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<li id="toc-Colony_conception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colony_conception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Colony conception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colony_conception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settling_Red_River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settling_Red_River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Settling Red River</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settling_Red_River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_between_the_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_between_the_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>War between the companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_between_the_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rising_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rising_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Rising colony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rising_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Red_River_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_River_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Red River Rebellion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_River_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_annexation_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_annexation_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>American annexation plans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_annexation_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_Assembly_of_Assiniboia,_Louis_Riel,_and_the_Manitoba_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_Assembly_of_Assiniboia,_Louis_Riel,_and_the_Manitoba_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia, Louis Riel, and the Manitoba Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_Assembly_of_Assiniboia,_Louis_Riel,_and_the_Manitoba_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_of_Manitoba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_of_Manitoba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Development of Manitoba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_of_Manitoba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_in_the_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_in_the_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Women in the colony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_in_the_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Métis_people_of_the_Red_River_Colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Métis_people_of_the_Red_River_Colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Métis people of the Red River Colony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Métis_people_of_the_Red_River_Colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_Missionary_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_Missionary_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Church Missionary Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_Missionary_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governors_of_Red_River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governors_of_Red_River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governors of Red River</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governors_of_Red_River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_(kolonio)" title="Red River (kolonio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Red River (kolonio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1" title="مستعمره‌نشین رد ریور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مستعمره‌نشین رد ریور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonie_de_la_rivi%C3%A8re_Rouge" title="Colonie de la rivière Rouge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Colonie de la rivière Rouge" data-language-autonym="Français" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_River_Colony&params=49_00_00_N_97_14_15_W_region:CA-MB_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">49°00′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">97°14′15″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">49.00000°N 97.23750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">49.00000; -97.23750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" 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.mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Red River Colony</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colony</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">1811–1870</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Red River Colony"><img alt="Flag of Red River Colony" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/125px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/188px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/250px-Civil_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> </div> <div>Flag</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Selkirks_land_grant_(Assiniboia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Selkirks_land_grant_%28Assiniboia%29.jpg/220px-Selkirks_land_grant_%28Assiniboia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Selkirks_land_grant_%28Assiniboia%29.jpg/330px-Selkirks_land_grant_%28Assiniboia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Selkirks_land_grant_%28Assiniboia%29.jpg/440px-Selkirks_land_grant_%28Assiniboia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Selkirk_Concession" title="Selkirk Concession">Selkirk's land grant</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Fort_Garry" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Fort Garry">Upper Fort Garry</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> • Type</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="#Governors_of_Red_River">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1812–1815 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miles_Macdonell" title="Miles Macdonell">Miles Macdonell</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1859–1870 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">William MacTavish</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1811</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Disestablished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 July 1870</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag.svg/20px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag.svg/30px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag.svg/40px-Hudson%27s_Bay_Company_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Canada_%281868%E2%80%931921%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/20px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/30px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flag_of_Manitoba.svg/40px-Flag_of_Manitoba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri Territory</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Red River Colony</b> (or <b>Selkirk Settlement</b>), also known as <a href="/wiki/Assiniboia" title="Assiniboia">Assiniboia</a>, was a colonization project set up in 1811 by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Douglas,_5th_Earl_of_Selkirk" title="Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk">Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of Selkirk</a>, on 300,000 square kilometres (120,000 sq mi) of land in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>. This land was granted to Douglas by the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Selkirk_Concession" title="Selkirk Concession">Selkirk Concession</a>. It included portions of <a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a>, or the watershed of <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a>, bounded on the north by the line of 52° N latitude roughly from the <a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_River" title="Assiniboine River">Assiniboine River</a> east to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipegosis" title="Lake Winnipegosis">Lake Winnipegosis</a>. It then formed a line of 52° 30′ N latitude from Lake Winnipegosis to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg" title="Lake Winnipeg">Lake Winnipeg</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_River" title="Winnipeg River">Winnipeg River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_of_the_Woods" title="Lake of the Woods">Lake of the Woods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rainy_River_(Minnesota%E2%80%93Ontario)" title="Rainy River (Minnesota–Ontario)">Rainy River</a>. </p><p>West of the Selkirk Concession, it is roughly formed by the current boundary between Saskatchewan and Manitoba. These covered portions consisted of present-day southern <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, and eastern <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, in addition to small parts of eastern <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, northwestern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and northeastern <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lands south of the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel north</a> ceased to be a part of the Red River Colony following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a>, in which the United Kingdom agreed to cede this territory to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colony_conception">Colony conception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colony conception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Growing up in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a>, Lord Selkirk was constantly troubled by the plight of his Scottish kin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selkirk was influenced by humanitarians including <a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a> and, following the forced displacement of Scottish farmers that took place during the <a href="/wiki/Highland_Clearances" title="Highland Clearances">Highland Clearances</a>, decided that emigration was the only viable option to improve the livelihood of the Scottish people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon inheriting his father's title in 1799, Selkirk focused the majority of his time and resources on establishing a Scottish colony in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selkirk became interested in the Red River region after reading <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(explorer)" title="Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)">Alexander MacKenzie</a>'s Voyages in 1801; however, Selkirk was prevented from settling the region in 1802 when the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> raised concerns that the proposed colony would interfere with the running of the company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the first decade of the nineteenth century Selkirk established two unsuccessful agricultural colonies in <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> but continued to pursue the settlement of the Red River region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1807, Selkirk acknowledged that an alliance with either the Hudson's Bay or <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a>, the dominant fur trading companies at the time, was essential to the establishment of a colony at Red River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1811, the Hudson's Bay Company had reconsidered Selkirk's proposal and granted Selkirk 300,000 km<sup>2</sup> (116,000 sq mi), an area five times the size of Scotland, to establish an agricultural settlement in the region of Red River. Supplies of "produce, such as flour, beef, pork and butter..." would be affordable to manufacture in this colony, and would reduce the costly shipments from Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss185616–18_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss185616–18-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The grant was also pending the annual provision of 200 men to the company and Selkirk's assurance that the colony would remain out of the fur trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selkirk, who once mocked the fur trade for rarely grossing more than £200,000 and only having three ships employed in its service, gladly agreed to the terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selkirk referred to this new territory as the District of <a href="/wiki/Assiniboia" title="Assiniboia">Assiniboia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the concession, Red River was the only Hudson Bay Colony that had been established within the company's 610,000-hectare (1.5-million-acre) territory.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is continuing debate as to whether Selkirk forced the concession of Assiniboia through a controlling interest of Hudson's Bay stock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The argument against Selkirk claims that he received the concession by controlling the shares in the company.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians seeking to defend this claim have argued that although Selkirk did buy a considerable number of Hudson's Bay shares between 1811 and 1812, Selkirk received his initial grant in 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settling_Red_River">Settling Red River</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Settling Red River"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protestant_Church_and_Mission_School,_Red_River_Colony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Protestant_Church_and_Mission_School%2C_Red_River_Colony.jpg/220px-Protestant_Church_and_Mission_School%2C_Red_River_Colony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Protestant_Church_and_Mission_School%2C_Red_River_Colony.jpg/330px-Protestant_Church_and_Mission_School%2C_Red_River_Colony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Protestant_Church_and_Mission_School%2C_Red_River_Colony.jpg/440px-Protestant_Church_and_Mission_School%2C_Red_River_Colony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Protestant Church and Mission School, Red River Colony (Manitoba), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1820–1840</span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The early settlement of the Red River region was marked by a long series of crises and ecological disasters and within the first decade of settling the region it had already suffered renewed warfare, epidemics, prairie fires and a flood.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaschuk2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaschuk2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps the most significant ecological disaster was the rapid depletion of the bison population. A vital food source, bison numbers had been dwindling since the 1760s due to heavy hunting pressure by Euroamerican traders as well as the aboriginal inhabitants of the prairies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaschuk2013_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaschuk2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1811, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Macdonell" title="Miles Macdonell">Miles Macdonell</a> sailed from <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> to the Hudson's Bay post at <a href="/wiki/York_Factory" title="York Factory">York Factory</a> with 36 primarily Irish and Scottish settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to persuasive efforts of the North West Company, only 18 settlers actually arrived at Red River in August 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the planting season had ended before the settlers could complete the construction of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Douglas_(Canada)" title="Fort Douglas (Canada)">Fort Douglas</a>, they were forced to hunt bison for food and were completely unprepared for the arrival of 120 additional settlers in October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More settlers were scheduled to arrive in 1813, but due to a fever outbreak on their ship, they did not arrive until June 21, 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dogged by poor harvests and a growing population, Macdonell, now governor of Red River, issued the <a href="/wiki/Pemmican_Proclamation" title="Pemmican Proclamation">Pemmican Proclamation</a> in January 1814 to prevent the export of <a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">pemmican</a> from the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so, Macdonell undermined the security of Red River and plunged the colony into a conflict with the North West Company that would not end until 1821. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_between_the_companies">War between the companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: War between the companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pemmican_War" title="Pemmican War">Pemmican War</a> that was initiated by Macdonell's proclamation was only the tail end of a much larger conflict between the Hudson's Bay Company and its fur trade rivals, both English and French, in Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict dates back to <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles II of England">King Charles II</a>'s generous grant of Rupert's Land to emigrants who were members of the nobility in 1670.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cause for conflict arose from the inability of either the Montreal traders or the Hudson's Bay Company to gain a monopoly over the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">North American fur trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1800 and 1821, the conflict between Hudson's Bay and Montreal, at that point represented by the predominantly Scottish North West Company, intensified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict reached its peak in 1801 and witnessed both companies expending more resources on out-competing each other than were expended on the exploration of new fur grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1803 and 1804, Hudson's Bay morale had plummeted in the face of fierce Northwest competition and forced the two companies into negotiations but neither side could come to terms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations broke down again in 1805 and despite employing more aggressive agents and the provision of incentive programs, the Hudson's Bay Company was ready to abandon the fur trade in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nor'Westers ability to make region-wide plans based on first-hand knowledge in addition to their ability to react quickly to changing circumstances provided the North West Company with a decisive advantage prior to 1810.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1810, the combination of new management within the Hudson's Bay Company and the approval of a company-sponsored colony at Red River put the North West Company on the defensive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of a Hudson's Bay colony in the Red River region denied the Nor'Westers access to vital supplies and restricted the company's ability to expand westwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the establishment of an agricultural colony made the Hudson's Bay company nondependent on the profitable fur trade, a factor that the Nor'Westers simply could not compete with.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, by establishing an agricultural colony, the Hudson's Bay Company gained a decisive advantage over the North West Company by virtue of a viable fallback economy as well as a readily available food source during economic slumps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this new-found confidence hinged on the Selkirk's success at Red River and resulted in the colony becoming the central focus of seven years of inter-company warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Red River first came under attack from the North West Company in the summer of 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Convinced that Macdonell's proclamation was a deliberate attempt to block Northwest trade, the company destroyed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Douglas_(Canada)" title="Fort Douglas (Canada)">Fort Douglas</a> and burned down all of the surrounding buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort was later rebuilt but the engagement resulted in the capture of approximately 150 settlers including Macdonell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Semple_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Semple (Canada)">Robert Semple</a> who took over as governor the following winter and reinforced the colony's 45 survivors with 84 additional settlers. In 1815, the North West Company once again entered into negotiations with the Hudson's Bay Company under the threat of invasion of Northwest territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations were headed by Selkirk himself and he promptly threw out all of the Nor'Wester proposals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year Semple and twenty other settlers were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Oaks" title="Battle of Seven Oaks">Battle of Seven Oaks</a> and the settlement was abandoned once again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The imminent arrival of Selkirk in 1817, who had been en route to the colony prior to the incident at Seven Oaks, prompted the settlers to return to the colony shortly after.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Travelling with a force of approximately 100 soldiers from the recently disbanded Swiss and German <a href="/wiki/Regiment_de_Meuron" title="Regiment de Meuron">Regiment de Meuron</a> and <a href="/wiki/De_Watteville%27s_Regiment" title="De Watteville's Regiment">De Watteville's Regiment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selkirk captured Fort William, the North West Company headquarters,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and captured several key agents including <a href="/wiki/William_McGillivray" title="William McGillivray">William McGillivray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKenzie_(fur_trader)" title="Kenneth McKenzie (fur trader)">Kenneth McKenzie</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_McLoughlin" title="John McLoughlin">John McLoughlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the arrival and subsequent settlement of Selkirk's private army finally broke the back of the North West Company, Selkirk spent much of his remaining years, and the majority of his fortune, defending his actions at Fort William.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1966-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Selkirk arrived at Red River in 1817, the stability of the colony dramatically improved, especially after the removal of all Indigenous claims to the land. Selkirk achieved this by signing a treaty between the Red River colonists and the local Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwa.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1817 and 1820, Selkirk committed all of his available resources to the betterment of his colonial venture and ironically it was Selkirk's death in the spring of 1820 that ultimately ended Northwest aggression against his beloved colony.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lands south of the <a href="/wiki/49th_parallel_north" title="49th parallel north">49th parallel north</a> ceased to be a part of the Red River Colony following the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a>, in which the United Kingdom agreed to cede this territory to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. It was later discovered that the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Angle" title="Northwest Angle">Northwest Angle</a> had also been ceded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rising_colony">Rising colony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rising colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_River_summer_view_1822.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Red_River_summer_view_1822.jpg/220px-Red_River_summer_view_1822.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Red_River_summer_view_1822.jpg/330px-Red_River_summer_view_1822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Red_River_summer_view_1822.jpg/440px-Red_River_summer_view_1822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Homes on <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">narrow river lots</a> along the Red River in 1822 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Rindisbacher" title="Peter Rindisbacher">Peter Rindisbacher</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fort_Douglas_(Canada)" title="Fort Douglas (Canada)">Fort Douglas</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>The rivalling <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_West_Company" title="North West Company">North West Company</a> were forced to merge in 1821 by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a>, and from then until 1870 the area was under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Assiniboia" title="Council of Assiniboia">Assinboia Council</a>, an appointed body with representatives of various sections of Red River society (francophone and anglophone, Roman Catholic and Protestant officials, Métis, Scottish, Irish, French-Canadian, etc.), all sharing a common past or present involvement with the Companies. While the end of the fur trade's inspired conflicts on the plains, the Red River settlement was able to grow in both population and economic importance with the expansion of commercially-oriented agriculture (raising of staple crops). The agricultural products, primarily wheat, began to rise in yearly yields. Flour production rose from over 9,100 kilograms (20,000 lb) annually from 1823 to 1829 to over 14,000 kg (30,000 lb) in the early 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supply of flour reached over 23,000 kg (50,000 lb) by the mid-1830s, rapidly deflating the price the HBC paid the farmers for the product. Numbering over 1,000 by 1827, the farmers began to complain about the deflating rates they received and lack of markets for their goods.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1841, <a href="/wiki/James_Sinclair_(fur_trapper)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Sinclair (fur trapper)">James Sinclair</a> guided 200 settlers from the Red River Colony west in an attempt to retain the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a> for British North America. The party crossed the Rockies into the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Valley" title="Columbia Valley">Columbia Valley</a>, near present-day <a href="/wiki/Radium_Hot_Springs_(British_Columbia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radium Hot Springs (British Columbia)">Radium Hot Springs</a>, British Columbia; then travelled south. Despite such efforts, the British government eventually ceded all claim to land south of the 49th parallel of latitude west of the Rockies to the United States as a resolution to the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute" title="Oregon boundary dispute">Oregon boundary dispute</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_River_Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Red River Rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_annexation_plans">American annexation plans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: American annexation plans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_North-West_Territory_shewing_British_Columbia,_Vancouver_Island,_Red_River_and_Saskatchewan_Settlements,_for_the_Canadian_Almanac_1870_CTASC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_North-West_Territory_shewing_British_Columbia%2C_Vancouver_Island%2C_Red_River_and_Saskatchewan_Settlements%2C_for_the_Canadian_Almanac_1870_CTASC.jpg/220px-The_North-West_Territory_shewing_British_Columbia%2C_Vancouver_Island%2C_Red_River_and_Saskatchewan_Settlements%2C_for_the_Canadian_Almanac_1870_CTASC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_North-West_Territory_shewing_British_Columbia%2C_Vancouver_Island%2C_Red_River_and_Saskatchewan_Settlements%2C_for_the_Canadian_Almanac_1870_CTASC.jpg/330px-The_North-West_Territory_shewing_British_Columbia%2C_Vancouver_Island%2C_Red_River_and_Saskatchewan_Settlements%2C_for_the_Canadian_Almanac_1870_CTASC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/The_North-West_Territory_shewing_British_Columbia%2C_Vancouver_Island%2C_Red_River_and_Saskatchewan_Settlements%2C_for_the_Canadian_Almanac_1870_CTASC.jpg/440px-The_North-West_Territory_shewing_British_Columbia%2C_Vancouver_Island%2C_Red_River_and_Saskatchewan_Settlements%2C_for_the_Canadian_Almanac_1870_CTASC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="192" /></a><figcaption>Map showing parts of the Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba (referred to on the map by its historic name of Red River Settlement), published in 1870.</figcaption></figure> <p>American expansionists became heavily interested in the economic potential the territory of the Red River Colony possessed. The ideal soil, climate and socio-economic potential of the area convinced many Americans that they needed to make the territory part of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1953_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1953-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result ended up being an annexation proposal of Red River in 1870, in order to convert it into land that American settlers could use for economic purposes. Due to the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Red River Rebellion</a>, the American annexationists hoped to take advantage of the disruption caused by these political conflicts and present themselves in the forefront as the ideal leaders of the Red River land. The annexation was led by Minnesota senator Alexander Ramsey, and was backed by Zachariah Chandler and Jacob M. Howard- who were both senators of Michigan and represented Detroit merchants. They all shared the same economic vision for the annexation: Ramsey believed that the Red River valley would serve as an important commercial adjunct for his state, while Chandler and Howard believed that annexing the Red River would benefit their Great Lakes Trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarner1953_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner1953-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done under the belief it would help them in their attempts to colonize the region, as it prevented the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Canadian government</a> from establishing sovereignty over the area. A notable example would be James W. Taylor: he was an American special agent and Winnipeg consul who used his political power to shape the destiny of the valley, which called for the removal of all English-Canadian influence.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian government, however, did not allow these attempts at U.S. expansionism to succeed. </p><p>The proposal was met with a significant amount of resistance from the inhabitants of the Red River as they were given the chance to address their grievances about the potential loss of land and becoming part of an American colonization project through a proclamation by the Governor-General of the dominion. Americans who supported annexation by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> tried to depict themselves as favorable figures in the eyes of the Métis by associating themselves with <a href="/wiki/Louis_Riel" title="Louis Riel">Louis Riel</a>. The Rebellion was an unarmed conflict started by the Métis because Canada was attempting to claim possession of Rupert's Land without any concern for the grievances of the Métis. However, the main American intention behind their decision to support Riel and the Rebellion was an attempt to sway the Métis in favour of the annexation by the US.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluek1955_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluek1955-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of their tools was the New Nation newspaper which elicited rhetoric that advocated annexation by the US because it embodied the popular <a href="/wiki/Manifest_Destiny" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifest Destiny">Manifest Destiny</a> ideology. This was meant to help the cause of annexation, the idea being that their support of the Red River Rebellion would encourage local resistance against the Canadian government, and help swing local opinion in favour of independence – then ultimately America would step in to offer the protection of the United States government to the Red River Métis and assert themselves as the new leaders and Red River would become American land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluek1955_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluek1955-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They ultimately wanted to create a situation where the Red River could become American territory by allying with the discontented Métis Nation. </p><p>However, this aggressive propaganda ultimately backfired upon the proposal of annexation. It created even more hostility towards the annexation party and the United States. This great emphasis on materialism never seemed appealing to the Red River people. The Americans became too acquisitive because they were eager to create a political union. This ultimately caused the annexation of the North West to fail, despite it being almost within reach.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluek1955_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluek1955-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All this ultimately benefited the cause of Riel and the Rebellion. As a result, the Metis were able to successfully defy Canadian expansion into Rupert's Land.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legislative_Assembly_of_Assiniboia,_Louis_Riel,_and_the_Manitoba_Act"><span id="Legislative_Assembly_of_Assiniboia.2C_Louis_Riel.2C_and_the_Manitoba_Act"></span>Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia, Louis Riel, and the Manitoba Act</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia, Louis Riel, and the Manitoba Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This political chaos, in a sense, became pivotal for Red River because it allowed for the success of the Métis in their rebellion. In 1870, the elected <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Assiniboia" title="Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia">Legislative Assembly of Assinboia</a> was created by Red River inhabitants to take the place of the unelected Assiniboia Council. The Canadian government was forced to develop the negotiations that allowed for the Métis demands that were legally entrenched in the Manitoba Act which eventually led to the creation of the province of Manitoba.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political disputes put the Métis on a platform to voice their disapproval of Americans ignoring their concerns over these land disputes. They had legitimate claims to the land and they stated that they were the "descendants of the lords of the soil.".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEns1994_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEns1994-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, under Louis Riel's leadership, the Metis rebels were able to capture <a href="/wiki/Fort_Garry" title="Fort Garry">Fort Garry</a> – a fortified post of the Hudson's Bay Company. This would lead Riel into becoming the leader of the provisional government, and he composed and sent a list of rights to Ottawa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruyneel2010_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruyneel2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The demands mainly consisted of the Métis wanting Red River to be entered into <a href="/wiki/Canadian_confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian confederation">Canadian confederation</a> as a province, security for their land claims, making English and French the official languages of the colony, as well as financial support for the Red River population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruyneel2010_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruyneel2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riel hoped to accomplish a sense of equality for the Métis; he wanted to present them as a civilized people that were deserving of the same rights of any British subject.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEns1994_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEns1994-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion became a pivotal moment in acquiring land rights and a political voice for the Métis, who were constantly disregarded for their Aboriginal status. </p><p>The aftermath of the rebellion caused the Métis to no longer be considered as Canadian Aboriginals – they became regarded as their own social group, and were distinct from other Aboriginal groups. In order to pacify the Métis resistance further, the Canadian government gave them generous land grants in 1869–70 that were carefully structured to be given in severalty, rather than in common.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red River was now developing its own provincial government that had a political voice and political implications upon Canadian federal government. This rebellion also led to the Métis emerging as a unique, acknowledged group within Canada, and ultimately, the disappearance of the Aboriginal rights paradigm in the public view of Red River.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEns1994_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEns1994-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion was successful in a sense that it allowed the Métis to have a political voice, but it impacted the perception of how other Aboriginals would be viewed in Red River. </p><p>Once the rebellion ended, Riel and several of his comrades fled to the United States in 1870 upon being informed that several government soldiers and irregulars were looking to kill him to exact revenge for several incidents, in particular, the execution of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scott_(Orangeman)" title="Thomas Scott (Orangeman)">Thomas Scott</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruyneel2010_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruyneel2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Riel, however later returned to Canada in 1885 to help lead the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Rebellion" title="North-West Rebellion">North West rebellion</a>. This caused him to face trial in a Canadian court, and eventually to being executed by the Canadian government in Regina. His death provoked outcry among the French Canadian, First Nations and Métis communities, with particular uproar in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Québec</a> in reaction to the execution of a French-speaking, Catholic political leader, and Riel's death was seen on all sides (among those who saw Riel as a traitor who was rightly punished and those outraged at his arrest and execution) as symbolic of the danger that could result from contesting Canadian government policy. Riel would subsequently be claimed as a hero and martyr by the French-Canadian, Métis, and various First Nations for decades. The Canadian government was starting to punish the rebels for their defiance, but the rebellion is still considered a success in the sense that the Metis were still able to acquire the land rights they hoped to achieve, as well as no longer being ignored when it came to federal matters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_Manitoba">Development of Manitoba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Development of Manitoba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></div> <p>The Red River rebellion needed to be finally be put to rest. In order to accomplish this, the Canadian government, which was predominantly led by English-Canadian conservatives, initiated the <i>Manitoba Act</i> in 1870. They believed that this act would accomplish two purposes: this would be able to crush the rebellion, while at the same time, appeasing the French demands of increasing French influence in Canada because the act would create a Western province that was constitutionally supportive of French Canadian language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruyneel2010_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruyneel2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first steps towards the creation of the present-day province of Manitoba. The act was given royal assent on May 12, 1870, and the commencement of Manitoba with a provincial status came to fruition on July 15, 1870. After the passage of the <i>Manitoba Act</i>, the Métis Provisional government was disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBruyneel2010_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBruyneel2010-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was an assimilation of the Métis people and the European settlers, and the Aboriginal influence was further distanced from Red River. </p><p>Through the act, the Red River colony was now christened as Manitoba: a new Canadian province that was self-governed, and that had its own rights and responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly1957_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly1957-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was no longer being viewed as a territory and was now officially part of the Canadian confederation. Provincial status was accelerated by <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion" title="Red River Rebellion">Louis Riel's rebellion</a>. Riel wanted to secure Red River for the Canadians against the Americans' colonization projects and sentiments of their Manifest Destiny ideologies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly1957_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly1957-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Manitoba provincial government initially struggled to be effective. Everything around it felt rushed because the <i>Manitoba Act</i> was mostly created to prevent another Red River Rebellion. Many of the government officials were inexperienced – especially the three delegates who went to Ottawa to negotiate union terms. None of them had experience with diplomacy or the creation of new governments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly1957_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly1957-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the hurried nature of the creation of this province, the officials of this new government presented themselves as overwhelmed and unprepared, and this shows that Manitoba was essentially created to re-stabilize political unrest within Canada. </p><p>Many in French Canada had seen the establishment of Manitoba, officially bilingual and with a large francophone and Catholic population, as a counter-balance to English and Protestant dominance in the Canadian Confederation, while some hoped the province would be a political entity centered or at least heavily influenced by indigenous or Métis communities. Once the rebellion was put down and Manitoba was admitted, thousands of largely Protestant, anglophone Ontarians quickly began migrating to the prairies, and their presence swiftly shifted the demographic, national, and linguistic profile of the province, which in turn meant the election of provincial governments decisively oriented towards Ontario and English Canada, rather than French Canada, Métis, First Nations, or balance between these groups. The Manitoba government also sought to encourage immigration and the immediate establishment and expansion of stable agricultural communities, and within a two decades many thousands of international migrants, largely ethnic Ukrainians and Germans, had come to the province as agricultural settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly1957_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly1957-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church also continued to encouraged migration and settlement from Quebec and francophone Ontario to Manitoba, however these settlers were far outnumbered by English settlers as well international migrants whose communities would be assimilated in Anglo-Canadian society. </p><p>In the province's first few decades of existence (1870-1900), Manitoba experienced conflicting interests between French and English Canadians. A quarter-century after the implementation of the <i>Manitoba Act</i> which legally guaranteed a place for the French language in the province's administration, lawmaking, and judiciary along with a clause ensuring state funding for both Catholic (often de facto French) and Protestant schools, English had become the sole means of communication in the legislature and the judiciary, while the provincial government <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Schools_Question" title="Manitoba Schools Question">attempted the introduction</a> of a secular, English-only public school system which would be the sole recipient of any public funding. The policy was eventually implemented with minor concessions such as the teaching of Catholic doctrine at the end of the day where the number of students warranted, and the role of French in these new public schools was to be highly limited, mainly to use as means of instructing young students who started school not speaking English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_in_the_colony">Women in the colony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Women in the colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The position of many women in the Red River Colony was determined within the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>'s 1670 Charter; this document gave legislative and judicial powers in Rupert's Land to the company. It is stated within the Charter that the legal status of women is as dependents of a male authority, which included fathers, husbands or brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-FitzGerald2007_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzGerald2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an extremely rare example of a woman successfully challenging this status-quo, Maria Thomas, a 16-year-old <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> domestic servant, took her employer, <a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">Rev.</a> Owen Corbett, to court for repeatedly raping her and subjecting her to illegal <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FitzGerald2007_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzGerald2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomas, in her testimony, used the laws in place to challenge Corbett's actions; citing British law against forcing individuals to undergo abortions, which were illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-FitzGerald2007_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzGerald2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She won the case; however, Corbett was freed from jail shortly after by a group of settlers who were opposed to the trial. The courts did not challenge this, fearing a possible insurrection, demonstrating the weakness of the colonial authorities in the nascent colony.<sup id="cite_ref-FitzGerald2007_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzGerald2007-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the establishing years of the Hudson's Bay Company and the North West Company, male settlers frequently took a <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> or Metis spouse. Though only encouraged by the NWC for trade relations, it was a common practice among European employees of both companies due to the various policies by the companies which only allowed males to emigrate to fur trading outposts.<sup id="cite_ref-FitzGerald_&_Muszynski_2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzGerald_&_Muszynski_2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When female settlers did eventually start emigrating to the settlement, tensions between the European and indigenous communities were heightened due to the highly restrictive gender norms these women brought with them from Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FitzGerald_&_Muszynski_2007_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzGerald_&_Muszynski_2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In part a reflection of their conservative morals, many settlers in the colony also claimed to observe differences between European and indigenous women; Alexander Ross, a Scottish author who lived in the Red River Colony for a number of years, stated in a book written by him on the colony's history that a friend informed him that European women were required to be "graceful" unlike indigenous women, who were exempt from this due to their bashfulness.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Métis_people_of_the_Red_River_Colony"><span id="M.C3.A9tis_people_of_the_Red_River_Colony"></span>Métis people of the Red River Colony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Métis people of the Red River Colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mixed ethnicity of indigenous and European peoples at the Red River Colony, known as Metis, were not always referred to by that name in the beginning years of their existence. <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Chetlain" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Chetlain">Augustus Chetlain</a>, an author who lived in the colony, wrote in his book that they were often called "Brules, Metifs, or half-breeds, the bastard sons of Indian concubines".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The culture and lifestyle of the Metis community living in Red River were not only present at the colony. Metis people had a long-lasting tradition of a semi-annual, commercial, buffalo hunt that took place throughout the prairies starting in the mid-1700s with the western fur trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdougall_&_St-Onge_2013_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdougall_&_St-Onge_2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hudson's Bay Company's journals and a number of witnesses to these events stated that the united caravan was commonly known as a brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdougall_&_St-Onge_2013_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdougall_&_St-Onge_2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These brigades did not just focus on buffalo hunting but were used by buffalo hunters to trade and freight during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdougall_&_St-Onge_2013_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdougall_&_St-Onge_2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were fundamental in both actively participating in the brigade hunts or trade, as well as the bringing together of people prior to the excursion. By studying the social network of the Trottier Brigade, a community of people from the White Horse Plains in Red River, it is notable that biologically related women brought the majority of the men together.<sup id="cite_ref-Macdougall_&_St-Onge_2013_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macdougall_&_St-Onge_2013-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the time that Metis people were a part of the Red River community they developed into several different identities, rather than just the common depiction of the bison-hunting French Catholic Metis. Metis identity, at that time as it is today, was diverse and complex due to the different livelihoods and practices followed.<sup id="cite_ref-St-Onge,_Nicole_J_1992_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St-Onge,_Nicole_J_1992-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Metis who chose not to live on prairies and hunt buffalo for the winter remained on lakes such as Manitoba, Winnipegosis, and Winnipeg to ice fish.<sup id="cite_ref-St-Onge,_Nicole_J_1992_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St-Onge,_Nicole_J_1992-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the course of the first half of the 19th century, up to forty households had developed on the lakeshore of Lake Manitoba. Fishing and trading had become year round practices and the Metis families involved would trade with HBC and ‘Freemen’- traders that did not work at the post.<sup id="cite_ref-St-Onge,_Nicole_J_1992_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-St-Onge,_Nicole_J_1992-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianity played a vital role in shaping the community within the colony, especially for the Metis people. In the early 19th century, considerations were made by the Committee in London to open schools run by the Clergymen to benefit, in their opinion, from instruction in religion and civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradford,_Tolly_1821_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradford,_Tolly_1821-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these schools took in all children of the colony, mixed-ancestry children were a large focus due to them being tied to the fur trading post by their European fathers.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradford,_Tolly_1821_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradford,_Tolly_1821-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Halkett, a Committee member, wanted Metis families of retired HBC employees to be brought to Red River (from other nearby posts) to be put under the authority of the Roman Catholic Mission or Church Missionary Society.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradford,_Tolly_1821_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradford,_Tolly_1821-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plan was largely related to keeping retired Metis employees from continuing trade with the Indigenous peoples; however, its effect led to Christianity being a prominent part of culture for the Metis community. The Chaplain of the Hudson's Bay Company, <a href="/wiki/John_West_(missionary)" title="John West (missionary)">John West</a>, was also interested in the religious educating of Metis children. According to his book, he wrote to the Governor submitting a plan to gather up a number of children to care for and educate. He stated that he created this plan when he saw these children being raised in a way he deemed ignorant and idle.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The above-mentioned differences in religion, ways of life, and ethnic origins largely followed a pattern based on the initial contact between individuals, groups, and institutions. For example large communities within the Cree nation are thought to have come into contact with French and later French-Canadian traders bringing Catholic priests and missionaries in their wake, later Scottish traders and the Company brought Protestant missionaries and clergy into Ojibwe-dominated areas. This division into a Cree-French-Catholic oriented group and an Ojibwe-Scottish-Protestant oriented group can be seen in the rise of the two main Métis languages: <a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Mitchif</a>, a French and <a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a>-based mixed-language whose speakers were largely Catholic, and <a href="/wiki/Bungi_dialect" title="Bungi dialect">Bungi</a>, a form of speech that developed from <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Gaelic</a>, and Cree and was mostly spoken by Protestants (Anglican, Presbyterian). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Church_Missionary_Society">Church Missionary Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Church Missionary Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Missionary Society">Church Missionary Society</a> (CMS) provided financial assistance in 1820 to Reverend <a href="/wiki/John_West_(missionary)" title="John West (missionary)">John West</a>, chaplain to the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>, towards the education of some First Nations children, including <a href="/wiki/James_Settee" title="James Settee">James Settee</a><sup id="cite_ref-March1857_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-March1857-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Budd" title="Henry Budd">Henry Budd</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a> nation, both of whom were later ordained as priests. In 1822, the CMS appointed Revd West to head the mission in the Red River Colony.<sup id="cite_ref-CMSatlascan_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMSatlascan-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was succeeded in 1823 by the Revd David Jones who was joined by the Revd W and Mrs Cockran in 1825.<sup id="cite_ref-CMSatlascan_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMSatlascan-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission expanded and by 1850, the missionaries were active throughout the colony and were travelling to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Simpson" title="Fort Simpson">Fort Simpson</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-June1860_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-June1860-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governors_of_Red_River">Governors of Red River</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Governors of Red River"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_River_Colony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Red_River_Colony.jpg/220px-Red_River_Colony.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Red_River_Colony.jpg/330px-Red_River_Colony.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Red_River_Colony.jpg/440px-Red_River_Colony.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Governor of Red River, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bulger" title="Andrew Bulger">Andrew Bulger</a>, driving his family on the frozen <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_North" title="Red River of the North">Red River</a> in a horse <a href="/wiki/Cariole" title="Cariole">cariole</a> with <a href="/wiki/Fort_Garry" title="Fort Garry">Fort Garry</a> in the background (1822–23)</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term</th> <th>Governor </th></tr> <tr> <td>August 1812 – June 1815</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miles_MacDonell" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles MacDonell">Miles MacDonell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1815 – June 1816</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Semple_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Semple (Canada)">Robert Semple</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August 1816 – June 1822</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Macdonnell_(governor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Macdonnell (governor) (page does not exist)">Alexander Macdonnell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1822 – June 1823</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bulger" title="Andrew Bulger">Andrew Bulger</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1823 – June 1825</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Parker_Pelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Parker Pelly (page does not exist)">Robert Parker Pelly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1825 – June 1833</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donald_Mackenzie_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Mackenzie (explorer)">Donald McKenzie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1833 – June 1839</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Christie_(governor)" title="Alexander Christie (governor)">Alexander Christie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1839 – June 1844</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duncan_Finlayson_(governor_of_Assiniboia)" title="Duncan Finlayson (governor of Assiniboia)">Duncan Finlayson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1844 – June 1846</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Christie_(governor)" title="Alexander Christie (governor)">Alexander Christie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1846 – June 1847</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Folliott_Crofton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Folliott Crofton (page does not exist)">John Folliott Crofton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1847 – June 1848</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_T._Griffiths&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John T. Griffiths (page does not exist)">John T. Griffiths</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1848 – June 1855</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Bletterman_Caldwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Bletterman Caldwell (page does not exist)">William Bletterman Caldwell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June 1855 – September 1859</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Godschall_Johnson" title="Francis Godschall Johnson">Francis Godschall Johnson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 1859 – July 1870</td> <td><a href="/wiki/William_MacTavish" class="mw-redirect" title="William MacTavish">William MacTavish</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution of Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/red-river-colony">"Red River Colony"</a>. <i> The Canadian Encyclopedia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/7126">Morris, Alexander (1880) <i>The Treaties of Canada with the Indians of Manitoba and the North-West Territories Including the Negotiations on Which They Were Based, and Other Information Relating Thereto</i>, Chapter I</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968_3-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter1968">Carter 1968</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss185616–18-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss185616–18_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss1856">Ross 1856</a>, pp. 16–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1966-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies1966_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies1966">Davies 1966</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibson_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson, James R. <i>Farming the Frontier, The Agricultural Opening of the Oregon Country, 1786–1846.</i> Vancouver, B.C.: University of British Columbia Press. 1985, pp. 10–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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(1953), "Drang Nach Norden: The United States and the Riel Rebellion", <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>, <b>39</b> (4), Oxford: Oxford University Press: 693–712, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1895395">10.2307/1895395</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1895395">1895395</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Drang+Nach+Norden%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Riel+Rebellion&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=693-712&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1895395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1895395%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARed+River+Colony" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_River_Colony&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicanhistory.org/canada/gjmountain/journal1849/">The Journal of the Bishop of Montreal, during a Visit to the Church Missionary Society's North-West America Mission</a>, by <a href="/wiki/George_Jehoshaphat_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="George Jehoshaphat Mountain">George Jehoshaphat Mountain</a>, an early account of religious life in the Red River Colony.</li></ul> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/17358">The Romantic Settlement of Lord Selkirk's Colonists</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span>, by <a href="/wiki/George_Bryce" title="George Bryce">George Bryce</a> 1909</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_Prairies" title="Template:Canadian Prairies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_Prairies" title="Template talk:Canadian Prairies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_Prairies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian Prairies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canadian_Prairies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Sub-region of <a href="/wiki/Interior_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior plains">Interior plains</a>, shared with US <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiographic sub-regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manitoba_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manitoba Plain (page does not exist)">Manitoba Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Escarpment" title="Manitoba Escarpment">Manitoba Escarpment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan_Valley" title="Saskatchewan Valley">Saskatchewan Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Coteau" title="Missouri Coteau">Missouri Coteau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberta_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberta Plain (page does not exist)">Alberta Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_(Canada)" title="Cypress Hills (Canada)">Cypress Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Foothills" title="Rocky Mountain Foothills">Rocky Mountain Foothills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Hills_(Alberta)" title="Beaver Hills (Alberta)">Beaver Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27Appelle_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Qu'Appelle Valley">Qu'Appelle Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Valley" title="Red River Valley">Red River Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecozones (<a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Environmental_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Environmental Cooperation">CEC</a>) and ecoregions (<a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Fund_for_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prairies_Ecozone" title="Prairies Ecozone">Prairies Ecozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_aspen_forests_and_parklands" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian aspen forests and parklands">Canadian aspen forests and parklands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_valley_and_foothill_grasslands" title="Montana valley and foothill grasslands">Montana valley and foothill grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_mixed_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern mixed grasslands">Northern mixed grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_short_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern short grasslands">Northern short grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_tall_grasslands" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern tall grasslands">Northern tall grasslands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and protected areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">International recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites in Canada">World Heritage Sites</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Head-Smashed-In_Buffalo_Jump" title="Head-Smashed-In Buffalo Jump">Head-Smashed-In</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_Provincial_Park" title="Dinosaur Provincial Park">Dinosaur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Writing-on-Stone_Provincial_Park" title="Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park">Writing-on-Stone / Áísínai'pi</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Biosphere Reserve">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Hills_(Alberta)" title="Beaver Hills (Alberta)">Beaver Hills</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Redberry_Lake_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Redberry Lake Biosphere Reserve">Redberry Lake</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riding_Mountain_Biosphere_Reserve" title="Riding Mountain Biosphere Reserve">Riding Mountain</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/National_Parks_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Parks of Canada">Parks</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elk_Island_National_Park" title="Elk Island National Park">Elk Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Grasslands_National_Park" title="Grasslands National Park">Grasslands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riding_Mountain_National_Park" title="Riding Mountain National Park">Riding Mountain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waterton_Lakes_National_Park" title="Waterton Lakes National Park"> Waterton Lakes</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">Historic Sites</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bar_U_Ranch_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar U Ranch National Historic Site">Bar U Ranch</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batoche_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoche National Historic Site">Batoche</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Hills_Massacre" title="Cypress Hills Massacre">Cypress Hills Massacre</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Battleford" title="Fort Battleford">Fort Battleford</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Livingstone_(Saskatchewan)" title="Fort Livingstone (Saskatchewan)">Fort Livingstone</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pelly" title="Fort Pelly">Fort Pelly</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walsh" title="Fort Walsh">Fort Walsh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Rouge_(fortification)" title="Fort Rouge (fortification)">Forts Rouge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Garry" title="Fort Garry">Fort Garry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Gibraltar" title="Fort Gibraltar">Fort Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Frenchman_Butte" title="Frenchman Butte">Frenchman Butte</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frog_Lake_National_Historic_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frog Lake National Historic Site (page does not exist)">Frog Lake</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melita,_Manitoba#History" title="Melita, Manitoba">Linear Mounds</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lower_Fort_Garry" title="Lower Fort Garry">Lower Fort Garry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riding_Mountain_Park_East_Gate_Registration_Complex_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Riding Mountain Park East Gate Registration Complex National Historic Site"> Riding Mountain Park East Gate Registration Complex</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Riel_House" title="Riel House">Riel House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_House#History" title="Rocky Mountain House">Rocky Mountain House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Forks,_Winnipeg" title="The Forks, Winnipeg">The Forks</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red River Colony</a>/<a href="/wiki/Selkirk_Concession" title="Selkirk Concession">Selkirk Concession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Alberta" title="District of Alberta">District of Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboia" title="Assiniboia">District of Assiniboia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Saskatchewan" title="District of Saskatchewan">District of Saskatchewan</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains First Nations</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot Confederacy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iron_Confederacy" title="Iron Confederacy">Iron Confederacy</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_Alberta" title="Métis in Alberta">Métis in Alberta</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canadian_colonies" title="Template:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canadian_colonies" title="Template talk:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canadian colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories in Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Named territories</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vinland" title="Vinland">Vinland</a></dd> <dd><span class="nobold">Sites:</span></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a></b> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island#French_Colony" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Isle St-Jean</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island#History" title="Cape Breton Island">Île Royale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domaine_du_roy" title="Domaine du roy">Domaine du roy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut" title="Pays d'en Haut">Pays d'en Haut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Terre-Neuve_(New_France)" title="Terre-Neuve (New France)">Terre Neuve</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)" title="Port-Royal (Acadia)">Port Royal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Annapolis Royal</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Quebec_City" title="History of Quebec City">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Trois-Rivières">Trois-Rivières</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montreal" title="History of Montreal">Montreal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_Louisbourg" title="Fortress of Louisbourg">Louisbourg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Plaisance</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_New_France" class="mw-redirect" title="List of towns in New France">List of towns</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_forts_in_North_America" title="List of French forts in North America">List of forts</a></i></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Miguel" title="Fort San Miguel">Fort San Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nootka_Sound" title="Nootka Sound">Nootka Sound</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Expeditions</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Basque_whaling#Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Basque whaling">Newfoundland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Scottish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Scottish_colonization_of_the_Americas#Nova_Scotia_(1621)" title="Scottish colonization of the Americas">Nova Scotia (1621)</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Royal#Port_Royal" title="Annapolis Royal">Port Royal Colony</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">Russian America</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Danish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Danish colonization of the Americas">Danish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">Nova Dania</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas#English_colonies_in_North_America" title="British colonization of the Americas">English</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland (1583)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> (?)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">New Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Britain_(Canada)" title="New Britain (Canada)">New Yorkshire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia (1710)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Canadas" title="The Canadas">Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">United Canada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia_(Canada)" title="New Caledonia (Canada)">New Caledonia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia (1858–1866)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">British Columbia (1866–1871)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Districts_of_the_Northwest_Territories" title="Districts of the Northwest Territories">districts</a>)</dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Red River</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Important sites</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cuper%27s_Cove" title="Cuper's Cove">Cuper's Cove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ferryland" title="Ferryland">Avalon (1620)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/York_Factory" title="York Factory">York Factory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Halifax_(former_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Halifax (former city)">Halifax</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Langley_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Langley National Historic Site">Fort Langley</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_possessions_of_Norway" title="List of possessions of Norway">Norwegian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Claims</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sverdrup_Islands" title="Sverdrup Islands">Sverdrup Islands</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution after 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_disputed_by_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States">Areas disputed by Canada and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Proposed provinces and territories of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Canada" title="Category:History of Canada">Category</a> </b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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