>Another Christian rock pioneer, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Stonehill" title="Randy Stonehill">Randy Stonehill</a>, released his first album in 1971, the Larry Norman-produced <i>Born Twice</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the most common pressing of the album, side one is entirely a live performance.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early Christian rock album was <i>Mylon (We Believe)</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mylon_LeFevre" title="Mylon LeFevre">Mylon LeFevre</a>, son of members of the southern gospel group <a href="/wiki/The_LeFevres" title="The LeFevres">The LeFevres</a>. He recorded the album with members of <a href="/wiki/Classics_IV" title="Classics IV">Classics IV</a> and released it through <a href="/wiki/Cotillion_Records" title="Cotillion Records">Cotillion Records</a> in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ocean (Canada) gained gospel pop big hit "Put Your Hand in the Hand" in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenbaum" title="Norman Greenbaum">Norman Greenbaum</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Doobie_Brothers" title="The Doobie Brothers">the Doobie Brothers</a> had gospel hits, but they were not christian rockers. Sister <a href="/wiki/Janet_Mead" title="Janet Mead">Janet Mead</a> had a gospel hit in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1970s, Christian rock received exposure through more mainstream rock and folk rock musicians. <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">born-again</a> Christian and released three albums between 1979 and 1981. This period would yield the <a href="/wiki/Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy">Grammy</a> winning single "<a href="/wiki/Gotta_Serve_Somebody" title="Gotta Serve Somebody">Gotta Serve Somebody</a>" and three successful concert tours that would later see release as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bootleg_Series_Vol._13:_Trouble_No_More_1979%E2%80%931981" title="The Bootleg Series Vol. 13: Trouble No More 1979–1981">The Bootleg Series Vol. 13</a></i>. Dylan's influence was also felt in other members of the folk revival; <a href="/wiki/Arlo_Guthrie" title="Arlo Guthrie">Arlo Guthrie</a>, for example, converted in 1979 (in part over his concerns over whether he faced a <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a> diagnosis like others in his family) and released his own Christian folk-rock album <i><a href="/wiki/Outlasting_the_Blues" title="Outlasting the Blues">Outlasting the Blues</a></i>; <i>Outlasting the Blues</i> received the biggest record label promotion of Guthrie's career.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian rock was often<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This term requires quantification. (November 2022)">quantify</span></a></i>]</sup> viewed as a marginal part of the nascent <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">contemporary Christian music</a> (CCM) and contemporary gospel industry in the 1970s and 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Christian folk rock artists like <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cockburn" title="Bruce Cockburn">Bruce Cockburn</a> and rock fusion artists like <a href="/wiki/Phil_Keaggy" title="Phil Keaggy">Phil Keaggy</a> had some cross-over success. <a href="/wiki/Petra_(band)" title="Petra (band)">Petra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_Band" title="Resurrection Band">Resurrection Band</a>, two of the bands who brought harder rock into the early CCM community, had their origins in the early to mid-1970s. They reached their height in popularity in the late eighties alongside other Christian-identifying hard rock acts such as <a href="/wiki/Stryper" title="Stryper">Stryper</a>. The latter had videos played on <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>, such as "Calling on You" and "To Hell with the Devil", and even saw some airtime on mainstream radio stations with their hit song "Honestly". Christian rock has proved less successful in the UK and Europe, although such artists as <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Haworth" title="Bryn Haworth">Bryn Haworth</a> have found commercial success by combining blues and mainstream rock music with Christian themes. </p><p>Michael Knott would be credited for being a pioneer of "alternative Christian rock."<sup id="cite_ref-alternativechristianrock_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alternativechristianrock-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knott's 1987 album <i><a href="/wiki/Shaded_Pain" title="Shaded Pain">Shaded Pain</a></i> being noted for lyrics which challenged church morality. This resulted in the album being banned by churches and Christian bookstores.<sup id="cite_ref-alternativechristianrock_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alternativechristianrock-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Knott was still credited for changing the course of Christian rock, with his short-lived company <a href="/wiki/Blonde_Vinyl" title="Blonde Vinyl">Blonde Vinyl</a> becoming a major source for Christian rock musicians during its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-alternativechristianrock_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alternativechristianrock-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s–present"><span id="1990s.E2.80.93present"></span>1990s–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_rock&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1990s–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Flood_sample.ogg" title="File:Flood sample.ogg">"Flood"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="21" data-mwtitle="Flood_sample.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d6/Flood_sample.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/d/d6/Flood_sample.ogg/Flood_sample.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Jars_of_Clay" title="Jars of Clay">Jars of Clay</a> 1995</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The 1990s saw an explosion of Christian rock. </p><p>Many of the popular 1990s Christian bands were initially identified as "Christian <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">alternative rock</a>", including <a href="/wiki/Jars_of_Clay" title="Jars of Clay">Jars of Clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newsboys" title="Newsboys">Newsboys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_Adrenaline" title="Audio Adrenaline">Audio Adrenaline</a> and the later albums of <a href="/wiki/DC_Talk" title="DC Talk">DC Talk</a>. Outside <a href="/wiki/Anglophone_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglophone countries">Anglophone countries</a>, bands like <a href="/wiki/Oficina_G3" title="Oficina G3">Oficina G3</a> (Brazil) and <a href="/wiki/The_Kry" title="The Kry">The Kry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, Canada) have achieved moderate success. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jars_of_Clay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jars_of_Clay.jpg/220px-Jars_of_Clay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jars_of_Clay.jpg/330px-Jars_of_Clay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jars_of_Clay.jpg/440px-Jars_of_Clay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jars_of_Clay" title="Jars of Clay">Jars of Clay</a> in concert, 2007.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the late 1990s and early 2000s, the success of Christian-inspired acts like <a href="/wiki/Skillet_(band)" title="Skillet (band)">Skillet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Foot_Krutch" title="Thousand Foot Krutch">Thousand Foot Krutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decyfer_Down" title="Decyfer Down">Decyfer Down</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underoath" title="Underoath">Underoath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutless" title="Kutless">Kutless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(band)" title="Disciple (band)">Disciple</a>, <a href="/wiki/P.O.D." title="P.O.D.">P.O.D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switchfoot" title="Switchfoot">Switchfoot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Relient_K" title="Relient K">Relient K</a> saw a shift toward mainstream exposure in the Christian rock scene. </p><p>Rock label <a href="/wiki/Tooth_%26_Nail_Records" title="Tooth & Nail Records">Tooth & Nail Records</a> would be credited for having "altered the course of the Christian rock industry by launching and legitimizing the careers of <a href="/wiki/MxPx" title="MxPx">MxPx</a>, The O.C. <a href="/wiki/Supertones" class="mw-redirect" title="Supertones">Supertones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underoath" title="Underoath">Underoath</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-alternativechristianrock_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alternativechristianrock-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among popular Christian rock bands of the first decade of the 21st century that exemplified this trend were <a href="/wiki/Red_(band)" title="Red (band)">RED</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fireflight" title="Fireflight">Fireflight</a>. </p><p>There are also some <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> bands such as <a href="/wiki/Critical_Mass_(Catholic_rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical Mass (Catholic rock)">Critical Mass</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christian">Eastern Orthodox Christian</a> rock groups, mostly from Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, started performing in the late 1980s and 1990s. <a href="/wiki/Alisa_(Russian_band)" title="Alisa (Russian band)">Alisa</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Coffee_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Coffee (band)">Black Coffee</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> are credited as the most prominent examples. The Orthodox Christian lyrics of these bands often overlap with historical and patriotic songs about <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. </p><p>The musical genre that was once rejected by mainstream Christian churches is now considered by some as one of the most-important evangelism tool of their successor congregations. According to Terri McLean, author of New Harmonies, old-guard churches (United Methodist is given as an example) of the late 1990s were experiencing a rapid decline in membership and were under threat of disbandment within the next decade, a trend that has been going on since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McLean, using numerous quotes from theologians, Christian apologists and professors, goes on to offer contemporary Christian music as the reason for the falling popularity of more traditionalist churches.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The definition of contemporary Christian, as offered by <i>New Harmonies</i>, is of a genre not far removed from traditional hymns; it is simply more accessible. The reality is that while a form of modernized hymns do exist in today's churches and do affect church evangelism and growth, there also exists both within and outside these churches a form of music (Christian rock) that has only one element in common with previous religious genres: its worship of God.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>This element, the worship of God, is what was originally removed from or hidden within the lyrics of early, secular rock n' roll. Santino described one method of changing Christian lyrics as a process that transformed "lyrics that sang of the mystical love of God into lyrics that celebrated the earthly love of woman".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howard & Streck offer examples of this, comparing Ray Charles' "This Little Girl of Mine" to "This Little Light of Mine" and "Talking About You" to "Talking About Jesus". They claim that because of actions such as this, despite the liberal editing of the original hymns, "gospel 'showed rock how to sing'".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Howard & Streck go on to describe how the conflict between music and religion, spearheaded by southern fundamentalists, was originally racially based, but how in the sixties this moved on to a clash over the perceived lifestyle of rock musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_rock&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are multiple definitions of what qualifies as a "Christian rock" band. Christian rock bands that explicitly state their <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a> and use religious imagery in their lyrics, like <a href="/wiki/Servant_(band)" title="Servant (band)">Servant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_Day" title="Third Day">Third Day</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Petra_(band)" title="Petra (band)">Petra</a>, tend to be considered a part of the <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">contemporary Christian music</a> (CCM) industry.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other bands perform music influenced by their faith or containing Christian imagery, but see their audience as the general public. For example, <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> of <a href="/wiki/U2" title="U2">U2</a> combines many elements of spirituality and faith into his lyrics, but the band is not directly labeled as a "Christian rock" band.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such bands are sometimes rejected by the CCM rock scene and may specifically reject the CCM label. Other bands may experiment with more abrasive musical styles. Beginning in the 1990s and 2000s there was much wider acceptance even by religious purists of <a href="/wiki/Christian_metal" title="Christian metal">Christian metal</a>, Christian industrial and <a href="/wiki/Christian_punk" title="Christian punk">Christian punk</a>. Many of these bands are on predominantly Christian record labels, such as <a href="/wiki/Tooth_and_Nail_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth and Nail Records">Tooth and Nail Records</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facedown_Records" title="Facedown Records">Facedown Records</a>. </p><p>Rock artists, such as <a href="/wiki/Switchfoot" title="Switchfoot">Switchfoot</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> do not claim to be "Christian bands", but include members who openly profess to be Christians or at times may feature Christian thought, imagery, scripture or other influences in their music. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>I'm an artist who's a Christian, because I don't write music to be evangelical. Now, if that happens, it happens. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Scott_Stapp" title="Scott Stapp">Scott Stapp</a>, lead <a href="/wiki/Vocalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocalist">vocalist</a> for <a href="/wiki/Creed_(band)" title="Creed (band)">Creed</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Some of these bands, like <a href="/wiki/Creed_(band)" title="Creed (band)">Creed</a>, played up the spiritual content of their music and were widely considered a "Christian band" by the popular media. Some bands reject the label because they do not wish to exclusively attract Christian fans, or because they have been identified with another particular music genre, such as <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evangelism">Evangelism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_rock&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evangelism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Christian_rock" title="Special:EditPage/Christian rock">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The aims for making Christian music vary among different artists and bands. Often, the music makes evangelistic calls for Christian forms of praise and worship. Accompanying such music, street outreach, local festivities, church functions, and many alternative forms of internal or (soulful) expression may occur. </p><p>Some Christian artists as <a href="/wiki/Third_Day" title="Third Day">Third Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutless" title="Kutless">Kutless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Foot_Krutch" title="Thousand Foot Krutch">Thousand Foot Krutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(band)" title="Disciple (band)">Disciple</a> have sung songs that carry overtly Christian messages. Bands such as <a href="/wiki/Underoath" title="Underoath">Underoath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blessthefall" title="Blessthefall">Blessthefall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haste_the_Day" title="Haste the Day">Haste the Day</a> incorporate symbolism and Christian messages more indirectly.<sup id="cite_ref-Euro_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euro-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oct_Int._41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oct_Int.-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bands such as <a href="/wiki/Flyleaf_(band)" title="Flyleaf (band)">Flyleaf</a> do not call themselves Christian bands, though they state that their Christian faith affects their lyrics.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bands such as <a href="/wiki/Switchfoot" title="Switchfoot">Switchfoot</a> have said they try to write music for both Christians and non-Christians alike.<sup id="cite_ref-Boston_Globe_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boston_Globe-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-christianitytoday06_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christianitytoday06-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jsonline_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsonline-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals">Festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_rock&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Christian_rock" title="Special:EditPage/Christian rock">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_music_festival" title="Christian music festival">Christian music festival</a></div> <p>Festivals range from single day events to multiple-day festivals that provide camping and other activities. </p><p>One of the first in the US was the six-day <a href="/wiki/Explo_%2772" title="Explo '72">Explo '72</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Dallas" title="Dallas">Dallas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> in June 1972 that was attended by around 80,000 people with around 100,000 – 150,000 at the final concert and which featured acts such as <a href="/wiki/Larry_Norman" title="Larry Norman">Larry Norman</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Archers_(musical_group)" title="The Archers (musical group)">The Archers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Love_Song_(band)" title="Love Song (band)">Love Song</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randy_Matthews" title="Randy Matthews">Randy Matthews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Day" title="Children of the Day">Children of the Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Cash" title="Johnny Cash">Johnny Cash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kris_Kristofferson" title="Kris Kristofferson">Kris Kristofferson</a>. </p><p>Significant festivals in the US are <a href="/wiki/Creation_Festival" title="Creation Festival">Creation Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ichthus_Festival" title="Ichthus Festival">Ichthus Festival</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Festival" title="Cornerstone Festival">Cornerstone Festival</a>. There is also a festival in <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando, Florida</a> called <a href="/wiki/Rock_the_Universe" title="Rock the Universe">Rock the Universe</a>, a two-day festival at <a href="/wiki/Universal_Orlando_Resort" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Orlando Resort">Universal Orlando Resort</a> that overlaps with the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_Joy_(festival)" title="Night of Joy (festival)">Night of Joy</a> event at Walt Disney World. Ichthus, currently held in Kentucky, is a three-day festival that involves over 65 bands. </p><p>There are also many in the UK, including <a href="/wiki/Greenbelt_Festival" title="Greenbelt Festival">Greenbelt Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_Survivor_(charity)" title="Soul Survivor (charity)">Soul Survivor</a>, <a href="/wiki/BigChurchDayOut" class="mw-redirect" title="BigChurchDayOut">BigChurchDayOut</a>, 'Ultimate Events' at <a href="/wiki/Alton_Towers" title="Alton Towers">Alton Towers</a>, Frenzy in Edinburgh and <a href="/wiki/Creation_Fest,_Woolacombe,_Devon" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation Fest, Woolacombe, Devon">Creation Fest, Woolacombe, Devon</a>, which is not related to Creationfest in the United States. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flevo_Festival" title="Flevo Festival">Flevo Festival</a> of The Netherlands, which offers seminars, theater, stand-up comedy, sports and movies as well as Christian music from a wide variety of genres, is considered to be one of the biggest Christian festivals in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was discontinued in 2013, due to financial issues.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been unofficially restarted by a collection of Christian organizations who previously collaborated on Flevo Festival under the new name of Flavor Festival.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Skjærgårdsfestivalen is an annual music festival held in Norway, which headlines Christian rock bands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Many events are held in Australia called, Easterfest (in Toowoomba) Encounterfest, Jam United, Black Stump and Big Exo Day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, Colombia hosts the summer festival <b>Gospel al Parque</b>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The most "underground" expression of Christian rock was the annual Cornerstone Festival sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_People_USA" title="Jesus People USA">Jesus People USA</a>, a community which formed during the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Movement">Jesus Movement</a> of the 1970s. The festival ceased operations in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_rock&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_rock_bands" title="List of Christian rock bands">List of Christian rock bands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_rock&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Faulkner, Q. 2006, "Straight Talk About Traditional Versus Contemporary Christian Music", <i>The American Organist</i>, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 79-81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaines2011" class="citation journal cs1">Haines, John (October 27, 2011). "The Emergence of Jesus Rock: On Taming the 'African Beat'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Black Music Research Journal</i>. <b>31</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">229–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Fblacmusiresej.31.2.0229">10.5406/blacmusiresej.31.2.0229</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194012423">194012423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Music+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+Jesus+Rock%3A+On+Taming+the+%27African+Beat%27&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E229-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.date=2011-10-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Fblacmusiresej.31.2.0229&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194012423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Charles R. (2006). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Just a Little Talk with Jesus": Elvis Presley, Religious Music, and Southern Spirituality". <i>Southern Cultures</i>. <b>12</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">74–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fscu.2006.0059">10.1353/scu.2006.0059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159657945">159657945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Cultures&rft.atitle=%22Just+a+Little+Talk+with+Jesus%22%3A+Elvis+Presley%2C+Religious+Music%2C+and+Southern+Spirituality&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E74-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fscu.2006.0059&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159657945%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Charles+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Time-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Time_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090716190805/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842611,00.html">"Rock 'n' Roll: According to John Friday"</a>. <i>Time</i>. August 12, 1966. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842611,00.html">the original</a> on July 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Rock+%27n%27+Roll%3A+According+to+John+Friday&rft.date=1966-08-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C842611%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LennonIKnew-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LennonIKnew_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCleave2005" class="citation news cs1">Cleave, Maureen (October 5, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051214163403/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2005%2F10%2F05%2Fbmlennon05.xml">"The John Lennon I Knew"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=/arts/2005/10/05/bmlennon05.xml">the original</a> on December 14, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+John+Lennon+I+Knew&rft.date=2005-10-05&rft.aulast=Cleave&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Farts%2Fmain.jhtml%3Fxml%3D%2Farts%2F2005%2F10%2F05%2Fbmlennon05.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LennonSorryJesus-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LennonSorryJesus_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBielen2000" class="citation book cs1">Bielen, Kenneth (May 11, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2VCWBa0-o8C&q=Jesus+%2B+Lennon&pg=RA1-PA55"><i>The Lyrics of Civility</i></a>. Garland Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815331933" title="Special:BookSources/9780815331933"><bdi>9780815331933</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lyrics+of+Civility&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing&rft.date=2000-05-11&rft.isbn=9780815331933&rft.aulast=Bielen&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2VCWBa0-o8C%26q%3DJesus%2B%252B%2BLennon%26pg%3DRA1-PA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Di Sabatino, in Mark Allan Powell, <i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music</i> (Peabody, MA: Hendrickson, 2002):217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2000" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, John Joseph (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJhaBvbmuOQC"><i>Raised by Wolves: The Story of Christian Rock & Roll</i></a>. Toronto: ECW Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781550224214" title="Special:BookSources/9781550224214"><bdi>9781550224214</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2022</span>. <q>The first record of Christian rock came from a band called The Crusaders in 1966. [...] The title of the record was Make a Joyful Noise with Drums and Guitars, and that's exactly what The Crusaders did, in a campy 1960s pop way.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raised+by+Wolves%3A+The+Story+of+Christian+Rock+%26+Roll&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=ECW+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781550224214&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCJhaBvbmuOQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian Collins, <i>Sightings</i>, Martin Marty Center University of Chicago Divinity School, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525062607/http://divinity.uchicago.edu/martycenter/publications/sightings/archive_2008/0612.shtml">"Divinity School at the University of Chicago | Publications"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://divinity.uchicago.edu/martycenter/publications/sightings/archive_2008/0612.shtml">the original</a> on May 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2008</span>. <q>Today original records from many of the original Jesus Rock bands like The Mind Garage (arguably the first band of its kind), Aslan, Selah, The Concrete Rubber Band, and Agape go for hundreds of dollars to collectors on eBay, presumably not all of them Evangelical Christians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Divinity+School+at+the+University+of+Chicago+%26%23124%3B+Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdivinity.uchicago.edu%2Fmartycenter%2Fpublications%2Fsightings%2Farchive_2008%2F0612.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <i>Bluefield Daily Telegraph</i> (April 24, 2009), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120721220234/http://www.bdtonline.com/columns/local_story_114164933.html">"Memory of one song lingers long after the band stopped playing » Columns » Bluefield Daily Telegraph, Bluefield, WV"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdtonline.com/columns/local_story_114164933.html">the original</a> on July 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2011</span>. <q>The Mind Garage evolved into perhaps the nation's first Christian Rock Band on the strength of their original composition, the Electric Liturgy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memory+of+one+song+lingers+long+after+the+band+stopped+playing+%C2%BB+Columns+%C2%BB+Bluefield+Daily+Telegraph%2C+Bluefield%2C+WV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bdtonline.com%2Fcolumns%2Flocal_story_114164933.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jo Renee Formicola, <i>The Politics of Values: Games Political Strategists Play</i> (Rowman & Littlefield 2008):64. Formicola argues that "Christian Rock Music began...when a group known as the Mind Garage recorded "Electric Liturgy".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Martinez, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classicchristianrockzine.com/2017/06/june-18-19-1965-isabel-baker-recorded-i.html">June 18–19, 1965: Isabel Baker Recorded 'I Like God's Style'</a>" <i>Classic Christian Rock</i> (June 18, 2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanford-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanford_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanford, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/music/news/2005/larrynorman.html">"Farewell, Larry Norman."</a> <i>Christianity Today</i>. June 27, 2005. Retrieved December 26, 2007. "The man known as the Father of Christian Rock, whose health has been failing in recent years, played his last U.S. concert Friday night in his hometown of Salem, Oregon."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mike Adkins, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mikeadkins.com/article/contemporary-christian-music-the-real-deal-in-quallity-passion/">"Contemporary Christian Music: The Real Deal in Quallity & Passion"</a> (January 3, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Don Cusic, <i>The Sound of Light: A History of Gospel Music</i> (Popular Press, 1990):127. See also John J. Thompson, <i>Raised by Wolves: The Story of Christian Rock & Roll</i> (ECW Press, 2000):49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation AV-media-notes cs1"><a href="/wiki/In_Another_Land" title="In Another Land"><i>In Another Land</i></a> (Album liner notes). Larry Norman. Solid Rock Records: Solid Rock Records. 1976.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Another+Land&rft.place=Solid+Rock+Records&rft.pub=Solid+Rock+Records&rft.date=1976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes" title="Template:Cite AV media notes">cite AV media notes</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others_in_cite_AV_media_(notes)" title="Category:CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-janjatović252-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-janjatović252_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJanjatović2007" class="citation book cs1">Janjatović, Petar (2007). <i>EX YU ROCK enciklopedija 1960–2006</i>. Belgrade: self-released. p. 252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EX+YU+ROCK+enciklopedija+1960%E2%80%932006&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=self-released&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Janjatovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Petar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-istorija372-374-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-istorija372-374_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFajfrićNenad2009" class="citation book cs1">Fajfrić, Željko; Nenad, Milan (2009). <i>Istorija YU rock muzike od početaka do 1970</i>. Sremska Mitrovica: Tabernakl. p. 372-374.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istorija+YU+rock+muzike+od+po%C4%8Detaka+do+1970.&rft.place=Sremska+Mitrovica&rft.pages=372-374&rft.pub=Tabernakl&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Fajfri%C4%87&rft.aufirst=%C5%BDeljko&rft.au=Nenad%2C+Milan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell2002" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Mark Allan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/879"><i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music</i></a>. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/879">879</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-679-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56563-679-1"><bdi>1-56563-679-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Christian+Music&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=879&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-56563-679-1&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofco00mark%2Fpage%2F879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While it is claimed that Norman borrowed $3,000 from Pat Boone to start One Way Records (see Randy Stonehill in Chris Willman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nifty-music.com/stonehill/ccm0890.html">"RANDY STONEHILL: TURNING TWENTY"</a>, CCM, August 1990), Norman denied this explicitly. (See Larry Norman, linear notes, Bootleg (2005 CDR Release-"Red Letter Edition"):2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell2002" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Mark Allan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/880"><i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music</i></a>. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/880">880</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-679-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56563-679-1"><bdi>1-56563-679-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Christian+Music&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=880&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-56563-679-1&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofco00mark%2Fpage%2F880&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell2002" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Mark Allan (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/520"><i>Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music</i></a>. Peabody, Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/520">520</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56563-679-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-56563-679-1"><bdi>1-56563-679-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Christian+Music&rft.place=Peabody%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=520&rft.pub=Hendrickson+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-56563-679-1&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Mark+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofco00mark%2Fpage%2F520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianmusicarchive.com/album/mylon-we-believe">"Mylon (We Believe)"</a>. Christian Music Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mylon+%28We+Believe%29&rft.pub=Christian+Music+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianmusicarchive.com%2Falbum%2Fmylon-we-believe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.45cat.com/record/ka519">"Ocean - Put Your Hand in the Hand"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ocean+-+Put+Your+Hand+in+the+Hand&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.45cat.com%2Frecord%2Fka519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milesago.com/Artists/janet-mead.htm">"Janet Mead profile"</a>. Milesago.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Janet+Mead+profile&rft.pub=Milesago.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milesago.com%2FArtists%2Fjanet-mead.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReineke2012" class="citation book cs1">Reineke, Hank (2012). <i>Arlo Guthrie: The Warner/Reprise Years</i>. Lanham: Scrarecrow Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">209–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810883314" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810883314"><bdi>978-0810883314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arlo+Guthrie%3A+The+Warner%2FReprise+Years&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Scrarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0810883314&rft.aulast=Reineke&rft.aufirst=Hank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker1985" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Paul (1985). <i>Contemporary Christian Music</i>. Westchester, Illinois: Crossway Books. pp. 74, 80, <span class="nowrap">105–</span>108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89107-343-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89107-343-4"><bdi>0-89107-343-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Christian+Music&rft.place=Westchester%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=74%2C+80%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=Crossway+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-89107-343-4&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alternativechristianrock-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alternativechristianrock_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alternativechristianrock_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alternativechristianrock_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alternativechristianrock_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGotrich2024" class="citation news cs1">Gotrich, Lars (March 14, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2024/03/14/1238503679/michael-knott-christian-rock-pioneer-obit">"Michael Knott, who changed the course of Christian rock, dies at 61"</a>. NPR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Michael+Knott%2C+who+changed+the+course+of+Christian+rock%2C+dies+at+61&rft.date=2024-03-14&rft.aulast=Gotrich&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2024%2F03%2F14%2F1238503679%2Fmichael-knott-christian-rock-pioneer-obit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/45534">A Russian Woodstock</a>.<br />Once an anti-establishment rebel, Kinchev's most recent work includes Orthodox Christian rock and Russian patriotic songs.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLean1998" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Terri (1998). <i>New Harmonies</i>. n.p.: Alban Institute. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56699-206-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56699-206-0"><bdi>1-56699-206-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Harmonies&rft.place=n.p.&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Alban+Institute&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-56699-206-0&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Terri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcLean1998" class="citation book cs1">McLean, Terri (1998). <i>New Harmonies</i>. n.p.: Alban Institute. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56699-206-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56699-206-0"><bdi>1-56699-206-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Harmonies&rft.place=n.p.&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Alban+Institute&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-56699-206-0&rft.aulast=McLean&rft.aufirst=Terri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowardJohn_M._Streck1999" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Jay; John M. Streck (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apostlesofrocksp0000howa/page/"><i>Apostles of Rock: The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music</i></a>. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apostlesofrocksp0000howa/page/">qtd. 27</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2105-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2105-1"><bdi>0-8131-2105-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apostles+of+Rock%3A+The+Splintered+World+of+Contemporary+Christian+Music&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Kentucky&rft.pages=qtd.+27&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8131-2105-1&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft.au=John+M.+Streck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fapostlesofrocksp0000howa%2Fpage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowardJohn_M._Streck1999" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Jay; John M. Streck (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/apostlesofrocksp0000howa/page/27"><i>Apostles of Rock: The Splintered World of Contemporary Christian Music</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/music/interviews/2006/switchfoot-1106.html">the original</a> on December 26, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audience+of+One&rft.date=2006-11-27&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Collin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fmusic%2Finterviews%2F2006%2Fswitchfoot-1106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jsonline-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jsonline_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTianen2006" class="citation news cs1">Tianen, Dave (June 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060706140202/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=444350">"Rocking for Jesus"</a>. <i>Milwaukee Journal Sentinel</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milwaukee+Journal+Sentinel&rft.atitle=Rocking+for+Jesus&rft.date=2006-06-30&rft.aulast=Tianen&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jsonline.com%2Fstory%2Findex.aspx%3Fid%3D444350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLauren_says2009" class="citation web cs1">Lauren says (November 11, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112191215/http://blog.breezybaldwin.com/2009/11/europe-again/">"Europe… again! | Breezy's Blog"</a>. Blog.breezybaldwin.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.breezybaldwin.com/2009/11/europe-again/">the original</a> on November 12, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe%E2%80%A6+again%21+%26%23124%3B+Breezy%27s+Blog&rft.pub=Blog.breezybaldwin.com&rft.date=2009-11-11&rft.au=Lauren+says&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.breezybaldwin.com%2F2009%2F11%2Feurope-again%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/news/2009/08/19.REBECCA%20ST.%20JAMES%20HEADS%20TO%20EUROPE%20THIS%20WEEK%20FOR%20LIGHTNING%20ROUND%20OF%20MAJOR%20CONCERTS.asp">"Rebecca St. James Heads to Europe This Week for Lightning Round of Major Concerts"</a>. jesusfreakhideout.com. August 19, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rebecca+St.+James+Heads+to+Europe+This+Week+for+Lightning+Round+of+Major+Concerts&rft.pub=jesusfreakhideout.com&rft.date=2009-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jesusfreakhideout.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F08%2F19.REBECCA%2520ST.%2520JAMES%2520HEADS%2520TO%2520EUROPE%2520THIS%2520WEEK%2520FOR%2520LIGHTNING%2520ROUND%2520OF%2520MAJOR%2520CONCERTS.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928044808/http://www.christianactivities.com/artistupdates/story.asp?ID=6918">"Artist Updates"</a>. Christian Activities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianactivities.com/artistupdates/story.asp?ID=6918">the original</a> on September 28, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artist+Updates&rft.pub=Christian+Activities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianactivities.com%2Fartistupdates%2Fstory.asp%3FID%3D6918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nd.nl/geloof/geloof/823889/xnoizz-flevo-festival-stopt-alternatief-in-de-maak">"Xnoizz Flevo Festival stopt, alternatief in de maak"</a>. <i>www.nd.nl</i> (in Dutch). September 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nd.nl&rft.atitle=Xnoizz+Flevo+Festival+stopt%2C+alternatief+in+de+maak&rft.date=2012-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nd.nl%2Fgeloof%2Fgeloof%2F823889%2Fxnoizz-flevo-festival-stopt-alternatief-in-de-maak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120729020614/http://www.cornerstonefestival.com/information/specialAnnouncement.php">"Cornerstone Festival 2012 :: Special Announcement"</a>. Cornerstonefestival.com. June 30, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornerstonefestival.com/information/specialAnnouncement.php">the original</a> on July 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cornerstone+Festival+2012+%3A%3A+Special+Announcement&rft.pub=Cornerstonefestival.com&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornerstonefestival.com%2Finformation%2FspecialAnnouncement.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_rock&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStowe2013" class="citation book cs1">Stowe, David W. (2013). <i>No Sympathy for the Devil: Christian Pop Music and the Transformation of American Evangelicalism</i>. University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1469606873" title="Special:BookSources/978-1469606873"><bdi>978-1469606873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Sympathy+for+the+Devil%3A+Christian+Pop+Music+and+the+Transformation+of+American+Evangelicalism&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1469606873&rft.aulast=Stowe&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2011" class="citation book cs1">Young, Shawn David (December 7, 2011). "Jesus Freaks and Countercultural Music: From Niche to Mainstream". In Batchelor, Bob (ed.). <i>Cult Pop Culture: How the Fringe Became Mainstream</i>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313357800" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313357800"><bdi>978-0313357800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+Freaks+and+Countercultural+Music%3A+From+Niche+to+Mainstream&rft.btitle=Cult+Pop+Culture%3A+How+the+Fringe+Became+Mainstream&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2011-12-07&rft.isbn=978-0313357800&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Shawn+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2015" class="citation book cs1">Young, Shawn David (2015). <i>Gray Sabbath: Jesus People USA, the Evangelical Left, and the Evolution of Christian Rock</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231172394" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231172394"><bdi>978-0231172394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gray+Sabbath%3A+Jesus+People+USA%2C+the+Evangelical+Left%2C+and+the+Evolution+of+Christian+Rock&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0231172394&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Shawn+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+rock" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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<li><a href="/wiki/Christian_metal" title="Christian metal">Christian metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unblack_metal" title="Unblack metal">Unblack metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_death_metal" title="Christian death metal">Christian death metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_punk" title="Christian punk">Christian punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hardcore" title="Christian hardcore">Christian hardcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ska" title="Christian ska">Christian ska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_blues" title="Gospel blues">Gospel blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_reggae" title="Gospel reggae">Gospel reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Christian_music" title="Latin Christian music">Latin Christian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_gospel" title="Southern gospel">Southern gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gospel_music" title="Black Gospel music">Black Gospel music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_black_gospel" title="Traditional black gospel">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary_gospel" title="Urban contemporary gospel">Urban contemporary gospel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chant" title="Template:Chant"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chant" title="Template talk:Chant"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chant" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chant"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christian_liturgical_chant128" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Christian liturgical</a> <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chant</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_chant" title="Armenian chant">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_music" title="Byzantine music">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_music" title="Coptic music">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_chant" title="Ethiopian chant">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_chant" title="Galician chant">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obikhod" title="Obikhod">Obikhod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_chant" title="Kievan chant">Kievan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostopinije" title="Prostopinije">Prostopinije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian chant">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znamenny_chant" title="Znamenny chant">Znamenny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Western</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Plainsong" title="Plainsong">Plainsong</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_chant" title="Ambrosian chant">Ambrosian</a> (Milanese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_chant" title="Anglican chant">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_chant" title="Beneventan chant">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_chant" title="Celtic chant">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallican_chant" title="Gallican chant">Gallican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelineau_psalmody" title="Gelineau psalmody">Gelineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_chant" title="Gregorian chant">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_chant" title="Mozarabic chant">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Roman_chant" title="Old Roman chant">Old Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ravenna_chant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ravenna chant (page does not exist)">Ravenna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_church_composers" title="List of Anglican church composers">Anglican church composers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_bands_and_artists_by_genre" title="List of Christian bands and artists by genre">Christian bands and artists by genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_country_artists" title="List of Christian country artists">Christian country artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_hardcore_bands" title="List of Christian hardcore bands">Christian hardcore bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_rock_bands" title="List of Christian rock bands">Christian rock bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_metal_artists" title="List of Christian metal artists">Christian metal artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_hip-hop_artists" title="List of Christian hip-hop artists">Christian hip-hop artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_punk_bands" title="List of Christian punk bands">Christian punk bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_ska_bands" title="List of Christian ska bands">Christian ska bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_record_labels" title="List of Christian record labels">Christian record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_vocal_artists" title="List of Christian vocal artists">Christian vocal artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_worship_music_artists" title="List of Christian worship music artists">Christian worship music artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gospel_musicians" title="List of gospel musicians">Gospel musicians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Anglican church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_media" title="Christian media">Christian media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_festival" title="Christian music festival">Christian music festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music_industry" title="Christian music industry">Christian music industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_music" title="Church music">Church music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Catholic_liturgical_music" title="Contemporary Catholic liturgical music">Contemporary Catholic liturgical music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_music" title="Category:Christian music">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_music" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Christian music">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rock_music522" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_music" title="Template:Rock music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_music" title="Template talk:Rock music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rock_music522" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(music)#Backbeat" title="Beat (music)">Backbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion_(music)" title="Distortion (music)">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_(rock_and_pop)" title="Band (rock and pop)">Rock band</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Electric bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_section" title="Rhythm section">Rhythm section</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">Drum kit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres by<br />decade of origin<br /><span class="nobold">(sub-subgenres <br />not included)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_rock" title="Instrumental rock">Instrumental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_rock" title="Latin rock">Latin rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_music" title="Surf music">Surf music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_rock" title="Art rock">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">Blues rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_rock" title="Boogie rock">Boogie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_pop" title="Chamber pop">Chamber pop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_rock" title="Comedy rock">Comedy rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_rock" title="Electronic rock">Electronic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco_rock" title="Flamenco rock">Flamenco rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_rock" title="Garage rock">Garage rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_rock" title="Hard rock">Hard rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">Heavy metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_band" title="Jam band">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krautrock" title="Krautrock">Krautrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_rock" title="Noise rock">Noise rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_rock" title="Occult rock">Occult rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rock" title="Psychedelic rock">Psychedelic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_rock" title="Space rock">Space rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arena_rock" title="Arena rock">Arena rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cello_rock" title="Cello rock">Cello rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cock_rock" title="Cock rock">Cock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk_rock" title="Funk rock">Funk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glam_rock" title="Glam rock">Glam rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_rock" title="Heartland rock">Heartland rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_rock" title="Industrial rock">Industrial rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-progressive" title="Post-progressive">Post-progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">Power pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(Australia)" title="Pub rock (Australia)">Pub rock (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)" title="Pub rock (United Kingdom)">Pub rock (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_rock" title="Shock rock">Shock rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_rock" title="Soft rock">Soft rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yacht_rock" title="Yacht rock">Yacht rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathrock" title="Deathrock">Deathrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_pop" title="Dream pop">Dream pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_rock" title="Gothic rock">Gothic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grebo_(music)" title="Grebo (music)">Grebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunge" title="Grunge">Grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoegaze" title="Shoegaze">Shoegaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacker_rock" title="Slacker rock">Slacker rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_rock" title="Tropical rock">Trop rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emo" title="Emo">Emo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Math_rock" title="Math rock">Math rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">Post-grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-rock" title="Post-rock">Post-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_rock" title="Stoner rock">Stoner rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_rock" title="Viking rock">Viking rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_rock" title="American rock">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Desert_Scene" title="Palm Desert Scene">Palm Desert Scene</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_Canada" title="Rock music of Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Costa_Rica#Rock_music" title="Music of Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_rock" title="Cuban rock">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_rock" title="Dominican rock">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_rock" title="Haitian rock">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Mexico" title="Rock music in Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Music of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_rock" title="Argentine rock">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_rock" title="Brazilian rock">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_thrash_metal" title="Brazilian thrash metal">Brazilian thrash metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic%C3%A1lia" title="Tropicália">Tropicália</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_rock" title="Chilean rock">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_rock" title="Colombian rock">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_rock" title="Ecuadorian rock">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_rock" title="Peruvian rock">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_rock" title="Uruguayan rock">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_rock" title="Venezuelan rock">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Albania" title="Rock music in Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belarus" title="Rock music in Belarus">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Belgium" title="Rock music in Belgium">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Rock music in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_music" title="British rock music">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_rock_and_roll" title="British rock and roll">British rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britpop" title="Britpop">Britpop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-Britpop" title="Post-Britpop">Post-Britpop</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia#Rock" title="Music of Croatia">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Denmark" title="Rock music in Denmark">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_the_Netherlands" title="Rock music in the Netherlands">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indorock" title="Indorock">Indorock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederbeat" title="Nederbeat">Nederbeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_(music)" title="Ultra (music)">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Estonia" title="Rock music in Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Finland" title="Rock music in Finland">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_France" title="Rock music in France">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Germany" title="Rock music in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Greece" title="Rock music in Greece">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Hungary" title="Rock music in Hungary">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Iceland" title="Rock music in Iceland">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Italy" title="Rock music in Italy">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Latvia" title="Rock music in Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Lithuania" title="Rock music in Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Rock_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Norway" title="Rock music in Norway">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Poland" title="Rock music in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Portugal" title="Rock music in Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Romania" title="Rock music in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Serbia" title="Rock music in Serbia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Slovenia" title="Rock music in Slovenia">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Spain" title="Rock music in Spain">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Sweden" title="Popular music in Sweden">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Switzerland" title="Rock music in Switzerland">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ukraine" title="Rock music in Ukraine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li>Yugoslavian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Art_rock" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Art rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Hard_rock_and_heavy_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Hard rock and heavy metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Extreme_metal" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Extreme metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Neo-rockabilly" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Neo-rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music_in_Yugoslavia" title="New wave music in Yugoslavia">New wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_music_in_Yugoslavia#Post-punk" title="Popular music in Yugoslavia">Post-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rock_in_Yugoslavia" title="Punk rock in Yugoslavia">Punk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_rock" title="Armenian rock">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_rock" title="Azerbaijani rock">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_rock" title="Bangladeshi rock">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cambodia#Cambodian_rock_and_pop" title="Music of Cambodia">Cambodian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambodian_rock_(1960s%E2%80%931970s)" title="Cambodian rock (1960s–1970s)">1959–1975</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_rock" title="Chinese rock">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_rock" title="Pinoy rock">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisrock" title="Bisrock">Bisrock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock" title="Indian rock">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock music of West Bengal">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_rock" title="Raga rock">Raga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rock" title="Indonesian rock">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_rock" title="Israeli rock">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_kei" title="Visual kei">Visual kei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_rock" title="Korean rock">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_rock" title="Malaysian rock">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_kapak" title="Rock kapak">Rock kapak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_rock" title="Nepalese rock">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rock" title="Pakistani rock">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_rock" title="Sufi rock">Sufi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Russia" title="Rock music in Russia">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_rock" title="Taiwanese rock">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_rock" title="Thai rock">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Turkish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Angola" title="Rock music in Angola">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">Sahara desert region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamrock" title="Zamrock">Zambian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Australia" title="Rock music in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_New_Zealand" title="Rock music in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_rock" title="Active rock">Active rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_album_alternative" title="Adult album alternative">Adult album alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Album-oriented_rock" title="Album-oriented rock">Album-oriented rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_rock" title="Classic rock">Classic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_rock" title="Mainstream rock">Mainstream rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_rock" title="Modern rock">Modern rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock_(radio_format)" title="Progressive rock (radio format)">Progressive rock (radio format)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>History</li><li>Culture</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_rock_music" title="List of years in rock music">List of years in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_rock_and_roll" title="Origins of rock and roll">Origins of rock and roll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_in_rock_music" title="Electronics in rock music">Electronics in rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_rock_music" title="Social effects of rock music">Social effects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Communism" title="Rock Against Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Sexism" title="Rock Against Sexism">Rock Against Sexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_and_the_fall_of_communism" title="Rock music and the fall of communism">Rock music and the fall of communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockism_and_poptimism" title="Rockism and poptimism">Rockism and poptimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_rock" title="Women in rock">Women in rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatlesque" title="Beatlesque">Beatlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rock_genres" title="List of rock genres">List of rock genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorik" title="Motorik">Motorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rock and Roll Hall of Fame">Rock and Roll Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_concert" title="Rock concert">Rock concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_festival" title="Rock festival">Rock festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_musical" title="Rock musical">Rock musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_opera" title="Rock opera">Rock opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagnerian_rock" title="Wagnerian rock">Wagnerian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Rock_music" title="Category:Rock music">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rock_music" title="Portal:Rock music">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Contemporary_Christian_music103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Contemporary_Christian_Music" title="Template:Contemporary Christian Music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Contemporary_Christian_Music" title="Template talk:Contemporary Christian Music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Contemporary_Christian_Music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Contemporary Christian Music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Contemporary_Christian_music103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Contemporary Christian music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_country_music" title="Christian country music">Christian country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_electronic_dance_music" title="Christian electronic dance music">Christian electronic dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian hip hop">Christian hip hop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Christian rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_alternative_rock" title="Christian alternative rock">Christian alternative rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_metal" title="Christian metal">Christian metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_death_metal" title="Christian death metal">Christian death metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unblack_metal" title="Unblack metal">Unblack metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_punk" title="Christian punk">Christian punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hardcore" title="Christian hardcore">Christian hardcore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ska" title="Christian ska">Christian ska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_worship_music" title="Contemporary worship music">Contemporary worship music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Geistliches_Lied" title="Neues Geistliches Lied">Neues Geistliches Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary_gospel" title="Urban contemporary gospel">Urban contemporary gospel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_music_in_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religious music in America (page does not exist)">Religious music in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_music" title="Jesus music">Jesus music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music" title="Contemporary Christian music">Contemporary Christian music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key executives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Carmichael" title="Ralph Carmichael">Ralph Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tommy_Coomes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tommy Coomes (page does not exist)">Tommy Coomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Curb" title="Mike Curb">Mike Curb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cam_Floria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cam Floria (page does not exist)">Cam Floria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Ray_Hearn" title="Billy Ray Hearn">Billy Ray Hearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Kaiser" title="Kurt Kaiser">Kurt Kaiser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ_Superstar" title="Jesus Christ Superstar">Jesus Christ Superstar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politics_and_contemporary_Christian_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politics and contemporary Christian music (page does not exist)">Politics and contemporary Christian music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_music_and_contemporary_Christian_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popular music and contemporary Christian music (page does not exist)">Popular music and contemporary Christian music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_and_contemporary_Christian_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Television and contemporary Christian music (page does not exist)">Television and contemporary Christian music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distribution and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Artists_Seminar_in_the_Rockies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Artists Seminar in the Rockies (page does not exist)">Christian Artists Seminar in the Rockies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Booksellers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Booksellers Association">Christian Booksellers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_radio_and_contemporary_Christian_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian radio and contemporary Christian music (page does not exist)">Christian radio and contemporary Christian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMA_Dove_Award" title="GMA Dove Award">GMA Dove Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian festivals">Christian festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gospel_Grammy_Awards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gospel Grammy Awards (page does not exist)">Gospel Grammy Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Music_Association" title="Gospel Music Association">Gospel Music Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="Gospel Music Hall of Fame">Gospel Music Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praise_and_Worship_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Praise and Worship music">Praise and Worship music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_record_labels" title="List of Christian record labels">Christan record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retail_and_contemporary_Christian_music&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retail and contemporary Christian music (page does not exist)">Retail and contemporary Christian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pop_rock253" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pop_rock" title="Template:Pop rock"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pop_rock" title="Template talk:Pop rock"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pop_rock" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pop rock"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pop_rock253" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">Pop rock</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Pop music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">Doo-wop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emo_pop" title="Emo pop">Emo pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_pop" title="Indie pop">Indie pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twee_pop" title="Twee pop">Twee pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangle_pop" title="Jangle pop">Jangle pop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunedin Sound">Dunedin Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paisley_Underground" title="Paisley Underground">Paisley Underground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_metal" title="Pop metal">Pop metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-punk" title="Pop-punk">Pop-punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)" title="Two-tone (music genre)">2 Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skate_punk" title="Skate punk">Skate punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_pop" title="Power pop">Power pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatlesque" title="Beatlesque">Beatlesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brill_Building_(genre)" title="Brill Building (genre)">Brill Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubblegum_music" title="Bubblegum music">Bubblegum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Pop" class="mw-redirect" title="New Pop">New Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-grunge" title="Post-grunge">Post-grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" 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