CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: desert</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: desert"> <meta name="keywords" content="desert"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="desert" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="desert"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 186</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: desert</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">186</span> Criss-Crossing the Sahara: New Dangers to the Ambitions of West African Migrants</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olusegun%20Paul%20Adesanya">Olusegun Paul Adesanya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oluwatomilade%20Olominu"> Oluwatomilade Olominu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olusegun%20Idowu"> Olusegun Idowu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study investigates new dangers that West African migrants travelling through the Sahara Desert to Europe contend with. COVID-19 has left an unprecedented impact on all aspects of global politics, migration inclusive. In turn, limitations to migration have drastically increased, especially the stricter visa application measures set by European countries. This intensified attempts at crisscrossing the desert to Europe. In turn, several migrants used the Sahara as the highway to Europe. While some persons successfully travelled through the desert-scape, several others were unsuccessful. Notwithstanding the negative experiences of previous migrants, several other nationals across the region have plans to travel through the desert to Europe. As such, this study employs a mixed method of research reliant on qualitative and quantitative methods of data gathering and analysis. The study holds that there are new dangers to the aspirations of West Africans travelling to Europe through the Sahara and the Mediterranean Sea. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migrants" title="migrants">migrants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sahara%20Desert" title=" Sahara Desert"> Sahara Desert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=West%20Africa" title=" West Africa"> West Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=crisscrossing" title=" crisscrossing"> crisscrossing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dangers" title=" dangers"> dangers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irregular%20migration" title=" irregular migration"> irregular migration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157723/criss-crossing-the-sahara-new-dangers-to-the-ambitions-of-west-african-migrants" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157723.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">220</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">185</span> Design with Nature: Vernacular Buildings Adaptation to Sand Landforms in Sahara Desert</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20Sherzad">Mohammed Sherzad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Sahara desert covers third of the total surface of Africa with a quarter of this area within the national boundaries of Algeria. Sand drift and deposition is considered one of the major factors of the desertification process in the area. It is estimated that a third of the world's hot arid lands are covered by aeolian sand deposits, forming extensive sand bedforms. The Gourrara region in the Grand Erg Occidental (west of Algerian Sahara) and the region of Souf in the Grand Erg Oriental (east of Algerian Sahara) have been chosen as case studies. These were significant cultural and trading centers for many centuries despite their remote location and their harsh desert environment particularly solar radiation and sand drift and deposition. The architecture of the sustained vernacular settlements in each of the two regions has unique design features for this environment. So do the irrigation systems used - palm groves and the foggara system for capturing and distributing groundwater. However, the ecological balance which enabled the Saharans to live with the desert has been upset. New buildings often use technology based on models imported or imposed from areas that climatically have little in common. These make the inhabitants live ‘in the desert’ rather than ‘with the desert’. This paper will describe the qualities of the vernacular architecture and demonstrate its effectiveness and adaptability to the region’s harsh desert environment in comparison with contemporary buildings. Developing design guides and approaches based on lessons from the traditional architecture is important to ensure sustained livelihoods of the inhabitants in these areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vernacular%20architecture" title="vernacular architecture">vernacular architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert%20architecture" title=" desert architecture"> desert architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20climate" title=" hot climate"> hot climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aeolian%20sand%20deposition" title=" aeolian sand deposition"> aeolian sand deposition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34994/design-with-nature-vernacular-buildings-adaptation-to-sand-landforms-in-sahara-desert" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34994.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">465</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">184</span> Impact of Climate Variation on Natural Vegetations and Human Lives in Thar Desert, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sujo%20Meghwar">Sujo Meghwar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zulfqar%20Ali%20laghari"> Zulfqar Ali laghari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kanji%20Harijan"> Kanji Harijan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhib%20Ali%20Lagari"> Muhib Ali Lagari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20M.%20Mastoi"> G. M. Mastoi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Mohammad%20Rind"> Ali Mohammad Rind</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Thar Desert is the most populous Desert of the world. Climate variation in Thar Desert has induced an increase in the magnitude of drought. The variation in climate variation has caused a decrease in natural vegetations. Some plant species are eliminated forever. We have applied the SPI (standardized precipitation index) climate model to investigate the drought induced by climate change. We have gathered the anthropogenic response through a developed questionnaire. The data was analyzed in SPSS version 18. The met-data of two meteorological station elaborated by the time series has suggested an increase in temperature from 1-2.5 centigrade, the decrease in rain fall rainfall from 5-25% and reduction in humidity from 5-12 mm in the 20th century. The anthropogenic responses indicate high impact of climate change on human life and vegetations. Triangle data, we have collected, gives a new insight into the understanding of an association between climate change, drought and human activities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thar%20desert" title="Thar desert">Thar desert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20impact" title=" human impact"> human impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vegetations" title=" vegetations"> vegetations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature" title=" temperature"> temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall" title=" rainfall"> rainfall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humidity" title=" humidity"> humidity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17974/impact-of-climate-variation-on-natural-vegetations-and-human-lives-in-thar-desert-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17974.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">183</span> Variation in Water Utilization of Typical Desert Shrubs in a Desert-Oasis Ecotone</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hai%20Zhou">Hai Zhou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenzhi%20Zhao"> Wenzhi Zhao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water is one of the most important factors limiting plant growth and development in desert ecosystems. In order to understand how desert shrubs cope with variation in water sources over time, it is important to understand plant–water relations in desert-oasis ecotone. We selected the typical desert shrubs: Nitraria sibirica, Calligonum mongolicum and Haloxylon ammodendron of 5-, 10-, 20- and 40-year old as the research species, to study the seasonal variation of plant water sources and response to precipitation in the desert-oasis ecotone of Linze, Northwestern China. We examined stable isotopic ratios of oxygen (δ18O) in stem water of desert shrubs as well as in precipitation, groundwater, and soil water in different soil layers and seasons to determine water sources for the shrubs. We found that the N. sibirica and H. ammodendron of 5-, 10-year old showed significant seasonal variation characteristics of δ18O value of stem water and water sources. However, the C. mongolicum and 20- and 40-year H. ammodendron main water sources were from deep soil water and groundwater, and less response to precipitation pulse. After 22.4 mm precipitation, the contribution of shallow soil water (0-50cm) to the use of N. sibirica increased from 6.7% to 36.5%; the C. mongolicum rarely use precipitation that were about 58.29% and 23.51%, absorbed from the deep soil water and groundwater; the contribution of precipitation to use of H. ammodendron had significantly differences among the four ages. The H. ammodendron of 5- and 10-year old about 86.3% and 42.5% water sources absorbed from the shallow soil water after precipitation. However, the contribution to 20- and 40-year old plant was less than 15%. So, the precipitation was one of the main water sources for desert shrubs, but the species showed different water utilization. We conclude that the main water source of the N. sibirica and H. ammodendron of 5-, 10-year was soil water recharged by precipitation, but the deeply rooted H. ammodendron of 20‐ and 40‐year‐old and the C. mongolicum have the ability to exploit a deep and reliable water source. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20use%20pattern" title="water use pattern">water use pattern</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20resource" title=" water resource"> water resource</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stable%20isotope" title=" stable isotope"> stable isotope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=seasonal%20change" title=" seasonal change"> seasonal change</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precipitation%20pulse" title=" precipitation pulse"> precipitation pulse</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77818/variation-in-water-utilization-of-typical-desert-shrubs-in-a-desert-oasis-ecotone" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77818.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">429</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">182</span> Sustainable Desert Traditional Architecture of the Central Region of Saudi Arabia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hisham%20Mortada">Hisham Mortada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For thousands of years mud houses have represented the practical wisdom and spirituality of people, particularly those of desert regions, who learned how to use local materials to build homes that fitted the environmental and cultural conditions which they lived in. As a case study, the central region of Saudi Arabia exhibits a tradition of earth architecture that is unique in style, culture and sustainability. Aiming to contribute towards the local debate of the suitability of the traditional mud architecture for today’s lifestyle of Saudis, this paper explores the sustainable nature of the traditional adobe architecture of this hot arid region from environmental, social and technical points of view. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert%20architecture" title="desert architecture">desert architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20materials" title=" alternative materials"> alternative materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saudi%20Arabia" title=" Saudi Arabia"> Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arid%20climate" title=" arid climate"> arid climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20architecture" title=" green architecture"> green architecture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6902/sustainable-desert-traditional-architecture-of-the-central-region-of-saudi-arabia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6902.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">376</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">181</span> Viability of Irrigation Water Conservation Practices in the Low Desert of California</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Montazar">Ali Montazar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> California and the Colorado River Basin are facing increasing uncertainty concerning water supplies. The Colorado River is the main source of irrigation water in the low desert of California. Currently, due to an increasing water-use competition and long-term drought at the Colorado River Basin, efficient use of irrigation water is one of the highest conservation priorities in the region. This study aims to present some of current irrigation technologies and management approaches in the low desert and assess the viability and potential of these water management practices. The results of several field experiments are used to assess five water conservation practices of sub-surface drip irrigation, automated surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, tail-water recovery system, and deficit irrigation strategy. The preliminary results of several ongoing studies at commercial fields are presented, particularly researches in alfalfa, sugar beets, kliengrass, sunflower, and spinach fields. The findings indicate that all these practices have significant potential to conserve water (an average of 1 ac-ft/ac) and enhance the efficiency of water use (15-25%). Further work is needed to better understand the feasibility of each of these applications and to help maintain profitable and sustainable agricultural production system in the low desert as water and labor costs, and environmental issues increase. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automated%20surface%20irrigation" title="automated surface irrigation">automated surface irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deficit%20irrigation" title=" deficit irrigation"> deficit irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20desert%20of%20California" title=" low desert of California"> low desert of California</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sprinkler%20irrigation" title=" sprinkler irrigation"> sprinkler irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sub-surface%20drip%20irrigation" title=" sub-surface drip irrigation"> sub-surface drip irrigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tail-water%20recovery%20system" title=" tail-water recovery system"> tail-water recovery system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98630/viability-of-irrigation-water-conservation-practices-in-the-low-desert-of-california" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/98630.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">157</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">180</span> The Feasibility of Using Green Architecture in the Desert Areas and Its Effectiveness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulah%20Hamads%20Alatiah">Abdulah Hamads Alatiah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The green architecture represents the essence of the sustainability process and the fundamental rule in the desert areas' reconstruction seeking to maintain the environmental balance. This study is based on the analytical descriptive approach, to extract the objectives of green architecture in the desert areas, and reveal the most important principles that contribute to highlight its economic, social, and environmental importance, in addition to standing on the most important technical standards that can be relied upon to deal with its environmental problems. The green architecture aims: making use of the alternative energy, reducing the conventional energy consumption, addressing its negative effects, adapting to the climate, innovation in design, providing the individuals' welfare and rationalizing the use of the available resources to maintain its environmental sustainability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20architecture" title="green architecture">green architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20warm-dry%20climate" title=" the warm-dry climate"> the warm-dry climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20lighting" title=" natural lighting"> natural lighting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20quality" title=" environmental quality"> environmental quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20energy" title=" renewable energy"> renewable energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=weather%20changes" title=" weather changes"> weather changes</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43459/the-feasibility-of-using-green-architecture-in-the-desert-areas-and-its-effectiveness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43459.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">179</span> The Diversity of DRB1 Locus of Exon 2 of MHC Molecule of Sudanese Indigenous Desert Sheep</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muna%20A.%20Eissawi">Muna A. Eissawi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Safaa%20Abed%20Elfataah"> Safaa Abed Elfataah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haytham%20Hago"> Haytham Hago</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatima%20E%20Abukunna"> Fatima E Abukunna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibtisam%20Amin%20Goreish"> Ibtisam Amin Goreish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nahid%20Gornas"> Nahid Gornas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study examined and analyzed the genetic diversity of DRB1locus of exon 2 of major histocompatibility complex of Sudanese desert sheep using PCR-RFLP and DNA sequencing. Five hundred samples belonging to five ecotypes of Desert Sudanese sheep (Abrag (Ab), Ashgar (Ash), Hamari (H), Kabashi (K) and Watish (W) were included. Amplification of exon 2 of the DRB1 gene yielded (300bp) amplified product in different ecotypes. Nine different digestion patterns corresponding to Five distinct alleles were observed with Rsa1 digestion. Genotype (ag) was the most common among all ecotypes, with a percentage comprised (40.4 %). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) test showed that the studied ecotypes have significantly deviated from the theoretical proportions of Rsa1 patterns; probability values of the Chi-square test for HWE for MHC-DRB1 gene in SDS were 0.00 in all ecotypes. The constructed phylogenetic tree revealed the relation of 22 Sudanese isolates with each other and showed the shared sequences with 47 published foreign sequences randomly selected from different geographic regions. The results of this study highlight the effect of heterozygosity of MHC genes of the Desert sheep of Sudan which may clarify some of genetic back ground of their disease resistance and adaptation to environment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert%20sheep" title="desert sheep">desert sheep</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MHC" title=" MHC"> MHC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ovar-DRB1" title=" Ovar-DRB1"> Ovar-DRB1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymerase%20chain%20reaction%20%28PCR%29" title=" polymerase chain reaction (PCR)"> polymerase chain reaction (PCR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=restriction%20fragment%20length%20polymorphism%20%28RFLP%29" title=" restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)"> restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178311/the-diversity-of-drb1-locus-of-exon-2-of-mhc-molecule-of-sudanese-indigenous-desert-sheep" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178311.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">178</span> Sustainable Traditional Urban Design of the Old City of Ghadames</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hazem%20Bunkheila">Hazem Bunkheila</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ghadames is an oasis on the edge of the Sahara Desert in southwestern Libya at the border with Algeria and Tunisia. It is the oldest oasis in the world that provides a fascinating example of traditional urban in the desert environment. The urban of the small city is considered a genuine adaptation to the harsh desert climate. The historic city of Ghadames remained unaffected by the rapid after oil changes. That makes it a good field to study sustainable, vernacular, earth architecture and urban design. The aim of this paper is to investigate the urban structure, concept, and fabric of the old oasis. The research also surveys the environmental considerations in the city that shades the sustainable features in this traditional residential area. In addition, the paper addresses the modern applications in the new city of Ghadams and sides of success and failure compared to the traditional urban fabric. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dessert%20climate%20design" title="dessert climate design">dessert climate design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghadames" title=" Ghadames"> Ghadames</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20urban%20design" title=" sustainable urban design"> sustainable urban design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20urban%20design" title=" traditional urban design"> traditional urban design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52191/sustainable-traditional-urban-design-of-the-old-city-of-ghadames" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52191.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">362</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">177</span> Effect of Climatic Change on the Life Activities of Schistocerca graria from Thar Desert, Sindh, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Ali%20Samejo">Ahmed Ali Samejo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riffat%20Sultana"> Riffat Sultana</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pakistan has the sandy Thar Desert in the eastern area, which share border line with India and has exotic fauna and flora, the livelihood of native people rely on livestock and rain fed cultivated fields. The climate of Thar Desert is very harsh and stressful due to frequent drought and very little rainfall, which may occur during monsoon season in the months of July to October and temperature is high, and wind speed also increases in April to June. Schistocerca gregaria is a destructive pest of vegetation from Mauritania to the border line of Pakistan and India. Sometimes they produce swarms which consume all plant where ever they land down and cause the loss in agro-economy of the world. During the recent study, we observed that vegetation was not unique throughout the Thar Desert in the year 2015, because the first spell of rainfall showered over all areas of the Thar Desert in July. However, the second and third spell of rain was confined to village Mahandre jo par and surroundings from August to October. Consequently, vegetation and cultivated crops grew up specially bajra crop (Pennistum glaucum). The climate of Mahandre jo par and surroundings became favorable for S.gregaria, and remaining areas of Thar Desert went hostile. Therefore desert locust attracted to the pleasant area (Mahandre jo par and surroundings) and gradually concentrated, increased reproductive activities, but did not gregarize due to the harvest of bajra crop and the onset of the winter season with an immediate decrease in temperature. An outbreak was near to come into existence, and thereupon conditions become stressful for hoppers to continue further development. Afore mentioned was one reason behind hurdle to the outbreak, another reason might be that migration and concentration of desert locust took place at the end of the season, so climate becomes unfavorable for hoppers, due to dryness of vegetation. Soils also become dry, because rainfall was not showered in end of the season, that’s why eggs that were deposited in late summer were desiccated. This data might be proved fruitful to forecast any outbreak update in future. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agro-economy" title="agro-economy">agro-economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=destructive%20pest" title=" destructive pest"> destructive pest</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climate" title=" climate"> climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=outbreak" title=" outbreak"> outbreak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vegetation" title=" vegetation"> vegetation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78043/effect-of-climatic-change-on-the-life-activities-of-schistocerca-graria-from-thar-desert-sindh-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78043.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">172</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">176</span> Characteristics of Aerosols Properties Over Different Desert-Influenced Aeronet Sites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abou%20Bakr%20Merdji">Abou Bakr Merdji</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alaa%20Mhawish"> Alaa Mhawish</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaofeng%20Xu"> Xiaofeng Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chunsong%20Lu"> Chunsong Lu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The characteristics of optical and microphysical properties of aerosols near deserts are analyzed using 11 AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) sites located in 6 major desert areas (the Sahara, Arabia, Thar, Karakum, Taklamakan, and Gobi) between 1998 and 2021. The regional mean of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) (coarse AOD (CAOD)) are 0.44 (0.187), 0.38 (0.26), 0.35 (0.24), 0.23 (0.11), 0.20 (0.14), 0.10 (0.05) in the Thar, Arabian, Sahara, Karakum, Taklamakan and Gobi Deserts respectively, while an opposite for AE and Fine Mode Fraction (FMF). Higher extinctions are associated with larger particles (dust) over all the main desert regions. This is shown by the almost inversely proportional variations of AOD and CAOD compared with AE and FMF. Coarse particles contribute the most to the total AOD over the Sahara Desert compared to those in the other deserts all year round. Related to the seasonality of dust events, the maximum AOD (CAOD) generally appears in summer and spring, while the minimum is in winter. The mean values of absorbing AOD (AAOD), Absorbing AE (AAE), and the Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) for all sites ranged from 0.017 to 0.037, from 1.16 to 2.81 and from 0.844 to 0.944, respectively. Generally, the highest absorbing aerosol load are observed over the Thar, followed by the Karakum, the Sahara, the Gobi, and then the Taklamakan Deserts, while the largest absorbing particles are observed in the Sahara followed by Arabia, Thar, Karakum, Gobi, and the smallest over the Taklamakan Desert. Similar absorption qualities are observed over the Sahara, Arabia, Thar, and Karakum Deserts, with SSA values varying between 0.90 and 0.91, whereas the most and least absorbing particles are observed at the Taklamakan and the Gobi Deserts, respectively. The seasonal AAODs are distinctly different over the deserts, with parts of Sahara and Arabia, and the Dalanzadgad sites experiencing the maximum in summer, the Southern Sahara, Western Arabia, Jaipur, and Dushanbe in winter, while the Eastern Arabia and the Muztagh Ata in autumn. AAOD and SSA spectra are consistent with dust-dominated conditions that resulted from aerosol typing (dust and polluted dust) at most deserts, with a possible presence of other absorbing particles apart from dust at Arabia, the Taklamakan, and the Gobi Desert sites. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sahara" title="sahara">sahara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AERONET" title=" AERONET"> AERONET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert" title=" desert"> desert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dust%20belt" title=" dust belt"> dust belt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerosols" title=" aerosols"> aerosols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20properties" title=" optical properties"> optical properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166795/characteristics-of-aerosols-properties-over-different-desert-influenced-aeronet-sites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166795.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">84</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">175</span> Saudi Arabia Border Security Informatics: Challenges of a Harsh Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Ahsan">Syed Ahsan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saleh%20Alshomrani"> Saleh Alshomrani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ishtiaq%20Rasool"> Ishtiaq Rasool</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Hassan"> Ali Hassan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this oral presentation, we will provide an overview of the technical and semantic architecture of a desert border security and critical infrastructure protection security system. Modern border security systems are designed to reduce the dependability and intrusion of human operators. To achieve this, different types of sensors are use along with video surveillance technologies. Application of these technologies in a harsh desert environment of Saudi Arabia poses unique challenges. Environmental and geographical factors including high temperatures, desert storms, temperature variations and remoteness adversely affect the reliability of surveillance systems. To successfully implement a reliable, effective system in a harsh desert environment, the following must be achieved: i) Selection of technology including sensors, video cameras, and communication infrastructure that suit desert environments. ii) Reduced power consumption and efficient usage of equipment to increase the battery life of the equipment. iii) A reliable and robust communication network with efficient usage of bandwidth. Also, to reduce the expert bottleneck, an ontology-based intelligent information systems needs to be developed. Domain knowledge unique and peculiar to Saudi Arabia needs to be formalized to develop an expert system that can detect abnormal activities and any intrusion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=border%20security" title="border security">border security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensors" title=" sensors"> sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abnormal%20activity%20detection" title=" abnormal activity detection"> abnormal activity detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ontologies" title=" ontologies"> ontologies</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22859/saudi-arabia-border-security-informatics-challenges-of-a-harsh-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22859.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">481</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">174</span> Enhancement of the Corrosion Resistance of Fastening System of Ballasted ‎Railway in Sandy Desert by Using Nano-Coating</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milad%20Alizadeh%20Galdiani">Milad Alizadeh Galdiani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Navid%20Sabet"> Navid Sabet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Ali%20Mohit"> Mohamad Ali Mohit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatemeh%20Palizdar"> Fatemeh Palizdar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Railway as one of the most important transportation modes, passes through ‎various areas with different conditions ‎inevitably, and in many countries such as ‎China, United States, Australia, and Iran, it passes through sandy ‎desert areas. One ‎of the main problems in these areas is the movement of sand, causing various ‎damages ‎to ballasted railway track such as corrosion in the railway fastening system. ‎The soil composition of some desert areas like Fahraj in Iran consists of sand ‎and ‎salt. Due to the movement of sand and corrosive ions of salt, the fastening system ‎of the railway is ‎corroded, which, in turn, reduces the thickness of the components ‎and their life span.‎ In this research, the Nano-coating for fastening system of ‎the railway is ‎introduced, and its performance has been investigated in both ‎laboratory and field tests. The Nano-coating of ‎the fastening system consists of zinc-rich, epoxy, polyurethane, and additive, which is produced through ‎Nano ‎technology. This layer covers the surface of the fastening system and ‎prohibits the chemical reactions, which result in ‎corrosion. The results of ‎Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) ‎indicate that corrosion resistance ‎increases 315 times by using nano-coating, salt spray test results demonstrate that ‎nano-coated components remained intact after 1000 hours.‎ <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ballasted%20railway" title="ballasted railway">ballasted railway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nano-coating" title=" Nano-coating"> Nano-coating</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=railway%20fastening%20system" title=" railway fastening system"> railway fastening system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sandy%20desert" title=" sandy desert "> sandy desert </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117548/enhancement-of-the-corrosion-resistance-of-fastening-system-of-ballasted-railway-in-sandy-desert-by-using-nano-coating" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/117548.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">173</span> Phytopathology Prediction in Dry Soil Using Artificial Neural Networks Modeling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Allag">F. Allag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Bouharati"> S. Bouharati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Belmahdi"> M. Belmahdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Zegadi"> R. Zegadi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rapid expansion of deserts in recent decades as a result of human actions combined with climatic changes has highlighted the necessity to understand biological processes in arid environments. Whereas physical processes and the biology of flora and fauna have been relatively well studied in marginally used arid areas, knowledge of desert soil micro-organisms remains fragmentary. The objective of this study is to conduct a diversity analysis of bacterial communities in unvegetated arid soils. Several biological phenomena in hot deserts related to microbial populations and the potential use of micro-organisms for restoring hot desert environments. Dry land ecosystems have a highly heterogeneous distribution of resources, with greater nutrient concentrations and microbial densities occurring in vegetated than in bare soils. In this work, we found it useful to use techniques of artificial intelligence in their treatment especially artificial neural networks (ANN). The use of the ANN model, demonstrate his capability for addressing the complex problems of uncertainty data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert%20soil" title="desert soil">desert soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=climatic%20changes" title=" climatic changes"> climatic changes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria" title=" bacteria"> bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vegetation" title=" vegetation"> vegetation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20neural%20networks" title=" artificial neural networks"> artificial neural networks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9658/phytopathology-prediction-in-dry-soil-using-artificial-neural-networks-modeling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9658.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">394</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">172</span> A Perceptive Study on Oviposition Behavior and Selection of Host Plant for Egg Laying in Schistocerca gregaria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Riffat%20Sultana">Riffat Sultana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Ali%20Samejo"> Ahmed Ali Samejo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Desert Locust is a critical pest of crop and non-crop plants throughout the old world including Pakistan. Geographically, this pest invades 31 million km2 in about 60 countries during the gregarious phase which may bring calamity. The present study is carried out in order to conduct field observations on oviposition behavior from Thar Desert, Pakistan. Females preferred loose soil for oviposition rather than packed or hard soil. The depth of egg pods inside the soil was measured up to 8.996±1.40 cm, and duration of egg laying was measured up to 105.9±26.4 min. Besides this, an insightful recognition has been made that the solitary females oviposited predominantly in the vicinity of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and guar or cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) crops in cultivated fields while in uncultivated land preferred the surroundings of bekar grass (Indigofera caerulea) and snow bush (Aerva javanica). It was also observed that nymphs preferred to feed on these host plants. Furthermore, experimental outcomes indicated that gravid females oviposited on the bottom of perforated plastic cages while, they did not find suitable soil for oviposition. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calamity" title="calamity">calamity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultivated%20fields" title=" cultivated fields"> cultivated fields</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert%20locust" title=" desert locust"> desert locust</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=host%20plants" title=" host plants"> host plants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oviposition%20behavior" title=" oviposition behavior"> oviposition behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78100/a-perceptive-study-on-oviposition-behavior-and-selection-of-host-plant-for-egg-laying-in-schistocerca-gregaria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/78100.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">171</span> Investigating the Urban Heat Island Phenomenon in A Desert City Aiming at Sustainable Buildings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Afifa%20Mohammed">Afifa Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gloria%20Pignatta"> Gloria Pignatta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mattheos%20Santamouris"> Mattheos Santamouris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Evangelia%20Topriska"> Evangelia Topriska </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Climate change is one of the global challenges that is exacerbated by the rapid growth of urbanizations. Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon can be considered as an effect of the urbanization and it is responsible together with the Climate change of the overheating of urban cities and downtowns. The purpose of this paper is to quantify and perform analysis of UHI Intensity in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), through checking the relationship between the UHI and different meteorological parameters (e.g., temperature, winds speed, winds direction). Climate data were collected from three meteorological stations in Dubai (e.g., Dubai Airport - Station 1, Al-Maktoum Airport - Station 2 and Saih Al-Salem - Station 3) for a period of five years (e.g., 2014 – 2018) based upon hourly rates, and following clustering technique as one of the methodology tools of measurements. The collected data of each station were divided into six clusters upon the winds directions, either from the seaside or from the desert side, or from the coastal side which is in between both aforementioned winds sources, to investigate the relationship between temperature degrees and winds speed values through UHI measurements for Dubai Airport - Station 1 compared with the same of Al-Maktoum Airport - Station 2. In this case, the UHI value is determined by the temperature difference of both stations, where Station 1 is considered as located in an urban area and Station 2 is considered as located in a suburban area. The same UHI calculations has been applied for Al-Maktoum Airport - Station 2 and Saih Salem - Station 3 where Station 2 is considered as located in an urban area and Station 3 is considered as located in a suburban area. The performed analysis aims to investigate the relation between the two environmental parameters (e.g., Temperature and Winds Speed) and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) intensity when the wind comes from the seaside, from the desert, and the remaining directions. The analysis shows that the correlation between the temperatures with both UHI intensity (e.g., temperature difference between Dubai Airport - Station 1 and Saih Al-Salem - Station 3 and between Al-Maktoum Airport - Station 2 and Saih Al-Salem - Station 3 (through station 1 & 2) is strong and has a negative relationship when the wind is coming from the seaside comparing between the two stations 1 and 2, while the relationship is almost zero (no relation) when the wind is coming from the desert side. The relation is independent between the two parameters, e.g., temperature and UHI, on Station 2, during the same procedures, the correlation between the urban heat island UHI phenomenon and wind speed is weak for both stations when wind direction is coming from the seaside comparing the station 1 and 2, while it was found that there’s no relationship between urban heat island phenomenon and wind speed when wind direction is coming from desert side. The conclusion could be summarized saying that the wind coming from the seaside or from the desert side have a different effect on UHI, which is strongly affected by meteorological parameters. The output of this study will enable more determination of UHI phenomenon under desert climate, which will help to inform about the UHI phenomenon and intensity and extract recommendations in two main categories such as planning of new cities and designing of buildings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=meteorological%20data" title="meteorological data">meteorological data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subtropical%20desert%20climate" title=" subtropical desert climate"> subtropical desert climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20climate" title=" urban climate"> urban climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20heat%20island%20%28UHI%29" title=" urban heat island (UHI)"> urban heat island (UHI)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119871/investigating-the-urban-heat-island-phenomenon-in-a-desert-city-aiming-at-sustainable-buildings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/119871.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">135</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">170</span> The Impact of Hospital Intensive Care Unit Window Design on Daylighting and Energy Performance in Desert Climate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Sherif">A. Sherif</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Sabry"> H. Sabry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Elzafarany"> A. Elzafarany</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Gadelhak"> M. Gadelhak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Arafa"> R. Arafa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Aly"> M. Aly</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper addresses the design of hospital Intensive Care Unit windows for the achievement of visual comfort and energy savings. The aim was to identify the window size and shading system configurations that could fulfill daylighting adequacy, avoid glare and reduce energy consumption. The study focused on addressing the effect of utilizing different shading systems in association with a range of Window-to-Wall Ratios (WWR) in different orientations under the desert clear-sky of Cairo, Egypt. The results of this study demonstrated that solar penetration is a critical concern affecting the design of ICU windows in desert locations, as in Cairo, Egypt. Use of shading systems was found to be essential in providing acceptable daylight performance and energy saving. Careful positioning of the ICU window towards a proper orientation can dramatically improve performance. It was observed that ICU windows facing the north direction enjoyed the widest range of successful window configuration possibilities at different WWRs. ICU windows facing south enjoyed a reasonable number of configuration options as well. By contrast, the ICU windows facing the east orientation had a very limited number of options that provide acceptable performance. These require additional local shading measures at certain times due to glare incidence. Moreover, use of horizontal sun breakers and solar screens to protect the ICU windows proved to be more successful than the other alternatives in a wide range of Window to Wall Ratios. By contrast, the use of light shelves and vertical shading devices seemed questionable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=daylighting" title="daylighting">daylighting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert" title=" desert"> desert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20efficiency" title=" energy efficiency"> energy efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shading" title=" shading"> shading</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23620/the-impact-of-hospital-intensive-care-unit-window-design-on-daylighting-and-energy-performance-in-desert-climate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23620.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">431</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">169</span> Persian Garden Design and Climate Case Studies: Shahzadeh-Mahan and Shah Garden</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raheleh%20Saifiabolhassan">Raheleh Saifiabolhassan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gardens symbolize human effort to bring Eden to earth and are defined as the purest pleasures and the greatest inspiration for men. According to Persian mythology, a garden called "Paris" is a magical, perfumed place populated by beautiful and angelic creatures. "Pardis" comes from the word "paridaiza," which means "walled garden." Gardening has always been a worldwide attraction due to the abundance of green space, and desert gardens are no exception. Because most historical garden designs use a similar pattern, such as Chahar-Bagh, climate effects have not been considered. The purpose of studying these general designs was to determine whether location and weather conditions are affecting them. So, two gardens were chosen for comparison: a desert (Shahzadeh-Mahan) and a humid garden (Shah) and compared their geometry, irrigation system, entrances, and pavilions. The findings of the study revealed that there are several notable differences among their architectural principles. For example, the desert garden design is introverted with transparent surfaces and a single focal point, while the moderate garden is extraverted with high complexity and multiple perspectives. In conclusion, the study recognizes the richness and significance of the Persian garden concept, which can be applied in many different contexts. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pardis" title="Pardis">Pardis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chahar-bagh" title=" Chahar-bagh"> Chahar-bagh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Persian%20garden" title=" Persian garden"> Persian garden</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperate" title=" temperate"> temperate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humid%20climate" title=" humid climate"> humid climate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geometry" title=" geometry"> geometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pavilion" title=" pavilion"> pavilion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irrigations" title=" irrigations"> irrigations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture" title=" culture"> culture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138857/persian-garden-design-and-climate-case-studies-shahzadeh-mahan-and-shah-garden" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138857.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">210</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">168</span> A Prototype for Biological Breakdown of Plastic Bags in Desert Areas</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yassets%20Ega%C3%B1a">Yassets Egaña</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patricio%20N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez"> Patricio Núñez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juan%20C.%20Rios"> Juan C. Rios</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivan%20Balic"> Ivan Balic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alex%20Manquez"> Alex Manquez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yarela%20Flores"> Yarela Flores</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maria%20C.%20Gatica"> Maria C. Gatica</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sergio%20Diez%20De%20Medina"> Sergio Diez De Medina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rocio%20Tijaro-Rojas"> Rocio Tijaro-Rojas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Globally, humans produce millions of tons of waste per year. An important percentage of this waste is plastic, which frequently ends up in landfills and oceans. During the last decades, the greatest plastics production in history have been made, a few amount of this plastic is recycled, the rest ending up as plastic pollution in soils and seas. Plastic pollution is disastrous for the environment, affecting essential species, quality of consumption water, and some economic activities such as tourism, in different parts of the world. Due to its durability and decomposition on micro-plastics, animals and humans are accumulating a variety of plastic components without having clear their effects on human health, economy, and wildlife. In dry regions as the Atacama Desert, up to 95% of the water consumption comes from underground reservoirs, therefore preventing the soil pollution is an urgent need. This contribution focused on isolating, genotyping and optimizing microorganisms that use plastic waste as the only source of food to construct a batch-type bioreactor able to degrade in a faster way the plastic waste before it gets the desert soils and groundwater consumed by people living in this areas. Preliminary results, under laboratory conditions, has shown an improved degradation of polyethylene when three species of bacteria and three of fungi act on a selected plastic material. These microorganisms have been inoculated in dry soils, initially lacking organic matter, under environmental conditions in the laboratory. Our team designed and constructed a prototype using the natural conditions of the region and the best experimental results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biological%20breakdown" title="biological breakdown">biological breakdown</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plastic%20bags" title=" plastic bags"> plastic bags</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prototype" title=" prototype"> prototype</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert%20regions" title=" desert regions"> desert regions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82204/a-prototype-for-biological-breakdown-of-plastic-bags-in-desert-areas" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82204.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">287</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">167</span> Desert Houses of the Past: Green Buildings of Today</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baharak%20Shakeri">Baharak Shakeri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Hashem%20Hosseini"> Seyed Hashem Hosseini</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The weather in deserts is hot and dry in summers, and cold and dry in winters, and difference of temperature of nights and days sometimes reaches to 28°C. People of deserts have reached some solutions to cope with this climatic condition and to decrease its annoying features. Among these solutions are: constructing houses adjacent to each other, making tall walls, using mud brick and thatch cover, constructing domical arches, cellar, and wind catcher, which are together the devices to control the adversity of hot weather in summers and cold weather in winters. Using these solutions, the people of deserts have succeeded to make the best use with the least energy consumption, and to minimize the damage on the nature and environment, and in short, they are friends of the nature, which is a step toward the objectives of green buildings. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert%20house" title="desert house">desert house</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20building" title=" green building"> green building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran" title=" Iran"> Iran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nature" title=" nature"> nature</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3020/desert-houses-of-the-past-green-buildings-of-today" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3020.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">337</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">166</span> Towards Developing Social Assessment Tool for Siwan Ecolodge Case Study: Babenshal Ecolodge </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amr%20Ali%20Bayoumi">Amr Ali Bayoumi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ola%20Ali%20Bayoumi"> Ola Ali Bayoumi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this research is enhancing one of the main aspects (Social Aspect) for developing an eco-lodge in Siwa oasis in Egyptian Western Desert. According to credible weightings built in this research through formal and informal questionnaires, the researcher detected one of the highest credible aspects, 'Social Aspect': through which it carries the maximum priorities among the total environmental and economic categories. From here, the researcher suggested the usage of ethnographic design approach and Space Syntax as observational and computational methods for developing future Eco-lodge in Siwa Oasis. These methods are used to study social spaces of Babenshal eco-lodge as a case study. This hybrid method is considered as a beginning of building Social Assessment Tool (SAT) for ecological tourism buildings located in Siwa as a case of Egyptian Western desert community. Towards livable social spaces, the proposed SAT was planned to be the optimum measurable weightings for social aspect's priorities of future Siwan eco-lodge(s). Finally, recommendations are proposed for enhancing SAT to be more correlated with sensitive desert biome (Siwa Oasis) to be adapted with the continuous social and environmental changes of the oasis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecolodge" title="ecolodge">ecolodge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20aspect" title=" social aspect"> social aspect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20syntax" title=" space syntax"> space syntax</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siwa%20Oasis" title=" Siwa Oasis"> Siwa Oasis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132836/towards-developing-social-assessment-tool-for-siwan-ecolodge-case-study-babenshal-ecolodge" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/132836.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">165</span> Petrography and Geochemistry of Basic Dokhan Volcanics from the Eastern Desert of Egypt and their Use as Aggregates in Concrete Mixes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Khalil">Ahmed Khalil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hatem%20M.%20El-Desoky"> Hatem M. El-Desoky</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present paper deals with the petrography and geochemistry of the Basic Dokhan Volcanics, Eastern Desert, Egypt. The basalts from Gabal Wassif, Atalla volcanics and Gabal Esh Mellaha were tested for use as aggregates in concrete mixes. The representative twelve samples were collected from areas. These samples were examined by using a petrographic microscope to evaluate sample texture, degree of alteration and the presence of volcanic glass in the matrix. The results obtained indicate that basalt can be used successfully for preparing concrete, but some attention should be paid to the choice of the suitable types of basalt. A general improvement in concrete mix properties has been found by using basalt aggregates in the mix. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basic%20Dokhan%20volcanics" title="basic Dokhan volcanics">basic Dokhan volcanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petrography" title=" petrography"> petrography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geochemistry" title=" geochemistry"> geochemistry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petrogenesis%20and%20concrete%0D%0Aaggregates" title=" petrogenesis and concrete aggregates"> petrogenesis and concrete aggregates</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35942/petrography-and-geochemistry-of-basic-dokhan-volcanics-from-the-eastern-desert-of-egypt-and-their-use-as-aggregates-in-concrete-mixes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/35942.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">517</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">164</span> The Use of Empirical Models to Estimate Soil Erosion in Arid Ecosystems and the Importance of Native Vegetation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meshal%20M.%20Abdullah">Meshal M. Abdullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rusty%20A.%20Feagin"> Rusty A. Feagin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Layla%20Musawi"> Layla Musawi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When humans mismanage arid landscapes, soil erosion can become a primary mechanism that leads to desertification. This study focuses on applying soil erosion models to a disturbed landscape in Umm Nigga, Kuwait, and identifying its predicted change under restoration plans, The northern portion of Umm Nigga, containing both coastal and desert ecosystems, falls within the boundaries of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) adjacent to Iraq, and has been fenced off to restrict public access since 1994. The central objective of this project was to utilize GIS and remote sensing to compare the MPSIAC (Modified Pacific South West Inter Agency Committee), EMP (Erosion Potential Method), and USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) soil erosion models and determine their applicability for arid regions such as Kuwait. Spatial analysis was used to develop the necessary datasets for factors such as soil characteristics, vegetation cover, runoff, climate, and topography. Results showed that the MPSIAC and EMP models produced a similar spatial distribution of erosion, though the MPSIAC had more variability. For the MPSIAC model, approximately 45% of the land surface ranged from moderate to high soil loss, while 35% ranged from moderate to high for the EMP model. The USLE model had contrasting results and a different spatial distribution of the soil loss, with 25% of area ranging from moderate to high erosion, and 75% ranging from low to very low. We concluded that MPSIAC and EMP were the most suitable models for arid regions in general, with the MPSIAC model best. We then applied the MPSIAC model to identify the amount of soil loss between coastal and desert areas, and fenced and unfenced sites. In the desert area, soil loss was different between fenced and unfenced sites. In these desert fenced sites, 88% of the surface was covered with vegetation and soil loss was very low, while at the desert unfenced sites it was 3% and correspondingly higher. In the coastal areas, the amount of soil loss was nearly similar between fenced and unfenced sites. These results implied that vegetation cover played an important role in reducing soil erosion, and that fencing is much more important in the desert ecosystems to protect against overgrazing. When applying the MPSIAC model predictively, we found that vegetation cover could be increased from 3% to 37% in unfenced areas, and soil erosion could then decrease by 39%. We conclude that the MPSIAC model is best to predict soil erosion for arid regions such as Kuwait. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil%20erosion" title="soil erosion">soil erosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title=" GIS"> GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modified%20pacific%20South%20west%20inter%20agency%20committee%20model%20%28MPSIAC%29" title=" modified pacific South west inter agency committee model (MPSIAC)"> modified pacific South west inter agency committee model (MPSIAC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=erosion%20potential%20method%20%28EMP%29" title=" erosion potential method (EMP)"> erosion potential method (EMP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Universal%20soil%20loss%20equation%20%28USLE%29" title=" Universal soil loss equation (USLE)"> Universal soil loss equation (USLE)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27009/the-use-of-empirical-models-to-estimate-soil-erosion-in-arid-ecosystems-and-the-importance-of-native-vegetation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27009.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">297</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">163</span> Mineral Chemistry of Extraordinary Ilmenite from the Gabbroic Rocks of Abu Ghalaga Area, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Evidence to Metamorphic Modification</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yaser%20Maher%20Abdel%20Aziz%20Hawa">Yaser Maher Abdel Aziz Hawa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> An assemblage of Mn-bearing ilmenite, titanomagnetite (4-17 vol.%) and subordinate chalcopyrite, pyrrhptite and pyrite is present as dissiminations in gabbroic rocks of Abu Ghalaga area, Eastern Desert, Egypt. The neoproterozoic gabbroic rocks encompasses these opaques are emplaced during oceanic island arc stage which represents the Nubian shield of Egypt. However, some textural features of these opaques suggest a relict igneous. The high Mn (up to 5.8 MnO%, 1282% MnTiO3) and very low Mg contents (0.21 MgO%, 0.82 MgTiO3) are dissimilar to those of any igneous ilmenite of tholeiitic rocks. Most of these ilmenites are associated mostly with metamorphic hornblende. Hornblende thermometry estimate crystallization of about 560°C. the present study suggests that the ilmenite under consideration has been greatly metamorphically modified, having lost Mg and gained Mn by diffusion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=titanomagnetite" title="titanomagnetite">titanomagnetite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghalaga" title=" Ghalaga"> Ghalaga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ilmenite" title=" ilmenite"> ilmenite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemistry" title=" chemistry"> chemistry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7253/mineral-chemistry-of-extraordinary-ilmenite-from-the-gabbroic-rocks-of-abu-ghalaga-area-eastern-desert-egypt-evidence-to-metamorphic-modification" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7253.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">328</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">162</span> Rare Earth Elements and Radioactivity of Granitoid Rocks at Abu Marw Area, South Eastern Desert, Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adel%20H.El-Afandy">Adel H.El-Afandy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abd%20Alrahman%20Embaby"> Abd Alrahman Embaby</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20A.%20El%20Harairey"> Mona A. El Harairey</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Abu Marw area is located in the southeastern part of the Eastern Desert, about 150km south east of Aswan. Abu Marw area is mainly covered by late Proterozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks. These basement rocks are nonconformably overlain by late Cretaceous Nubian sandstones in the western and northern parts of the areas. Abu Marw granitoid batholiths comprises a co-magmatic calc alkaline I type peraluminous suite of rocks ranging in composition from tonalite, granodiorite, monzogranite, syenogranite to alkali feldspar granite. The studied tonalite and granodiorite samples have ΣREE lower than the average REE values (250ppm) of granitic rocks, while the monzogranite, syenogranite and alkali feldspar granite samples have ΣREE above the average REE values of granitic rocks. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns of the considered granites display a gull-wing shape, characterized by large to moderately fractionated patterns and high LREE relative to the MREE and HREE contents. Furthermore, the studied rocks have a steadily decreasing Eu/Eu* values from the tonalite to the alkali feldspar granite with simultaneous increase in the ΣREE contents. The average U contents in different granitic rocks. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granite" title="granite">granite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rare%20earth%20element" title=" rare earth element"> rare earth element</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radioactivity" title=" radioactivity"> radioactivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abu%20Marw" title=" Abu Marw"> Abu Marw</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=south%20eastern%20desert" title=" south eastern desert"> south eastern desert</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31714/rare-earth-elements-and-radioactivity-of-granitoid-rocks-at-abu-marw-area-south-eastern-desert-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31714.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">427</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">161</span> Detecting Potential Geothermal Sites by Using Well Logging, Geophysical and Remote Sensing Data at Siwa Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amr%20S.%20Fahil">Amr S. Fahil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eman%20Ghoneim"> Eman Ghoneim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Egypt made significant efforts during the past few years to discover significant renewable energy sources. Regions in Egypt that have been identified for geothermal potential investigation include the Gulf of Suez and the Western Desert. One of the most promising sites for the development of Egypt's Northern Western Desert is Siwa Oasis. The geological setting of the oasis, a tectonically generated depression situated in the northernmost region of the Western desert, supports the potential for substantial geothermal resources. Field data obtained from 27 deep oil wells along the Western Desert included bottom-hole temperature (BHT) depth to basement measurements, and geological maps; data were utilized in this study. The major lithological units, elevation, surface gradient, lineaments density, and remote sensing multispectral and topographic were mapped together to generate the related physiographic variables. Eleven thematic layers were integrated in a geographic information system (GIS) to create geothermal maps to aid in the detection of significant potential geothermal spots along the Siwa Oasis and its vicinity. The contribution of total magnetic intensity data with reduction to the pole (RTP) to the first investigation of the geothermal potential in Siwa Oasis is applied in this work. The integration of geospatial data with magnetic field measurements showed a clear correlation between areas of high heat flow and magnetic anomalies. Such anomalies can be interpreted as related to the existence of high geothermal energy and dense rock, which also have high magnetic susceptibility. The outcomes indicated that the study area has a geothermal gradient ranging from 18 to 42 °C/km, a heat flow ranging from 24.7 to 111.3 m.W. k−1, a thermal conductivity of 1.3–2.65 W.m−1.k−1 and a measured amplitude temperature maximum of 100.7 °C. The southeastern part of the Siwa Oasis, and some sporadic locations on the eastern section of the oasis were found to have significant geothermal potential; consequently, this location is suitable for future geothermal investigation. The adopted method might be applied to identify significant prospective geothermal energy locations in other regions of Egypt and East Africa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20data" title="magnetic data">magnetic data</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SRTM" title=" SRTM"> SRTM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=depth%20to%20basement" title=" depth to basement"> depth to basement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title=" remote sensing"> remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GIS" title=" GIS"> GIS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geothermal%20gradient" title=" geothermal gradient"> geothermal gradient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20flow" title=" heat flow"> heat flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20conductivity" title=" thermal conductivity"> thermal conductivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162551/detecting-potential-geothermal-sites-by-using-well-logging-geophysical-and-remote-sensing-data-at-siwa-oasis-western-desert-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162551.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">116</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">160</span> Gold-Bearing Alteration Zones in South Eastern Desert of Egypt: Geology and Remote Sensing Analysis </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20F.%20Sadek">Mohamed F. Sadek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Safaa%20M.%20%20Hassan"> Safaa M. Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Safwat%20S.%20%20Gabr"> Safwat S. Gabr</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Several alteration zones hosting gold mineralization are wide spreading in the South Eastern Desert of Egypt where gold has been mined from many localities since the time of the Pharaohs. The Sukkari is the only mine currently producing gold in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct more detailed studies on these locations using modern exploratory methods. The remote sensing plays an important role in lithological mapping and detection of associated hydrothermal mineralization particularly the exploration of gold mineralization. This study is focused on three localities in South Eastern Desert of Egypt, namely Beida, Defiet and Hoteib-Eiqat aiming to detect the gold-bearing hydrothermal alteration zones using the integrated data of remote sensing, field study and mineralogical investigation. Generally, these areas are dominated by Precambrian basement rocks including metamorphic and magmatic assemblages. They comprise ophiolitic serpentinite-talc carbonate, island-arc metavolcanics which were intruded by syn to late orogenic mafic and felsic intrusions mainly gabbro, granodiorite and monzogranite. The processed data of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reﬂection (ASTER) and Landsat-8 images are used in the present study to map the gold bearing-hydrothermal alteration zones. Band rationing and principal component analysis techniques are used to discriminate the different lithologic units exposed in the studied three areas. Field study and mineralogical investigation have been used to verify the remote sensing data. This study concluded that, the integrated remote sensing data with geological, field and mineralogical investigations are very effective in lithological discrimination, detailed geological mapping and detection of the gold-bearing hydrothermal alteration zones. More detailed exploration for gold mineralization with the help of remote sensing techniques is recommended to evaluate its potentiality in the study areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pan-african" title="pan-african">pan-african</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Egypt" title=" Egypt"> Egypt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landsat-8%3B%20ASTER" title=" landsat-8; ASTER"> landsat-8; ASTER</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gold" title=" gold"> gold</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alteration%20zones" title=" alteration zones"> alteration zones</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114792/gold-bearing-alteration-zones-in-south-eastern-desert-of-egypt-geology-and-remote-sensing-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114792.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">126</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">159</span> Chemotrophic Signal Exchange between the Host Plant Helianthemum sessiliflorum and Terfezia boudieri</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Ben-Shabat">S. Ben-Shabat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Turgeman"> T. Turgeman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Leubinski"> O. Leubinski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Roth-Bejerano"> N. Roth-Bejerano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Kagan-Zur"> V. Kagan-Zur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Sitrit"> Y. Sitrit</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ectomycorrhizal (ECM) desert truffle Terfezia boudieri produces edible fruit bodies and forms symbiosis with its host plant Helianthemum sessiliflorum (Cistaceae) in the Negev desert of Israel. The symbiosis is vital for both partners' survival under desert conditions. Under desert habitat conditions, ECMs must form symbiosis before entering the dry season. To secure a successful encounter, in the course of evolution, both partners have responded by evolving special signals exchange that facilitates recognition. Members of the Cistaceae family serve as host plants for many important truffles. Conceivably, during evolution a common molecule present in Cistaceae plants was recruited to facilitate successful encounter with ectomycorrhizas. Arbuscular vesicular fungi (AM) are promiscuous in host preferences, in contrast, ECM fungi show specificity to host plants. Accordingly, we hypothesize that H. sessiliflorum secretes a chemotrophic-signaling, which is common to plants hosting ECM fungi belonging to the Pezizales. However, thus far no signaling molecules have been identified in ECM fungi. We developed a bioassay for chemotrophic activity. Fractionation of root exudates revealed a substance with chemotrophic activity and molecular mass of 534. Following the above concept, screening the transcriptome of Terfezia, grown under chemoattraction, discovered genes showing high homology to G proteins-coupled receptors of plant pathogens involved in positive chemotaxis and chemotaxis suppression. This study aimed to identify the active molecule using analytical methods (LC-MS, NMR etc.). This should contribute to our understanding of how ECM fungi communicate with their hosts in the rhizosphere. In line with the ability of Terfezia to form also endomycorrhizal symbiosis like AM fungi, analysis of the mechanisms may likewise be applicable to AM fungi. Developing methods to manipulate fungal growth by the chemoattractant can open new ways to improve inoculation of plants. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemotrophic%20signal" title="chemotrophic signal">chemotrophic signal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Helianthemum%20sessiliflorum" title=" Helianthemum sessiliflorum"> Helianthemum sessiliflorum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terfezia%20boudieri" title=" Terfezia boudieri"> Terfezia boudieri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ECM" title=" ECM"> ECM</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15364/chemotrophic-signal-exchange-between-the-host-plant-helianthemum-sessiliflorum-and-terfezia-boudieri" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15364.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">158</span> Groundwater Numerical Modeling, an Application of Remote Sensing, and GIS Techniques in South Darb El Arbaieen, Western Desert, Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdallah%20M.%20Fayed">Abdallah M. Fayed </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study area is located in south Darb El Arbaieen, western desert of Egypt. It occupies the area between latitudes 22° 00/ and 22° 30/ North and Longitudes 29° 30/ and 30° 00/ East, from southern border of Egypt to the area north Bir Kuraiym and from the area East of East Owienat to the area west Tushka district, its area about 2750 Km2. The famous features; southern part of Darb El Arbaieen road, G Baraqat El Scab El Qarra, Bir Dibis, Bir El Shab and Bir Kuraiym, Interpretation of soil stratification shows layers that are related to Quaternary and Upper-Lower Cretaceous eras. It is dissected by a series of NE-SW striking faults. The regional groundwater flow direction is in SW-NE direction with a hydraulic gradient is 1m / 2km. Mathematical model program has been applied for evaluation of groundwater potentials in the main Aquifer –Nubian Sandstone- in the area of study and Remote sensing technique is considered powerful, accurate and saving time in this respect. These techniques are widely used for illustrating and analysis different phenomenon such as the new development in the desert (land reclamation), residential development (new communities), urbanization, etc. The major issues concerning water development objective of this work is to determine the new development areas in western desert of Egypt during the period from 2003 to 2015 using remote sensing technique, the impacts of the present and future development have been evaluated by using the two-dimensional numerical groundwater flow Simulation Package (visual modflow 4.2). The package was used to construct and calibrate a numerical model that can be used to simulate the response of the aquifer in the study area under implementing different management alternatives in the form of changes in piezometric levels and salinity. Total period of simulation is 100 years. After steady state calibration, two different scenarios are simulated for groundwater development. 21 production wells are installed at the study area and used in the model, with the total discharge for the two scenarios were 105000 m3/d, 210000 m3/d. The drawdown was 11.8 m and 23.7 m for the two scenarios in the end of 100 year. Contour maps for water heads and drawdown and hydrographs for piezometric head are represented. The drawdown was less than the half of the saturated thickness (the safe yield case). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote%20sensing" title="remote sensing">remote sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management%20of%20aquifer%20systems" title=" management of aquifer systems"> management of aquifer systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulation%20%20modeling" title=" simulation modeling"> simulation modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=western%20desert" title=" western desert"> western desert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Darb%20El%20Arbaieen" title=" South Darb El Arbaieen"> South Darb El Arbaieen</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37284/groundwater-numerical-modeling-an-application-of-remote-sensing-and-gis-techniques-in-south-darb-el-arbaieen-western-desert-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37284.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">157</span> Effect of Double-Skin Facade Configuration on the Energy Performance of Office Building in Maritime Desert Climate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Umaru%20Mohammed">B. Umaru Mohammed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faris%20A.%20Al-Maziad"> Faris A. Al-Maziad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Y.%20Numan"> Mohammad Y. Numan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most important factors affecting the energy performance within a building is a carefully and efficiently designed facade. The primary aim of this research was to identify and present the potentiality of utilising Double-Skin Facade (DSF) construction and critically examine its effect on the energy consumption of an office building located within a maritime desert climate as to the conventional single-skin curtain wall system. A comparative analysis of the effect on the overall energy consumption within an office building was investigated in which a combination of various Double-Skin Facade configurations, systems, and cavity depths, glazing types and orientations were utilised. A computer dynamic modelling was utilised in order to ensure accurate calculations and efficient simulations of the various DSF systems due to the complex nature of the various functions within the Facade cavity. Through the use of the dynamic thermal modelling simulations, the best cavity size glazed type and orientation were determined to lead to a detailed analysis of the efficiency of each respective combination of Double-Skin Facade construction. As such the optimal facade combination for use within an office building located in a maritime desert climate was identified. Results demonstrated that a multi-story Facade, depending on its configuration, save up to 5% on annual cooling loads respect to a Corridor Facade and while vented can save unto 12% when compared to the single skin façade, on annual cooling load in the maritime desert climate. The selected configuration of the DSF from SSF saves an overall annual cooling load of 32%.A comparative analysis of the effect on the overall energy consumption within an office building was investigated in which a combination of various Double-Skin Facade configurations, systems, and cavity depths, glazing types and orientations were utilized. A computer dynamic modelling was utilized in order to ensure accurate calculations and efficient simulations of the various DSF systems due to the complex nature of the various functions within the Facade cavity. Through the use of the dynamic thermal modelling simulations, the best cavity size glazed type and orientation were determined to lead to a detailed analysis of the efficiency of each respective combination of Double-Skin Facade construction. As such the optimal facade combination for use within an office building located in a maritime desert climate was identified. Results demonstrated that a multi-story Facade, depending on its configuration, save up to 5% on annual cooling loads respect to a Corridor Facade and while vented can save unto 12% when compared to the single skin facade, on annual cooling load in the maritime desert climate. The selected configuration of the DSF from SSF saves an overall annual cooling load of 32%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computer%20dynamics%20modelling" title="computer dynamics modelling">computer dynamics modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=comparative%20analysis" title=" comparative analysis"> comparative analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20computation" title=" energy computation"> energy computation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=double%20skin%20facade" title=" double skin facade"> double skin facade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20skin%20curtain%20wall" title=" single skin curtain wall"> single skin curtain wall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maritime%20desert%20climate" title=" maritime desert climate"> maritime desert climate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66975/effect-of-double-skin-facade-configuration-on-the-energy-performance-of-office-building-in-maritime-desert-climate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66975.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=desert&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>