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style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Samuel Bigger</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Bigger_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Samuel_Bigger_Portrait.jpg/220px-Samuel_Bigger_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Samuel_Bigger_Portrait.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="234" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Indiana House of Representatives">Indiana House of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 5, 1834 – December 4, 1835</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Indiana Circuit Court Judge</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1835–1840</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 9, 1840 – December 6, 1843</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Indiana" title="Lieutenant Governor of Indiana">Lieutenant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hall_(politician)" title="Samuel Hall (politician)">Samuel Hall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Wallace_(Indiana_politician)" title="David Wallace (Indiana politician)">David Wallace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Whitcomb" title="James Whitcomb">James Whitcomb</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">March 20, 1802<br /><a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Ohio" title="Franklin, Ohio">Franklin, Ohio</a>, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 9, 1846<span style="display:none">(1846-09-09)</span> (aged 44)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a>, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Ellen Williamson</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Samuel Bigger</b> (March 20, 1802 – September 9, 1846) was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Indiana" title="List of governors of Indiana">seventh governor</a> of the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> from December 9, 1840, to December 6, 1843. Bigger was nominated to run for governor because he had no connection to the <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Internal_Improvement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammoth Internal Improvement Act">failed public works program</a>. The state had entered a severe financial crisis in his predecessor's term and the government became <a href="/wiki/Insolvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insolvent">insolvent</a> during his first year in office. He oversaw the state's bankruptcy negotiations, but the bankruptcy he negotiated was only able to return the state to solvency briefly. By the time of his reelection campaign, the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> had become the target of public blame for the debacle, and Bigger was defeated. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bigger&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_background">Family and background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bigger&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samuel Bigger was born in <a href="/wiki/Franklin,_Ohio" title="Franklin, Ohio">Franklin, Ohio</a>, on March 20, 1802, the son of <a href="/wiki/John_Bigger" title="John Bigger">John Bigger</a>, a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Ohio_House_of_Representatives" title="Ohio House of Representatives">Ohio House of Representatives</a> Speaker of the House. Because of his father he regularly encountered many of the leading men of the frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended a log cabin school in Ohio. As a boy, Bigger enjoyed reading books. At age eighteen he contracted a severe cold from which he nearly died. Because of the sickness he was constantly in poor health and his father decided he was unfit for manual labor on the farm and sent him to school where he could learn a profession. Bigger was enrolled as a student at <a href="/wiki/Ohio_University" title="Ohio University">Ohio University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens,_Ohio" title="Athens, Ohio">Athens, Ohio</a>, in the 1820s where he studied law.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g89_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g89-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bigger moved to <a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Indiana" title="Liberty, Indiana">Liberty, Indiana</a>, in 1829 after completing school and entered a law practice. There he married Ellen Williamson; the couple never had children. He lived only a short time in Liberty before moving to <a href="/wiki/Rushville,_Indiana" title="Rushville, Indiana">Rushville</a> where he began his public career.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was partnered in his law office with future <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">United States Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Oliver_H._Smith" title="Oliver H. Smith">Oliver H. Smith</a> for a period of time, and later with <a href="/wiki/James_Whitcomb" title="James Whitcomb">James Whitcomb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Wright" title="Joseph A. Wright">Joseph A. Wright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-g89_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g89-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Miami_Valley_Pg_315_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miami_Valley_Pg_315-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislator_and_judge">Legislator and judge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bigger&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legislator and judge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1833 Bigger was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_House_of_Representatives" title="Indiana House of Representatives">Indiana House of Representatives</a>. He served three terms until 1835. He was not a great orator, but became known for his simple and straightforward method of speaking. He was narrowly defeated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Gregory_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James Gregory (politician) (page does not exist)">James Gregory</a> in the election of the house speaker in 1835. The same year he was appointed as a judge on the Indiana Circuit Court where he served until his election as governor.<sup id="cite_ref-g89_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g89-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-w78_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w78-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the time he was on the court, the state passed the <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Internal_Improvement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammoth Internal Improvement Act">Mammoth Internal Improvement Act</a> to build canals, roads, and railroads across the state. Although the act met with celebration at first, the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a> devastated the economy just as the government had taken on a $10 million debt. The situation spiraled out of control as Governor <a href="/wiki/David_Wallace_(Indiana_politician)" title="David Wallace (Indiana politician)">David Wallace</a> attempted to delay the collapse of the states finances and continue work on the projects, which led the debt to increase to $12 million. Along with other debts, the government owed more than $15 million. As the election approached, the Whig Party decided to abandon the governor and run a candidate who had no connection to the failure.<sup id="cite_ref-g89_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g89-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor">Governor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bigger&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Governor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_improvements">Internal improvements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bigger&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Internal improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1840 Bigger was nominated to become the Whig Party candidate for Governor of Indiana. He was opposed by Democratic candidate Congressman <a href="/wiki/Tilghman_Howard" title="Tilghman Howard">Tilghman Howard</a>. The state's financial status and the failed public works projects were the central debates of the campaign. Bigger claimed to have always opposed the projects and promised to try to get the state out of its dire situation. Howard had been in the assembly and voted for the projects and was branded as a supporter of the failure. Despite the situation of the state, the election was overshadowed by territorial governor <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>'s campaign for United States President. Years had passed since the state had repudiated his actions as governor, and he had become a popular historical figure and a folk legend in the state. The support he brought to the Whig ticket was enough to return the state Whig Party to their final term of domination of state government. Whigs retained majorities in the General Assembly and Bigger defeated Howard, 62,932 to 54,274.<sup id="cite_ref-g90_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g90-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Bigger entered office, the interest on the state debt alone was over $500,000 annually while state income was closer to $250,000. The state's credit maxed out during his first year in office and the state defaulted on its debts in July, leading the debt to grow even more quickly. At first, Bigger recommended reforming the property tax system that provided the majority of the state's income. County boards were created to "equalize" property values used to set tax amounts. The result was a massive tax increase of as much as 300% in some areas. The public outcry was so great, and so many people refused to pay their taxes, that the system was repealed in the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-g90_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g90-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government's primary hope of escaping the situation was to complete the projects, which they believed would produce income to start to cover their costs. The projects were prioritized and it was decided that the most valuable project, the <a href="/wiki/Wabash_and_Erie_Canal" title="Wabash and Erie Canal">Wabash and Erie Canal</a>, should receive all the available funds. A negotiator was sent to London to negotiate with the state's creditors. The <a href="/wiki/Whitewater_Canal" title="Whitewater Canal">Whitewater Canal</a>, two other smaller canal projects, and the Madison and Indianapolis Railroad were transferred to the creditors in exchange for a 50% reduction in the debt they held, leaving the state owing a total debt of around $9 million.<sup id="cite_ref-g90_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g90-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the progress made, the debt was still more than the state could bear, but gained the state more time to try and deal with the problem.<sup id="cite_ref-g91_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g91-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A commission was created, which Bigger oversaw, to investigate the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> program. The commission alleged corruption of many of the contractors who worked on the projects, claimed the state was misled in many different areas, and was the victim of "imposition and fraud." In its summary, the state had significantly underestimated the costs of the projects, the time they would take to complete, and its own ability to pay for the debt. To complicate matters, no routes had been surveyed for many of the canal projects, which turned out to be unfeasible in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-g91_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g91-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_reforms">Legal reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bigger&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legal reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1841, at the request of the state legislature, Bigger completely rewrote the state's code of laws with the help of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Treasurer" title="Indiana State Treasurer">Indiana State Treasurer</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Dunn">George H. Dunn</a>. Bigger was well qualified for the job with his background as a lawyer. His new <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Code" title="Indiana Code">code of laws</a> was passed almost immediately and overwhelmingly by the legislature in 1842.<sup id="cite_ref-w78_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w78-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-g91_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g91-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1834, leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> church requested that Governor Bigger appoint Methodists to the board of <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>, which was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a>. Bigger himself was a Presbyterian and refused their request. During a legislative debate on the matter, Bigger said that there was "not a Methodist in America with sufficient learning to fill a professor's chair." He also said the Methodist Church did not require educated preachers, but rather uneducated preachers better suited its members. The quote was printed in state newspapers, and Bigger became the subject of fiery sermons in Methodist churches across the state. Methodists outnumbered Presbyterians four to one in the state at that time, hurting Bigger's popularity. In his reelection campaign again Methodist <a href="/wiki/James_Whitcomb" title="James Whitcomb">James Whitcomb</a>, the church, led mainly by Bishop Ames, campaigned heavily on behalf of Whitcomb. Ames was quoted as saying, "it is with the amen corner of the Methodist Church that defeated Governor Bigger, and I had a hand in that".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coupled with the blame the public placed on the Whigs for the state's financial situation, Bigger was overwhelming defeated by Whitcomb.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bigger&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Bigger_Grave_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Samuel_Bigger_Grave_Site.jpg/220px-Samuel_Bigger_Grave_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Samuel_Bigger_Grave_Site.jpg/330px-Samuel_Bigger_Grave_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Samuel_Bigger_Grave_Site.jpg/440px-Samuel_Bigger_Grave_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Governor Samuel Bigger's gravesite</figcaption></figure> <p>After leaving office, Bigger moved to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a> where he formed a new law practice with Joseph K. Edgerton. The Whig party attempted to nominate Bigger to run for governor again in the 1846 race for governor, but he declined the offer without giving an explanation. He suddenly became ill and died in his Fort Wayne home on September 9, 1846, aged 44, and was buried in that city's <a href="/wiki/McCulloch_Park" title="McCulloch Park">McCulloch Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Miami_Valley_Pg_315_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miami_Valley_Pg_315-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._27" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 27">U.S. 27</a> (Lafayette Street) bridge over the <a href="/wiki/St._Marys_River_(Indiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Marys River (Indiana)">St. Marys River</a> in downtown Fort Wayne was renamed the Governor Samuel Bigger Memorial Bridge by a Resolution of the Indiana General Assembly authored by State Representative <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Harper" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitchell Harper">Mitchell Harper</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/Gayle_Thornbrough" title="Gayle Thornbrough">Gayle Thornbrough</a> noted that Bigger was among the governors who had the least impact on the events of the day, largely because of the state financial situation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bigger&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indiana" title="Portal:Indiana">Indiana portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Indiana" title="List of governors of Indiana">List of governors of Indiana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bigger&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woollen, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woollen, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g89-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g89_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g89_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g89_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g89_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biographical and Historical Sketches of Early Indiana, By William Wesley Woollen, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miami_Valley_Pg_315-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Miami_Valley_Pg_315_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Miami_Valley_Pg_315_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Memoirs of the Miami Valley, By John Calvin Hover, Pg 315</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-w78-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-w78_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-w78_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woollen, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g90-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g90_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g90_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g90_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn, p. 416</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The History of the State of Indiana</i>, By William Henry Smith, 719-720</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g91-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-g91_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g91_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-g91_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Woollen, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin, p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gugin, p. 88</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDunn,_Jacob_Piatt1919" class="citation book cs1">Dunn, Jacob Piatt (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indianaindianans01indunn"><i>Indiana and Indianans</i></a>. American Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indiana+and+Indianans&rft.pub=American+Historical+Society&rft.date=1919&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Jacob+Piatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findianaindianans01indunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Bigger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGugin,_Linda_C.St._Clair,_James_E2006" class="citation book cs1">Gugin, Linda C.; St. Clair, James E, eds. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780871951960"><i>The Governors of Indiana</i></a></span>. Indianapolis, Indiana: Indiana Historical Society Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87195-196-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87195-196-7"><bdi>0-87195-196-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Governors+of+Indiana&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-87195-196-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780871951960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Bigger" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoollen,_William_Wesley1975" class="citation book cs1">Woollen, William Wesley (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PCbZ8rS-84gC"><i>Biographical and Historical Sketches of Early Indiana</i></a>. Ayer Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-06896-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-06896-4"><bdi>0-405-06896-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+and+Historical+Sketches+of+Early+Indiana&rft.pub=Ayer+Publishing&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-405-06896-4&rft.au=Woollen%2C+William+Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPCbZ8rS-84gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Bigger" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Bigger&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050404151556/http://www.statelib.lib.in.us/www/ihb/govportraits/bigger.html">Biography and Portrait from Indiana State Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050113221604/http://www.countyhistory.com/doc.gov/010.htm">Profile from County History.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PCbZ8rS-84gC&pg=PA77&dq=samuel+bigger&sig=GBU_MK8EoLfXquYCqT0NSgovcE4#PPA80,M1"><i>Biographical and Historical Sketches of Early Indiana</i>, By William Wesley Woollen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n7DH3yKRmaEC&pg=PA315&dq=samuel+bigger"><i>Memoirs of the Miami Valley</i>, By John Calvin Hover</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Wallace_(Indiana_politician)" title="David Wallace (Indiana politician)">David Wallace</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> nominee for Governor of Indiana </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1840_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1840 Indiana gubernatorial election">1840</a>, <a href="/wiki/1843_Indiana_gubernatorial_election" title="1843 Indiana gubernatorial election">1843</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Joseph G. Marshall</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/David_Wallace_(Indiana_politician)" title="David Wallace (Indiana politician)">David Wallace</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a> </b><br />December 9, 1840 – December 6, 1843 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Whitcomb" title="James Whitcomb">James Whitcomb</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Indiana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Indiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Indiana" title="List of governors of Indiana">Governors of Indiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Territorial <span class="nobold">(1800–1816)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gibson_(American_soldier)" title="John Gibson (American soldier)">Gibson</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Posey" title="Thomas Posey">Posey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="725" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">State <span class="nobold">(since 1816)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Jennings" title="Jonathan Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratliff_Boon" title="Ratliff Boon">Boon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hendricks" title="William Hendricks">W. Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Ray" title="James B. Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Noble" title="Noah Noble">Noble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wallace_(Indiana_politician)" title="David Wallace (Indiana politician)">Wallace</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Whitcomb" title="James Whitcomb">J. Whitcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_C._Dunning" title="Paris C. Dunning">Dunning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Wright" title="Joseph A. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashbel_P._Willard" title="Ashbel P. Willard">Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_A._Hammond" title="Abram A. Hammond">Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Lane" title="Henry S. Lane">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_P._Morton" title="Oliver P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Baker" title="Conrad Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">T. Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Williams" title="James D. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_P._Gray" title="Isaac P. Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Porter" title="Albert G. Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_P._Gray" title="Isaac P. Gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Peterson_Hovey" title="Alvin Peterson Hovey">Hovey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_Joy_Chase" title="Ira Joy Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Matthews" title="Claude Matthews">Matthews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Mount" title="James A. Mount">Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_T._Durbin" title="Winfield T. Durbin">Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hanly" title="Frank Hanly">Hanly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Marshall" title="Thomas R. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_M._Ralston" title="Samuel M. Ralston">Ralston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Goodrich" title="James P. Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_T._McCray" title="Warren T. McCray">McCray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Forest_Branch" title="Emmett Forest Branch">Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_L._Jackson" title="Edward L. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_G._Leslie" title="Harry G. Leslie">Leslie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt" title="Paul V. McNutt">McNutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Clifford_Townsend" title="M. Clifford Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Schricker" title="Henry F. Schricker">Schricker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_F._Gates" title="Ralph F. Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Schricker" title="Henry F. Schricker">Schricker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Craig" title="George N. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_W._Handley" title="Harold W. Handley">Handley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_E._Welsh" title="Matthew E. Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Branigin" title="Roger D. Branigin">Branigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Whitcomb" title="Edgar Whitcomb">E. Whitcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Bowen" title="Otis Bowen">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Orr" title="Robert D. Orr">Orr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_Bayh" title="Evan Bayh">Bayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_O%27Bannon" title="Frank O'Bannon">O'Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kernan_(politician)" title="Joe Kernan (politician)">Kernan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holcomb" title="Eric Holcomb">Holcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Braun" title="Mike Braun">Braun</a> (elect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Indiana" title="Governor of Indiana">Governor of Indiana</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Indiana" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indiana_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Indiana history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indiana_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Indiana history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indiana_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indiana history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Indiana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">History of</a> <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Early_civilizations" title="History of Indiana">Early history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#European_contact" title="History of Indiana">European contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Salle_Expeditions" class="mw-redirect" title="La Salle Expeditions">La Salle Expeditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#France" title="History of Indiana">French Rule</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/100px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/150px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Indiana.svg/200px-Flag_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indiana_Counties.jpg/100px-Indiana_Counties.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indiana_Counties.jpg/150px-Indiana_Counties.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Indiana_Counties.jpg/200px-Indiana_Counties.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4579" data-file-height="6401" /></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_State_of_Indiana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="725" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Colonial_period" title="History of Indiana">1700–1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana#History" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Miami_(Indiana)" title="Fort Miami (Indiana)">Fort Miamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouiatenon" title="Ouiatenon">Ouiatenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#France" title="History of Indiana">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Great_Britain" title="History of Indiana">British Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_War" title="Pontiac's War">Pontiac's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indiana_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Category:Indiana in the American Revolution">American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_campaign" title="Illinois campaign">Illinois campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark%27s_Grant" title="Clark's Grant">Clark's Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash_Confederacy" title="Wabash Confederacy">Wabash Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_Fort" title="Petit Fort">Petit Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Indiana_Territory" title="History of Indiana">1800–1816</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Trace_(road)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Trace (road)">Buffalo Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vincennes" title="Treaty of Vincennes">Treaty of Vincennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Appleseed" title="Johnny Appleseed">Johnny Appleseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grouseland" title="Treaty of Grouseland">Treaty of Grouseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Rangers" title="Indiana Rangers">Indiana Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Battle of Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Indiana#Indiana_Territory" title="History of slavery in Indiana">Abolitionist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Harmony,_Indiana#History" title="New Harmony, Indiana">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Canal_Company" title="Indiana Canal Company">1st Indiana Canal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiana#Constitutional_Convention" title="Constitution of Indiana">Constitutional Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Statehood" title="History of Indiana">1817–1899</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Statehood" title="History of Indiana">Statehood</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polly_v._Lasselle" class="mw-redirect" title="Polly v. Lasselle">Polly v. Lasselle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bateman_Clark#Court_cases" title="Mary Bateman Clark">Mary Clark v. G.W. Johnston</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s_(1818)" title="Treaty of St. Mary's (1818)">Treaty of St. Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removals_in_Indiana" title="Indian removals in Indiana">Indian Removals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_Creek_massacre" title="Fall Creek massacre">Fall Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Indiana" title="Bank of Indiana">Bank of Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Canal_Company" title="Indiana Canal Company">2nd Indiana Canal Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_Canal" title="Whitewater Canal">Whitewater Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabash_and_Erie_Canal" title="Wabash and Erie Canal">Wabash and Erie Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Mammoth_Internal_Improvement_Act" title="Indiana Mammoth Internal Improvement Act">Public Works and Bankruptcy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad_in_Indiana" title="Underground Railroad in Indiana">Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indiana_in_the_Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Category:Indiana in the Mexican–American War">Mexican-American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiana#Constitution_of_1851" title="Constitution of Indiana">New Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Post-Civil_War_era" title="History of Indiana">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Lilly_and_Company#History" title="Eli Lilly and Company">Eli Lilly & Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno_Gang" title="Reno Gang">Reno Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_gas_boom" title="Indiana gas boom">Gas boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Day_of_the_Indiana_General_Assembly" title="Black Day of the Indiana General Assembly">Black Day of the General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_pi_bill" title="Indiana pi bill">Indiana pi bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Indiana_Literature" title="Golden Age of Indiana Literature">Golden Age of Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Twentieth_century" title="History of Indiana">1900–1999</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_White_Caps" title="Indiana White Caps">White Caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elwood_Haynes" title="Elwood Haynes">Elwood Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway#History" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis Motor Speedway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#World_War_I" title="History of Indiana">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_streetcar_strike_of_1913" title="Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913">Indianapolis strike and riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Woodfill" title="Samuel Woodfill">Samuel Woodfill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Klan" title="Indiana Klan">Indiana Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Twenties_and_the_Great_Depression" title="History of Indiana">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dillinger" title="John Dillinger">John Dillinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#World_War_II" title="History of Indiana">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Field_mutiny" title="Freeman Field mutiny">Freeman Field mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_of_Thomas_Shipp_and_Abram_Smith" title="Lynching of Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith">Shipp & Smith lynchings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_River_flood_of_1937" title="Ohio River flood of 1937">Flood of 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Indiana_State_Fairgrounds_Coliseum_gas_explosion" title="1963 Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum gas explosion">1963 Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum gas explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiana#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Indiana">Supreme Court Reorganization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana#Modern_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Since 2000</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2008_Midwest_floods" title="June 2008 Midwest floods">Flood of 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_Fair_stage_collapse" title="Indiana State Fair stage collapse">Indiana State Fair stage collapse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Indiana" title="Category:History of Indiana">By topic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway#History" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Auto racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_fought_in_Indiana" title="List of battles fought in Indiana">Battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disasters_in_Indiana" title="Category:Disasters in Indiana">Disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Indiana#History" title="Economy of Indiana">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Indiana" title="Elections in Indiana">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_ghostlore" title="Indiana ghostlore">Ghostlore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_General_Assembly#History" title="Indiana General Assembly">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Indiana" title="List of governors of Indiana">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historic_sites_in_Indiana" title="Category:Historic sites in Indiana">Historic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Indiana" title="Category:People from Indiana">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party_strength_in_Indiana" title="Political party strength in Indiana">Historical political strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Native_Americans_in_Indiana" title="Category:Native Americans in Indiana">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Indiana" title="History of slavery in Indiana">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Indiana" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Indiana">By city and locale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evansville,_Indiana#History" title="Evansville, Indiana">Evansville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana#History" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary,_Indiana#History" title="Gary, Indiana">Gary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hartford_City,_Indiana" title="History of Hartford City, Indiana">Hartford City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indianapolis" title="History of Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette,_Indiana#History" title="Lafayette, Indiana">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lake_Wawasee" title="History of Lake Wawasee">Lake Wawasee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bend,_Indiana#History" title="South Bend, Indiana">South Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana#History" title="Terre Haute, Indiana">Terre Haute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States#History" title="Midwestern United States">History of the Midwestern United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal:Indiana" title="Portal:Indiana">Portal:Indiana</a></i><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indiana/History" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Indiana/History">WikiProject Indiana's History Department</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2217998#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2217998#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2217998#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1185653171">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84182402">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6j70jxx">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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