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ബാക്റ്റീരിയ - വിക്കിപീഡിയ

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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">മറയ്ക്കുക</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ഉള്ളടക്കം </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" title="പ്രധാനതാൾ സന്ദർശിക്കുക [z]" accesskey="z"><span>പ്രധാന താൾ</span></a></li><li id="n-content-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയയുടെ ഉള്ളടക്ക പര്യവേക്ഷണം"><span>ഉള്ളടക്കം</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="സമകാലീനസംഭവങ്ങളുടെ പശ്ചാത്തലം 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</div> </div> <div id="p-participation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-participation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> പങ്കാളിത്തം </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-startarticle" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="പുതിയ ഒരു ലേഖനം തുടങ്ങുവാൻ"><span>ലേഖനം തുടങ്ങുക</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="വിക്കിയിലെ സമീപകാലമാറ്റങ്ങൾ [r]" accesskey="r"><span>സമീപകാല മാറ്റങ്ങൾ</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82" title="പദ്ധതി താളിനെക്കുറിച്ച്, താങ്കൾക്കെന്തൊക്കെ ചെയ്യാം, കാര്യങ്ങൾ എവിടെനിന്ന് കണ്ടെത്താം"><span>സാമൂഹികകവാടം</span></a></li><li id="n-portal-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82"><span>കവാടം</span></a></li><li id="n-panchayat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ആറു ഗ്രാമസഭകളുള്ള വിക്കിപീഡിയ ചർച്ചാവേദി"><span>പഞ്ചായത്ത്</span></a></li><li id="n-Embassy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:Embassy"><span>Embassy</span></a></li><li id="n-അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D"><span>അപ്‌ലോഡ്‌</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> വഴികാട്ടി </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="സഹായം ലഭ്യമായ ഇടം"><span>സഹായം</span></a></li><li id="n-sandbox-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF"><span>എഴുത്തുകളരി</span></a></li><li id="n-styleguide-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82"><span>ശൈലീപുസ്തകം</span></a></li><li id="n-policies-and-gl-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82"><span>നയങ്ങളും മാർഗ്ഗരേഖകളും</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-communication-sb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-communication-sb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ആശയവിനിമയം </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-livechat-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BC.%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF."><span>തത്സമയ സംവാദം</span></a></li><li id="n-maillist-sb" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D"><span>മെയിലിങ് ലിസ്റ്റ്</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="വിക്കിപീഡിയ" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ml.svg" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="&lt;small&gt;വിക്കിപീഡിയ, ഒരു സ്വതന്ത്ര വിജ്ഞാനകോശം&lt;/small&gt;" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ml.svg" width="119" height="12" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 0.75em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>തിരയൂ</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" aria-label="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക" autocapitalize="sentences" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ സംരംഭത്തിൽ തിരയുക [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="പ്രത്യേകം:അന്വേഷണം"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">തിരയൂ</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="താളിന്റെ ഫോണ്ട് വലിപ്പം, വീതി, നിറം എന്നിവയുടെ ദൃശ്യരീതിയിൽ മാറ്റം വരുത്തുക" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ദൃശ്യരൂപം" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ദൃശ്യരൂപം</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=ml.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ml" class=""><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&amp;returnto=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു" class=""><span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82&amp;returnto=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ലോഗിൻ ചെയ്യുവാൻ താല്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു; പക്ഷേ നിർബന്ധമല്ല [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>പ്രവേശിക്കുക</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="കൂടുതൽ ഐച്ഛികങ്ങൾ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">വ്യക്തിഗത ഉപകരണങ്ങൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&amp;wmf_medium=sidebar&amp;wmf_campaign=ml.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=ml"><span>ധനസമാഹരണം</span></a></li><li id="pt-contribute" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Contribute"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD&amp;returnto=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="നിർബന്ധമില്ലെങ്കിലും, താങ്കൾ ഒരു അംഗത്വമെടുക്കണമെന്നും പ്രവേശിക്കണമെന്നും താത്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>അംഗത്വമെടുക്കുക</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82&amp;returnto=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ലോഗിൻ ചെയ്യുവാൻ താല്പര്യപ്പെടുന്നു; പക്ഷേ നിർബന്ധമല്ല [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>പ്രവേശിക്കുക</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ലോഗ് ഔട്ട് ചെയ്ത എഡിറ്റർമാർക്കുള്ള പേജുകൾ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%96%E0%B4%82" aria-label="തിരുത്തലിനെ കുറിച്ച് കൂടുതൽ അറിയുക"><span>കൂടുതൽ അറിയുക</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="ഈ ഐ.പി. വിലാസത്തിൽനിന്നുള്ള തിരുത്തലുകളെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള സം‌വാദം [n]" accesskey="n"><span>സംവാദം</span></a></li> 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class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="ഉള്ളടക്കം" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ഉള്ളടക്കം</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">സൈഡ്‌ബാറിലേക്ക് മാറ്റുക</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">മറയ്ക്കുക</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">തുടക്കം</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ചരിത്രം" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ചരിത്രം"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ചരിത്രം</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ചരിത്രം-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ബാകടീരിയയുടെ_പരിണാമചരിത്രം" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ബാകടീരിയയുടെ_പരിണാമചരിത്രം"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ബാകടീരിയയുടെ പരിണാമചരിത്രം</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ബാകടീരിയയുടെ_പരിണാമചരിത്രം-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ബാക്ടീരിയയുടെ_ഘടന_സാധാരണയായി_ബാക്ടീരിയുടെ_കോശം_ഒരു_കോശഭിത്തി_കൊണ്ട്_ചുറ്റപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു._ഇത്_സങ്കീർണമായ_ചില_രാസവസ്തുക്കൾ_കൊണ്ട്_ആണ്_ഉണ്ടാക്കിയിരിക്കുന്നത്._ഈ_കോശഭിത്തിയുടെ_ഉള്ളിലായി_പ്ലാസ്മ_സ്തരം_കാണപ്പെടുന്നു._കോശഭിത്തിയെയും_പ്ലാസമസ്തരത്തെയും_വേർതിരിച്ച_കൊണ്ട്_ഒരു_പെരിപ്ലാസ്മിക്_എന്ന_ഭാഗം_കൂടെ_ഉണ്ട്.[8]" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ബാക്ടീരിയയുടെ_ഘടന_സാധാരണയായി_ബാക്ടീരിയുടെ_കോശം_ഒരു_കോശഭിത്തി_കൊണ്ട്_ചുറ്റപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു._ഇത്_സങ്കീർണമായ_ചില_രാസവസ്തുക്കൾ_കൊണ്ട്_ആണ്_ഉണ്ടാക്കിയിരിക്കുന്നത്._ഈ_കോശഭിത്തിയുടെ_ഉള്ളിലായി_പ്ലാസ്മ_സ്തരം_കാണപ്പെടുന്നു._കോശഭിത്തിയെയും_പ്ലാസമസ്തരത്തെയും_വേർതിരിച്ച_കൊണ്ട്_ഒരു_പെരിപ്ലാസ്മിക്_എന്ന_ഭാഗം_കൂടെ_ഉണ്ട്.[8]"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>ബാക്ടീരിയയുടെ ഘടന സാധാരണയായി ബാക്ടീരിയുടെ കോശം ഒരു കോശഭിത്തി കൊണ്ട് ചുറ്റപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു. ഇത് സങ്കീർണമായ ചില രാസവസ്തുക്കൾ കൊണ്ട് ആണ് ഉണ്ടാക്കിയിരിക്കുന്നത്. ഈ കോശഭിത്തിയുടെ ഉള്ളിലായി പ്ലാസ്മ സ്തരം കാണപ്പെടുന്നു. കോശഭിത്തിയെയും പ്ലാസമസ്തരത്തെയും വേർതിരിച്ച കൊണ്ട് ഒരു പെരിപ്ലാസ്മിക് എന്ന ഭാഗം കൂടെ ഉണ്ട്.<sup><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></sup></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ബാക്ടീരിയയുടെ_ഘടന_സാധാരണയായി_ബാക്ടീരിയുടെ_കോശം_ഒരു_കോശഭിത്തി_കൊണ്ട്_ചുറ്റപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു._ഇത്_സങ്കീർണമായ_ചില_രാസവസ്തുക്കൾ_കൊണ്ട്_ആണ്_ഉണ്ടാക്കിയിരിക്കുന്നത്._ഈ_കോശഭിത്തിയുടെ_ഉള്ളിലായി_പ്ലാസ്മ_സ്തരം_കാണപ്പെടുന്നു._കോശഭിത്തിയെയും_പ്ലാസമസ്തരത്തെയും_വേർതിരിച്ച_കൊണ്ട്_ഒരു_പെരിപ്ലാസ്മിക്_എന്ന_ഭാഗം_കൂടെ_ഉണ്ട്.[8]-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-പദത്തിന്റെ_മറ്റ്_അർത്ഥങ്ങൾ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#പദത്തിന്റെ_മറ്റ്_അർത്ഥങ്ങൾ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>പദത്തിന്റെ മറ്റ് അർത്ഥങ്ങൾ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-പദത്തിന്റെ_മറ്റ്_അർത്ഥങ്ങൾ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-അവലംബം" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#അവലംബം"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>അവലംബം</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-അവലംബം-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-കൂടുതൽ_വായനയ്ക്ക്" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#കൂടുതൽ_വായനയ്ക്ക്"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>കൂടുതൽ വായനയ്ക്ക്</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-കൂടുതൽ_വായനയ്ക്ക്-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-പുറത്തേയ്ക്കുള്ള_കണ്ണി" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#പുറത്തേയ്ക്കുള്ള_കണ്ണി"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>പുറത്തേയ്ക്കുള്ള കണ്ണി</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-പുറത്തേയ്ക്കുള്ള_കണ്ണി-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ഉള്ളടക്കം" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="ഉള്ളടക്കപ്പട്ടിക" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ഉള്ളടക്ക പട്ടിക പ്രദർശിപ്പിക്കുക / മറയ്ക്കുക" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ഉള്ളടക്ക പട്ടിക പ്രദർശിപ്പിക്കുക / മറയ്ക്കുക</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ബാക്റ്റീരിയ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ലേഖനം മറ്റൊരു ഭാഷയിൽ കാണുക. 171 ഭാഷകളിൽ ലഭ്യമാണ്." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-171" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">171 ഭാഷകൾ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – അചിനീസ്" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="അചിനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – ആഫ്രിക്കാൻസ്" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ആഫ്രിക്കാൻസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – സ്വിസ് ജർമ്മൻ" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="സ്വിസ് ജർമ്മൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B4%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ባክቴሪያ – അംഹാരിക്" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባክቴሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="അംഹാരിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubacteria" title="Eubacteria – അരഗോണീസ്" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eubacteria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="അരഗോണീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – ആൻഗിക" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ആൻഗിക" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بكتيريا – അറബിക്" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بكتيريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="അറബിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A9%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܒܩܛܝܪܝܐ – അരമായ" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܩܛܝܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="അരമായ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="باكتيرية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="باكتيرية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بكتيريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بكتيريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="বেক্টেৰিয়া – ആസ്സാമീസ്" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বেক্টেৰিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ആസ്സാമീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – അസ്ട്ടൂരിയൻ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="അസ്ട്ടൂരിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisk%27a_laq%27u" title="Jisk&#039;a laq&#039;u – അയ്മാറ" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jisk&#039;a laq&#039;u" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="അയ്മാറ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriyalar" title="Bakteriyalar – അസർബൈജാനി" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="അസർബൈജാനി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – ബഷ്ഖിർ" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ബഷ്ഖിർ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C4%97j%C4%97s" title="Bakterėjės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bakterėjės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Бактэрыі – ബെലാറുഷ്യൻ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бактэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ബെലാറുഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Бактэрыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бактэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – ബൾഗേറിയൻ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ബൾഗേറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যাকটেরিয়া – ബംഗ്ലാ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাকটেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ബംഗ്ലാ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – ബ്രെട്ടൺ" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ബ്രെട്ടൺ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija – ബോസ്നിയൻ" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bakterija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ബോസ്നിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактери – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бактери" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteris" title="Bacteris – കറ്റാലാൻ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bacteris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="കറ്റാലാൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1%CC%A4-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng" title="Sá̤-kṳ̄ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sá̤-kṳ̄ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – സെബുവാനോ" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="സെബുവാനോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A5%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%B1%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᏱᏙᎯ – ഷെരോക്കി" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᏱᏙᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="ഷെരോക്കി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بەکتریا – സെൻട്രൽ കുർദിഷ്" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەکتریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="സെൻട്രൽ കുർദിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – ചെക്ക്" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ചെക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактери – ചുവാഷ്" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бактери" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ചുവാഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – വെൽഷ്" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="വെൽഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – ഡാനിഷ്" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ഡാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – ജർമ്മൻ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ജർമ്മൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ބެކްޓީރިޔާ – ദിവെഹി" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބެކްޓީރިޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="ദിവെഹി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βακτήριο – ഗ്രീക്ക്" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βακτήριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ഗ്രീക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ഇംഗ്ലീഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterioj" title="Bakterioj – എസ്‌പരാന്റോ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bakterioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="എസ്‌പരാന്റോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – സ്‌പാനിഷ്" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="സ്‌പാനിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterid" title="Bakterid – എസ്റ്റോണിയൻ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bakterid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="എസ്റ്റോണിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio – ബാസ്‌ക്" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bakterio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ബാസ്‌ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bateria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – പേർഷ്യൻ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="പേർഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerit" title="Bakteerit – ഫിന്നിഷ്" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bakteerit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ഫിന്നിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisil%C3%A4ne" title="Pisiläne – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pisiläne" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – ഫാറോസ്" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="ഫാറോസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie – ഫ്രഞ്ച്" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bactérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ഫ്രഞ്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerien" title="Bakteerien – നോർത്തേൻ ഫ്രിഷ്യൻ" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bakteerien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="നോർത്തേൻ ഫ്രിഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktearje" title="Baktearje – പശ്ചിമ ഫ്രിഷിയൻ" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Baktearje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="പശ്ചിമ ഫ്രിഷിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baict%C3%A9ir" title="Baictéir – ഐറിഷ്" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Baictéir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ഐറിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ri" title="Baktéri – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Baktéri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – സ്കോട്ടിഷ് ഗൈലിക്" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="സ്കോട്ടിഷ് ഗൈലിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterias" title="Bacterias – ഗലീഷ്യൻ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bacterias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ഗലീഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokoka%27i" title="Pokoka&#039;i – ഗ്വരനി" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pokoka&#039;i" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="ഗ്വരനി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – മാൻസ്" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="മാൻസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwayar_cutar_Bakteriya" title="Kwayar cutar Bakteriya – ഹൗസ" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwayar cutar Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="ഹൗസ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-khi%C3%BBn" title="Se-khiûn – ഹാക്ക ചൈനീസ്" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Se-khiûn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="ഹാക്ക ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חיידקים – ഹീബ്രു" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיידקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ഹീബ്രു" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – ഹിന്ദി" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ഹിന്ദി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – അപ്പർ സോർബിയൻ" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="അപ്പർ സോർബിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – ഹെയ്‌തിയൻ ക്രിയോൾ" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="ഹെയ്‌തിയൻ ക്രിയോൾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9riumok" title="Baktériumok – ഹംഗേറിയൻ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baktériumok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ഹംഗേറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բակտերիաներ – അർമേനിയൻ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բակտերիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="അർമേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterio" title="Bacterio – ഇന്റർലിംഗ്വ" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bacterio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="ഇന്റർലിംഗ്വ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ഇന്തോനേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – ഇലോകോ" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ഇലോകോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88" title="НӀанкӀигаш – ഇങ്കുഷ്" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="НӀанкӀигаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ഇങ്കുഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio – ഇഡോ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bakterio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ഇഡോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerlar" title="Gerlar – ഐസ്‌ലാൻഡിക്" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gerlar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ഐസ്‌ലാൻഡിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ഇറ്റാലിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – ജാപ്പനീസ്" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ജാപ്പനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktiiria" title="Baktiiria – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Baktiiria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A8ri" title="Baktèri – ജാവനീസ്" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Baktèri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ജാവനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტერიები – ജോർജിയൻ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაქტერიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ജോർജിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriya" title="Bakteriya – കര-കാൽപ്പക്" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="കര-കാൽപ്പക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – കികൂയു" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="കികൂയു" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – കസാഖ്" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="കസാഖ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ – കന്നഡ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="കന്നഡ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="세균 – കൊറിയൻ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세균" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="കൊറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C3%AE" title="Bakterî – കുർദ്ദിഷ്" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bakterî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="കുർദ്ദിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – കോർണിഷ്" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="കോർണിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактерия – കിർഗിസ്" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бактерия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="കിർഗിസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – ലാറ്റിൻ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ലാറ്റിൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerien" title="Bakteerien – ലക്‌സംബർഗിഷ്" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bakteerien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ലക്‌സംബർഗിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Бактерияр – ലസ്ഗിയൻ" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бактерияр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="ലസ്ഗിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bateria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakitiiriya" title="Bakitiiriya – ഗാണ്ട" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bakitiiriya" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ഗാണ്ട" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteri%C3%AB" title="Bacterië – ലിംബർഗിഷ്" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bacterië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="ലിംബർഗിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – ലിഗൂറിയൻ" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ലിഗൂറിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batere" title="Batere – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Batere" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – ലൊംബാർഡ്" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="ലൊംബാർഡ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%8D" title="ເຊື້ອແບັກທີເຣັຍ – ലാവോ" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຊື້ອແບັກທີເຣັຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="ലാവോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterijos" title="Bakterijos – ലിത്വാനിയൻ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bakterijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ലിത്വാനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C4%93rijas" title="Baktērijas – ലാറ്റ്വിയൻ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baktērijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ലാറ്റ്വിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – മലഗാസി" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="മലഗാസി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – മിനാങ്കബൗ" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="മിനാങ്കബൗ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – മാസിഡോണിയൻ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="മാസിഡോണിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Нян – മംഗോളിയൻ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нян" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="മംഗോളിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="जीवाणू – മറാത്തി" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवाणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="മറാത്തി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – മലെയ്" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="മലെയ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဘက်တီးရီးယား – ബർമീസ്" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘက်တီးရီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ബർമീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – മസന്ററാനി" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="മസന്ററാനി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – നെപ്പോളിറ്റാൻ" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="നെപ്പോളിറ്റാൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – ലോ ജർമൻ" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="ലോ ജർമൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – നേപ്പാളി" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="നേപ്പാളി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्याक्टेरिया – നേവാരി" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्याक्टेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="നേവാരി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën – ഡച്ച്" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bacteriën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ഡച്ച്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriar" title="Bakteriar – നോർവീജിയൻ നൈനോർക്‌സ്" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bakteriar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="നോർവീജിയൻ നൈനോർക്‌സ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="നോർവീജിയൻ ബുക്‌മൽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9thie" title="Bactéthie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bactéthie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri – ഓക്‌സിറ്റൻ" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bactèri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ഓക്‌സിറ്റൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria)" title="Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria) – ഒറോമോ" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="ഒറോമോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="ବୀଜାଣୁ – ഒഡിയ" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୀଜାଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ഒഡിയ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਬੈਕਟੀਰੀਆ – പഞ്ചാബി" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਕਟੀਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="പഞ്ചാബി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – പാപിയാമെന്റൊ" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="പാപിയാമെന്റൊ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – പോളിഷ്" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="പോളിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateri" title="Bateri – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bateri" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیکٹیریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیکٹیریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="باکټريا – പഷ്‌തോ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باکټريا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="പഷ്‌തോ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9ria" title="Bactéria – പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bactéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="പോർച്ചുഗീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1aki" title="Añaki – ക്വെച്ചുവ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Añaki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ക്വെച്ചുവ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie – റൊമാനിയൻ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bacterie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="റൊമാനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – റഷ്യൻ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="റഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бактерії – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бактерії" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagiteri" title="Bagiteri – കിന്യാർവാണ്ട" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Bagiteri" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="കിന്യാർവാണ്ട" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="जीवाणुः – സംസ്‌കൃതം" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जीवाणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="സംസ്‌കൃതം" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – സാഖ" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="സാഖ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – സർഡിനിയാൻ" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="സർഡിനിയാൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batteriu" title="Batteriu – സിസിലിയൻ" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Batteriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="സിസിലിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – സ്കോട്സ്" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="സ്കോട്സ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%DA%AA%D9%BD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بئڪٽيريا – സിന്ധി" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بئڪٽيريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="സിന്ധി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija – സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bakterija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="സെർബോ-ക്രൊയേഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="බැක්ටීරියා – സിംഹള" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බැක්ටීරියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="സിംഹള" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9rie" title="Baktérie – സ്ലോവാക്" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baktérie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="സ്ലോവാക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – സ്ലോവേനിയൻ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="സ്ലോവേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriya" title="Bakteriya – സോമാലി" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="സോമാലി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – അൽബേനിയൻ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="അൽബേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Бактерије – സെർബിയൻ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бактерије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="സെർബിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ri" title="Baktéri – സുണ്ടാനീസ്" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Baktéri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="സുണ്ടാനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – സ്വീഡിഷ്" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="സ്വീഡിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijasumu" title="Vijasumu – സ്വാഹിലി" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vijasumu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="സ്വാഹിലി" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பாக்டீரியா – തമിഴ്" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாக்டீரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="തമിഴ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="బాక్టీరియా – തെലുങ്ക്" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాక్టీరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="തെലുങ്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Бактерияҳо – താജിക്" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бактерияҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="താജിക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แบคทีเรีย – തായ്" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบคทีเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="തായ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – തഗാലോഗ്" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="തഗാലോഗ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – ടർക്കിഷ്" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ടർക്കിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бактерияләр – ടാട്ടർ" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бактерияләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ടാട്ടർ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="തിരഞ്ഞെടുത്ത ലേഖനം"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бактерії – ഉക്രേനിയൻ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бактерії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ഉക്രേനിയൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیکٹیریا – ഉറുദു" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیکٹیریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ഉറുദു" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriyalar" title="Bakteriyalar – ഉസ്‌ബെക്ക്" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ഉസ്‌ബെക്ക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – വെനീഷ്യൻ" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="വെനീഷ്യൻ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterijad" title="Bakterijad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bakterijad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Vi khuẩn – വിയറ്റ്നാമീസ്" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vi khuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="വിയറ്റ്നാമീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter" title="Bakter – വോളാപുക്" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bakter" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="വോളാപുക്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactereye" title="Bactereye – വല്ലൂൺ" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bactereye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="വല്ലൂൺ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – വാരേയ്" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="വാരേയ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – വു ചൈനീസ്" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="വു ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტერიეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაქტერიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="באקטעריע – യിദ്ദിഷ്" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באקטעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="യിദ്ദിഷ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakit%C3%A9r%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Bakitéríà – യൊറൂബാ" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bakitéríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="യൊറൂബാ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigin" title="Sigin – സ്വാംഗ്" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sigin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="സ്വാംഗ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌 – ചൈനീസ്" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="细菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8-kh%C3%BAn" title="Sè-khún – മിൻ നാൻ ചൈനീസ്" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sè-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="മിൻ നാൻ ചൈനീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – കാന്റണീസ്" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="കാന്റണീസ്" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izinungwana" title="Izinungwana – സുലു" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izinungwana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="സുലു" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10876#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="അന്തർഭാഷാ കണ്ണികൾ തിരുത്തുക" class="wbc-editpage">കണ്ണികൾ തിരുത്തുക</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="നാമമേഖലകൾ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="വിവരദായക താൾ കാണുക [c]" accesskey="c"><span>ലേഖനം</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon 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പ്രകാരം)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ml" dir="ltr"><div class="nomobile"> <div id="purl" class="NavFrame collapsed" style="float: right; font-size: 85%; position: absolute; top: -4em; right: 0; width: auto; background: #eae9e9;"> <div class="NavHead" style="padding: 1px 8px;"><b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria">ഇംഗ്ലീഷ് വിലാസം</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Prettyurl#ഉപയോഗക്രമം" title="സഹായം"><img alt="സഹായം" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gtk-dialog-question.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gtk-dialog-question.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gtk-dialog-question.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></b> </div> <div class="NavContent" style="background:#eae9e9; width:auto"><span class="plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap; overflow: hidden"><a class="external free" href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria">https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria</a></span> </div> </div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: transparent; text-align:center; border: 2px solid red; error:colour">ബാക്റ്റീരിയ<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Archean&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Archean (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Archean</a> or earlier - സമീപസ്ഥം</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:E._coli_Bacteria_(7316101966).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/210px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/315px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/420px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" class="mw-redirect" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> image is 8 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrometre">micrometres</a> wide. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: transparent; text-align:center; border: 2px solid red; error:colour"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="domain"><b>Bacteria</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: transparent; text-align:center; border: 2px solid red; error:colour">Phyla<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gram_positive&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gram positive (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">gram positive</a>/no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_outer_membrane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterial outer membrane (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">outer membrane</a></b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinobacteria">Actinobacteria</a> (high-<a href="/w/index.php?title=GC-content&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GC-content (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">G+C</a>)<br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Firmicutes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Firmicutes (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Firmicutes</a> (low-<a href="/w/index.php?title=GC-content&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GC-content (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">G+C</a>)<br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenericutes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenericutes (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Tenericutes</a> (no <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell wall">wall</a>)<br /> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gram_negative&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gram negative (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">gram negative</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_outer_membrane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterial outer membrane (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">outer membrane</a> present</b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aquificae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Aquificae (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Aquificae</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteroidetes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacteroidetes (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Bacteroidetes</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlorobi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlorobi (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Chlorobi</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chlamydiae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chlamydiae (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Chlamydiae</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Verrucomicrobia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Verrucomicrobia (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Verrucomicrobia</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deinococcus-Thermus&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deinococcus-Thermus (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Deinococcus-Thermus</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusobacteria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusobacteria (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Fusobacteria</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemmatimonadetes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemmatimonadetes (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Gemmatimonadetes</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrospirae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrospirae (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Nitrospirae</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proteobacteria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Proteobacteria (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Proteobacteria</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spirochaete&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Spirochaete (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Spirochaetes</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergistetes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Synergistetes (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Synergistetes</a><br /> </p> <ul><li><b>unknown/ungrouped</b><br /></li></ul> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acidobacteria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Acidobacteria (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Acidobacteria</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloroflexi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloroflexi (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Chloroflexi</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysiogenetes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysiogenetes (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Chrysiogenetes</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deferribacteraceae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Deferribacteraceae (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Deferribacteres</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyoglomi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyoglomi (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Dictyoglomi</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrobacteres&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fibrobacteres (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Fibrobacteres</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planctomycetes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Planctomycetes (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Planctomycetes</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodesulfobacteria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodesulfobacteria (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Thermodesulfobacteria</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermotogae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermotogae (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">Thermotogae</a><br /> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4442029">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>പ്രോകാരിയോട്ടിക്ക് ഗണത്തിൽ പെടുന്ന ഏകകോശ ജീവികളാണ് <b>ബാക്റ്റീരിയകൾ</b>(<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:IPA/English" title="സഹായം:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="&#39;b&#39; in &#39;buy&#39;">b</span><span title="/æ/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;bad&#39;">æ</span><span title="&#39;k&#39; in &#39;kind&#39;">k</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="&#39;t&#39; in &#39;tie&#39;">t</span><span title="/ɪər/: &#39;ear&#39; in &#39;near&#39;">ɪər</span><span title="/i/: &#39;y&#39; in &#39;happy&#39;">i</span><span title="/ə/: &#39;a&#39; in &#39;about&#39;">ə</span></span>/</a></span>&#32;<span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d9\/En-us-bacteria.ogg\/En-us-bacteria.ogg.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;ml&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;En-us-bacteria.ogg&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;noexcerpt&quot;,&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d9/En-us-bacteria.ogg/En-us-bacteria.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:En-us-bacteria.ogg" title="പ്രമാണം:En-us-bacteria.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>. ഗ്രീക്ക് ഭാഷയിലെ <i>ബാക്റ്റീരിയോൺ</i> (βακτήριον) എന്ന പദത്തിൽ നിന്നാണ് ബാക്റ്റീരിയ എന്ന പേര് ഉത്ഭവിച്ചത്. മർമ്മസ്തരം കൊണ്ടു വേർതിരിക്കപ്പെട്ട വ്യക്തമായ കോശമർമ്മമില്ലാത്ത ജീവികളാണിവ. ഏതാനും മൈക്രോമീറ്ററുകൾ മാത്രം നീളമുള്ള ഇവ ഉരുണ്ടതോ (കോക്കസ്) നീണ്ടതോ (ബാസില്ലസ്) പിരിഞ്ഞതോ (സ്പൈറൽ) ആയ വ്യത്യസ്ത ആകൃതിയിൽ കാണപ്പെടുന്നു. ചില ബാക്റ്റീരിയകൾ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ക്ഷയം">ക്ഷയം</a> പോലെയുള്ള മാരക രോഗങ്ങൾക്ക് ഹേതുവാകുന്നുണ്ടെങ്കിലും മറ്റു ചിലവ ഉപകാരപ്രദമായവയാണ്‌ (പാൽ പുളിപ്പിച്ച് തൈരാക്കുന്നത് ലാക്റ്റോബാസിലസുകൾ എന്ന ഇനം ബാക്റ്റീരിയങ്ങളാണ് <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg/220px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg/330px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg/440px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>വ്യത്യസ്ത രൂപങ്ങളിൽ കാണപ്പെടുന്ന ബാക്റ്റീരിയകൾ</figcaption></figure> <p>ബാക്റ്റീരിയയെ കുറിച്ചുള്ള പഠനത്തെ ബാക്റ്റീരിയോളജിയെന്നും പഠനശാഖയെ <a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="മൈക്രോബയോളജി">മൈക്രോബയോളജിയെന്നും</a> അറിയപ്പടുന്നു. </p><p>ഒരു ഗ്രാം മണ്ണിൽ 40 മില്ല്യണും ഒരു മില്ലീലിറ്റർ ശുദ്ധജലത്തിൽ ഒരു മില്ല്യൺ ബാക്റ്റീരിയകളും കാണപ്പെടുന്നു. അതായത്, ഭൂമിയിൽ ഏകദേശം 5×10<sup>30</sup> ബാക്റ്റീരിയകളുണ്ട്<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9618454_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9618454-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ചരിത്രം"><span id=".E0.B4.9A.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.82"></span>ചരിത്രം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: ചരിത്രം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1676-ൽ <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ആന്റണി വാൻ ല്യൂവെൻഹോക്ക്">ആന്റണി വാൻ ല്യൂവെൻഹോക്ക്</a></b> (Antonie van Leeuwenhoek) സ്വയം രൂപകല്പന ചെയ്ത സിംഗിൾ ലെൻസ് മൈക്രോസ്കോപ്പിലൂടെ ആദ്യമായി ബാക്റ്റീരിയകളെ നിരീക്ഷിച്ചു. അദ്ദേഹം അവയെ <i>അനിമൽക്യൂൾസ്</i> (animalcules) എന്നു വിളിച്ചു<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. തുടർന്ന് അദ്ദേഹം നിരീക്ഷണങ്ങൾ <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="റോയൽ സൊസൈറ്റി ഓഫ് ലണ്ടൻ (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">റോയൽ സൊസൈറ്റി ഓഫ് ലണ്ടനിൽ</a> പ്രസിദ്ധീകരിച്ചു<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>. ബാക്റ്റീരിയ എന്ന പേര് മുന്നോട്ടു വെച്ചത് 1838-ൽ <b><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%8F%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ഏൺബെർഗ്">ഏൺബെർഗ്</a></b> (Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg) എന്ന ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞനാണ്. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ബാകടീരിയയുടെ_പരിണാമചരിത്രം"><span id=".E0.B4.AC.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.9F.E0.B5.80.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.AF.E0.B4.AF.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.9F.E0.B5.86_.E0.B4.AA.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.A3.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.AE.E0.B4.9A.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B0.E0.B4.82"></span>ബാകടീരിയയുടെ പരിണാമചരിത്രം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: ബാകടീരിയയുടെ പരിണാമചരിത്രം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ബാക്ടീരിയയുടെ_ഘടന_സാധാരണയായി_ബാക്ടീരിയുടെ_കോശം_ഒരു_കോശഭിത്തി_കൊണ്ട്_ചുറ്റപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു._ഇത്_സങ്കീർണമായ_ചില_രാസവസ്തുക്കൾ_കൊണ്ട്_ആണ്_ഉണ്ടാക്കിയിരിക്കുന്നത്._ഈ_കോശഭിത്തിയുടെ_ഉള്ളിലായി_പ്ലാസ്മ_സ്തരം_കാണപ്പെടുന്നു._കോശഭിത്തിയെയും_പ്ലാസമസ്തരത്തെയും_വേർതിരിച്ച_കൊണ്ട്_ഒരു_പെരിപ്ലാസ്മിക്_എന്ന_ഭാഗം_കൂടെ_ഉണ്ട്.[8]"><span 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ഘടന സാധാരണയായി ബാക്ടീരിയുടെ കോശം ഒരു കോശഭിത്തി കൊണ്ട് ചുറ്റപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു. ഇത് സങ്കീർണമായ ചില രാസവസ്തുക്കൾ കൊണ്ട് ആണ് ഉണ്ടാക്കിയിരിക്കുന്നത്. ഈ കോശഭിത്തിയുടെ ഉള്ളിലായി പ്ലാസ്മ സ്തരം കാണപ്പെടുന്നു. കോശഭിത്തിയെയും പ്ലാസമസ്തരത്തെയും വേർതിരിച്ച കൊണ്ട് ഒരു പെരിപ്ലാസ്മിക് എന്ന ഭാഗം കൂടെ ഉണ്ട്.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: ബാക്ടീരിയയുടെ ഘടന സാധാരണയായി ബാക്ടീരിയുടെ കോശം ഒരു കോശഭിത്തി കൊണ്ട് ചുറ്റപ്പെട്ടിരിക്കുന്നു. ഇത് സങ്കീർണമായ ചില രാസവസ്തുക്കൾ കൊണ്ട് ആണ് ഉണ്ടാക്കിയിരിക്കുന്നത്. ഈ കോശഭിത്തിയുടെ ഉള്ളിലായി പ്ലാസ്മ സ്തരം കാണപ്പെടുന്നു. കോശഭിത്തിയെയും പ്ലാസമസ്തരത്തെയും വേർതിരിച്ച കൊണ്ട് ഒരു പെരിപ്ലാസ്മിക് എന്ന ഭാഗം കൂടെ ഉണ്ട്.[8]"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="പദത്തിന്റെ_മറ്റ്_അർത്ഥങ്ങൾ"><span id=".E0.B4.AA.E0.B4.A6.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A4.E0.B4.BF.E0.B4.A8.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B1.E0.B5.86_.E0.B4.AE.E0.B4.B1.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B1.E0.B5.8D_.E0.B4.85.E0.B5.BC.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A5.E0.B4.99.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.99.E0.B5.BE"></span>പദത്തിന്റെ മറ്റ് അർത്ഥങ്ങൾ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: പദത്തിന്റെ മറ്റ് അർത്ഥങ്ങൾ"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>ദ് ഗ്രേറ്റ് ഡിക്റ്റേറ്റർ</i> എന്ന ചാർളി ചാപ്ലിൻ ചിത്രത്തിലെ <i>ബാക്റ്റീരിയ</i> എന്ന കാല്പനിക രാജ്യം.</li> <li><i>ബാക്റ്റീരിയ</i> എന്ന ഉപദ്രവകാരികളായ ചില സോഫ്റ്റ്വെയറുകൾ.</li> <li><i>ബാക്റ്റീരിഡെ</i> (Bacteriidae) എന്ന ഒരു പ്രത്യേക തരം തെക്കേ അമേരിക്കൻ പ്രാണികുടുംബം.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="അവലംബം"><span id=".E0.B4.85.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.B2.E0.B4.82.E0.B4.AC.E0.B4.82"></span>അവലംബം</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: അവലംബം"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r4123591">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&amp;id=2&amp;lvl=3&amp;lin=f&amp;keep=1&amp;srchmode=1&amp;unlock">"Bacteria (eubacteria)"</a>. <i>Taxonomy Browser</i>. NCBI<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Taxonomy+Browser&amp;rft.atitle=Bacteria+%28eubacteria%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2FTaxonomy%2FBrowser%2Fwwwtax.cgi%3Fmode%3DUndef%26id%3D2%26lvl%3D3%26lin%3Df%26keep%3D1%26srchmode%3D1%26unlock&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/strangenews/060609_yogurt_bacteria.html">"Yogurt Culture Evolves"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-12-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Yogurt+Culture+Evolves&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fstrangenews%2F060609_yogurt_bacteria.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:Cite_web" title="ഫലകം:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite has empty unknown parameters: <code class="cs1-code">&#124;month=</code> and <code class="cs1-code">&#124;coauthors=</code> (<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82:CS1_errors#param_unknown_empty" title="സഹായം:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9618454-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9618454_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmanColemanWiebe1998" class="citation journal cs1">Whitman WB, Coleman DC, Wiebe WJ (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33863">"Prokaryotes: the unseen majority"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>95</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">6578–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95.6578W">1998PNAS...95.6578W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.12.6578">10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33863">33863</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9618454">9618454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&amp;rft.atitle=Prokaryotes%3A+the+unseen+majority&amp;rft.volume=95&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6578-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33863%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9618454&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.12.6578&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PNAS...95.6578W&amp;rft.aulast=Whitman&amp;rft.aufirst=WB&amp;rft.au=Coleman%2C+DC&amp;rft.au=Wiebe%2C+WJ&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33863&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1976" class="citation journal cs1">Porter JR (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413956">"Antony van Leeuwenhoek: tercentenary of his discovery of bacteria"</a>. <i>Bacteriological Reviews</i>. <b>40</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">260–</span>9. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413956">413956</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/786250">786250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bacteriological+Reviews&amp;rft.atitle=Antony+van+Leeuwenhoek%3A+tercentenary+of+his+discovery+of+bacteria&amp;rft.volume=40&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC413956%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F786250&amp;rft.aulast=Porter&amp;rft.aufirst=JR&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC413956&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Leeuwenhoek1684" class="citation journal cs1">van Leeuwenhoek A (1684). "An abstract of a letter from Mr. Anthony Leevvenhoek at Delft, dated Sep. 17, 1683, Containing Some Microscopical Observations, about Animals in the Scurf of the Teeth, the Substance Call'd Worms in the Nose, the Cuticula Consisting of Scales". <i>Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775)</i>. <b>14</b> (<span class="nowrap">155–</span>166): <span class="nowrap">568–</span>574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1684.0030">10.1098/rstl.1684.0030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+%281683%E2%80%931775%29&amp;rft.atitle=An+abstract+of+a+letter+from+Mr.+Anthony+Leevvenhoek+at+Delft%2C+dated+Sep.+17%2C+1683%2C+Containing+Some+Microscopical+Observations%2C+about+Animals+in+the+Scurf+of+the+Teeth%2C+the+Substance+Call%27d+Worms+in+the+Nose%2C+the+Cuticula+Consisting+of+Scales&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E166&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E568-%3C%2Fspan%3E574&amp;rft.date=1684&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1684.0030&amp;rft.aulast=van+Leeuwenhoek&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Leeuwenhoek1700" class="citation journal cs1">van Leeuwenhoek A (1700). "Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, concerning the Worms in Sheeps Livers, Gnats, and Animalcula in the Excrements of Frogs". <i>Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775)</i>. <b>22</b> (<span class="nowrap">260–</span>276): <span class="nowrap">509–</span>518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1700.0013">10.1098/rstl.1700.0013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+%281683%E2%80%931775%29&amp;rft.atitle=Part+of+a+Letter+from+Mr+Antony+van+Leeuwenhoek%2C+concerning+the+Worms+in+Sheeps+Livers%2C+Gnats%2C+and+Animalcula+in+the+Excrements+of+Frogs&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E260%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E276&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E509-%3C%2Fspan%3E518&amp;rft.date=1700&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1700.0013&amp;rft.aulast=van+Leeuwenhoek&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Leeuwenhoek1702" class="citation journal cs1">van Leeuwenhoek A (1702). "Part of a Letter from Mr Antony van Leeuwenhoek, F. R. S. concerning Green Weeds Growing in Water, and Some Animalcula Found about Them". <i>Philosophical Transactions (1683–1775)</i>. <b>23</b> (<span class="nowrap">277–</span>288): <span class="nowrap">1304–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1702.0042">10.1098/rstl.1702.0042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+%281683%E2%80%931775%29&amp;rft.atitle=Part+of+a+Letter+from+Mr+Antony+van+Leeuwenhoek%2C+F.+R.+S.+concerning+Green+Weeds+Growing+in+Water%2C+and+Some+Animalcula+Found+about+Them&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E288&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1304-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&amp;rft.date=1702&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1702.0042&amp;rft.aulast=van+Leeuwenhoek&amp;rft.aufirst=A&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFPrescott−Harley−Klein2002" class="citation journal cs1">Prescott−Harley−Klein (October 2002). "<i>Microbiology.</i>Lansing M. Prescott , John P. Harley , Donald A. Klein". <i>Microbiology</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EMicrobiology.%3C%2Fi%3ELansing+M.+Prescott+%2C+John+P.+Harley+%2C+Donald+A.+Klein&amp;rft.date=2002-10&amp;rft.au=Prescott%E2%88%92Harley%E2%88%92Klein&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="കൂടുതൽ_വായനയ്ക്ക്"><span id=".E0.B4.95.E0.B5.82.E0.B4.9F.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.BD_.E0.B4.B5.E0.B4.BE.E0.B4.AF.E0.B4.A8.E0.B4.AF.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D"></span>കൂടുതൽ വായനയ്ക്ക്</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks infobox bordered" style="width:auto"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#efefef; font-size:1em">Library resources</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> About Bacteria</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&amp;su=Bacteria&amp;library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&amp;su=Bacteria">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=&amp;su=Bacteria&amp;library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFAlcamo2001" class="citation book cs1">Alcamo IE (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790763710674"><i>Fundamentals of microbiology</i></a>. Boston: Jones and Bartlett. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/0-7637-1067-9" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/0-7637-1067-9"><bdi>0-7637-1067-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+microbiology&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=0-7637-1067-9&amp;rft.aulast=Alcamo&amp;rft.aufirst=IE&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9790763710674&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFAtlas1995" class="citation book cs1">Atlas RM (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofmicr0000atla_l1q7"><i>Principles of microbiology</i></a>. St. Louis: Mosby. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/0-8016-7790-4" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/0-8016-7790-4"><bdi>0-8016-7790-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Principles+of+microbiology&amp;rft.place=St.+Louis&amp;rft.pub=Mosby&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.isbn=0-8016-7790-4&amp;rft.aulast=Atlas&amp;rft.aufirst=RM&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofmicr0000atla_l1q7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFMartinkoMadigan2005" class="citation book cs1">Martinko JM, Madigan MT (2005). <i>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</i> (11th&#160;ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/0-13-144329-1" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/0-13-144329-1"><bdi>0-13-144329-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J&amp;rft.edition=11th&amp;rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=0-13-144329-1&amp;rft.aulast=Martinko&amp;rft.aufirst=JM&amp;rft.au=Madigan%2C+MT&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFHoltBergey1994" class="citation book cs1">Holt JC, Bergey DH (1994). <i>Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology</i> (9th&#160;ed.). Baltimore: Williams &amp; Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/0-683-00603-7" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/0-683-00603-7"><bdi>0-683-00603-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Bergey%27s+manual+of+determinative+bacteriology&amp;rft.place=Baltimore&amp;rft.edition=9th&amp;rft.pub=Williams+%26+Wilkins&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=0-683-00603-7&amp;rft.aulast=Holt&amp;rft.aufirst=JC&amp;rft.au=Bergey%2C+DH&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFHugenholtzGoebelPace1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hugenholtz P, Goebel BM, Pace NR (15 September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080914121802/http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/180/18/4765?view=full&amp;pmid=9733676">"Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity"</a>. <i>J Bacteriol</i>. <b>180</b> (18): <span class="nowrap">4765–</span>74. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMC_(identifier)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PMC (identifier) (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC107498">107498</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9733676">9733676</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/180/18/4765?view=full&amp;pmid=9733676">the original</a> on 2008-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&amp;rft.atitle=Impact+of+culture-independent+studies+on+the+emerging+phylogenetic+view+of+bacterial+diversity&amp;rft.volume=180&amp;rft.issue=18&amp;rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4765-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&amp;rft.date=1998-09-15&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC107498%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9733676&amp;rft.aulast=Hugenholtz&amp;rft.aufirst=P&amp;rft.au=Goebel%2C+BM&amp;rft.au=Pace%2C+NR&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjb.asm.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F180%2F18%2F4765%3Fview%3Dfull%26pmid%3D9733676&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFFunkeTortoraCase2004" class="citation book cs1">Funke BR, Tortora GJ, Case CL (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microbiologyintr00tort"><i>Microbiology: an introduction</i></a> (8th&#160;ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/0-8053-7614-3" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/0-8053-7614-3"><bdi>0-8053-7614-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Microbiology%3A+an+introduction&amp;rft.place=San+Francisco&amp;rft.edition=8th&amp;rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.isbn=0-8053-7614-3&amp;rft.aulast=Funke&amp;rft.aufirst=BR&amp;rft.au=Tortora%2C+GJ&amp;rft.au=Case%2C+CL&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicrobiologyintr00tort&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFOgunseitan2005" class="citation book cs1">Ogunseitan OA (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/microbialdiversi0000ogun"><i>Microbial Diversity: Form and Function in Prokaryotes</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/978-1-4051-4448-3" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/978-1-4051-4448-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-4448-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Microbial+Diversity%3A+Form+and+Function+in+Prokaryotes&amp;rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4051-4448-3&amp;rft.aulast=Ogunseitan&amp;rft.aufirst=OA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmicrobialdiversi0000ogun&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r4123591"><cite id="CITEREFShively2006" class="citation book cs1">Shively JM (2006). <i>Complex Intracellular Structures in Prokaryotes (Microbiology Monographs)</i>. Berlin: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82:%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE/3-540-32524-7" title="പ്രത്യേകം:പുസ്തകസ്രോതസ്സുകൾ/3-540-32524-7"><bdi>3-540-32524-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Complex+Intracellular+Structures+in+Prokaryotes+%28Microbiology+Monographs%29&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=3-540-32524-7&amp;rft.aulast=Shively&amp;rft.aufirst=JM&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fml.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="പുറത്തേയ്ക്കുള്ള_കണ്ണി"><span id=".E0.B4.AA.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.B1.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A4.E0.B5.87.E0.B4.AF.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.95.E0.B5.81.E0.B4.B3.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.B3_.E0.B4.95.E0.B4.A3.E0.B5.8D.E0.B4.A3.E0.B4.BF"></span>പുറത്തേയ്ക്കുള്ള കണ്ണി</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="ഉപവിഭാഗം തിരുത്തുക: പുറത്തേയ്ക്കുള്ള കണ്ണി"><span>തിരുത്തുക</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/MicrobeWiki">MicrobeWiki</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206071749/http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/MicrobeWiki">Archived</a> 2015-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82:Nature&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="വർഗ്ഗം:Nature (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Category</span></a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82:Science&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="കവാടം:Science (ഇതുവരെ എഴുതപ്പെട്ടിട്ടില്ല)"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Portal</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="boilerplate metadata" id="stub"> <table cellspacing="2" cellpadding="3" style="width:80%;border:solid #999 1px;background:#F8F8F8;margin:0.5em auto;clear:both"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:10%;text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82:Morpho_didius_Male_Dos_MHNT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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