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<span>Manufacture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Construction techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sound_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sound control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_damage_and_molding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_damage_and_molding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Water damage and molding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_damage_and_molding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_damage_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_damage_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Other damage risks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_damage_risks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Fire resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Type_X_drywall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_X_drywall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Type X drywall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_X_drywall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Type_C_drywall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Type_C_drywall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Type C drywall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Type_C_drywall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Waste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Market</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Market-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Market subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High-sulfur_drywall_illness_and_corrosion_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-sulfur_drywall_illness_and_corrosion_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>High-sulfur drywall illness and corrosion issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-sulfur_drywall_illness_and_corrosion_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Specifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Australia and New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_and_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_and_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Canada and the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_and_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Drywall</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsbord" title="Gipsbord – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gipsbord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%B3" title="الجبس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجبس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гіпсакардон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гіпсакардон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гипсокартон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гипсокартон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placa_de_guix_laminat" title="Placa de guix laminat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Placa de guix laminat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1drokarton" title="Sádrokarton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sádrokarton" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipskarton" title="Gipskarton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gipskarton" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipsplaat" title="Kipsplaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kipsplaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%85%CF%88%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Γυψοσανίδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γυψοσανίδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cart%C3%B3n_yeso" title="Cartón yeso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cartón yeso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsoplato" title="Gipsoplato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gipsoplato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="دیوار خشک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوار خشک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaque_de_pl%C3%A2tre" title="Plaque de plâtre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plaque de plâtre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%8B%9D%EB%B2%BD" title="건식벽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="건식벽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gips-kartonske_plo%C4%8De" title="Gips-kartonske ploče – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gips-kartonske ploče" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartongesso" title="Cartongesso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartongesso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%92%D7%91%D7%A1" title="בנייה בגבס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בנייה בגבס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0-%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D" title="თაბაშირ-მუყაო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თაბაშირ-მუყაო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cils%C3%AApahn" title="Cilsêpahn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cilsêpahn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2ip%C5%A1kartons" title="Ģipškartons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģipškartons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipszkarton" title="Gipszkarton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gipszkarton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsplaat" title="Gipsplaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gipsplaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%86%8F%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="石膏ボード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石膏ボード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsplate" title="Gipsplate – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gipsplate" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsplate" title="Gipsplate – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gipsplate" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsokarton_shiftlar" title="Gipsokarton shiftlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gipsokarton shiftlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82yta_gipsowo-kartonowa" title="Płyta gipsowo-kartonowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Płyta gipsowo-kartonowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placa_de_gesso" title="Placa de gesso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Placa de gesso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гипсокартон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гипсокартон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drywall" title="Drywall – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Drywall" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipsilevy" title="Kipsilevy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kipsilevy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gipsskiva" title="Gipsskiva – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gipsskiva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="சிப்சம் பலகை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிப்சம் பலகை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A7%C4%B1pan" title="Alçıpan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alçıpan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Гіпсокартон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гіпсокартон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%A5m_th%E1%BA%A1ch_cao" title="Tấm thạch cao – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tấm thạch cao" data-language-autonym="Tiếng 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Panel made of gypsum, used in interior construction</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drywall_and_tools.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Drywall_and_tools.jpg/220px-Drywall_and_tools.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Drywall_and_tools.jpg/330px-Drywall_and_tools.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Drywall_and_tools.jpg/440px-Drywall_and_tools.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2951" data-file-height="2138" /></a><figcaption>Various sized cuts of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in (13 mm) drywall with tools for maintenance and installation </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Drywall</b> (also called <b>plasterboard</b>, <b>dry lining</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>wallboard</b>, <b>sheet rock</b>, <b>gib board</b>, <b>gypsum board</b>, <b>buster board</b>, <b>turtles board</b>, <b>slap board</b>, <b>custard board</b>, <b>gypsum panel</b> and <b>gyprock)</b> is a panel made of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">dihydrate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>), with or without additives, typically extruded between thick sheets of facer and backer <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, used in the <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> of interior walls and ceilings.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plaster is mixed with <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fiber</a> (typically paper, <a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">glass wool</a>, or a combination of these materials); <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foaming_agent" title="Foaming agent">foaming agent</a>; and additives that can reduce <a href="/wiki/Mildew" title="Mildew">mildew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combustibility_and_flammability" title="Combustibility and flammability">flammability</a>, and water absorption. </p><p>In the mid-20th century, drywall construction became prevalent in North America as a time- and labor-saving alternative to <a href="/wiki/Lath_and_plaster" title="Lath and plaster">lath and plaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Park_Service:_Preservation_Brief_21:_Repairing_Historic_Flat_Plaster--Walls_and_Ceilings_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Park_Service:_Preservation_Brief_21:_Repairing_Historic_Flat_Plaster--Walls_and_Ceilings-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sackett Board was invented in 1890 by New York Coal Tar Chemical Company employees Augustine Sackett and Fred L. Kane,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> graduates of <a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute">Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made by layering plaster within four plies of wool felt paper. Sheets were <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">36 by 36 by <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch (914 mm × 914 mm × 6 mm) thick with open (untaped) edges.<sup id="cite_ref-gypsum.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gypsum.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Gypsum board evolved between 1910 and 1930, beginning with wrapped board edges and the elimination of the two inner layers of felt paper in favor of paper-based facings. In 1910 <a href="/wiki/USG_Corporation" title="USG Corporation">United States Gypsum Corporation</a> bought Sackett Plaster Board Company and by 1917 introduced <i>Sheetrock</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Providing installation efficiency, it was developed additionally as a measure of fire resistance. Later <a href="/wiki/Air_entrainment" title="Air entrainment">air entrainment</a> technology made boards lighter and less brittle, and joint treatment materials and systems also evolved.<sup id="cite_ref-gypsum.org_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gypsum.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gypsum <a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">lath</a> was an early substrate for plaster. An alternative to traditional wood or metal lath was a panel made up of compressed gypsum plaster board that was sometimes grooved or punched with holes to allow wet plaster to key into its surface. As it evolved, it was faced with paper impregnated with gypsum crystals that bonded with the applied facing layer of plaster.<sup id="cite_ref-oldhouseweb.com_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oldhouseweb.com-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, US Gypsum trademarked ROCKLATH<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for their gypsum lath product.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drywall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Drywall.jpg/220px-Drywall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Drywall.jpg/330px-Drywall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Drywall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Vertically hung drywall with <a href="/wiki/Joint_compound" title="Joint compound">joint compound</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> imposed fines totaling €420 million on the companies <a href="/wiki/Lafarge_(company)" title="Lafarge (company)">Lafarge</a>, <a href="/wiki/BPB_plc" title="BPB plc">BPB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knauf" title="Knauf">Knauf</a> and Gyproc Benelux, which had operated a <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartel</a> on the market which affected 80% of consumers in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the UK, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacture">Manufacture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manufacture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wallboard panel consists of a layer of <a href="/wiki/Gypsum_plaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsum plaster">gypsum plaster</a> sandwiched between two layers of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>. The raw <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">CaSO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O</span>, is heated to drive off the water and then slightly rehydrated to produce the hemihydrate of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CaSO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>·<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">2</span></span>⁠</span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>). The plaster is mixed with fiber (typically paper and/or <a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">glass fiber</a>), <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foaming_agent" title="Foaming agent">foaming agent</a>, finely ground gypsum crystal as an accelerator, <a href="/wiki/EDTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EDTA">EDTA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Chelate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelate">chelate</a> as a retarder, and various additives that may increase <a href="/wiki/Mildew" title="Mildew">mildew</a> and fire resistance, lower water absorption (<a href="/wiki/Wax_emulsion" title="Wax emulsion">wax emulsion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Silanes" title="Silanes">silanes</a>), reduce creep (tartaric or boric acid).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The board is then formed by sandwiching a core of the wet mixture between two sheets of heavy paper or fiberglass mats. When the core sets, it is dried in a large drying chamber, and the sandwich becomes rigid and strong enough for use as a <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building material</a>. </p><p>Drying chambers typically use <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> today. To dry 1,000 square feet (93 m<sup>2</sup>) of wallboard, between 1,750,000 and 2,490,000 BTU (1.85–2.63 GJ) is required. Organic <a href="/wiki/Dispersant" title="Dispersant">dispersants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">plasticizers</a> are used so that the slurry will flow during manufacture and to reduce the water and hence the drying time.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">Coal-fired power stations</a> include devices called scrubbers to remove sulfur from their exhaust emissions. The sulfur is absorbed by powdered limestone in a process called <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">flue-gas desulfurization</a> (FGD), which produces several new substances. One is called "FGD gypsum". This is commonly used in drywall construction in the United States and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, 8.4 billion square meters of drywall were sold around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction_techniques">Construction techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As an alternative to a week-long plaster application, an entire house can be drywalled in one or two days by two experienced <a href="/wiki/Drywall_mechanic" title="Drywall mechanic">drywallers</a>, and drywall is easy enough to be installed by many amateur home carpenters. In large-scale commercial construction, the work of installing and finishing drywall is often split between drywall mechanics, or <i>hangers</i>, who install the wallboard, and <i>tapers (also known as finishers,</i> <i>mud men</i>, or <i>float crew)</i> who finish the joints and cover the fastener heads with <a href="/wiki/Drywall_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Drywall compound">drywall compound</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drywall can be finished anywhere from a level 0 to a level 5, where 0 is not finished in any fashion, and five is the most pristine.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on how significant the finish is to the customer, the extra steps in the finish may or may not be necessary, though priming and painting of drywall are recommended in any location where it may be exposed to any wear. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drywall-screws-v1_(1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Drywall-screws-v1_%281%29.png/220px-Drywall-screws-v1_%281%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Drywall-screws-v1_%281%29.png/330px-Drywall-screws-v1_%281%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Drywall-screws-v1_%281%29.png/440px-Drywall-screws-v1_%281%29.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Drywall screws for wood, with parallel-threaded woodscrew shanks and bugle heads</figcaption></figure> <p>Drywall is cut to size by scoring the paper on the finished side (usually white) with a <a href="/wiki/Utility_knife" title="Utility knife">utility knife</a>, breaking the sheet along the cut, and cutting the paper backing. Small features such as holes for outlets and light switches are usually cut using a <a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">keyhole saw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscillating_multi-tool" title="Oscillating multi-tool">oscillating multi-tool</a> or a tiny high-speed bit in a rotary tool. Drywall is then fixed to the structure with <a href="/wiki/Nail_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nail (engineering)">nails</a> or drywall screws and often glue. <i>Drywall fasteners</i>, also referred to as <i>drywall clips</i> or <i>stops</i>, are gaining popularity in residential and commercial construction. Drywall fasteners are used for supporting interior drywall corners and replacing the non-structural wood or metal <a href="/wiki/Blocking_(construction)" title="Blocking (construction)">blocking</a> that traditionally was used to install drywall. Their function saves material and labor costs, minimizes call-backs due to <a href="/wiki/Truss_uplift" title="Truss uplift">truss uplift</a>, increases <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>, and makes plumbing and electrical installation simpler. </p><p>When driven fully home, drywall screws <a href="/wiki/Countersink" title="Countersink">countersink</a> their heads slightly into the drywall. They use a 'bugle head', a concave taper, rather than the conventional conical countersunk head; this compresses the drywall surface rather than cutting into it and so avoids tearing the paper. Screws for light-gauge <a href="/wiki/Steel_framing" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel framing">steel framing</a> have a sharp point and finely spaced threads. If the steel framing is heavier than 20-<a href="/wiki/Sheet_metal_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheet metal gauge">gauge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-tapping_screw" title="Self-tapping screw">self-drilling screws</a> with finely spaced threads must be used. In some applications, the drywall may be attached to the wall with <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesives</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FEMA_-_24623_-_Photograph_by_Michelle_Miller-Freeck_taken_on_05-23-2006_in_Mississippi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FEMA_-_24623_-_Photograph_by_Michelle_Miller-Freeck_taken_on_05-23-2006_in_Mississippi.jpg/220px-FEMA_-_24623_-_Photograph_by_Michelle_Miller-Freeck_taken_on_05-23-2006_in_Mississippi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FEMA_-_24623_-_Photograph_by_Michelle_Miller-Freeck_taken_on_05-23-2006_in_Mississippi.jpg/330px-FEMA_-_24623_-_Photograph_by_Michelle_Miller-Freeck_taken_on_05-23-2006_in_Mississippi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FEMA_-_24623_-_Photograph_by_Michelle_Miller-Freeck_taken_on_05-23-2006_in_Mississippi.jpg/440px-FEMA_-_24623_-_Photograph_by_Michelle_Miller-Freeck_taken_on_05-23-2006_in_Mississippi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Applying "joint compound" to drywall</figcaption></figure> <p>After the sheets are secured to the <a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">wall studs</a> or ceiling <a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">joists</a>, the installer conceals the seams between drywall sheets with joint tape or fiber mesh. Layers of joint compound, sometimes called mud, are typically spread with a drywall trowel or knife. This compound is also applied to any screw holes or defects. The compound is allowed to air dry and then typically sanded smooth before painting. Alternatively, for a better finish, the entire wall may be given a skim coat, a thin layer (about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1 mm or <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in) of finishing compound, to minimize the visual differences between the paper and mudded areas after painting. </p><p>Another similar skim coating process is called veneer plastering, although it is done slightly thicker (about <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2 mm or <span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">32</span></span> in). Veneering uses a slightly different specialized setting compound ("finish plaster") that contains gypsum and lime <a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">putty</a>. This application uses blueboard, which has specially treated paper to accelerate the setting of the gypsum plaster component. This setting has far less shrinkage than the air-dry compounds normally used in drywall, so it only requires one coat. Blueboard also has square edges rather than tapered-edge drywall boards. The tapered drywall boards are used to countersink the tape in taped jointing, whereas the tape in veneer plastering is buried beneath a level surface. One coat veneer plaster over dry board is an intermediate style step between full multi-coat "wet" plaster and the limited joint-treatment-only given "dry" wall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_control">Sound control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sound control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The method of installation and type of drywall can reduce sound transmission through walls and ceilings. Several builders' books state that thicker drywall reduces sound transmission, but engineering manuals recommend using multiple layers of drywall, sometimes of different thicknesses and glued together, or special types of drywall designed to reduce noise.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also important are the construction details of the framing with steel studs, wider stud spacing, double studding, insulation, and other details reducing sound transmission. <a href="/wiki/Sound_transmission_class" title="Sound transmission class">Sound transmission class</a> (STC) ratings can be increased from 33 for an ordinary stud-wall to as high as 59 with double <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-inch (13 mm) drywall on both sides of a wood stud wall with resilient channels on one side and <a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">glass wool</a> batt insulation between the studs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sound transmission may be slightly reduced using regular <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>-inch (16 mm) panels (with or without light-gauge resilient metal channels and/or insulation), but it is more effective to use two layers of drywall, sometimes in combination with other factors, or specially designed, sound-resistant drywall.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_damage_and_molding">Water damage and molding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Water damage and molding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drywall_splotch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Drywall_splotch.jpg/220px-Drywall_splotch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Drywall_splotch.jpg/330px-Drywall_splotch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Drywall_splotch.jpg/440px-Drywall_splotch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Drywall water damage in a closet</figcaption></figure> <p>Drywall is highly vulnerable to moisture due to the inherent properties of the materials that constitute it: gypsum, paper, and organic additives and binders. Gypsum will soften with exposure to moisture and eventually turn into a gooey paste with prolonged immersion, such as during a flood. During such incidents, some, or all, of the drywall in an entire building will need to be removed and replaced. Furthermore, the paper facings and organic additives mixed with the gypsum core are food for mold. </p><p>The porosity of the board—introduced during manufacturing to reduce the board's weight, lowering construction time and transportation costs—enables water to rapidly reach the core through <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a>, where mold can grow inside. Water that enters a room from overhead may cause ceiling drywall tape to separate from the ceiling as a result of the grooves immediately behind the tape where the drywall pieces meet becoming saturated. The drywall may also soften around the screws holding the drywall in place, and with the aid of gravity, the weight of the water may cause the drywall to sag and eventually collapse, requiring replacement. </p><p>Drywall's paper facings are edible to termites, which can eat the paper if they infest a wall cavity covered with drywall. This causes the painted surface to crumble to the touch, its paper backing material being eaten. In addition to the necessity of patching the damaged surface and repainting, if enough of the paper has been eaten, the gypsum core can easily crack or crumble without it, and the drywall must be removed and replaced. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Termites_eating_drywall_paper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Termites_eating_drywall_paper.jpg/220px-Termites_eating_drywall_paper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Termites_eating_drywall_paper.jpg/330px-Termites_eating_drywall_paper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Termites_eating_drywall_paper.jpg/440px-Termites_eating_drywall_paper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Drywall damage caused by termites eating the paper, causing the paint to crumble</figcaption></figure> <p>In many circumstances, especially when the drywall has been exposed to water or moisture for less than 48 hours, professional restoration experts can avoid the cost, inconvenience, and difficulty of removing and replacing the affected drywall. They use rapid drying techniques that eliminate the elements required to support microbial activity while restoring most or all of the drywall. </p><p>It is for these reasons that <b>greenboard</b>, a type of drywall with an outer face that is wax- and/or chemically coated to resist mold growth,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ideally <a href="/wiki/Cement_board" title="Cement board">cement board</a> are used for rooms expected to have high humidity, primarily kitchens, bathrooms, and laundry rooms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_damage_risks">Other damage risks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other damage risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foam insulation and the <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a> part of sheetrock are easily chewed out by <a href="/wiki/Honeybee" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeybee">honeybees</a> when they are setting up a stray nest in a building, and they want to enlarge their nest area.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_resistance">Fire resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fire resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Drywall" title="Special:EditPage/Drywall">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some fire barrier walls are constructed of Type X drywall as a <a href="/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">passive fire protection</a> item. Gypsum contains the <a href="/wiki/Water_of_crystallization" title="Water of crystallization">water of crystallization</a> bound in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrates</a>. When exposed to <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">fire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate#Hydration_and_dehydration_reactions" title="Calcium sulfate">resulting decomposition reaction</a> releases water vapor and is <a href="/wiki/Endothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermic">endothermic</a> (it absorbs thermal energy), which retards heat transfer until the water in the gypsum is gone. The fire-resistance rating of the fire barrier assembly is increased with additional layers of drywall, up to four hours for walls and three hours for floor/ceiling assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fire-rated assemblies constructed of drywall are documented in design or <a href="/wiki/Certification_listing" title="Certification listing">certification listing</a> catalogues, including <a href="/wiki/DIN" class="mw-redirect" title="DIN">DIN</a> 4102 Part 4 and the Canadian Building Code, <a href="/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwriters Laboratories">Underwriters Laboratories</a> and Underwriters Laboratories of Canada (ULC). </p><p>Tests result in code-recognized designs with assigned fire-resistance ratings. The resulting designs become part of the code and are not limited to use by any manufacturer. However, individual manufacturers may also have proprietary designs that they have had third-party tested and approved, provided that the material used in the field configuration can be demonstrated to meet the minimum requirements of Type X drywall and that sufficient layers and thicknesses are used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_X_drywall">Type X drywall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Type X drywall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Type X gypsum board, special glass fibers are intermixed with the gypsum to reinforce the core of the panels. These fibers reduce the size of the cracks that form as the water is driven off, thereby extending the length of time the gypsum panels resist fire without failure.<sup id="cite_ref-usg.com_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usg.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Type_C_drywall">Type C drywall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Type C drywall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Type C gypsum panels provide stronger fire resistance than Type X. The core of Type C panels contains a higher density of glass fibers. The core of Type C panels also contains vermiculite which acts as a shrinkage-compensating additive that expands when exposed to elevated temperatures of a fire. This expansion occurs at roughly the same temperature as the calcination of the gypsum in the core, allowing the core of the Type C panels to remain dimensionally stable in a fire.<sup id="cite_ref-usg.com_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usg.com-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Waste">Waste</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gypsum_recycling" title="Gypsum recycling">Gypsum recycling</a></div> <p>Because up to 12% of drywall is wasted during the manufacturing and installation processes and the drywall material is frequently not reused, disposal can become a problem. Some landfill sites have banned the dumping of drywall. Some manufacturers take back waste wallboard from construction sites and recycle them into new wallboard. Recycled paper is typically used during manufacturing. More recently, recycling at the construction site itself has been researched. There is potential for using crushed drywall to amend certain soils at building sites, such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sodic" class="extiw" title="wikt:sodic">sodic</a> clay and silt mixtures (<a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">bay mud</a>), as well as using it in compost.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016, industry standards are being developed to ensure that when and if wallboard is taken back for recycling, quality and composition are maintained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Market">Market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Market"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>North America is one of the largest gypsum board users in the world, with a total wallboard plant capacity of 42 billion square feet (3.9 billion square metres) per year, roughly half of the worldwide annual production capacity of 85 billion square feet (7.9 billion square metres).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the homebuilding and remodeling markets in North America in the late 1990s and early 2000s increased demand. The gypsum board market was one of the biggest beneficiaries of the housing boom as "an average new American home contains more than 7.31 metric tons of gypsum."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The introduction in March 2005 of the Clean Air Interstate Rule by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a> requires <a href="/wiki/Fossil-fuel_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil-fuel power plant">fossil-fuel power plants</a> to "cut <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> emissions by 73%" by 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Clean Air Interstate Rule also requested that the power plants install new scrubbers (industrial pollution control devices) to remove sulfur dioxide present in the output waste gas. Scrubbers use the technique of <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">flue-gas desulfurization</a> (FGD), which produces synthetic gypsum as a usable by-product. In response to the new supply of this raw material, the gypsum board market was predicted to shift significantly. However, issues such as mercury release during calcining need to be resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-sulfur_drywall_illness_and_corrosion_issues">High-sulfur drywall illness and corrosion issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: High-sulfur drywall illness and corrosion issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_drywall" title="Chinese drywall">Chinese drywall</a></div> <p>A substantial amount of defective drywall was imported into the United States from China and incorporated into tens of thousands of homes during rebuilding in 2006 and 2007 following <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a> and in other places. Complaints included the structure's foul odour, health effects, and metal corrosion. The emission of sulfurous gases causes this. The same drywall was sold in Asia without problems resulting,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but US homes are built much more tightly than homes in China, with less ventilation. Volatile sulfur compounds, including <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, have been detected as emissions from the imported drywall and may be linked to health problems. These compounds are emitted from many different types of drywall. </p><p>Several lawsuits are underway in many jurisdictions, but many of the sheets of drywall are simply marked "Made in China", thus making the manufacturer's identification difficult. An investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer Product Safety Commission">Consumer Product Safety Commission</a>, CPSC, was underway in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2009, the CPSC reported a "strong association" between Chinese drywall and corrosion of pipes and wires reported by thousands of homeowners in the United States. The issue was resolved in 2011, and now all drywall must be tested for volatile sulfur, and any containing more than ten ppm is unable to be sold in the US. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following variants available in Canada or the United States are listed below: </p> <ul><li>Regular white board, from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> to <span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> inch (6.3 to 19 mm) thickness</li> <li>Fire-resistant ("Type X"), different thicknesses and multiple layers of wallboard provide increased fire rating based on the time a specific wall assembly can withstand a standardized fire test. Often <a href="/wiki/Perlite" title="Perlite">perlite</a>, vermiculite, and <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a> are added to improve fire resistance.</li> <li>Greenboard, the drywall containing an oil-based additive in the green-colored paper covering, provides moisture resistance. It is commonly used in washrooms and other areas expected to experience elevated humidity levels.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Blueboard, blue face paper forms a strong bond with a skim coat or a built-up plaster finish, providing water and mold resistance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement_board" title="Cement board">Cement board</a>, which is more water-resistant than greenboard, for use in showers or sauna rooms, and as a base for ceramic tile.</li> <li>Soundboard is made from wood fibers to increase the sound transmission class.</li> <li>Soundproof drywall is a laminated drywall made with gypsum and other materials such as damping polymers to significantly increase the <a href="/wiki/Sound_transmission_class" title="Sound transmission class">sound transmission class</a> rating.</li> <li>Mold-resistant, paperless drywall with <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a> face<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enviroboard" title="Enviroboard">Enviroboard</a>, a board made from recycled agricultural materials</li> <li>Lead-lined drywall, a drywall used around radiological equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Foil-backed drywall used as a vapor barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Controlled density (CD), also called ceiling board, which is available only in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inch (13 mm) thickness and is significantly stiffer than the regular whiteboard.</li> <li>EcoRock, a drywall that uses a combination of 20 materials including recycled fly ash, slag, kiln dust and fillers and no starch cellulose; it is advertised as being <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmentally friendly</a> due to the use of recycled materials and an energy efficient process.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gypsum "Firecode C". This board is similar in composition to Type X, except for more glass fibres and a form of the vermiculite used to reduce shrinkage. When exposed to high heat, the gypsum core shrinks, but this additive expands at about the same rate, so the gypsum core is more stable in a fire and remains in place even after the gypsum dries up.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>plasterboard</i> is used in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>. In Australia, the product is often called <i>Gyprock</i>, the name of the largest plasterboard manufacturer.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New Zealand it is also called <i>Gibraltar</i> and <i>Gib board</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> genericised from the registered trademark ("GIB") of the locally made product that dominates the local market.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A specific type of Gibraltar board for use in wet conditions (such as bathrooms and kitchens) is known as <i>AquaGib</i>. </p><p>It is made in thicknesses of 10 mm, 13 mm, and 16 mm, and sometimes other thicknesses up to 25 mm. Panels are commonly sold in 1200 mm-wide sheets, which may be 1800, 2400, 3000, 4800, or 6000 mm in length. Sheets are usually secured to either timber or cold-formed <a href="/wiki/Steel_frame" title="Steel frame">steel frames</a> anywhere from 150 to 300 mm centres along the beam and 400 to 600 mm across members.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In both countries, plasterboard has become a widely used replacement for <a href="/wiki/Scrim_and_sarking" title="Scrim and sarking">scrim and sarking</a> walls in renovating 19th- and early 20th-century buildings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_and_the_United_States">Canada and the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Canada and the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drywall panels in Canada and the United States are made in widths of 48, 54, and 96 inches (1.2, 1.4, and 2.4 m) and varying lengths to suit the application. The most common width is 48 inches; however, 54-inch-wide panels are becoming more popular as 9-foot (2.7 m) ceiling heights become more common. Lengths up to 16 feet (4.9 m) are common; the most common is 8 feet (2.4 m). Common thicknesses are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> and <span class="frac"><span class="num">5</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch (13 and 16 mm); thicknesses of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>, <span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>, <span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>, and 1 inch (6, 10, 19, and 25 mm) are used in specific applications. In many parts of Canada, drywall is commonly referred to as Gyproc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, most plasterboard is made in sheets 120 centimetres (47 in) wide; sheets 60 and 90 centimetres (24 and 35 in) wide are also made. Plasterboard 120 centimetres (47 in) wide is most commonly made in 240-centimetre (94 in) lengths; sheets of 250, 260, 270, 280, and 300 centimetres (98, 102, 106, 110, and 118 in) and longer also are common. Thicknesses of plasterboard available are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">9.5 to 25 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> to 1 in).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plasterboard is commonly made with one of three edge treatments: tapered edge, where the long edges of the board are tapered with a wide bevel at the front to allow jointing materials to be finished flush with the main board face; plain edge, used where the whole surface will receive a thin coating (skim coat) of finishing plaster; and <a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">beveled</a> on all four sides, used in products specialized for roofing. Major UK manufacturers do not offer four-sided <a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">chamfered</a> drywall for general use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certification_mark" title="Certification mark">Certification mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_drywall" title="Chinese drywall">Chinese drywall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_panel" title="Clay panel">Clay panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compartmentalization_(engineering)" title="Compartmentalization (engineering)">Compartmentalization (engineering)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothermic_process" title="Endothermic process">Endothermic process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(construction)" title="Firewall (construction)">Firewall (construction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermacell" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermacell">Fermacell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homasote" title="Homasote">Homasote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockdown_texture" title="Knockdown texture">Knockdown texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide_wallboard" title="Magnesium oxide wallboard">Magnesium oxide wallboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaster_spraying" title="Plaster spraying">Plaster spraying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_certification" title="Product certification">Product certification</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drywall&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Go Construct, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goconstruct.org/why-choose-construction/whats-happening-in-construction/what-is-dry-lining/">What is Dry Lining?</a>, published 27 September 2021, accessed 3 October 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plasterboard">"Definition of PLASTERBOARD"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218024418/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plasterboard">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+PLASTERBOARD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fplasterboard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrywall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Park_Service:_Preservation_Brief_21:_Repairing_Historic_Flat_Plaster--Walls_and_Ceilings-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-National_Park_Service:_Preservation_Brief_21:_Repairing_Historic_Flat_Plaster--Walls_and_Ceilings_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.go/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/21-flat-plaster.htm#Historical%20Background">"Preservation Brief 21: Repairing Historic Flat Plaster-Walls and Ceilings"</a>. Nps.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428001859/http://www.nps.gov/tps/how-to-preserve/briefs/21-flat-plaster.htm#Historical%20Background">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preservation+Brief+21%3A+Repairing+Historic+Flat+Plaster-Walls+and+Ceilings&rft.pub=Nps.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.go%2Ftps%2Fhow-to-preserve%2Fbriefs%2F21-flat-plaster.htm%23Historical%2520Background&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrywall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2003/06/20/new-drywall-resists-mold-mildew/">New drywall resists mold, mildew</a> Chicago Tribune. Access date: 2024-08-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invent.org/inductees/augustine-sackett">Augustine Sackett</a> National Inventors Hall of Fame. Access date: 2024-08-22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gypsum.org-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gypsum.org_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gypsum.org_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090708171905/http://www.gypsum.org/mediaguide.html">"History of Gypsum Board"</a>. <i>Gypsum Association</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gypsum.org/mediaguide.html">the original</a> on 8 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gypsum+Association&rft.atitle=History+of+Gypsum+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gypsum.org%2Fmediaguide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrywall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell, Jane, and Linda Svendsen. <i>Bungalow details: interior</i>. Salt Lake City: Gibbs Smith, 2006. Print. pp.53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldhouseweb.com-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oldhouseweb.com_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldhouseweb.com/how-to-advice/repairing-historic-flat-plaster-walls-and-ceilings-introduction.shtml">"Repairing Historic Flat Plaster Walls and Ceilings By The Old House Web"</a>. Oldhouseweb.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130416002242/http://www.oldhouseweb.com/how-to-advice/repairing-historic-flat-plaster-walls-and-ceilings-introduction.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Repairing+Historic+Flat+Plaster+Walls+and+Ceilings+By+The+Old+House+Web&rft.pub=Oldhouseweb.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldhouseweb.com%2Fhow-to-advice%2Frepairing-historic-flat-plaster-walls-and-ceilings-introduction.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrywall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarr.uspto.gov/servlet/tarr?regser=serial&entry=71376233">ROCKLATH</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-02-1744_en.htm?locale=en">"European Commission - PRESS RELEASES - Press release - Commission imposes heavy fines on four companies involved in plasterboard cartel"</a>. <i>europa.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222155630/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-02-1744_en.htm?locale=en">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EPD+Australasia&rft.atitle=GIB+Standard+Plasterboard&rft.date=2021-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepd-australasia.com%2Fepd%2Fgib-standard-plasterboard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrywall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.steelconstruction.info/images/2/23/SCI_P402.pdf">"LIGHT STEEL FRAMING IN RESIDENTIAL CONSTRUCTION"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LIGHT+STEEL+FRAMING+IN+RESIDENTIAL+CONSTRUCTION&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.steelconstruction.info%2Fimages%2F2%2F23%2FSCI_P402.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADrywall" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegger, Manfred. <i>Construction materials manual</i> l. Basel: Birdhouse, 2006. 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