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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stages_of_historical_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages_of_historical_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Stages of historical development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stages_of_historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Phonetic development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_vs._Eastern_Prakrit_features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_vs._Eastern_Prakrit_features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Western vs. Eastern Prakrit features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_vs._Eastern_Prakrit_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-1815_Sinhalese_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-1815_Sinhalese_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Pre-1815 Sinhalese literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-1815_Sinhalese_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substratum_influence_in_Sinhala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substratum_influence_in_Sinhala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Substratum influence in Sinhala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substratum_influence_in_Sinhala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Dravidian_substratum_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Dravidian_substratum_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>South Dravidian substratum influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Dravidian_substratum_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_from_neighbouring_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_from_neighbouring_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Influences from neighbouring languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_from_neighbouring_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>European influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences_on_other_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences_on_other_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Influences on other languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences_on_other_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accents_and_dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accents_and_dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Accents and dialects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accents_and_dialects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Accents and dialects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Accents_and_dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uva_regional_variation_in_relation_to_grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uva_regional_variation_in_relation_to_grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Uva regional variation in relation to grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uva_regional_variation_in_relation_to_grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Southern variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kandy,_Kegalle_and_Galle_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kandy,_Kegalle_and_Galle_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kandy, Kegalle and Galle people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kandy,_Kegalle_and_Galle_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diglossia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diglossia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Diglossia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diglossia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonotactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonotactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Phonotactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonotactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominal_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominal_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Nominal morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominal_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_marking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_marking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Number marking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_marking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indefinite_article" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indefinite_article"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Indefinite article</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indefinite_article-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbal_morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbal_morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Verbal morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbal_morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semantics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semantics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Semantics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Semantics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Semantics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Semantics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_of_තුමා_(thuma)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_තුමා_(thuma)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Use of <span><span>තුමා</span></span> (<span><i>thuma</i></span>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_තුමා_(thuma)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discourse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discourse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Discourse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discourse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sinhala language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singalees" title="Singalees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Singalees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिंहल भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="सिंहल भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة السنهالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة السنهالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সিংহল ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সিংহল ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_cingal%C3%A9s" title="Idioma cingalés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma cingalés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhal_dili" title="Sinhal dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sinhal dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="সিংহলি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিংহলি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala-g%C3%AD" title="Sinhala-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sinhala-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сінгальская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінгальская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сынгальская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сынгальская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Синхалски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синхалски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhaleg" title="Sinhaleg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sinhaleg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singal%C3%A8s" title="Singalès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Singalès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinh%C3%A1l%C5%A1tina" title="Sinhálština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sinhálština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhaleg" title="Sinhaleg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sinhaleg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singalesisk_(sprog)" title="Singalesisk (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Singalesisk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singalesagiella" title="Singalesagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Singalesagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhalesische_Sprache" title="Singhalesische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Singhalesische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singali_keel" title="Singali keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Singali keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σιναλεζική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιναλεζική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_cingal%C3%A9s" title="Idioma cingalés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma cingalés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_lingvo" title="Sinhala lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sinhala lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala" title="Sinhala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sinhala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زبان سینهالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان سینهالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhalese_bhasa" title="Sinhalese bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sinhalese bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhalais" title="Singhalais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Singhalais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_cingalesa" title="Lingua cingalesa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua cingalesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala-ng%C3%AE" title="Sinhala-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sinhala-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%B1%ED%95%A0%EB%9D%BC%EC%96%B4" title="싱할라어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="싱할라어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Սինհալերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սինհալերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिंहली भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिंहली भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singalski_jezik" title="Singalski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Singalski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sinhala" title="Bahasa Sinhala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Sinhala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Сингайлаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сингайлаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singal%C3%ADska" title="Singalíska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Singalíska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_singalese" title="Lingua singalese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua singalese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סינהלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סינהלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B3_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಸಿಂಹಳ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಿಂಹಳ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სინჰალური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინჰალური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Сингал кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сингал кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Singhalensis" title="Lingua Singhalensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Singhalensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing%C4%81%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Singāļu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Singāļu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhal%C5%B3_kalba" title="Sinhalų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sinhalų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_singaleise" title="Lengua singaleise – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua singaleise" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szingal%C3%A9z_nyelv" title="Szingaléz nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szingaléz nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिंहाली भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सिंहाली भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Синхалски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Синхалски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_singaley" title="Fiteny singaley – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny singaley" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="സിംഹള ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിംഹള ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिंहला भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिंहला भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="სინჰალური ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სინჰალური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89" title="سنهالى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سنهالى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سینهالی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سینهالی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sinhala" title="Bahasa Sinhala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Sinhala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%A0%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="သီဟိုဠ်ဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သီဟိုဠ်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singalees" title="Singalees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Singalees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singalees" title="Singalees – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Singalees" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिंहली भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिंहली भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="सिंहल भाय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिंहल भाय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="シンハラ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シンハラ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhaleesk" title="Singhaleesk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Singhaleesk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singalesisk" title="Singalesisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Singalesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singalesisk" title="Singalesisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Singalesisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singal%C3%A9s" title="Singalés – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Singalés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singal_tili" title="Singal tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Singal tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਸਿੰਹਾਲਾ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿੰਹਾਲਾ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سنہالا بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سنہالا بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="سينهالا ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سينهالا ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%88" title="ភាសាសិង្ហលៈ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាសិង្ហលៈ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_sinhal%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga sinhalèisa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga sinhalèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_syngaleski" title="Język syngaleski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język syngaleski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_cingalesa" title="Língua cingalesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua cingalesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_singalez%C4%83" title="Limba singaleză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba singaleză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_simi" title="Sinhala simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sinhala simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Сингальский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сингальский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="सिंहलभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सिंहलभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱤᱝᱦᱚᱞᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_sinhale" title="Gjuha sinhale – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha sinhale" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="සිංහල භාෂාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සිංහල භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sinhala language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singal%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Singalščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Singalščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syngalsk%C5%8F_g%C5%8Fdka" title="Syngalskŏ gŏdka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Syngalskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="زمانی سینھالی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی سینھالی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Синхалешки језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синхалешки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinhali" title="Sinhali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sinhali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singalesiska" title="Singalesiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Singalesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Singgales" title="Wikang Singgales – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Singgales" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சிங்களம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிங்களம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="సింహళ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సింహళ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5" title="ภาษาสิงหล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาสิงหล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seylanca" title="Seylanca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Seylanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Сингальська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сингальська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="سنہالی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنہالی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="سىنگال تىلى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سىنگال تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Sinhala" title="Tiếng Sinhala – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Sinhala" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="僧伽罗语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="僧伽罗语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E7%BE%85%E6%96%87" title="僧伽羅文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="僧伽羅文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seylanki" title="Seylanki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seylanki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="僧伽罗语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="僧伽罗语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Sinhala" title="Bahasa Sinhala – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Sinhala" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13267#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used.<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Sinhala</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">සිංහල</span></span> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">Siṁhala</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg/200px-%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg/300px-%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg/400px-%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="47" data-file-height="21" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="si-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈsiŋɦələ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 16 million (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 2.0 million (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#Southern_Zone" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Southern Zone</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages#Insular_Indo-Aryan" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Insular Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Sinhalese–Maldivian</a><sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Sinhala</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early form</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a> (perhaps a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole language</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala Braille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=si">si</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=401">sin</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sin" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:sin">sin</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sinh1246">sinh1246</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=59-ABB-a">59-ABB-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinhala_language_distribution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sinhala_language_distribution.svg/320px-Sinhala_language_distribution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="549" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sinhala_language_distribution.svg/480px-Sinhala_language_distribution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sinhala_language_distribution.svg/640px-Sinhala_language_distribution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="3401" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #0062FF ; color:white;"> </span>  Sinhala is the majority language where the vast majority are <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">first language</a> speakers</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color" style="background-color:#74B4FF;"><span style="display:inline-block; width:0; height:0;border-right: 1.25em solid #0062FF ;border-bottom: 1.25em solid #74B4FF;"> </span></span>  Sinhala is the majority language, with other languages being spoken largely or as a second language (such as <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color: #C0C0C0 ; color:black;"> </span>  Sinhala is a minority language</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Sinhala</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SIN</span>-hə-lə, <span style="font-size:90%">SING</span>-ə-lə</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinhala: <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">සිංහල</span></span>, <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">siṁhala</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="si-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈsiŋɦələ]</a></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes called <b>Sinhalese</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>(<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span></span>)<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SIN</span>-(h)ə-<span style="font-size:90%">LEEZ</span>, <span style="font-size:90%">SING</span>-(g)ə-<span style="font-size:90%">LEEZ</span></i></a>), is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan language</a> primarily spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, who make up the largest ethnic group on the island, numbering about 16 million.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinhala is also spoken as the first language by other ethnic groups in Sri Lanka, totalling about 2 million speakers as of 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is written using the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala script</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic script</a> closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha script</a> of South India.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sinhala is one of the official and national languages of Sri Lanka, alongside <a href="/wiki/Tamil_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil (language)">Tamil</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>, it played a major role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhist</a> literature.<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early forms of the Sinhala language are attested as early as the 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language of these inscriptions, still retaining long vowels and aspirated consonants, is a <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a>, a regional associate of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle Indian</a> Prakrits that had been used during the time of the <a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-malini_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malini-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most closely related languages are the <a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda language</a> (an endangered, indigenous creole still spoken by a minority of Sri Lankans, mixing Sinhala with an isolate of unknown origin and from which Old Sinhala borrowed various aspects into its main Indo-Aryan substrate), and the <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian language</a>. It has two main varieties, written and spoken, and is a conspicuous example of the linguistic phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigiriya-graffiti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sigiriya-graffiti.jpg/220px-Sigiriya-graffiti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Sigiriya-graffiti.jpg/330px-Sigiriya-graffiti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Sigiriya-graffiti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>There are 1,500 poems written in the 6th-10th centuries on the <a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a> Mirror Wall. These poems are believed to have been composed by pilgrims who came to visit the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monastery</a> of Sigiriya, which was active at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Sinhala_Alphabet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/New_Sinhala_Alphabet.jpg/220px-New_Sinhala_Alphabet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/New_Sinhala_Alphabet.jpg/330px-New_Sinhala_Alphabet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/New_Sinhala_Alphabet.jpg/440px-New_Sinhala_Alphabet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1756" /></a><figcaption>Letters of the <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala script</a>.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Sri_Lanka#Sinhala" title="Names of Sri Lanka">Names of Sri Lanka § Sinhala</a></div> <p><i>Sinhala</i> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Siṁhala</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> term; the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Eḷu</a>) word is <span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">Sīhala</i></span>. The name is a derivative of <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:सिंह">siṁha</a></i></span>, the Sanskrit word for 'lion'.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name is sometimes glossed as 'abode of lions', and attributed to a <a href="/wiki/Panthera_leo_sinhaleyus" title="Panthera leo sinhaleyus">supposed former abundance</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a> on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the chronicle <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="pi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81va%E1%B9%83sa" title="Mahāvaṃsa">Mahāvaṃsa</a></i></span>, written in Pali, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Vijaya" title="Prince Vijaya">Prince Vijaya</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vanga_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanga Kingdom">Vanga Kingdom</a> and his entourage merged in Sri Lanka with later settlers from the <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following centuries, there was substantial immigration from Eastern India, including additional migration from the Vanga Kingdom (Bengal), as well as <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_(historical_kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalinga (historical kingdom)">Kalinga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This influx led to an admixture of features of Eastern Prakrits.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stages_of_historical_development">Stages of historical development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Stages of historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of Sinhala is divided into four epochs:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu Prakrit</a> (3rd c. BCE to 4th c. CE)</li> <li>Proto-Sinhala (4th c. CE to 8th c. CE)</li> <li>Medieval Sinhala (8th c. CE to 13th c. CE)</li> <li>Modern Sinhala (13th c. CE to the present)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetic_development">Phonetic development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonetic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important phonetic developments of Sinhala include: </p> <ul><li>the loss of <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant#phonemic" title="Aspirated consonant">aspiration</a> as a distinction for <a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonants">plosive consonants</a> (e.g. <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">kanavā</i></span> "to eat" corresponds to Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">khādati</i></span>, Hindustani <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">khānā</i></span>)</li> <li>the loss of original <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> distinction; long vowels in the modern language are found in <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> (e.g. <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">vibāgaya</i></span> "exam" < Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">vibhāga</i></span>) or as a result of <a href="/wiki/Sandhi" title="Sandhi">sandhi</a>, either after <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a> of <a href="/wiki/Intervocalic_consonant" title="Intervocalic consonant">intervocalic consonants</a> (e.g. <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">dānavā</i></span> "to put" < <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">damanavā</i></span>) or in originally <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound</a> words.</li> <li>the simplification of <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate consonants</a> into geminates and single consonants respectively (e.g. Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">viṣṭā</i></span> "time" > Sinhalese Prakrit <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">viṭṭa</i></span> > Modern Sinhala <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">viṭa</i></span>)</li> <li>development of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃ/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> and/or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɦ/</span> (e.g. <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">san̆da</i></span>/<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">han̆da</i></span> "moon" corresponds to Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">candra</i></span>) and development of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dʒ/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> (e.g. <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">dæla</i></span> "web" corresponds to Sanskrit <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jāla</i></span>)</li> <li>development of <a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalized consonants</a> from Sanskrit nasal + voiced stops (as in <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">han̆da</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>retention of initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, the latter only shared with <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a> (as in <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">viṭa</i></span> and <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">yutu</i></span> "fit, proper" < Sanskrit <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">yukta</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_vs._Eastern_Prakrit_features">Western vs. Eastern Prakrit features</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Western vs. Eastern Prakrit features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Geiger" title="Wilhelm Geiger">Wilhelm Geiger</a>, an example of a possible Western feature in Sinhala is the retention of initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/v/</span> which developed into <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> in the Eastern languages (e.g. Sanskrit <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">viṁśati</i></span> "twenty", Sinhala <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">visi-</i></span>, Hindi <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Hindi language) transliteration"><i lang="hi-Latn">bīs</i></span>). This is disputed by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shahidullah" title="Muhammad Shahidullah">Muhammad Shahidullah</a> who says that Sinhala Prakrit branched off from the Eastern Prakrits prior to this change. He cites the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">edicts of Ashoka</a>, no copy of which shows this sound change.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An example of an Eastern feature is the ending <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">-e</i></span> for masculine nominative singular (instead of Western <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">-o</i></span>) in Sinhalese Prakrit. There are several cases of vocabulary <a href="/wiki/Doublet_(linguistics)" title="Doublet (linguistics)">doublets</a>, one example being the words <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">mæssā</i></span> ("fly") and <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">mækkā</i></span> ("flea"), which both correspond to Sanskrit <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sanskrit language) transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">makṣikā</i></span> but stem from two regionally different Prakrit words <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">macchiā</i></span> (Western Prakrits) and <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Indic languages language) transliteration"><i lang="inc-Latn">makkhikā</i></span> (as in Eastern Prakrits like <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-1815_Sinhalese_literature">Pre-1815 Sinhalese literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-1815 Sinhalese literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1815, the island of Ceylon came under <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka#British_rule" title="Sri Lanka">British rule</a>. During the career of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Reynolds_(linguist)" title="Christopher Reynolds (linguist)">Christopher Reynolds</a> as a Sinhalese lecturer at the <a href="/wiki/SOAS_University_of_London" title="SOAS University of London">School of African and Oriental Studies, University of London</a>, he extensively researched the Sinhalese language and its pre-1815 literature. The Sri Lankan government awarded him the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Ranjana" title="Sri Lanka Ranjana">Sri Lanka Ranjana</a> medal for his work. He wrote the 377-page <i>An anthology of Sinhalese literature up to 1815</i>, selected by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> National Commission of Ceylon<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substratum_influence_in_Sinhala">Substratum influence in Sinhala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Substratum influence in Sinhala"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Geiger" title="Wilhelm Geiger">Wilhelm Geiger</a>, Sinhala has features that set it apart from other Indo-Aryan languages. Some of the differences can be explained by the substrate influence of the parent stock of the <a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sinhala has many words that are only found in Sinhala, or shared between Sinhala and Vedda and not etymologically derivable from Middle or Old Indo-Aryan. Possible examples include <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">kola</i></span> for leaf in Sinhala and Vedda (although others suggest a Dravidian origin for this word.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">dola</i></span> for pig in Vedda and offering in Sinhala. Other common words are <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">rera</i></span> for wild duck, and <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">gala</i></span> for stones (in <a href="/wiki/Toponyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponyms">toponyms</a> used throughout the island, although others have also suggested a Dravidian origin).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-v230_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v230-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also high frequency words denoting body parts in Sinhala, such as <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">olluva</i></span> for head, <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">kakula</i></span> for leg, <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">bella</i></span> for neck and <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">kalava</i></span> for thighs, that are derived from pre-Sinhalese languages of Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-I45_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-I45-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest Sinhala grammar, <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">Sidatsan̆garavā</i></span>, written in the 13th century CE, recognised a category of words that exclusively belonged to early Sinhala. The grammar lists <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">naram̆ba</i></span> (to see) and <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">koḷom̆ba</i></span> (fort or harbour) as belonging to an indigenous source. <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">Koḷom̆ba</i></span> is the source of the name of the commercial capital <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Dravidian_substratum_influence">South Dravidian substratum influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Dravidian substratum influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The consistent left branching syntax and the loss of aspirated stops in Sinhala is attributed to a probable <a href="/wiki/South_Dravidian" class="mw-redirect" title="South Dravidian">South Dravidian</a> substratum effect.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been explained by a period of prior bilingualism: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The earliest type of contact in Sri Lanka, not considering the aboriginal Vedda languages, was that which occurred between South Dravidian and Sinhala. It seems plausible to assume prolonged contact between these two populations as well as a high degree of bilingualism. This explains why Sinhala looks deeply South Dravidian for an Indo-Aryan language. There is corroboration in genetic findings."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences_from_neighbouring_languages">Influences from neighbouring languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Influences from neighbouring languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Tamil_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Tamil origin">Tamil loanwords</a>, several phonetic and grammatical features also present in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a> set modern spoken Sinhala apart from its Northern Indo-Aryan relatives. These features are evidence of close interactions with Dravidian speakers. Some of the features that may be traced to Dravidian influence are: </p> <ul><li>the loss of aspiration</li> <li>the use of the <a href="/wiki/Attributive_verb" title="Attributive verb">attributive verb</a> of <span title="Sinhala-language text"><i lang="si">kiyana</i></span> "to say" as a subordinating <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunction</a> with the meanings "that" and "if", e.g.:</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">ඒක</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ēka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">අලුත්</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aḷut</p><p style="margin: 0px;">new</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">කියලා</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kiyalā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">having-said</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">මම</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mama</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">දන්නවා</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dannavā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know</p></div><p style="display: none;">ඒක අලුත් කියලා මම දන්නවා</p><p style="display: none;">ēka aḷut kiyalā mama dannavā</p><p style="display: none;">it new having-said I know</p><p style="clear: left;">"I know that it is new."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">ඒක</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ēka</p><p style="margin: 0px;">it</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">අලුත්</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aḷut</p><p style="margin: 0px;">new</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">ද</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">da</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">කියලා</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kiyalā</p><p style="margin: 0px;">having-said</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">මම</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mama</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">දන්නේ</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dannē</p><p style="margin: 0px;">know-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="emphatic" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">EMP</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">නැහැ</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">næhæ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">not</p></div><p style="display: none;">ඒක අලුත් ද කියලා මම දන්නේ නැහැ</p><p style="display: none;">ēka aḷut da kiyalā mama dannē næhæ</p><p style="display: none;">it new Q having-said I know-EMP not</p><p style="clear: left;">"I do not know whether it is new."</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_influence">European influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of centuries of colonial rule, interaction, settlement, intermarriage and assimilation, modern Sinhala contains many <a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_words_in_Sinhala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Portuguese words in Sinhala">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Dutch_words_in_Sinhala" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Dutch words in Sinhala">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_English_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of English origin">English loanwords</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences_on_other_languages">Influences on other languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Influences on other languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese Patois</a> or Macau Creole (known as <span title="Macanese-language text"><i lang="mzs">Patuá</i></span> to its speakers) is a <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> derived mainly from <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, Sinhala, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, which was originally spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Macanese_people" title="Macanese people">Macanese people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portuguese</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>. It is now spoken by a few families in Macau and in the Macanese <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The language developed first mainly among the descendants of Portuguese settlers who often married women from <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> rather than from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, so the language had strong Malay and Sinhala influence from the beginning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accents_and_dialects">Accents and dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Accents and dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sinhala language has different types of variations which are commonly identified as dialects and accents. Among those variations, regional variations are prominent. Some of the well-known regional variations of Sinhala language are:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Uva_Province" title="Uva Province">Uva Province</a> variation (Monaragala, Badulla).</li> <li>The southern variation (Matara, Galle).</li> <li>The up-country variation (Kandy, Matale).</li> <li>The Sabaragamu variation (Kegalle, Balangoda).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uva_regional_variation_in_relation_to_grammar">Uva regional variation in relation to grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Uva regional variation in relation to grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People from Uva province also have a unique linguistic variation in relation to the pronunciation of words. In general, Sinhala singular words are pluralized by adding suffixes like <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">-o</i></span>, <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">-hu</i></span>, <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">-wal</i></span> or <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">-waru</i></span>. But when it comes to Monaragala, the situation is somewhat different as when nouns are pluralized a nasal sound is added.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>General way of pluralizing Sinhala words </th> <th>The way Uva people pluralize words </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 3em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kàntawǝ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ǝ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">woman</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 3em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kantàw<b>ò</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">ò</p><p style="margin: 0px;">women</p></div><p style="display: none;">kàntawǝ kantàw<b>ò</b></p><p style="display: none;">ǝ ò</p><p style="display: none;">woman women</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 3em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lindha</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">well</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 3em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lindha<b>+n</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">lindh<b>an</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">wells</p></div><p style="display: none;">lindha lindha<b>+n</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} lindh<b>an</b></p><p style="display: none;">well wells</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 3em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">potǝ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ǝ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">book</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 3em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">pot</p><p style="margin: 0px;">Ø</p><p style="margin: 0px;">books</p></div><p style="display: none;">potǝ pot</p><p style="display: none;">ǝ Ø</p><p style="display: none;">book books</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 3em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oya</p><p style="margin: 0px;"> </p><p style="margin: 0px;">stream</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 3em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">oya+<b>n</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">oy<b>an</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">streams</p></div><p style="display: none;">oya oya+<b>n</b></p><p style="display: none;">{} oy<b>an</b></p><p style="display: none;">stream streams</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 3em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lindhǝ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">ǝ</p><p style="margin: 0px;">well</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 3em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lindhǝ+<b>wal</b></p><p style="margin: 0px;">+ wal</p><p style="margin: 0px;">wells</p></div><p style="display: none;">lindhǝ lindhǝ+<b>wal</b></p><p style="display: none;">ǝ {+ wal}</p><p style="display: none;">well wells</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_variation">Southern variation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Southern variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kamath language (an indigenous language of paddy culture) used by the Southerners is somewhat different from the 'Kamath language' used in other parts (Uva, Kandy) of Sri Lanka as it is marked with a systematic variation; 'boya' at the end of the majority of nouns as the examples below show.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><b>Crops:</b> <span title="Sinhala-language text"><i lang="si">Kurakkan <b>boya</b></i></span> (bran)</dd> <dd>           <span title="Sinhala-language text"><i lang="si">Rambakan <b>boya</b></i></span> (banana)</dd> <dd><b>Tools:</b> <span title="Sinhala-language text"><i lang="si">Thattu <b>boya</b></i></span> (bucket)</dd> <dd><b>Other words:</b> <span title="Sinhala-language text"><i lang="si">Nivahan <b>boya</b></i></span> (home)</dd></dl> <p>Here the particular word 'boya' means 'a little' in the Southern region and at the end of most of nouns, 'boya' is added regularly. This particular word 'boya' is added to most words by the Southern villages as a token of respect towards the things (those things can be crops, tools etc.) they are referring to. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kandy,_Kegalle_and_Galle_people"><span id="Kandy.2C_Kegalle_and_Galle_people"></span>Kandy, Kegalle and Galle people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kandy, Kegalle and Galle people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The contrast among the regional variations used by Kandy, Kegalle and Galle people in relation to pronunciation<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>The common Sinhala variation </th> <th>Different regional variations of Sinhala language </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ayye heta wapuranna enwada? <p>(Elder Brother, Are you coming to sow tomorrow?) </p> </td> <td><b>Ayya</b> heta <b>wapuranta</b> enawada? (Kandy) <p><b>Ayye</b> heta <b>wapuranda</b> enawada? (Kegalle) </p><p><b>Ayye</b> heta wapuranna <b>enawai</b>? (Galle) </p> </td> <td>Here the Kandy people say 'Ayya' while the Kegalle and Galle people say 'Ayye'. <p>Also, Kandy people add a <b><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>ta<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></b> sound at the end of verbs while the Kegalle people add a <b><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>da<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></b> sound. But Galle people's regional variation is not visible in relation to this particular verb; 'wapuranawa' (to sow). Yet their unique regional variation is visible in relation to the second verb which is 'enawai' (coming) as they add <span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span><b>ai</b><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> at the end of most verbs. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Even though the Kandy, Kegalle and Galle people pronounce words with slight differences, the Sinhalese can understand the majority of the sentences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diglossia">Diglossia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Diglossia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sinhala there is distinctive <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a> differ from each other in significant ways. While the lexicon can vary continuously between formal and informal contexts, there is a sharp contrast between two distinct systems for syntax and morphology. The literary language is used in writing for all forms of <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a>, and for official documents, but also orally for TV and radio news broadcasts. The spoken language is used in everyday life and spans informal and formal contexts. Religious sermons, university lectures, political speeches, and personal letters occupy an intermediate space where features from both spoken and literary Sinhala are used together, and choices about which to include give different impressions of the text.<sup id="cite_ref-diglossia_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diglossia-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of syntactic and morphological differences exist between the two varieties. The most apparent difference is the absence of subject-verb agreement in spoken Sinhala. Agreement is the hallmark of literary Sinhala, and is the sole characteristic used in determining whether a given example of Sinhala is in the spoken or literary variety. Other distinctions include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a> <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">ව‌ෙනවා</span></span> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">venavā</i></span>) in equational sentences is required in literary but prohibited in spoken Sinhala.</li> <li>The accusative and locative cases are missing in colloquial spoken Sinhala (but recovered in formal speech).<sup id="cite_ref-formalizing_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-formalizing-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala Braille</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_in_Noto_Sans_Sinhala.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_in_Noto_Sans_Sinhala.svg/220px-%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_in_Noto_Sans_Sinhala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_in_Noto_Sans_Sinhala.svg/330px-%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_in_Noto_Sans_Sinhala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_in_Noto_Sans_Sinhala.svg/440px-%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_in_Noto_Sans_Sinhala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="73" data-file-height="20" /></a><figcaption><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">ආයුබෝවන්</span></span> (<span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">āyubōvan</i></span>) means "welcome", literally wishing one a long life</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala script</a>, <span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">Sinhala hodiya</i></span>, is based on the ancient <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a>, and is thus a <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic script">Brahmic script</a> along with most Indian scripts and many Southeast Asian scripts. The Sinhala script is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer script</a>, but it has also taken some elements from the related <a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The writing system for Sinhala is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>, where the consonants are written with letters while the vowels are indicated with <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">pilla</i></span>) on those consonants, unlike <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabets</a> like English where both consonants and vowels are full letters, or <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjads</a> like Urdu where vowels need not be written at all. Also, when a diacritic is not used, an "inherent vowel", either <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span>, is understood, depending on the position of the consonant within the word. For example, the letter ක <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">k</i></span> on its own indicates <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">ka</i></span>, realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ka/</span> in stressed syllables and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kə/</span> in unstressed syllables. The other <a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">monophthong</a> vowels are written: කා <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kaː/</span>, කැ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kæ/</span>, and කෑ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kæː/</span> (after the consonant); කි <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ki/</span> and කී <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kiː/</span> (above the consonant); කු <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ku/</span> and කූ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kuː/</span> (below the consonant); කෙ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ke/</span> and කේ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/keː/</span> (before the consonant); and lastly, කො <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ko/</span> and කෝ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/koː/</span> (surrounding the consonant). For simple <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> without a following vowel, a <a href="/wiki/Virama" title="Virama">vowel-cancelling diacritic</a> called <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">හල් කිරීම</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hal<span class="wrap"> </span>kiriːmə/</span>, <span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">hal kirima</i></span>) is used, creating ක් <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>. </p><p>There are also a few diacritics for consonants, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> in special circumstances, although the tendency now is to spell words with the full letter ර <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span>, with a <span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">hal kirima</i></span> on whichever consonant has no vowel following it. One word that is still spelt with an "r" diacritic is ශ්‍රී, as in <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">ශ්‍රී ලංකාව</span></span> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">Śri Lankāwa</i></span>). The "r" diacritic is the curved line under the first letter ("ශ" → "ශ්‍ර"). A second diacritic representing the vowel sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/iː/</span> completes the word ("ශ්‍ර" → "ශ්‍රී"). </p><p>Several of these diacritics occur in two or more forms, and the form used depends on the shape of the consonant letter. Vowels also have independent letters, but these are only used at the beginning of words where there is no preceding consonant to add a diacritic to. </p><p>The complete script consists of about 60 letters, 18 for vowels and 42 for consonants. However, only 57 (16 vowels and 41 consonants) are required for writing colloquial spoken Sinhala (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">śuddha Sinhala</i></span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The rest indicate sounds that have been merged in the course of linguistic change, such as the aspirates, and are restricted to <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> loan words. One letter (<span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">ඦ</span></span>), representing the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ⁿd͡ʒa/</span>, is attested in the script, although only a few words using this letter are known (<span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">වෑංඦන, ඉඦූ</span></span>). </p><p>The Sinhala script is written from left to right, and is mainly used for Sinhala. It is also used for the liturgical languages <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, which are important in Buddhism and academic works. The alphabetic sequence is similar to those of other Brahmic scripts: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">a/ā æ/ǣ i/ī u/ū [ŗ] e/ē [ai] o/ō [au] k [kh] g [gh] ṅ c [ch] j [jh] [ñ] ṭ [ṭh] ḍ [ḍh] [ṇ] t [th] d [dh] n p [ph] b [bh] m y r l v [ś ṣ] s h [ḷ] f</i></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External audio</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="audio icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Nuvola_apps_arts.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_arts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgOVg0hsGVM">"The Sound of the Sinhala language" (ILoveLanguages!)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sinhala has a smaller consonant inventory than most Indo-Aryan languages, but simultaneously has a larger vowel inventory than most. As an <a href="/wiki/Insular_Indo-Aryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Insular Indo-Aryan">insular Indo-Aryan</a> language, it and <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Dhivehi</a> have features divergent from rest of the Indo-Aryan languages. Sinhala's nasal consonants are unusual among Indo-Aryan languages for lacking the retroflex nasal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a>/</span> while retaining nasals in the other four positions. Sinhala and Dhivehi are together unique for having prenasalised consonants, which are not found in any other Indo-Aryan language. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinhala has so-called <a href="/wiki/Prenasalised_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenasalised consonant">prenasalised consonants</a>, or 'half nasal' consonants. A short <a href="/wiki/Homorganic_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic consonants">homorganic</a> nasal occurs before a voiced stop, it is both shorter than a nasal alone and shorter than a sequence of nasal plus stop.<sup id="cite_ref-Karunatillake_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karunatillake-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nasal is syllabified with the onset of the following syllable, which means that the <a href="/wiki/Mora_(linguistics)" title="Mora (linguistics)">moraic weight</a> of the preceding syllable is left unchanged. For example, <span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">tam̆ba</i></span> 'copper' contrasts with <span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">tamba</i></span> 'boil'. </p><p>All consonants other than the prenasalised consonants, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɸ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> can be <a href="/wiki/Geminated" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminated">geminated</a> (occur as double consonants), but only between vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-Karunatillake_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karunatillake-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contexts that otherwise trigger gemination, prenasalised consonants become the corresponding nasal-voiced consonant sequence (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ⁿd/</span> is replaced with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nd</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-pannakitti_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pannakitti-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a></th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>prenasalised</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵐb</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⁿd</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶯɖ</span></td> <td>(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ⁿdʒ</span>)</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵑɡ</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span>)</td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></td> <td></td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span>)</td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental lateral approximant">l</a></span></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> is found in learned borrowings from Sanskrit, including in the honorific <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">ශ්‍රී</span></span> (<span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">śrī</i></span>), found in phrases including the country's name, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> (<span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">ශ්‍රී ලංකා</span></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃriː<span class="wrap"> </span>laŋkaː/</span>). <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f~ɸ/</span> is restricted to loans, typically for English. They are commonly sometimes replaced by <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> respectively. Some speakers use <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span>, as in English, and some use <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a>]</span> due to its similarity to the native <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinhalese_vowel_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sinhalese_vowel_chart.svg/250px-Sinhalese_vowel_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sinhalese_vowel_chart.svg/375px-Sinhalese_vowel_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sinhalese_vowel_chart.svg/500px-Sinhalese_vowel_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption>Sinhala vowel chart, from <a href="#CITEREFPereraJones1919">Perera & Jones (1919</a>:5)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sinhala has seven vowel qualities, with a phonemic <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">vowel length</a> distinction between long and short for all qualities, giving a total inventory of 14 vowels. The long vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əː/</span> is not present in native Sinhala words, but instead is found in certain English loanwords. Like in non-rhotic dialects of English, this long vowel can be represented by the short vowel followed by an <span class="nowrap">⟨r⟩</span> (<span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">ර්</span></span>), as in <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">ෂර්ට්</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃəːʈ/</span> ("shirt").<sup id="cite_ref-Karunatillake_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karunatillake-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th> <th><small>short</small> </th> <th><small>long</small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">əː</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> have a largely <a href="/wiki/Complementary_distribution" title="Complementary distribution">complementary distribution</a>, found primarily in stressed and unstressed syllables, respectively. However, there are certain contrasting pairs between the two phonemes, particularly between homographs <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">කර</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/karə/</span> ("shoulder") and <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">කර</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kərə/</span> ("to do"). In writing, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> are both spelt without a vowel sign attached to the consonant letter, so the patterns of stress in the language must be used to determine the correct pronunciation. Stress is largely predictable and only contrastive between words in relatively few cases, so this does not present a problem for determining the pronunciation of a given word.<sup id="cite_ref-wasala_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wasala-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Sinhala syllables are of the form CV. The first syllable of each word is stressed, with the exception of the verb <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">කරනවා</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kərənəˈwaː/</span> ("to do") and all of its inflected forms where the first syllable is unstressed. Syllables using long vowels are always stressed. The remainder of the syllables are unstressed if they use a short vowel, unless they are immediately followed by one of: a CCV syllable, final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j(i)/</span> (<span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">-යි</span></span>), final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wu/</span> (<span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">-වු</span></span>), or a final consonant without a following vowel. The sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ha/</span> is always stressed in nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, and so is not pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hə/</span> except in the word <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">හතලිහ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˈhat̪əlihə/</span> ("forty"), where the initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ha/</span> is stressed and the final <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hə/</span> is unstressed.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nasalisation of vowels is common in certain environments, particularly before a prenasalised consonant. Nasalised <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ãː/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/æ̃ː/</span> exist as <a href="/wiki/Marginal_phonemes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal phonemes">marginal phonemes</a>, only present in certain interjections.<sup id="cite_ref-Karunatillake_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karunatillake-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Phonotactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Native Sinhalese words are limited in syllable structure to (C)V(C), V̄, and CV̄(C), where V is a short vowel, V̄ is a long vowel, and C is a consonant. Exceptions exist for the marginal segment CC.<sup id="cite_ref-pannakitti_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pannakitti-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prenasalised plosives are restricted to occurring intervocalically, and cannot end a syllable. Much more complicated consonant clusters are allowed in loan words, particularly from Sanskrit and English, an example being <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">ප්‍රශ්‍නය</span></span> <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">praśnaya</i></span> ("question").<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Words cannot end in nasals other than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of historical loss of the fricative <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> in the suffix <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-hu/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/-u/</span> at the end of a word behaves as its own syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-pannakitti_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pannakitti-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sinhala_language" title="Special:EditPage/Sinhala language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominal_morphology">Nominal morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Nominal morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main features marked on Sinhala nouns are case, number, definiteness and <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animacy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cases">Cases</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinhala distinguishes several cases. The five primary cases are the <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">ablative</a>. Some scholars also suggest that it has a <a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> case. However, for inanimate nouns the locative and genitive, and instrumental and ablative, are identical. In addition, for animate nouns these cases formed by placing <span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">atiŋ</i></span> ("with the hand") and <span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">laᵑgə</i></span> ("near") directly after the nominative. </p><p>The brackets with most of the vowel length symbols indicate the optional shortening of long vowels in certain <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">unstressed</a> syllables. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">animate </th> <th colspan="2">inanimate </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> </th> <td>miniha(ː) </td> <td>minissu </td> <td rowspan="2">potə </td> <td rowspan="2">pot </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> </th> <td>miniha(ː)və </td> <td>minissu(nvə) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> </th> <td>miniha(ː)ʈə </td> <td>minissu(ɳ)ʈə </td> <td>potəʈə </td> <td>potvələʈə </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> </th> <td>miniha(ː)ge(ː) </td> <td>minissu(ŋ)ge(ː) </td> <td rowspan="2">pote(ː) </td> <td rowspan="2">potvələ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> </th> <td>miniha(ː) laᵑgə </td> <td>minissu(n) laᵑgə </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative</a> </th> <td>miniha(ː)geŋ </td> <td>minissu(n)geŋ </td> <td rowspan="2">poteŋ </td> <td rowspan="2">potvaliŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> </th> <td>miniha(ː) atiŋ </td> <td>minissu(n) atiŋ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a> </th> <td>miniho(ː) </td> <td>minissuneː </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gloss </th> <td>'man' </td> <td>'men' </td> <td>'book' </td> <td>'books' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Number_marking">Number marking</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Number marking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forming plurals in Sinhala is unpredictable. In Sinhala animate nouns, the plural is marked with <i>-o(ː)</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">long consonant</a> plus <i>-u</i>, or with <i>-la(ː)</i>. Most inanimates mark the plural through <a href="/wiki/Disfix" title="Disfix">disfixation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">Loanwords</a> from English mark the singular with <i>ekə</i>, and do not mark the plural. This can be interpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Singulative_number" title="Singulative number">singulative number</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>SG </th> <td>ammaː</td> <td>deviyaː</td> <td>horaː</td> <td>potə</td> <td>reddə</td> <td>kantoːruvə</td> <td>satiyə</td> <td>bus ekə</td> <td>paːrə </td></tr> <tr> <th>PL </th> <td>amməla(ː)</td> <td>deviyo(ː)</td> <td>horu</td> <td>pot</td> <td>redi</td> <td>kantoːru</td> <td>sati</td> <td>bus</td> <td>paːrəval </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gloss </th> <td>'mother(s)'</td> <td>'god(s)'</td> <td>'thie(f/ves)'</td> <td>'book(s)'</td> <td>'cloth(es)'</td> <td>'office(s)'</td> <td>'week(s)'</td> <td>'bus(es)'</td> <td>'street(s)' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On the left hand side of the table, plurals are longer than singulars. On the right hand side, it is the other way round, with the exception of paːrə "street". [+Animate] lexemes are mostly in the classes on the left-hand side, while [-animate] lexemes are most often in the classes on the right hand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indefinite_article">Indefinite article</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Indefinite article"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The indefinite article is <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">-ek</i></span> for animates and <span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Sinhala language) transliteration"><i lang="si-Latn">-ak</i></span> for inanimates. The indefinite article exists only in the singular, where its absence marks definiteness. In the plural, (in)definiteness does not receive special marking. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_morphology">Verbal morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Verbal morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinhala distinguishes three conjugation classes. Spoken Sinhala does not mark person, number or gender on the verb (literary Sinhala does). In other words, there is no subject–verb agreement. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">1st class </th> <th colspan="2">2nd class </th> <th colspan="2">3rd class </th></tr> <tr> <th>verb</th> <th>verbal adjective </th> <th>verb</th> <th>verbal adjective </th> <th>verb</th> <th>verbal adjective </th></tr> <tr> <th>present (future) </th> <td>kanəvaː </td> <td>kanə </td> <td>arinəvaː </td> <td>arinə </td> <td>pipenəvaː </td> <td>pipenə </td></tr> <tr> <th>past </th> <td>kæːvaː </td> <td>kæːvə </td> <td>æriyaː </td> <td>æriyə </td> <td>pipunaː </td> <td>pipunə </td></tr> <tr> <th>anterior </th> <td>kaːlaː </td> <td>kaːpu </td> <td>ærəlaː </td> <td>ærəpu </td> <td>pipilaː </td> <td>pipicca </td></tr> <tr> <th>simultaneous </th> <td>kanə kanə / ka kaa(spoken) </td> <td> </td> <td>arinə arinə / æra æra(spoken) </td> <td> </td> <td>pipenə pipenə/ pipi pipi(spoken) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>infinitive </th> <td>kannə/kanḍə </td> <td> </td> <td>arinnə/arinḍə </td> <td> </td> <td>pipennə/pipenḍə </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>emphatic form </th> <td>kanneː </td> <td> </td> <td>arinneː </td> <td> </td> <td>pipenneː </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>gloss </th> <td>eat </td> <td> </td> <td>open </td> <td> </td> <td>blossom </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sinhala_language" title="Special:EditPage/Sinhala language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Left-branching language (see <a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">branching</a>), which means that determining elements are usually put in front of what they determine (see example below).</li> <li>An exception to this is formed by statements of quantity which usually stand behind what they define.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">මල්</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/mal</p><p style="margin: 0px;">flowers</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">හතර</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hatərə/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">four</p></div><p style="display: none;">මල් හතර</p><p style="display: none;">/mal hatərə/</p><p style="display: none;">flowers four</p><p style="clear: left;">"the four flowers"<br />(it can be argued that the numeral is the head in this construction, and the flowers the modifier, so that a more literal English rendering would be "a floral foursome")</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>SOV (<a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a>) <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>, common to most left-branching languages.</li> <li>As is common in left-branching languages, it has no prepositions, only postpositions (see <a href="/wiki/Adposition" title="Adposition">Adposition</a>).</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">පොත</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/potə</p><p style="margin: 0px;">book</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">යට</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jaʈə/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">under</p></div><p style="display: none;">පොත යට</p><p style="display: none;">/potə jaʈə/</p><p style="display: none;">book under</p><p style="clear: left;">"under the book"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>Sinhala has no <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)" title="Copula (linguistics)">copula</a>. There are two <a href="/w/index.php?title=Existential_verb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Existential verb (page does not exist)">existential verbs</a>, which are used for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Locative_predication&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locative predication (page does not exist)">locative predications</a>, but these verbs are not used for predications of class-membership or property-assignment, unlike English <i>is</i>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">මම</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/mamə</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">පොහොසත්</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">poːsat/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rich</p></div><p style="display: none;">මම පොහොසත්</p><p style="display: none;">/mamə poːsat/</p><p style="display: none;">I rich</p><p style="clear: left;">"I am rich"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li>There are almost no <a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">conjunctions</a> as English <i>that</i> or <i>whether</i>, but only <a href="/wiki/Non-finite_clause" title="Non-finite clause">non-finite clauses</a> that are formed by the means of <a href="/wiki/Participle" title="Participle">participles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verbal_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbal adjective">verbal adjectives</a>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">පොත්</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/pot</p><p style="margin: 0px;">books</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">ලියන</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">liənə</p><p style="margin: 0px;">writing</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">මිනිසා</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">minisa/</p><p style="margin: 0px;">man</p></div><p style="display: none;">පොත් ලියන මිනිසා</p><p style="display: none;">/pot liənə minisa/</p><p style="display: none;">books writing man</p><p style="clear: left;">"The man who writes books"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Semantics">Semantics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Semantics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sinhala_language" title="Special:EditPage/Sinhala language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is a four-way <a href="/wiki/Deictic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deictic">deictic</a> system (which is rare): There are four demonstrative <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stems</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Demonstrative_pronoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstrative pronoun">demonstrative pronouns</a>): </p> <ol><li><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">මේ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/meː/</span> "here, close to the speaker"</li> <li><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">ඕ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/oː/</span> "there, close to the person addressed"</li> <li><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">අර</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/arə/</span> "there, close to a third person, visible"</li> <li><span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">ඒ</span></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> "there, close to a third person, not visible"</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_තුමා_(thuma)"><span id="Use_of_.E0.B6.AD.E0.B7.94.E0.B6.B8.E0.B7.8F_.28thuma.29"></span>Use of <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">තුමා</span></span> (<span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">thuma</i></span>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Use of තුමා (thuma)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinhalese has an all-purpose odd suffix <span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">තුමා</span></span> (<span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">thuma</i></span>) which when suffixed to a pronoun creates a formal and respectful tone in reference to a person. This is usually used in referring to politicians, nobles, and priests. </p><p>e.g. <span title="Sinhala-language romanization"><i lang="si-Latn">oba thuma</i></span> (<span title="Sinhala-language text"><span lang="si">ඔබ තුමා</span></span>) - you (vocative, when addressing a minister, high-ranking official, or generally showing respect in public etc.) </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">ජනාධිපති</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">janadhipathi</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">තුමා</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">thuma</p></div><p style="display: none;">ජනාධිපති තුමා</p><p style="display: none;">janadhipathi thuma</p><p style="clear: left;">the president (third person)</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discourse">Discourse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Discourse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinhala is a <a href="/wiki/Pro-drop_language" title="Pro-drop language">pro-drop language</a>: Arguments of a sentence can be omitted when they can be inferred from context. This is true for <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>—as in Italian, for instance—but also objects and other parts of the sentence can be "dropped" in Sinhala if they can be inferred. In that sense, Sinhala can be called a "super pro-drop language", like <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">ex.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">කොහෙද</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">koɦedə</p><p style="margin: 0px;">where</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="si" style="margin: 0px;">ගියේ</p><p lang="si-Latn" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ɡie</p><p style="margin: 0px;">went</p></div><p style="display: none;">කොහෙද ගියේ</p><p style="display: none;">koɦedə ɡie</p><p style="display: none;">where went</p><p style="clear: left;">can mean "where did I/you/he/she/we... go"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In informal contexts, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_slang" title="Sinhala slang">Sinhala slang</a> may be integrated into the vocabulary used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Tamil_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Tamil origin">List of Sinhala words of Tamil origin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sin">Sinhala</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Bauer, 2007, <i>The Linguistics Student's Handbook</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3">"Census of Population and Housing 2011"</a>. <i>www.statistics.gov.lk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.statistics.gov.lk&rft.atitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing+2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.lk%2FPopHouSat%2FCPH2011%2Findex.php%3FfileName%3Dpop42%26gp%3DActivities%26tpl%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712053634/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p11%20Speaking.pdf">"Census of Population and Housing 2001"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Statistics.gov.lk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p11%20Speaking.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing+2001&rft.pub=Statistics.gov.lk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.lk%2FPopHouSat%2FPDF%2FPopulation%2Fp9p11%2520Speaking.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayarajan1976" class="citation book cs1">Jayarajan, Paul M. (1 January 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fcQSAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of the Evolution of the Sinhala Alphabet</i></a>. Colombo Apothecaries' Company, Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Evolution+of+the+Sinhala+Alphabet&rft.pub=Colombo+Apothecaries%27+Company%2C+Limited&rft.date=1976-01-01&rft.aulast=Jayarajan&rft.aufirst=Paul+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfcQSAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prof. Senarat Paranavithana (1970), Inscriptions of Ceylon Volume I – Early Brāhmī Inscriptions</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malini-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-malini_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDias2020" class="citation book cs1">Dias, Malini (2020). <i>The language of the Early Brahmi inscriptions of Sri Lanka# Epigraphical Notes Nos.22-23</i>. Department of Archaeology. pp. 12–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-7457-30-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-7457-30-7"><bdi>978-955-7457-30-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+language+of+the+Early+Brahmi+inscriptions+of+Sri+Lanka%23+Epigraphical+Notes+Nos.22-23&rft.pages=12-19&rft.pub=Department+of+Archaeology&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-955-7457-30-7&rft.aulast=Dias&rft.aufirst=Malini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaolillo1997" class="citation journal cs1">Paolillo, John C. (1997). 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University of Victoria<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Phonology+and+Morphology+of+Modern+Sinhala&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Victoria&rft.date=1990-04-25&rft.aulast=Parawahera&rft.aufirst=Nimal+Pannakitti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.library.uvic.ca%2Fitems%2F6686548b-5506-49b5-bf2a-39e5cf54ecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wasala-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wasala_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasalaGamage1996" class="citation techreport cs1">Wasala, Asanka; Gamage, Kumudu (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.columbia.edu/~kf2119/SPLTE1014/Day%203%20slides%20and%20readings/SinhalaPhoneticsandPhonology.pdf"><i>Research Report on Phonetics and Phonology of Sinhala</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Working Papers 2004-2007</i> (Technical report). Language Technology Research Laboratory, University of Colombo School of Computing. pp. 473–484.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Research+Report+on+Phonetics+and+Phonology+of+Sinhala&rft.pages=473-484&rft.pub=Language+Technology+Research+Laboratory%2C+University+of+Colombo+School+of+Computing&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Wasala&rft.aufirst=Asanka&rft.au=Gamage%2C+Kumudu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.columbia.edu%2F~kf2119%2FSPLTE1014%2FDay%25203%2520slides%2520and%2520readings%2FSinhalaPhoneticsandPhonology.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilva2008" class="citation book cs1">Silva, A.W.L. (2008). <i>Teach Yourself Sinhalese</i>. A.W.L. Silva. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-96926-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-96926-0-7"><bdi>978-955-96926-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Sinhalese&rft.pub=A.W.L.+Silva&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-955-96926-0-7&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=A.W.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajapaksa_Mudiyanselage_Wilson_Rajapaksa1988" class="citation thesis cs1">Rajapaksa Mudiyanselage Wilson Rajapaksa (July 1988). <i>Aspects of the Phonology of the Sinhalese Verb; A Prosodic Analysis</i> (PhD thesis). University of London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Aspects+of+the+Phonology+of+the+Sinhalese+Verb%3B+A+Prosodic+Analysis&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+London&rft.date=1988-07&rft.au=Rajapaksa+Mudiyanselage+Wilson+Rajapaksa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrothersLorentzShermanVihman1979" class="citation techreport cs1">Crothers, John H.; Lorentz, James P.; Sherman, Donald A.; Vihman, Marilyn M. (1979). <i>Handbook of Phonological Data from a Sample of the World's Languages</i> (Technical report). Stanford Phonology Archive. pp. 160–162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Phonological+Data+from+a+Sample+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.pages=160-162&rft.pub=Stanford+Phonology+Archive&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Crothers&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft.au=Lorentz%2C+James+P.&rft.au=Sherman%2C+Donald+A.&rft.au=Vihman%2C+Marilyn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gair, James: <i>Sinhala and Other South Asian Languages</i>, New York 1998.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndrapala2007" class="citation book cs1">Indrapala, Karthigesu (2007). <i>The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils in Sri Lanka C. 300 BCE to C. 1200 CE</i>. Colombo: Vijitha Yapa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-1266-72-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-1266-72-1"><bdi>978-955-1266-72-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+evolution+of+an+ethnic+identity%3A+The+Tamils+in+Sri+Lanka+C.+300+BCE+to+C.+1200+CE&rft.place=Colombo&rft.pub=Vijitha+Yapa&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-955-1266-72-1&rft.aulast=Indrapala&rft.aufirst=Karthigesu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereraJones1919" class="citation book cs1">Perera, H.S.; Jones, D. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/colloquialsinhal00pererich"><i>A colloquial Sinhalese reader in phonetic transcription</i></a>. Manchester: Longmans, Green & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+colloquial+Sinhalese+reader+in+phonetic+transcription&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Perera&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rft.au=Jones%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcolloquialsinhal00pererich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Driem2002" class="citation book cs1">Van Driem, George (15 January 2002). <i>Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region</i>. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10390-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10390-0"><bdi>978-90-04-10390-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+Himalayas%3A+An+Ethnolinguistic+Handbook+of+the+Greater+Himalayan+Region&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2002-01-15&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10390-0&rft.aulast=Van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClough1997" class="citation book cs1">Clough, B. (1997). <i>Sinhala English Dictionary</i> (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinhala+English+Dictionary&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Clough&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGairPaolillo1997" class="citation book cs1">Gair, James; Paolillo, John C. (1997). <i>Sinhala</i>. Newcastle: München.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinhala&rft.place=Newcastle&rft.pub=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Gair&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Paolillo%2C+John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGair1998" class="citation book cs1">Gair, James (1998). <i>Studies in South Asian Linguistics</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509521-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509521-0"><bdi>978-0-19-509521-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+South+Asian+Linguistics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509521-0&rft.aulast=Gair&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeiger1938" class="citation book cs1">Geiger, Wilhelm (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geiger-sinhala_grammar/mode/1up"><i>A Grammar of the Sinhalese Language</i></a>. Colombo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Sinhalese+Language&rft.pub=Colombo&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Geiger&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeiger-sinhala_grammar%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarunatillake1992" class="citation book cs1">Karunatillake, W.S. (1992). <i>An Introduction to Spoken Sinhala</i>. Colombo.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Spoken+Sinhala&rft.pub=Colombo&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Karunatillake&rft.aufirst=W.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span> [several new editions].</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubair2015" class="citation journal cs1">Zubair, Cala Ann (2015). "Sexual violence and the creation of an empowered female voice". <i><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_Language" title="Gender and Language">Gender and Language</a></i>. <b>9</b> (2): 279–317. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fgenl.v9i2.17909">10.1558/genl.v9i2.17909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+and+Language&rft.atitle=Sexual+violence+and+the+creation+of+an+empowered+female+voice&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=279-317&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fgenl.v9i2.17909&rft.aulast=Zubair&rft.aufirst=Cala+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span> (<i>Article on the use of slang amongst Sinhalese Raggers.</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:सिंहल">सिंहल</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sinhala" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Sinhala">Sinhala</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="si:"> Sinhala edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sinhala_phrasebook#Q13267" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Sinhala phrasebook">Sinhala</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Carter" title="Charles Henry Carter">Charles Henry Carter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/carter/">A Sinhalese-English dictionary.</a> Colombo: The "Ceylon Observer" Printing Works; London: Probsthain & Co., 1924.</li> <li>Simhala Sabdakosa Karyamsaya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.gov.lk/">Sanksipta Simhala Sabdakosaya.</a> Kolamba : Samskrtika Katayutu Pilibanda Departamentuva, 2007–2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maduraonline.com/">Sinhala Dictionary and Language Translator</a> – Madura Online English</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanka.info/dictionary/EnglishToSinhala.jsp">Kapruka Sinhala dictionary</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lankalibrary.com/heritage/sigiriya/graffiti.htm">"Sigiri Graffiti: poetry on the mirror-wall"</a>. <i>Lanka Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lanka+Library&rft.atitle=Sigiri+Graffiti%3A+poetry+on+the+mirror-wall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lankalibrary.com%2Fheritage%2Fsigiriya%2Fgraffiti.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinhala+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sinhala_language" title="Template:Sinhala language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sinhala_language" title="Template talk:Sinhala language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sinhala_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sinhala language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sinhala_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sinhala language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_people" title="Sinhalese people">Sinhalese people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proto-Sinhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proto-Sinhala (page does not exist)">Proto-Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medieval_Sinhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medieval Sinhala (page does not exist)">Medieval Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_Sinhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern Sinhala (page does not exist)">Modern Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sinhala"><img alt="Sinhala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg/160px-%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg/240px-%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg/320px-%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD_in_Noto_Serif_Sinhala_Black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="47" data-file-height="21" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Sinhala_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Sinhala language (page does not exist)">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Sinhala_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Sinhala language (page does not exist)">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodiya_dialect" title="Rodiya dialect">Rodiya dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin_madam" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin madam">Pidgin madam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_literature" title="Sri Lankan literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literary_Sinhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literary Sinhala (page does not exist)">Literary Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala name">Sinhala name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sinhala and<br />other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Influenced by</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Dutch_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Dutch origin">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_English_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of English origin">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Portuguese_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Portuguese origin">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sinhala_words_of_Tamil_origin" title="List of Sinhala words of Tamil origin">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Patois" title="Macanese Patois">Macanese Patois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_Portuguese" title="Macanese Portuguese">Macanese Portuguese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writing system</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_numerals" title="Sinhala numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Archaic_Numbers" title="Sinhala Archaic Numbers">Archaic numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumihiri" title="Sumihiri">Romanization (transliteration)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computerization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sinhala_software" title="History of Sinhala software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_keyboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_(Unicode_block)" title="Sinhala (Unicode block)">Unicode block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_input_methods" title="Sinhala input methods">Input methods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grammar and<br />vocabulary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_grammar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhala grammar (page does not exist)">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spoken_Sinhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spoken Sinhala (page does not exist)">Spoken Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gender_differences_in_spoken_Sinhala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gender differences in spoken Sinhala (page does not exist)">Gender differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_honorifics" title="Sinhala honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_slang" title="Sinhala slang">Slang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinhala_dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinhala dictionary (page does not exist)">Dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Phonology">Phonology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hela_Havula" title="Hela Havula">Hela Havula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Only_Act" title="Sinhala Only Act">Sinhala Only Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Template:Languages of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Template talk:Languages of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Sri Lanka"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Languages of Sri Lanka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lankan English</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka_Malay_language" title="Sri Lanka Malay language">Sri Lankan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Portuguese_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole">Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Lankan sign languages">Sri Lankan sign languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formerly spoken and extinct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arwi" title="Arwi">Arwi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceylon_Creole_Dutch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceylon Creole Dutch (page does not exist)">Ceylon Creole Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodiya_dialect" title="Rodiya dialect">Rodiya</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>1</sup><i>Recognized as a "link" language</i> <sup>2</sup><i>a liturgical language</i> <sup>3</sup><i>a dialect of Sinhala</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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