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data-remove-post-author="0" data-remove-post-comment-number="0"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h1 class="entry-title">Knowledge Graphs and Their Punk Rhizomatics</h1> <div id="single-below-header" data-hide-on-mobile="true"> <span class="meta-author vcard author"><span class="fn"><span class="author-leading">By</span> <a href="https://synaptica.com/author/ahrenl/" title="Posts by Ahren Lehnert" rel="author">Ahren Lehnert</a></span></span><span class="meta-date date published">December 1, 2021</span><span class="meta-date date updated rich-snippet-hidden">April 24th, 2024</span><span class="meta-category"><a class="knowledge-graphs" href="https://synaptica.com/category/knowledge-graphs/">Knowledge Graphs</a>, <a class="taxonomy-management" href="https://synaptica.com/category/taxonomy-management/">Taxonomy Management</a></span> </div> <div id="single-meta"> <div class="meta-comment-count"> <a href="https://synaptica.com/knowledge-graphs-and-their-punk-rhizomatics/#respond"><i class="icon-default-style steadysets-icon-chat-3"></i> No Comments</a> </div> <div class="nectar-social hover" data-position="right" data-rm-love="1" data-color-override="override"><span class="share-btn"> <i class="icon-default-style steadysets-icon-share"></i> Share</span><div class="nectar-social-inner"></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container-wrap no-sidebar" data-midnight="dark" data-remove-post-date="0" data-remove-post-author="0" data-remove-post-comment-number="0"> <div class="container main-content"> <div class="row"> <div class="post-area col standard-minimal span_12 col_last" role="main"> <article id="post-6178" class="post-6178 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-knowledge-graphs category-taxonomy-management tag-hierarchy tag-semantics"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="post-content" data-hide-featured-media="0"> <div class="content-inner"> <div id="fws_67425da051a80" data-column-margin="default" data-midnight="dark" class="wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; "><div class="row-bg-wrap" data-bg-animation="none" data-bg-animation-delay="" data-bg-overlay="false"><div class="inner-wrap row-bg-layer" ><div class="row-bg viewport-desktop" style=""></div></div></div><div class="row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left"> <div class="vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone " data-padding-pos="all" data-has-bg-color="false" data-bg-color="" data-bg-opacity="1" data-animation="" data-delay="0" > <div class="vc_column-inner" > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " > <div class="wpb_wrapper"> <h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">Knowledge Graphs</span></b></h3> <p><span data-contrast="auto">We have talked about knowledge graphs before in </span><a href="https://www.synaptica.com/knowledge-management-knowledge-graphs-and-ontologies/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span data-contrast="none">blogs</span></a><span data-contrast="auto">, </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qIBex7a0kE" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span data-contrast="none">webinars</span></a><span data-contrast="auto">, and conference workshops and </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbOX3Wyhpp4" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span data-contrast="none">presentations</span></a><span data-contrast="auto">. Our partners at Ontotext also do a good job of describing knowledge graphs in their </span><a href="https://www.ontotext.com/knowledgehub/fundamentals/what-is-a-knowledge-graph/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span data-contrast="none">blog</span></a><span data-contrast="auto">.</span></p> <p><span data-contrast="auto">So, I’m not going to spend a lot of time defining what a knowledge graph is other than to say it is an interlinked graph structure of strings and things which is non-hierarchical and non-linear. The last two concepts are the focus of this blog and how those characteristics mark a paradigm shift in knowledge organization and sharing.</span></p> <h3><b><span data-contrast="auto">Hierarchies as Power Structures</span></b></h3> <p><span data-contrast="auto">In their book </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Thousand_Plateaus" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i><span data-contrast="none">A Thousand Plateaus</span></i></a><span data-contrast="auto">, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, “</span><span data-contrast="none">use the terms ‘</span><span data-contrast="auto">rhizome’</span><span data-contrast="none"> and ‘rhizomatic’…to describe theory and research that allows for multiple, non-hierarchical entry and exit points in data representation and interpretation. [T]hey oppose it to an </span><span data-contrast="auto">arborescent</span><span data-contrast="none"> (hierarchic, tree-like) conception of knowledge, which works with dualist categories and binary choices” (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome_(philosophy)" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span data-contrast="none">Wikipedia</span></a><span data-contrast="none">). In botany, a rhizome is a “modified subterranean </span><span data-contrast="auto">plant stem</span><span data-contrast="none"> that sends out </span><span data-contrast="auto">roots</span><span data-contrast="none"> and </span><span data-contrast="auto">shoots</span><span data-contrast="none"> from its </span><span data-contrast="auto">nodes” (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizome" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span data-contrast="none">Wikipedia</span></a><span data-contrast="auto">). They grow out, horizontally, rather than vertically.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":6,"335551620":6,"335559740":276}"> </span></p> <p><span data-contrast="none">Hold up! “Hierarchic, tree-like conception of knowledge”? That sounds a lot like a taxonomy, yet another term taken from biology and botany. “Multiple, non-hierarchical entry exit points in data representation and interpretation”? I believe I’ve seen that as a knowledge graph somewhere. So, in 1980, two French philosophers were positing notions of non-hierarchical, decentralized information access and representation? Yes. They speculated that hierarchical structures were restrictive, resulting in “dualist categories and binary choices”. To expand this notion, restrictive hierarchical structures are really descriptive of existing, systemic power structures appearing throughout our society. These hidden hierarchical taxonomies are rigid and narrow, restricting our ability to semantically model our knowledge domains.</span></p> <p><span data-contrast="none">Well, that’s a particularly odd thing for a taxonomist to say! True, but speaking rhizomatically, all of these concepts are connected. Let’s segue into a discussion about the punk subculture whose “ethos is primarily made up of beliefs such as non-conformity, </span><span data-contrast="auto">anti-authoritarianism</span><span data-contrast="none">, </span><span data-contrast="auto">anti-corporatism</span><span data-contrast="none">, a </span><span data-contrast="auto">do-it-yourself ethic</span><span data-contrast="none">, </span><span data-contrast="auto">anti-consumerist</span><span data-contrast="none">, anti-</span><span data-contrast="auto">corporate greed</span><span data-contrast="none">, </span><span data-contrast="auto">direct action</span><span data-contrast="none"> and not ‘</span><span data-contrast="auto">selling out’</span><span data-contrast="none">” (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_subculture" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span data-contrast="none">Wikipedia</span></a><span data-contrast="none">). I would argue, as a sweeping generalization, that this ethos has permeated popular culture, especially among Millennials and Generation Z. While they are not of the 1970s and 1980s punk era, they espouse the same beliefs, and these ethics are being brought into the workplace. Even as these generations “sell out” for their first adult jobs, they change the culture of corporations, large and small, and with it they change the way we organize and conceptualize knowledge.</span></p> <p><span data-contrast="none">While every generation alive today participates to one degree or another in the electronic universe, the new, younger workforce is both a producer and a consumer driving knowledge democratization. They demand the ability to freely create and share knowledge just as they demand that other knowledge be freely created and shared with them. Their knowledge creation and consumption is decentralized and decoupled from hierarchical power structures. Ok, it’s true they use platforms which are arguably just extensions of different types of power structures, but their content creation and consumption, for better and for worse, is largely unhampered by these authorities.</span></p> <h3><b><span data-contrast="none">Knowledge Graphs as Rhizomes</span></b></h3> <p><span data-contrast="none">Have I, in this taxonomy blog, just trashed hierarchical structures such as taxonomies? No. Rather, I want to place hierarchical taxonomies in their rightful role as structures living within larger, non-hierarchical, decentralized, rhizomatic knowledge graphs.</span></p> <p><span data-contrast="none">The most salient point in Deleuze and Guattari’s descriptions of rhizomes are their “principles of connection and heterogeneity: any point of a rhizome can be connected to anything other, and must be. This is very different from the tree or root, which plots a point, fixes an order…” (</span><a href="https://www.ntnu.no/wiki/download/attachments/21463142/deleuzeguattarirhizome.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i><span data-contrast="none">A Thousand Plateaus</span></i></a><i><span data-contrast="none">).</span></i><span data-contrast="none"> The nature of a knowledge graph and its </span><a href="https://www.w3.org/RDF/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span data-contrast="none">RDF</span></a><span data-contrast="none"> Subject-Predicate-Object triple structure is that any string can be connected to any other string and any other thing. Subjects are nodes in the graph which can be connected to Object nodes in the same, or different, graph. Similarly, r</span><span data-contrast="auto">hizomes send out roots and shoots from nodes, horizontally below and vertically above, the surface. Information is connected by, and as, subjects and objects in the graph, growing horizontally rather than vertically and surfacing shoots of knowledge.</span></p> <p><span data-contrast="none">In </span><i><span data-contrast="none">A Thousand Plateaus</span></i><span data-contrast="none">, “multiplicities are rhizomatic”, and have “neither subject nor object, only determinations, magnitudes, and dimensions that cannot increase in number without the multiplicity changing in nature.” Interesting that the very subject and object nature of a graph is only limited when it is a single triple; entering a graph from any point means that one can enter at the subject, traverse the predicate, and end at an object which is itself a subject and so on. “There are no points or positions in a rhizome, such as those found in a structure, tree, or root. There are only lines.” These lines are predicates between nodes in the graph, creating a web of interconnected knowledge working </span><i><span data-contrast="none">within</span></i><span data-contrast="none"> and </span><i><span data-contrast="none">between</span></i><span data-contrast="none"> knowledge domains.</span></p> <p><span data-contrast="none">As we started this blog, we come back to knowledge graphs allowing for “non-hierarchical entry and exit points in data representation and interpretation”. Knowledge graphs are always works in progress, connecting existing and new information. Like the rhizome, a knowledge graph “has no beginning or end; it is always in the middle, between things, interbeing, </span><i><span data-contrast="none">intermezzo</span></i><span data-contrast="none">.”</span></p> <h3><b><span data-contrast="none">Hierarchies within Knowledge Graphs</span></b></h3> <p><span data-contrast="none">Deleuze and Guattari advise that “the rhizome is altogether different, a map and not a tracing. Make a map, not a tracing.” If knowledge graphs are rhizomes, then they are also the sum of their parts. Some of their parts are flat lists of concepts, other parts are hierarchical taxonomies, and still other parts are bound by the schematic logic of ontologies. Taken as a multiplicity, these structures form a non-hierarchical, rhizomatic graph. The graph can remain static or it can grow, connecting node to node, subject to object, to cover one or more domains of knowledge. When knowledge domains are combined or intersected, new knowledge and discoveries are formed to the benefit of the knowledge workers who traverse the graph.</span></p> <p><span data-contrast="none">Taxonomies and ontologies form foundational layers for knowledge graph structures, concept population, and common vocabulary across domains and content. In short: “Plug the tracings back into the map, connect the trees back up with a rhizome” (</span><a href="https://www.ntnu.no/wiki/download/attachments/21463142/deleuzeguattarirhizome.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><i><span data-contrast="none">A Thousand Plateaus</span></i></a><i><span data-contrast="none">)</span></i><span data-contrast="none">.</span></p> <h3><b><span data-contrast="none">Knowledge Graphs as Semantic Web</span></b></h3> <p><span data-contrast="none">A meeting of technologies may help us to realize the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span data-contrast="none">Semantic Web</span></a><span data-contrast="auto"> as </span><span data-contrast="none">originally conceived by Tim Berners-Lee; flexible, changeable, and extensible knowledge graphs based on Semantic Web standards married with decentralized and immutable blockchain resulting in a decentralized, democratized, and punk rhizomatic Internet.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"201341983":0,"335551550":6,"335551620":6,"335559740":276}"> </span></p> <p><span data-contrast="none">If knowledge graphs and blockchain are indicative of the new web, dubbed </span><a href="https://www.npr.org/2021/11/21/1056988346/web3-internet-jargon-or-future-vision#:~:text=Ani_Ka%2FGetty%20Images-,Web3%2C%20short%20for%20web%203.0%2C%20is%20a%20vision%20of%20the,Ani_Ka%2FGetty%20Images" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span data-contrast="none">Web 3.0</span></a><span data-contrast="none">, then there are defining characteristics we should expect to see:</span></p> <ul> <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1"><a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/blockchain.asp" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b><i><span data-contrast="none">Decentralized</span></i></b><span data-contrast="none">:</span></a><span data-contrast="none"> products and services on the Internet will be accessed and owned by users instead of centralized authorities or locations like governments or corporations.</span></li> <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratization_of_knowledge" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><b><i><span data-contrast="none">Democratized</span></i></b><span data-contrast="none">:</span></a><span data-contrast="none"> just as user content is being generated today, the creation, ownership, and transmission of user-generated content between parties will be owned by the user rather than platforms or intermediaries.</span><span data-ccp-props="{"134233279":true,"201341983":0,"335551550":6,"335551620":6,"335559740":276}"> </span></li> <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="1" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1"><b><i><span data-contrast="none">Decoupled</span></i></b><span data-contrast="none">: user-created and owned content will be accessible and transferable across platforms and devices without separate accounts and logins.</span></li> </ul> <p><span data-contrast="none">Interestingly, decentralization can lead to the fragmentation I discuss in my blog about the </span><a href="https://www.synaptica.com/the-semantic-web-or-the-splinternet/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span data-contrast="none">Splinternet</span></a><span data-contrast="auto"> just as easily as it can lead to a new form of boundless information connecting. 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