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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dios-Dios_Rebellions_of_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dios-Dios_Rebellions_of_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dios-Dios Rebellions of the 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dios-Dios_Rebellions_of_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Pulahan_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Pulahan_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The Pulahan campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Pulahan_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leyte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leyte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Leyte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leyte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Samar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the religious movement. For the political movement, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Socialism_in_the_Philippines" title="Category:Socialism in the Philippines">Category:Socialism in the Philippines</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religious movement in the Philippines</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Pulahan</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Currently none; <br />10,000–15,000 (c.1900)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Founder</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Dios_Buhawi" title="Dios Buhawi">Dios Buhawi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">(<a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Scriptures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Bible, texts relating to <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Visayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan languages">Visayan languages</a>, Spanish, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pulahan</b> (literally "those wearing red" in <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">pulajanes</i>), also known as <b>dios-dios</b>, were the members of a <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">religious revival</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine beliefs</a> that developed in the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>. At its peak, it numbered around 10,000–15,000 adherents. The movement was severely crippled during the Philippine Revolution after the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a> took over patrols in <a href="/wiki/Samar_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samar (island)">Samar</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/U.S._military" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. military">U.S. military</a> declared the island as "pacified". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulahan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_mythology_barnstar_protection_amulet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Philippine_mythology_barnstar_protection_amulet.jpg/120px-Philippine_mythology_barnstar_protection_amulet.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Philippine_mythology_barnstar_protection_amulet.jpg/180px-Philippine_mythology_barnstar_protection_amulet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Philippine_mythology_barnstar_protection_amulet.jpg/240px-Philippine_mythology_barnstar_protection_amulet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>An <i>agimat</i>, intended to be worn with a necklace.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pulahanes practiced a <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretic</a> religious revival centered mostly on <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk Catholicism</a>. Individual beliefs include the <a href="/wiki/Agimat" title="Agimat">anting-antings</a> as well as the revival of the <a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">babaylan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indigenous fighting techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Eskrima" class="mw-redirect" title="Eskrima">eskrima</a> were also used in the elite and ferocious combat style.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They practiced a form indigenous <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> called Derobio Eskrima and they specialize using a heavy, crescent-shaped <a href="/wiki/Bolo_knife" title="Bolo knife">bolo knife</a> in their battles. Religious rituals using bottles of <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">holy oil</a>, prayer books such as the Bible, consecrated <i><a href="/wiki/Anting-anting" class="mw-redirect" title="Anting-anting">anting-anting</a></i>, as blessings before battles. </p><p>Americans have described Pulahanes as notorious fighters and are experts in hand-to-hand combat. <a href="/wiki/Battle_cry" title="Battle cry">War cries</a> were also common among their fighters. They have also been described as lacking in strategy due to their high casualty figures in battles such as the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Dolores" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre at Dolores">Massacre at Dolores</a>. They were the subject of many laws passed during the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial period</a> and have often been accused of <a href="/wiki/Banditry" title="Banditry">banditry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Curry_(politician)" title="George Curry (politician)">George Curry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Samar" title="Governor of Samar">Governor of Samar</a>, wrote about the Pulahan in a 1907 report: "...Pulahanes are nearly all ignorant, superstitious persons, and are easily influenced for good or for evil. It is therefore necessary that they be closely watched and brought under our influence, to the end that within a few years they may no longer have the desire to lead a wild and lawless life. They are not naturally bad people, and I know that they can be reclaimed to civilization if brought under the influences mentioned above. Missionaries are badly needed for these people. They are all naturally religious and a good priest could exercise more influence over them than anyone else. " </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulahan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 19th century saw the rise of the <i>dios-dios</i> "shamans". <i>Dios-dios</i> (literally "<a href="/wiki/False_prophet" title="False prophet">god pretender</a>" or "false god", from Spanish <i>dios</i>) were religious leaders so named because of their penchant for identifying themselves with Christian religious figures. They led <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a>-like religious movements, promising prosperity, supernatural powers, or healing to their followers. Most were mere <a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">charlatans</a> selling amulets and magical pieces of paper. Their members were mostly from the illiterate rural poor who had little knowledge of formal Catholic teachings and were living in extreme poverty under colonial rule.<sup id="cite_ref-marco2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marco2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>dios-dios</i> movement was initially purely religious. </p><p>There are numerous examples of <i>dios-dios</i> leaders in the 19th century. They include Lungao, a healer from <a href="/wiki/Ilocos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilocos">Ilocos</a> who claimed he was Jesus Christ in 1811; Ignacio Dimas, who led the "Tres Cristos" ("Three Christs") of <a href="/wiki/Libmanan,_Camarines_Sur" class="mw-redirect" title="Libmanan, Camarines Sur">Libmanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_C%C3%A1ceres" title="Nueva Cáceres">Nueva Cáceres</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a>) who claimed they had supernatural powers over diseases in 1865; Benedicta, an old woman and a healer who called herself "La Santa de Leyte" ("The Saint of Leyte") in 1862 and prophesied that the island of <a href="/wiki/Leyte" title="Leyte">Leyte</a> would sink;<sup id="cite_ref-marco2001_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marco2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clara Tarrosa, an eighty-year-old <i>babaylan</i> in <a href="/wiki/Tigbauan" title="Tigbauan">Tigbauan</a>, Iloilo in the late 1880s who proclaimed herself the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> and isolated herself and her followers from Spanish rule;<sup id="cite_ref-davis2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francisco Gonzalez (alias "Francisco Sales" or "Fruto Sales") of <a href="/wiki/Jaro,_Leyte" title="Jaro, Leyte">Jaro, Leyte</a> who claimed in 1888 that he was a king sent to save people from another <a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">great flood</a> by leading them to a city that would rise from the waves; and many more. These movements were usually suppressed by the Spanish by imprisoning their leaders or exiling them.<sup id="cite_ref-marco2001_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marco2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dios-Dios_Rebellions_of_the_19th_century">Dios-Dios Rebellions of the 19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulahan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dios-Dios Rebellions of the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The movement began on 1887, when <a href="/wiki/Dios_Buhawi" title="Dios Buhawi">Ponciano Elofre</a> the <i><a href="/wiki/Cabeza_de_Barangay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabeza de Barangay">Cabeza de Barangay</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Zamboanguita" title="Zamboanguita">Zamboanguita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negros_Oriental" title="Negros Oriental">Negros Oriental</a>, failed to collect all the taxes from his constituents. As a response Spanish soldiers beat his father, Cris Elofre, to death to teach him a lesson. Thereafter, he rallied the people against the forced payment of taxes to the Spanish government.<sup id="cite_ref-noh_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His movement would soon incorporate <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a>, as well as the celebration of the ancient rites of the <i><a href="/wiki/Babaylan" class="mw-redirect" title="Babaylan">babaylan</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">shaman</a>), with the intention of reviving aspects of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a>. He renamed himself as <a href="/wiki/Dios_Buhawi" title="Dios Buhawi">Dios Buhawi</a> (literally "Whirlwind God") and proclaimed himself the savior of the people. Emulating the ancient <i>asog</i> shamans, he dressed in women's clothing and assumed feminine mannerisms even though he was married to a woman. He claimed supernatural powers much like the ancient <i>dalagangan</i>. He called his followers "Pulahanes", who numbered about 2,000 (whom the Spanish authorities called the <i>babaylanes</i>) and would regularly attack Spanish-controlled towns.<sup id="cite_ref-noh_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its momentum, the movement was unable to achieve its goals. The activities of Elofre so alarmed the Spanish colonial government that Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Valeriano_Weyler" title="Valeriano Weyler">Valeriano Weyler</a> sent 500 men of the <i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Philippines)" title="Civil Guard (Philippines)">Guardia Civil</a></i> and a battleship to Negros to deal with the threat.<sup id="cite_ref-bankoff_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bankoff-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 22 August 1887, Elofre raided <a href="/wiki/Siaton" title="Siaton">Siaton</a>, the town adjoining Zamboanguita, and was killed in the encounter with colonial forces. His wife, Flaviana Tubigan, and relatives attempted to continue the movement, but they were eventually captured and exiled by Spanish authorities. They were succeeded by Ka Martin de la Cruz, of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catalina,_Negros_Oriental" title="Santa Catalina, Negros Oriental">Tolong</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Negros_Oriental" title="Negros Oriental">Negros Oriental</a>, Elofre's lieutenant. De la Cruz' command of the <i>babaylanes</i> degenerated into banditry. When the Spanish authorities failed in their bid to capture him, on 11 September 1893, de la Cruz was killed in a trap laid by his own mistress, Alfonsa Alaidan. The remaining Buhawi followers, were later recruited by <a href="/wiki/Papa_Isio" title="Papa Isio">Papa Isio</a> when he began to organize his own group of <i>babaylanes</i> in another revolt against Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mccoy_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccoy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aguilar98_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aguilar98-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marco2001_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marco2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Papa_Isio%22_(Dionisio_Magbuelas)_(1907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%22Papa_Isio%22_%28Dionisio_Magbuelas%29_%281907%29.jpg/220px-%22Papa_Isio%22_%28Dionisio_Magbuelas%29_%281907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%22Papa_Isio%22_%28Dionisio_Magbuelas%29_%281907%29.jpg/330px-%22Papa_Isio%22_%28Dionisio_Magbuelas%29_%281907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/%22Papa_Isio%22_%28Dionisio_Magbuelas%29_%281907%29.jpg/440px-%22Papa_Isio%22_%28Dionisio_Magbuelas%29_%281907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5320" data-file-height="7130" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papa_Isio" title="Papa Isio">Papa Isio</a> with two <i>babaylanes</i> followers in a prison in <a href="/wiki/Bacolod" title="Bacolod">Bacolod</a> after his surrender to American authorities in 1907. Note his "<a href="/wiki/Papal_vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal vestments">Papal vestments</a>" and the woman's dress worn by the man to his left.</figcaption></figure> <p>The last significant <i>dios-dios</i> rebellion in the 19th century was led by <a href="/wiki/Papa_Isio" title="Papa Isio">Dionisio Magbuelas</a>, better known as <a href="/wiki/Papa_Isio" title="Papa Isio">Papa Isio</a>, meaning "Pope Isio". Papa Isio was a son of migrants from <a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a>. By 1880 at 34 years old, he was involved in a scuffle with a <a href="/wiki/Spaniard" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaniard">Spaniard</a>. Fearing reprisal from the colonial government, he fled to the mountains, where he met <a href="/wiki/Dios_Buhawi" title="Dios Buhawi">Dios Buhawi</a>, leader of the Pulahanes. He joined the Dios Buhawi group. In 1896 Papa Isio organized his own <i>babaylanes</i> group from remnants of Buhawi's followers, in <a href="/wiki/Himamaylan" title="Himamaylan">Himamaylan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negros_Occidental" title="Negros Occidental">Negros Occidental</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his leadership, the movement would become more organized and he led a new revolt beginning in <a href="/wiki/Himamaylan" title="Himamaylan">Himamaylan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-noh_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noh-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement would continue until the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> in August 1898. During this era, the movement rapidly gained adherents and began setting up base camp on the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kanlaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Kanlaon">Mount Kanlaon</a>. Soon, they began to have sympathy for the <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a>, and entered a pact with <a href="/wiki/Aniceto_Lacson" title="Aniceto Lacson">Aniceto Lacson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Araneta" title="Juan Araneta">Juan Araneta</a>, leaders of the Katipunan-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Negros_Revolution" title="Negros Revolution">Negros Revolution</a>. After the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Republic of Negros</a> in November 1898, tensions began to arise with their new allies. This led to a boiling point when the leaders of this republic signed a treaty with the United States. Papa Isio immediately withdrew his allegiance from this government and began his new offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Philippines was ceded to the United States after the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, Papa Isio was initially made "military chief" of <a href="/wiki/La_Castellana,_Negros_Occidental" title="La Castellana, Negros Occidental">La Castellana, Negros Occidental</a> under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Military Government of the Philippine Islands">American government</a>. However, he picked up armed resistance again in 1899 during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>. His movement ended on 6 August 1907, when Papa Isio surrendered to American authorities and was sentenced to death. This was later commuted to life imprisonment and he died in the <a href="/wiki/New_Bilibid_Prison" title="New Bilibid Prison">Manila Bilibid Prison</a> in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-constantino1975_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantino1975-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sa-onoy_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa-onoy-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vds_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vds-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another <i>dios-dios</i> uprising was led by a shaman named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregorio_Lampinio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregorio Lampinio (page does not exist)">Gregorio Lampinio</a> (better known as "Gregorio Dios", and also known as "Hilario Pablo" or "Papa") in <a href="/wiki/Antique_(province)" title="Antique (province)">Antique</a> from 1888. The uprising was formed near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mount_Balabago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mount Balabago (page does not exist)">Mount Balabago</a>, a sacred pilgrimage site for shamans. Lampinio led a force of around 400 people. They collected <i>contribuciones babaylanes</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_tax" title="Revolutionary tax">revolutionary tax</a>), disseminated anti-colonial ideas, and launched attacks on towns in Antique and Iloilo. The group was eventually suppressed by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Philippines)" title="Civil Guard (Philippines)">Guardia Civil</a> by 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-marco2001_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marco2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Pulahan_campaign">The Pulahan campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulahan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Pulahan campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concurrent with Papa Isio's rebellion in Negros Occidental against American rule, the <i>dios-dios</i> movement in eastern Visayas turned their attention to the new <a href="/wiki/Insular_Government_of_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Insular Government of the Philippine Islands">American colonial government</a>. Calling themselves the Pulajanes ("those who wear red"). Like their predecessors, they claimed supernatural powers and used fetishistic amulets, holy oils, and magic spells in battle. They attacked both American troops and local Filipinos cooperating with the American colonial government. <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Smith" title="James Francis Smith">James Francis Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a>, wrote about the Pulahanes in a 1906 report: <i>"To many the word "pulahan" is synonymous with that of bandit or robber. This designation... is hardly proper. The pulahanes of Leyte and Samar can hardly be called robbers or thieves. Indeed, as a rule the pulahan is hard working, industrious, and not at all disposed to violence unless impelled to it by long continued wrongs or by the potent influence of religious fanaticism. All the trouble in Leyte and in Samar was due in a large degree to injustices perpetrated upon the people... Education and just treatment will make out of the pulahan a good citizen"</i><sup id="cite_ref-marco2001_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marco2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constantino1975_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantino1975-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Leyte">Leyte</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulahan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Leyte"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faustino_Ablen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Faustino_Ablen.png/220px-Faustino_Ablen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Faustino_Ablen.png/330px-Faustino_Ablen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Faustino_Ablen.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>Pulahan leader Faustino Ablen after he was captured by the Philippine Constabulary at his mountain hideout in <a href="/wiki/Dagami,_Leyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagami, Leyte">Dagami</a> on 11 June 1907.</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1902 to 1907 the Pulahanes challenged the American authorities in Leyte, led by Faustino Ablen ("Papa Faustino"), an illiterate peasant who assumed the title of pope. Ablen claimed to have supernatural powers and sold <a href="/wiki/Agimat" title="Agimat">anting-anting</a> that would render one invisible to the enemy and holy oil that could cure any ailment. Ablen promised his followers that after victory, he would lead them to a mountain top on which stood seven churches made of gold, and they would be re-united with dead relatives and lost carabaos. Ablen's troops attacked American forces and captured weapons where they could, however their primary weapon remained the <a href="/wiki/Bolo_knife" title="Bolo knife">bolo</a>. They would also attack Filipino's who collaborated with the Americans. For example, during the raid on <a href="/wiki/Carigara" title="Carigara">Carigara</a>, they beheaded the local presidente, killed his wife and kidnapped his children. They did not harm innocent locals, their only purpose was to obtain weapons and wreak vengeance on the town police. Despite determined campaigns by the Constabulary, the revolt continued to grow. In some battles, the movement managed to deploy five hundred to one thousand men. The government was so alarmed that it offered a 2000 peso reward for Papa Faustino, dead or alive. US Major General <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Leonard Wood</a> sent four battalions of the US Army to Leyte to crush the rebellion. This finally broke the rebellion into exceedingly smaller groups that were forced to deploy guerilla tactics. On May 25, 1907, Papa Faustino's wife and family were captured.<sup id="cite_ref-SanFranciscoCall_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanFranciscoCall-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 11, 1907, a detachment of Philippine Scouts chanced upon four Pulahan fighters and opened fire. Three men escaped, but one was captured. He was Papa Faustino. With his capture, the rebellion in Leyte came to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-constantino_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantino-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Samar">Samar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulahan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Samar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a>'s surrender to the Americans in the Philippine-American War in 1901, the resistance continued in Samar, led by general <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Lukb%C3%A1n" title="Vicente Lukbán">Vicente Lukbán</a>. The hardships the local population went through by the hands of the US Army, such as the genocidal <a href="/wiki/March_across_Samar" title="March across Samar">March across Samar</a>, instilled a deep hatred for the Americans among the Samareño's.. Thus, after Lukban's secret headquarters along the Cadac-an River was taken over by the Americans on 17 November 1901, several rebel leaders refused to surrender and retreated to the interior of the island, including Lukban who had escaped. Among the rebel leaders were Pablo Bulan ("Papa Pablo"), Antonio Anugar, and Pedro de la Cruz. All of them were members of the Dios-Dios. After Lukban was captured on 18 February 1902, Papa Pablo became the leader of the resistance. From 1902 to 1904, Papa Pablo built up his forces in the mountains, which were estimated at 7,000 by 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldimayuga_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldimayuga-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Americans brought them the same corrupt officials, new taxes and laws, the local population began to join the Pulahanes and launch attacks on the government. </p><p> Colonel Enrique Villareal Dagohob (or Daguhob) was a college-educated native of Bicol, who served in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Catubig" title="Siege of Catubig">Siege of Catubig</a> in April 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-Linn_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linn-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 233">: 233 </span></sup> He was jailed in his native Masbate from 1902, under the name Andres Villasis (which according to the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Commission" title="Philippine Commission">Philippine Commission</a> was probably his real name), until 24 February 1903. On this day he escaped with five other accomplices. After escaping jail, he went to Leyte and became a prominent military leader, where he was known as Enrique Villareal. In the spring of 1904, he went to Samar under the new pseudonym Dagohob, which means "strong wind" or "thunder" in the Visayan language.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He left Leyte for Samar because of the more favorable war conditions and the strained relations with other Pulahanes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his arrival, Dagohob set up a base in <a href="/wiki/Catubig" title="Catubig">Catubig</a> in Eastern Samar. After being given a considerable amount of freedom by the Pulahan leaders, perhaps because of his superior education, Dagohob quickly took over the leadership of northeastern Samar and bolstered the Pulahan movement on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dagohob planned to drive the local population into the mountainous interior of the island by the destruction of towns and villages, after which they would be influenced to join the resistance. The government responded by stationing troops and warning the local residents not to leave their settlements. As the Pulahanes had grown too strong for the Constabulary and Philippine Scouts to handle, the US Army relieved the Constabulary forces in December 1904. However, attacks continued and more weapons were captured. The Constabulary forces were then sent into the heart of Pulahan territory. One detachment established a fort at San Ramon, which the Pulahanes soon attacked. The following description of the assault was made: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The first assault party consisted of sixty bolomen, each of whom had two bolos lashed to their wrists. Others carried long poles with burning torches to burn the grass roofs and force its occupants into the open where they could be chopped down by the fanatical bolomen... the main attack unfolded with 700 red-and-white-uniformed pulajanes shouting "Tad! Tad!", as they stormed the fortress. The bolomen received supporting rifle fire from the nearby brush but it was not effective as the pulajanes were notoriously poor shots. All night the battle raged and gradually the pulajan bodies piled up outside the fort. Hundreds of pulajanes were wounded while 100 were killed outright before Anugar (the leader) called the assault broken off.</p></blockquote> <p>A devastating battle for the movement was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dolores_River" title="Battle of Dolores River">Battle of Dolores River</a> on 12 December 1904, in <a href="/wiki/Samar" title="Samar">Samar</a>, when over 1,000 Pulahanes led by Pedro de la Cruz were massacred by the 38-man contingency of the United States-led <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a>. The 38th was ambushed en route, by over 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Pulahanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulahanes">Pulahanes</a>. As the Pulahanes rushed, waving colorful banners and shouting "Tad-Tad!" (<i>Tadtad</i>, "Cut To Pieces!") they were met with a volley of rifle-fire that stopped their advance. The Constables held their ground and repelled the attacks, inflicting heavy losses with accurate and steady rifle fire. The Pulahanes were far greater in number, however, and they eventually wiped out the entire scout force. Of the 43-man contingent, the officer and 37 of his men were killed. The Pulajans on the other hand, suffered much heavier losses. Estimates range as high as 300 dead before the Constabulary fell. The pulahan fighters were able to capture 38 <a href="/wiki/Krag-J%C3%B8rgensen" class="mw-redirect" title="Krag-Jørgensen">Krags</a> rifles, along with a large amount of ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-Foreman_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foreman-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 551">: 551 </span></sup> </p><p>After several captures of guns by the Pulahanes, their force grew stronger, both in firepower and in the boldness of the fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By February 1905 the Pulahanes dominated many areas of the island. The government had practically no control of Samar, which was limited to military posts. To make headway, eastern Samar was placed under complete control of the regular army, while the Constabulary retained control over the more peaceful western side. In a surprise attack in July 1905, American troops killed Dagohob, after which many of his followers surrendered and resistance in the area he controlled stopped. In August, Antonio Anugar was also killed. Early in 1906, Nazario Aguillar and 130 of his men agreed to surrender, however this was only a ruse, as during the surrender ceremony they suddenly attacked instead of giving up their arms. It was a suicidal attempt as 43 Pulahanes were killed, but they did kill 22 Constables.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldimayuga_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldimayuga-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1906, de la Cruz was killed in battle and a number of his officers were captured. A few days later, Constables attacked Papa Pablo's camp and killed him. Only one leader of importance remained, Isidro Pompac, also known as Otoy, who assumed control and the title of Papa. By this time, the Pulahanes were much weakened and Otoy roamed from place to place to evade capture. <a href="/wiki/George_Curry_(politician)" title="George Curry (politician)">George Curry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Samar" title="Governor of Samar">Governor of Samar</a>, wrote about the Pulahan in a 1907 report: "Pulahanism" has almost ceased to exist in this province (Samar). Otoy, assisted by Angeles and a few others, is in the mountains between Borongan and Basey with some fifty or sixty followers. They have been so closely pressed by the military, constabulary, and volunteers that they have not made an attack on any of the towns or force since November 1906. Since my last report, Papa Pablo, the religious head of the Pulahanes, Pedro de la Cruz, the fighting leader, Lucente Picardel, and several other leaders have been killed." Major J.B. Murphy was senior inspector and leader of the Samar <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a>, tasked with capturing Pulahan leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-constantino_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantino-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curry appointed former <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> Army Officers Congressman <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Daza" title="Eugenio Daza">Eugenio Daza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narciso_Abuke" title="Narciso Abuke">Narciso Abuke</a> to serve directly under Murphy as Captains. Daza oversaw East-Samar and Abuke West-Samar. As captains, they appointed subordinate officers and enlisted men. Many of the men Daza recruited served under him during the Philippine Revolution and Philippine-American War. Daza and Abuke led companies of 100 armed men each. Daza negotiated with, and arrested, Cipriano "Teducduc" Amango the leader of the Southeastern Samar Pulahan and leader of the <a href="/wiki/George_Curry_(politician)#Magtaon_Attack" title="George Curry (politician)">Magtaon Attack</a>. Teducduc was formerly a revolutionary under Daza during the Philippine-American War.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the barrio of Napta-an, Daza and his men encountered a major group of Pulahanes. Daza's victory here is credited as the victory that led to the eventual defeat of the Pulahan in Samar.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murphy is credited with killing the religious head, Papa Pablo. Abuke and his men are credited with killing their fighting leader, Pedro de la Cruz and 20 of his men. Four years later on 1 October 1911, a Constabulary force managed to locate Otoy's small band and killed them. This ended the Pulahan resistance. In Samar alone, 7000 Pulahanes had died.<sup id="cite_ref-constantino_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constantino-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulahan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_shamans" title="Filipino shamans">Filipino shamans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balangiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Balangiga">Battle of Balangiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulahan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211152844/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/bac/2006/11/04/oped/gil.alfredo.severino.think.economics.html">"Severino: Cinco de Noviembre: Revolution or Hacienda?"</a>. 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Jr. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clashofspiritshi00agui"><i>Clash of Spirits: The History of Power and Sugar Planter Hegemony on a Visayan Island</i></a></span>. University of Hawaii Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clashofspiritshi00agui/page/27">27</a>–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824820824" title="Special:BookSources/9780824820824"><bdi>9780824820824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clash+of+Spirits%3A+The+History+of+Power+and+Sugar+Planter+Hegemony+on+a+Visayan+Island&rft.pages=27-46&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780824820824&rft.aulast=Aguilar&rft.aufirst=Filomeno+V.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclashofspiritshi00agui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cuesta, Angel Martinez, OAR: <i>History of Negros.</i>, Historical Conservation Society, Manila, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130119164325/http://www.cockatoo.com/english/philippines/philippines_islands_negros_revolution.htm">"Philippines Islands negros revolution"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cockatoo.com/english/philippines/philippines_islands_negros_revolution.htm">the original</a> on 19 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines+Islands+negros+revolution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cockatoo.com%2Fenglish%2Fphilippines%2Fphilippines_islands_negros_revolution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constantino1975-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constantino1975_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constantino1975_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConstantinoConstantino1975" class="citation book cs1">Constantino, Renato; Constantino, Letizia R. 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The Visayan Daily Star. 10 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visayandailystar.com/2009/November/10/people.htm">the original</a> on 13 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Papa+Isio+marker+unveiled&rft.pub=The+Visayan+Daily+Star&rft.date=2009-11-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visayandailystar.com%2F2009%2FNovember%2F10%2Fpeople.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SanFranciscoCall-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SanFranciscoCall_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19070612.2.36&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">"San Francisco Call, Volume 102, Number 12, 12 June 1907"</a>. 12 June 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=San+Francisco+Call%2C+Volume+102%2C+Number+12%2C+12+June+1907&rft.date=1907-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdnc.ucr.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fcdnc%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DSFC19070612.2.36%26e%3D-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constantino-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-constantino_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constantino_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-constantino_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConstantino1975" class="citation book cs1">Constantino, Renato (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://siagrey.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/the-philippines-a-past-revisited-renato-constantino.pdf"><i>The Philippines: A Past Revisited</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Past+Revisited&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Constantino&rft.aufirst=Renato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsiagrey.files.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F09%2Fthe-philippines-a-past-revisited-renato-constantino.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldimayuga-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldimayuga_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldimayuga_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDimayuga" class="citation web cs1">Dimayuga, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibingka.baybayin.com/phg/religious/default.htm">"Messianic Leaders of the Revolution"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Messianic+Leaders+of+the+Revolution&rft.aulast=Dimayuga&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibingka.baybayin.com%2Fphg%2Freligious%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linn-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linn_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linn, B.M., <i>The Philippine War, 1899–1902</i>, Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700612254" title="Special:BookSources/0700612254">0700612254</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForbes1905" class="citation book cs1">Forbes (1905). <i>United States. Philippine Commission (1900–1916): Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War, Part 1</i>. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1903.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States.+Philippine+Commission+%281900%E2%80%931916%29%3A+Report+of+the+Philippine+Commission+to+the+Secretary+of+War%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office%2C+1903&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Forbes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPelorina2015" class="citation book cs1">Pelorina, Renato N. (2 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchersworld.com/vol6/issue2/Paper_06.pdf"><i>PLUNDER OF PARADISE: THE HISTORY OF FOREST DENUDATION OF MASBATE ISLAND, THE PHILIPPINES, 1870–1946</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PLUNDER+OF+PARADISE%3A+THE+HISTORY+OF+FOREST+DENUDATION+OF+MASBATE+ISLAND%2C+THE+PHILIPPINES%2C+1870%E2%80%931946&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft.aulast=Pelorina&rft.aufirst=Renato+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchersworld.com%2Fvol6%2Fissue2%2FPaper_06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurley2011" class="citation book cs1">Hurley, Vic (14 June 2011). <i>Jungle Patrol, the Story of the Philippine Constabulary (1901–1936)</i>. p. 233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jungle+Patrol%2C+the+Story+of+the+Philippine+Constabulary+%281901%E2%80%931936%29&rft.pages=233&rft.date=2011-06-14&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=Vic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foreman-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foreman_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foreman, J., 1906, <i>The Philippine Islands, A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago</i>, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForbes1906" class="citation book cs1">Forbes (1906). <i>Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War</i>. United States. Philippine Commission (1899–1900). p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Philippine+Commission+to+the+Secretary+of+War&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=United+States.+Philippine+Commission+%281899%E2%80%931900%29&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Forbes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinn1999" class="citation journal cs1">Linn, Brian (January 1999). "The Pulahan Campaign: A Study in US Pacification". <i>War in History</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">60–</span>63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096834459900600102">10.1177/096834459900600102</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26014110">26014110</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=The+Pulahan+Campaign%3A+A+Study+in+US+Pacification&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1999-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096834459900600102&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26014110%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Some Documents of the Philippine-American War in Samar". <i>Leyte-Samar Studies</i>. <b>XVII</b>: <span class="nowrap">165–</span>187. 1983.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leyte-Samar+Studies&rft.atitle=Some+Documents+of+the+Philippine-American+War+in+Samar&rft.volume=XVII&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E187&rft.date=1983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulahan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlejandrino1949" class="citation book cs1">Alejandrino, Jose M. (1949). <i>The Price of Freedom</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Price+of+Freedom&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Alejandrino&rft.aufirst=Jose+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConstantino1972" class="citation book cs1">Constantino, Renato (1972). <i>The Philippines: A Past Revisited</i>. Manila.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philippines%3A+A+Past+Revisited&rft.place=Manila&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Constantino&rft.aufirst=Renato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIleto1979" class="citation book cs1">Ileto, Reynaldo (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pasyonrevolution00reyn"><i>Pasyon and revolution: Popular Movements in the Philippines, 1840–1910</i></a></span>. Quezon City. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789711130855" title="Special:BookSources/9789711130855"><bdi>9789711130855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pasyon+and+revolution%3A+Popular+Movements+in+the+Philippines%2C+1840%E2%80%931910&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9789711130855&rft.aulast=Ileto&rft.aufirst=Reynaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpasyonrevolution00reyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinn1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_McAllister_Linn" title="Brian McAllister Linn">Linn, Brian McAllister</a> (1999). "The Pulahan Campaign: A Study in US Pacification". <i>War in History</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F096834459900600102">10.1177/096834459900600102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=The+Pulahan+Campaign%3A+A+Study+in+US+Pacification&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F096834459900600102&rft.aulast=Linn&rft.aufirst=Brian+McAllister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMay1981" class="citation book cs1">May, Glenn Anthony (1981). <i>Battle for Batangas, a Philippine province at war</i>. New Haven.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+for+Batangas%2C+a+Philippine+province+at+war&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Glenn+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOchosa1989" class="citation book cs1">Ochosa, Orlino A (1989). <i>The Tinio Brigade: Anti-American resistance in the Ilocos provinces 1899–1901</i>. Quezon City.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tinio+Brigade%3A+Anti-American+resistance+in+the+Ilocos+provinces+1899%E2%80%931901&rft.place=Quezon+City&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ochosa&rft.aufirst=Orlino+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoth1981" class="citation book cs1">Roth, Russell (1981). <i>Muddy Glory: America's "Indian Wars" in the Philippines 1899–1935</i>. Boston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muddy+Glory%3A+America%27s+%22Indian+Wars%22+in+the+Philippines+1899%E2%80%931935&rft.place=Boston&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSturtevant1976" class="citation book cs1">Sturtevant, David R (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/popularuprisings0000stur"><i>Popular Uprisings in the Philippines 1840–1940</i></a></span>. Ithaca. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801408779" title="Special:BookSources/9780801408779"><bdi>9780801408779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Uprisings+in+the+Philippines+1840%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780801408779&rft.aulast=Sturtevant&rft.aufirst=David+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopularuprisings0000stur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APulahan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulahan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020039/http://www.pia.gov.ph/pubs/kalayaan2004.pdf">Messianic complex:Undying faith and the struggle for Kalayaan by Jolita C. Atienza (p15)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070407153817/http://www.bibingka.com/phg/religious/default.htm">Messianic Leaders of the Revolution by Paul Dimayuga</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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id="Philippine_Revolution174" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Philippine_Revolution" title="Template:Campaignbox Philippine Revolution">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="Category:People of the Philippine Revolution">People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Pre-revolutionary revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_Movement" title="Propaganda Movement">Propaganda Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmero_Conspiracy" title="Palmero Conspiracy">Palmero Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomburza" title="Gomburza">Gomburza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concurrent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cry_of_Pugad_Lawin" title="Cry of Pugad Lawin">Cry of Pugad Lawin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonifacio_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonifacio Plan">Bonifacio Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Bonifacio" title="Tagalog Republic">Katagalugan (Bonifacio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga_in_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="Pampanga in the Philippine Revolution">Kapampangan Counterrevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imus_Assembly" title="Imus Assembly">Imus Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1897_Philippine_Supreme_Council_elections" title="1897 Philippine Supreme Council elections">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Junta" title="Hong Kong Junta">Hong Kong Junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">Dictatorial Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)">Revolutionary Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">Malolos Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Revolution" title="Negros Revolution">Negros Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Negros" title="Republic of Negros">Republic of Negros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_the_Visayas" title="Federal State of the Visayas">Federal State of the Visayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Zamboanga" title="Republic of Zamboanga">Republic of Zamboanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epilogue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic#Sakay" title="Tagalog Republic">Katagalugan (Sakay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Rebellion" title="Moro Rebellion">Moro Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_Law_(Philippines)" title="Jones Law (Philippines)">Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Manila_(1946)" title="Treaty of Manila (1946)">Treaty of Manila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Imperialist_League" title="American Anti-Imperialist League">American Anti-Imperialist League</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Iglesia Filipina Independiente</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Liga_Filipina" title="La Liga Filipina">La Liga Filipina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalo_(faction)" title="Magdalo (faction)">Magdalo faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdiwang_(faction)" title="Magdiwang (faction)">Magdiwang faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Constabulary" title="Philippine Constabulary">Philippine Constabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolutionary_Army" title="Philippine Revolutionary Army">Philippine Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulajanes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kartilya_ng_Katipunan" title="Kartilya ng Katipunan">Kartilya ng Katipunan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mi_%C3%BAltimo_adi%C3%B3s" title="Mi último adiós">Mi último adiós</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli Me Tángere</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Solidaridad" title="La Solidaridad">La Solidaridad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Philippine_Revolution" title="Flags of the Philippine Revolution">Flags of the Philippine Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_Philippine_Flag" title="Evolution of the Philippine Flag">"Evolution of the Philippine Flag" set</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag of the Philippines</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Marcha nacional filipina</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spoliarium" title="Spoliarium">Spoliarium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions_(including_their_mythologies_and_folklore)493" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_mythology" title="Template:Philippine mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_mythology" title="Template talk:Philippine mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Philippines&#124;link=Philippines_Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions_(including_their_mythologies_and_folklore)493" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">including their mythologies and folklore</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology#Creation_myths" title="Philippine mythology">Creation stories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_in_Filipino_cultures" title="Souls in Filipino cultures">Soul concepts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Supreme deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathala" title="Bathala">Bathala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan-Laon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kan-Laon">Kan-Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangindusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangindusa">Mangindusa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabunian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabunian (page does not exist)">Kabunian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lesser deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amihan_(mythology)" title="Amihan (mythology)">Amihan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakunawa" title="Bakunawa">Bakunawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayari" title="Mayari">Mayari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(goddess)" title="Tala (goddess)">Tala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Cacao" title="Maria Cacao">Cacao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Makiling" title="Maria Makiling">Makiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Sinukuan" title="Maria Sinukuan">Sinukuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epic and folklore heroes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ama-ron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ama-ron (page does not exist)">Ama-ron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aliguyon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aliguyon (page does not exist)">Aliguyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Carpio" title="Bernardo Carpio">Bernardo Carpio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daragang_Magayon" title="Daragang Magayon">Daragang Magayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datu_Daya" title="Datu Daya">Datu Daya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irong-Irong" class="mw-redirect" title="Irong-Irong">Irong-Irong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Tamad" title="Juan Tamad">Juan Tamad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalantiaw" title="Kalantiaw">Kalantiaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biag_ni_Lam-ang" title="Biag ni Lam-ang">Lam-ang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology#Creation_stories" title="Philippine mythology">Malakas and Maganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok" title="Sarimanok">Sarimanok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urduja" title="Urduja">Princess Urduja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dios_Buhawi" title="Dios Buhawi">Dios Buhawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Dagohoy" title="Francisco Dagohoy">Francisco Dagohoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papa_Isio" title="Papa Isio">Papa Isio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulajans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nardong_Putik" title="Nardong Putik">Nardong Putik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagohoy_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagohoy Rebellion">Dagohoy Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dolores_River" title="Battle of Dolores River">Battle of Dolores River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negros_Revolution" title="Negros Revolution">Negros Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belief systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab%C3%A2" title="Gabâ">Gabâ</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulajan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Witchcraft in the Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spiritual persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_shamans" title="Filipino shamans">Filipino shamans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datu" title="Datu">Datu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dambana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dambana">Sacred places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Apo" title="Mount Apo">Mount Apo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Arayat" title="Mount Arayat">Mount Arayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Banahaw" title="Mount Banahaw">Mount Banahaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanlaon_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanlaon Volcano">Mount Kanlaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lantoy" title="Mount Lantoy">Mount Lantoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Makiling" title="Mount Makiling">Mount Makiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayon_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayon Volcano">Mount Mayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pulag" title="Mount Pulag">Mount Pulag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legendary objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agimat" title="Agimat">Agimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Kalantiaw" title="Code of Kalantiaw">Code of Kalantiaw</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gintong_Salakot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gintong Salakot (page does not exist)">Gintong Salakot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythical_creatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine mythical creatures">Mythical creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapre" title="Kapre">Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_(legendary_creature)" title="Alan (legendary creature)">Alan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amalanhig" title="Amalanhig">Amalanhig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amomongo" title="Amomongo">Amomongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anggitay" title="Anggitay">Anggitay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aswang" title="Aswang">Aswang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal-Bal" title="Bal-Bal">Bal-Bal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batibat" title="Batibat">Batibat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbalang_(legendary_creature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berbalang (legendary creature)">Berbalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberoka" title="Berberoka">Berberoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biringan" title="Biringan">Biringan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungisngis" title="Bungisngis">Bungisngis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busaw" title="Busaw">Busaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalaketnon" title="Dalaketnon">Dalaketnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Diwata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythical_creatures#Duwende" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine mythical creatures">Duwende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekek" title="Ekek">Ekek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engkanto" title="Engkanto">Engkanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hantu_Demon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hantu Demon">Hantu Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Higante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapre" title="Kapre">Kapre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataw_(Philippine_mythology)" title="Kataw (Philippine mythology)">Kataw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumakatok" title="Kumakatok">Kumakatok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manananggal" title="Manananggal">Manananggal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaul" title="Manaul">Manaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minokawa" title="Minokawa">Minokawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuno_sa_punso" title="Nuno sa punso">Nuno sa punso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugot" title="Pugot">Pugot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santelmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Santelmo">Santelmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangay" title="Sarangay">Sarangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok" title="Sarimanok">Sarimanok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigbin" title="Sigbin">Sigbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirena_(Philippine_mythology)" title="Sirena (Philippine mythology)">Sirena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siyokoy_(Philippine_mythology)" title="Siyokoy (Philippine mythology)">Siyokoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigmamanukan" title="Tigmamanukan">Tigmamanukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikbalang" title="Tikbalang">Tikbalang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiyanak" title="Tiyanak">Tiyanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wak_Wak" class="mw-redirect" title="Wak Wak">Wak Wak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biag_ni_Lam-ang" title="Biag ni Lam-ang">Biag ni Lam-ang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Kalantiaw" title="Code of Kalantiaw">Code of Kalantiaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinilawod" title="Hinilawod">Hinilawod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudhud_ni_Aliguyon" title="Hudhud ni Aliguyon">Hudhud hi Aliguyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Tamad" title="Juan Tamad">Juan Tamad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragtas_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maragtas (book)">Maragtas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamat_(TV_program)" title="Alamat (TV program)">Alamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaya_(TV_series)" title="Amaya (TV series)">Amaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Mahiwagang_Baul" title="Ang Mahiwagang Baul">Ang Mahiwagang Baul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aso_ni_San_Roque" title="Aso ni San Roque">Aso ni San Roque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagani_(TV_series)" title="Bagani (TV series)"> Bagani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Adventures_of_Pedro_Penduko" title="Da Adventures of Pedro Penduko">Da Adventures of Pedro Penduko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyesebel_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyesebel (TV series)">Dyesebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyosa" title="Dyosa">Dyosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encantadia" title="Encantadia">Encantadia Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indio_(TV_series)" title="Indio (TV series)">Indio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_dela_Cruz_(TV_series)" title="Juan dela Cruz (TV series)">Juan dela Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_Blanca" title="Luna Blanca">Luna Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_Mystika" title="Luna Mystika">Luna Mystika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mga_Kuwento_ni_Lola_Basyang" title="Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang">Mga Kuwento ni Lola Basyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mythology_Class" title="The Mythology Class">The Mythology Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trese" title="Trese">Trese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Philippine literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_literature" title="Philippine folk literature">Philippine folk literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_epic_poetry" title="Philippine epic poetry">Philippine epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_literature" title="Cebuano literature">Cebuano literature</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapampangan_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kapampangan literature (page does not exist)">Kapampangan literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_literature" title="Hiligaynon literature">Hiligaynon literature</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibanag_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibanag literature (page does not exist)">Ibanag literature</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ifugao_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ifugao literature (page does not exist)">Ifugao literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilokano_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano literature">Ilokano literature</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mindanao_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mindanao literature (page does not exist)">Mindanao literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_literature" title="Pangasinan literature">Pangasinan literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tagalog_literary_works" title="List of Tagalog literary works">Tagalog literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagbanwa mythology">Tagbanwa mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_literature" title="Waray literature">Waray literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_the_Philippines285" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Template:Religion in the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Religion in the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_the_Philippines285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion in the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Christianity</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Christian denominations in the Philippines">denominations</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholic Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Catholic_Church_(Philippines)" title="Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines)">Apostolic Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Philippine Independent Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Philippine_Orthodox_Church67" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_the_Philippines" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in the Philippines">Philippine Orthodox Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Christian_Mission_in_the_Philippines" title="Antiochian Orthodox Christian Mission in the Philippines">Patriarchate of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_the_Philippines" title="Exarchate of the Philippines">Patriarchate of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Patriarchate of Moscow</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eparchy_of_the_Philippines_and_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Eparchy of the Philippines and Vietnam">PESEA</a> · <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mission_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church_outside_Russia" title="Philippine Mission of the Russian Orthodox Church outside Russia">ROCOR</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Philippines" title="Protestantism in the Philippines">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Evangelicalism in the Philippines">Evangelical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Bible_Fellowship_International" title="Baptist Bible Fellowship International">Baptist Bible Fellowship International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion_of_Truth_Reformed_Churches_in_the_Philippines" title="Bastion of Truth Reformed Churches in the Philippines">Bastion of Truth Reformed Churches in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Ministries_International" title="Bread of Life Ministries International">Bread of Life Ministries International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_Commission_Fellowship" title="Christ's Commission Fellowship">Christ's Commission Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance_Churches_of_the_Philippines" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance Churches of the Philippines">Christian and Missionary Alliance Churches of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reformed_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Christian Reformed Church in the Philippines">Christian Reformed Church in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_by_Day_Christian_Ministries" title="Day by Day Christian Ministries">Day by Day Christian Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destiny_Church_(Philippines)" title="Destiny Church (Philippines)">Destiny Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Chinese_Baptist_Convention" title="Philippine Chinese Baptist Convention">Philippine Chinese Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_the_Philippines" title="Presbyterian Church of the Philippines">Presbyterian Church of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory (church)">Victory Christian Fellowship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Praise" title="Cathedral of Praise">Cathedral of Praise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Foursquare_Gospel_in_the_Philippines" title="Church of the Foursquare Gospel in the Philippines">Church of the Foursquare Gospel in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_is_Lord_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus is Lord Church">Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Miracle_Crusade" title="Jesus Miracle Crusade">Jesus Miracle Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Missionary_Church_of_Christ_(4th_Watch)" title="Pentecostal Missionary Church of Christ (4th Watch)">Pentecostal Missionary Church of Christ (4th Watch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_General_Council_of_the_Assemblies_of_God" title="Philippines General Council of the Assemblies of God">Philippines General Council of the Assemblies of God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Episcopal_Church" title="Charismatic Episcopal Church">Charismatic Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Philippine_Baptist_Churches" title="Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches">Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Episcopal Church in the Philippines">Episcopal Church in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Methodist_Church_in_the_Philippine_Islands" title="Evangelical Methodist Church in the Philippine Islands">Evangelical Methodist Church in the Philippine Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Lutheran Church in the Philippines">Lutheran Church in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unida_Church" title="Unida Church">Unida Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_in_the_Philippines" title="United Church of Christ in the Philippines">United Church of Christ in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_Central_Conference_(United_Methodist_Church)" title="Philippines Central Conference (United Methodist Church)">United Methodist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jesus_Christ_(church)" title="Kingdom of Jesus Christ (church)">Kingdom of Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_the_Philippines" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Philippines">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lightning" title="Eastern Lightning">The Church of Almighty God</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Christian <br />monotheism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in the Philippines">Bahá'í Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Ethnic/Folk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pulahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Church" title="Bell Church">Bell Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizalista_religious_movements" title="Rizalista religious movements">Rizalistas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_Watawat_ng_Lahi" title="Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi">Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Dharmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Benevolent_Missionaries_Association" title="Philippine Benevolent Missionaries Association">Philippine Benevolent Missionaries Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Espiritista_Cristiana_de_Filipinas,_Inc." title="Unión Espiritista Cristiana de Filipinas, Inc.">Unión Espiritista Cristiana de Filipinas, Inc.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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