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class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 7806</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: private cost</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7806</span> Damage Cost for Private Property by Extreme Wind over the past 10 Years in Korea</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gou-Moon%20Choi">Gou-Moon Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Woo-Young%20Jung"> Woo-Young Jung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chan-Young%20Yune"> Chan-Young Yune</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Recently, the natural disaster has increased worldwide. In Korea, the damage to life and property caused by a typhoon, heavy rain, heavy snow, and an extreme wind also increases every year. Among natural disasters, the frequency and the strength of wind have increased because sea surface temperature has risen due to the increase of the average temperature of the Earth. In the case of extreme wind disaster, it is impossible to control or reduce the occurrence, and the recovery cost always exceeds the damage cost. Therefore, quantitative estimation of the damage cost for extreme wind needs to be established beforehand to install proactive countermeasures. In this study, the damage cost for private properties was analyzed based on the data for the past 10 years in Korea. The damage cost curve was also suggested for the metropolitan cities and provinces. The result shows the possibility for the regional application of the damage cost curve because the damage cost of the regional area is estimated based on the cost of cities and provinces. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=damage%20cost" title="damage cost">damage cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extreme%20wind" title=" extreme wind"> extreme wind</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=natural%20disaster" title=" natural disaster"> natural disaster</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20property" title=" private property"> private property</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44424/damage-cost-for-private-property-by-extreme-wind-over-the-past-10-years-in-korea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44424.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7805</span> Impact of Sovereign Debt Risk and Corrective Austerity Measures on Private Sector Borrowing Cost in Euro Zone</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20Noaman%20Shah">Syed Noaman Shah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current paper evaluates the effect of external public debt risk on the borrowing cost of private non-financial firms in euro zone. Further, the study also treats the impact of austerity measures on syndicated-loan spreads of private firm followed by euro area member states to revive the economic growth in the region. To test these hypotheses, we follow multivariate ordinary least square estimation method to assess the effect of external public debt on the borrowing cost of private firms. By using foreign syndicated-loan issuance data of non-financial private firms from 2005 to 2011, we attempt to gauge how the private financing cost varies with high levels of sovereign external debt prevalent in the euro zone. Our results suggest significant effect of external public debt on the borrowing cost of private firm. In particular, an increase in external public debt by one standard deviation from its sample mean raises syndicated-loan spread by 89 bps. Furthermore, weak creditor rights protection prevalent in member states deepens this effect. However, we do not find any significant effect of domestic public debt on the private sector borrowing cost. In addition, the results show significant effect of austerity measures on private financing cost, both in normal and in crisis period in the euro zone. In particular, one standard deviation change in fiscal consolidation conditional mean reduces the syndicated-loan spread by 22 bps. In turn, it indicates strong presence of credibility channel due to austerity measures in euro area region. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20debt" title="corporate debt">corporate debt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fiscal%20consolidation" title=" fiscal consolidation"> fiscal consolidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sovereign%20debt" title=" sovereign debt"> sovereign debt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syndicated-loan%20spread" title=" syndicated-loan spread"> syndicated-loan spread</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27213/impact-of-sovereign-debt-risk-and-corrective-austerity-measures-on-private-sector-borrowing-cost-in-euro-zone" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27213.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">418</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7804</span> Final Costs of Civil Claims</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Behnam%20Habibi%20Dargah">Behnam Habibi Dargah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The economics of cost-benefit theory seeks to monitor claims and determine their final price. The cost of litigation is important because it is a measure of the efficiency of the justice system. From an economic point of view, the cost of litigation is considered to be the point of equilibrium of litigation, whereby litigation is regarded as a high-risk investment and is initiated when the costs are less than the probable and expected benefits. Costs are economically separated into private and social costs. Private cost includes material (direct and indirect) and spiritual costs. The social costs of litigation are also subsidized-centric due to the public and governmental nature of litigation and cover both types of bureaucratic bureaucracy and the costs of judicial misconduct. Macroeconomic policy in the economics of justice is the reverse engineering of controlling the social costs of litigation by employing selective litigation and working on the judicial culture to achieve rationality in the monopoly system. Procedures for controlling and managing court costs are also circumscribed to economic patterns in the field. Rational cost allocation model and cost transfer model. The rational allocation model deals with cost-tolerance systems, and the transfer model also considers three models of transferability, including legal, judicial and contractual transferability, which will be described and explored in the present article in a comparative manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20of%20litigation" title="cost of litigation">cost of litigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economics%20of%20litigation" title=" economics of litigation"> economics of litigation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20cost" title=" private cost"> private cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20cost" title=" social cost"> social cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20of%20litigation" title=" cost of litigation"> cost of litigation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126746/final-costs-of-civil-claims" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/126746.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7803</span> Infrastructure Investment Law Formulation to Ensure Low Transaction Cost at Policy Level: Case Study of Public Private Partnership Project at the Ministry of Public Works and Housing of the Republic of Indonesia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yolanda%20Indah%20Permatasari">Yolanda Indah Permatasari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudarsono%20Hardjosoekarto"> Sudarsono Hardjosoekarto</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Public private partnership (PPP) scheme was considered as an alternative source of funding for infrastructure provision. However, the performance of PPP scheme and interest of private sector to participate in the provision of infrastructure was still practically low. This phenomenon motivates the research to reconstruct the form of collaborative governance at the policy level from the perspective of transaction cost of the PPP scheme. Soft-system methodology (SSM)-based action research was used as this research methodology. The result of this study concludes that the emergence of transaction cost sources at the policy level is caused by the absence of a law that governs infrastructure investment, especially the implementation of PPP scheme. This absence is causing the imbalance in risk allocation and risk mitigation between the public and private sector. Thus, this research recommended the formulation of infrastructure investment law that aims to minimize asymmetry information, to anticipate the principal-principal problems, and to provide legal basis that ensures risk certainty and guarantee fair risk allocation between public and private sector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20governance" title="public governance">public governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20private%20partnership" title=" public private partnership"> public private partnership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20system%20methodology" title=" soft system methodology"> soft system methodology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transaction%20cost" title=" transaction cost"> transaction cost</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104441/infrastructure-investment-law-formulation-to-ensure-low-transaction-cost-at-policy-level-case-study-of-public-private-partnership-project-at-the-ministry-of-public-works-and-housing-of-the-republic-of-indonesia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104441.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7802</span> Use of Triclosan-Coated Sutures Led to Cost Saving in Public and Private Setting in India across Five Surgical Categories: An Economical Model Assessment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anish%20Desai">Anish Desai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Reshmi%20Pillai"> Reshmi Pillai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nilesh%20Mahajan"> Nilesh Mahajan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hitesh%20Chopra"> Hitesh Chopra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vishal%20Mahajan"> Vishal Mahajan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajay%20Grover"> Ajay Grover</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashish%20Kohli"> Ashish Kohli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is hospital acquired infection of growing concern. This study presents the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of triclosan-coated suture, in reducing the burden of SSI in India. Methodology: A systematic literature search was conducted for economic burden (1998-2018) of SSI and efficacy of triclosan-coated sutures (TCS) vs. non-coated sutures (NCS) (2000-2018). PubMed Medline and EMBASE indexed articles were searched using Mesh terms or Emtree. Decision tree analysis was used to calculate, the cost difference between TCS and NCS at private and public hospitals, respectively for 7 surgical procedures. Results: The SSI range from low to high for Caesarean section (C-section), Laparoscopic hysterectomy (L-hysterectomy), Open Hernia (O-Hernia), Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (L-Cholecystectomy), Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), Total knee replacement (TKR), and Mastectomy were (3.77 to 24.2%), (2.28 to 11.7%), (1.75 to 60%), (1.71 to 25.58%), (1.6 to 18.86%), (1.74 to 12.5%), and (5.56 to 25%), respectively. The incremental cost (%) of TCS ranged 0.1%-0.01% in private and from 0.9%-0.09% at public hospitals across all surgical procedures. Cost savings at median efficacy & SSI risk was 6.52%, 5.07 %, 11.39%, 9.63%, 3.62%, 2.71%, 9.41% for C-section, L-hysterectomy, O-Hernia, L-Cholecystectomy, CABG, TKR, and Mastectomy in private and 8.79%, 4.99%, 12.67%, 10.58%, 3.32%, 2.35%, 11.83% in public hospital, respectively. Efficacy of TCS and SSI incidence in a particular surgical procedure were important determinants of cost savings using one-way sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: TCS suture led to cost savings across all 7 surgeries in both private and public hospitals in India. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20Savings" title="cost Savings">cost Savings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-coated%20sutures" title=" non-coated sutures"> non-coated sutures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surgical%20site%20infection" title=" surgical site infection"> surgical site infection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=triclosan-coated%20sutures" title=" triclosan-coated sutures"> triclosan-coated sutures</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105225/use-of-triclosan-coated-sutures-led-to-cost-saving-in-public-and-private-setting-in-india-across-five-surgical-categories-an-economical-model-assessment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105225.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7801</span> Public-Private Partnership Transportation Projects: An Exploratory Study in the US</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Medya%20Fathi">Medya Fathi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When public transportation projects were delivered through design-bid-build and later design-build, governments found a serious issue: inadequate funding. With population growth, governments began to develop new arrangements in which the private sectors were involved to cut the financial burden. This arrangement, known as Public-Private Partnership (PPP), has its own risks; however, performance outputs can motivate or discourage its use. On top of such output's list are time and budget, which can be affected by the type of project delivery methods. Project completion within or ahead of schedule as well as within or under budget is among any owner’s objectives. With a higher application of PPP in the highway industry in the US and insufficient PPP research, the current study addresses the schedule and cost performance of PPP highway projects and determines which one outperforms the other. To meet this objective, after collecting performance data of all PPP projects, schedule growth and cost growth are calculated, and finally, statistical analysis is conducted to evaluate the PPP performance. The results and conclusions will be provided. This study can assist practitioners in applying PPP for transportation projects by showing its ability to save time and/or cost. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost" title="cost">cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delivery%20method" title=" delivery method"> delivery method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=highway" title=" highway"> highway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public-private%20partnership" title=" public-private partnership"> public-private partnership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=schedule" title=" schedule"> schedule</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transportation" title=" transportation"> transportation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141818/public-private-partnership-transportation-projects-an-exploratory-study-in-the-us" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141818.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">182</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7800</span> Status and Proposed Models of Backhauling System in Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tarathorn%20Podcharathitikull">Tarathorn Podcharathitikull</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jirarat%20Teeravaraprug"> Jirarat Teeravaraprug</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Transportation cost is the highest cost in logistics cost of Thailand, and truck transportation is counted as about 90% of the overall transportation cost. The main problem of truck transportation is backhauling. Backhauling has become an attractive cost-saving approach in logistics. To explore such opportunities, this paper investigated the current backhauling systems in Thailand. It was found that the backhauling problem is attracted to both governmental agencies and private sector. They gave attempts to build backhauling systems. This paper investigated two systems built by governmental agencies and one by private sector. Moreover, based on the interviews with the system representatives and users, pros and cons of the systems were found. The obstacles and challenges were obtained. This paper finally proposed a conceptual model of to-be backhauling system in Thailand. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=backhauling%20system" title="backhauling system">backhauling system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=backhauls" title=" backhauls"> backhauls</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interview" title=" interview"> interview</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thailand" title=" Thailand"> Thailand</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51412/status-and-proposed-models-of-backhauling-system-in-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51412.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">290</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7799</span> Cost Effectiveness of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement vs Surgical Aortic Valve Replacement in a Low-Middle Income Country</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vasuki%20Rayapati">Vasuki Rayapati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhanu%20Duggal"> Bhanu Duggal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Trans catheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is the recommended treatment over surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) for high-risk groups, patients >75 years of age with severe symptomatic Aortic stenosis (AS). In high income countries TAVR is more cost effective because of – i) Reduction in total length of stay including less number of days in ICU ii) Non-procedural costs like cost of general anaesthesia are higher for SAVR. In India, there are two kinds of hospitals – Public and Private. Most patients visit public sector hospitals than private sector hospitals. In a LMIC like India, especially in the Public health sector cost of TAVR is prohibitive. In a small study from three (public) hospitals in India, it was envisaged that cost of TAVR should decrease at least by 2/3 to be a cost effective option in Public health sector for severe AS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20effectiveness" title="cost effectiveness">cost effectiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TAVR%20vs%20SAVR" title=" TAVR vs SAVR"> TAVR vs SAVR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LMIC" title=" LMIC"> LMIC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HTA" title=" HTA"> HTA</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162487/cost-effectiveness-of-transcatheter-aortic-valve-replacement-vs-surgical-aortic-valve-replacement-in-a-low-middle-income-country" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162487.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">115</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7798</span> Application and Construction Experience of Civil IoT Taiwan's Private Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hui-Hung%20Yu">Hui-Hung Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tun-Chieh%20Chang"> Tun-Chieh Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chih-Jen%20Chen"> Chih-Jen Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Lun%20Liu"> Yu-Lun Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei-Yu%20Chen"> Wei-Yu Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen-Kai%20Sun"> Chen-Kai Sun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The technology of the Internet of Things (IoT) has been well-matured. With the development of network transmission technologies, the communication methods adopted by IoT have also become increasingly diverse. The cost of network communication is still an important factor in whether the IoT can be widely deployed. As a result, IoT deployment still heavily relies on government funding and cannot be fully supported independently by private enterprises. The purpose of this article is to introduce Taiwan's Civil IoT Program, which uses non-commercial network frequencies to create experimental IoT private network services that are for the public's benefit. This article also highlights how the program promotes public-private cooperation between the government and private industries, creating applications and demonstration experiences and outcomes for IoT private networks. The program aims to promote IoT development, expand the scope of environmental data collection, and ultimately achieve the purposes of disaster prevention and mitigation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20divide" title="digital divide">digital divide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Internet%20of%20Things" title=" Internet of Things"> Internet of Things</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Band20" title=" Band20"> Band20</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IoT%20private%20network" title=" IoT private network"> IoT private network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20development" title=" rural development"> rural development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/198151/application-and-construction-experience-of-civil-iot-taiwans-private-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/198151.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">13</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7797</span> Development of an Integrated Framework for Life-Cycle Economic, Environmental and Human Health Impact Assessment for Reclaimed Water Use in Water Systems of Various Scales</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Yao%20Wang">Yu-Yao Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiao-Meng%20Hu"> Xiao-Meng Hu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joanne%20Yeung"> Joanne Yeung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiao-Yan%20Li"> Xiao-Yan Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The high private cost and unquantified external cost limit the development of reclaimed water. In this study, an integrated framework comprising life cycle assessment (LCA), quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA), and life cycle costing (LCC) was developed to evaluate both costs of reclaimed water supply in water systems of various scales. LCA assesses the environmental impacts, and QMRA estimates the associated pathogenic impacts. These impacts are monetized as external costs and analyzed with the private cost by LCC to count the total life cycle cost. The framework evaluated the Hong Kong urban water system in the baseline scenario (BS) and five wastewater reuse scenarios (RS). They are RSI: substituting freshwater for toilet flushing only, RSII: substituting both freshwater and seawater for toilet flushing, RSIII: using reclaimed water for all non-potable uses, RSIV: using reclaimed water for all non-potable uses and indirect potable uses, and RSV: non-potable use and indirect potable use by conveying 100% reclaimed water to recharge the reservoirs. The results show that substituting freshwater and seawater for toilet flushing has the least total life cycle cost, exhibiting that it is the most cost-effective option for Hong Kong. Meanwhile, the evaluation results show that the external cost of each scenario is comparable to the corresponding private cost, indicating the importance of the inclusion of comprehensive external cost evaluation in private cost assessment of water systems with reclaimed water supply. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle%20assessment" title="life cycle assessment">life cycle assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=life%20cycle%20costing" title=" life cycle costing"> life cycle costing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantitative%20microbial%20risk%20assessment" title=" quantitative microbial risk assessment"> quantitative microbial risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20reclamation" title=" water reclamation"> water reclamation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reclaimed%20water" title=" reclaimed water"> reclaimed water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alternative%20water%20resources" title=" alternative water resources"> alternative water resources</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158569/development-of-an-integrated-framework-for-life-cycle-economic-environmental-and-human-health-impact-assessment-for-reclaimed-water-use-in-water-systems-of-various-scales" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158569.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">131</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7796</span> Private University Students’ Travel Mode Choice Behaviour to University: Analysis in the Context of Dhaka City</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharmin%20Nasrin">Sharmin Nasrin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. In Dhaka among other trips, significant percentages of trips comprise education trips. This paper explores significant factors for private university students’ education trip to the University. A paper pencil based survey has been conducted on Asia Pacific University student in Dhaka from May 2016 to July 2016. Participants were chosen randomly for the survey. Exploratory analysis showed that about 50% chose bus, 33% chose Rickshaw, 2% chose car and 15% chose to walk for travel to their University. Results from Multinomial Logit model revealed that travel cost, travel time and comfort are the significant factors for private university students to choose different modes. However, magnitude of coefficient of attribute comfort is significantly higher compared to travel cost and travel time. Result from this paper can be used by policymakers and Government agencies to provide more cost effective, comfortable journey to their University. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20university%20student%27s%20education%20trip" title="private university student's education trip">private university student's education trip</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mode%20choice%20mode" title=" mode choice mode"> mode choice mode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhaka" title=" Dhaka"> Dhaka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=developing%20country" title=" developing country"> developing country</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64907/private-university-students-travel-mode-choice-behaviour-to-university-analysis-in-the-context-of-dhaka-city" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64907.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">463</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7795</span> A Comparative Analysis of Residential Quality of Public and Private Estates in Lagos</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Akinde">S. Akinde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jubril%20Olatunbosun"> Jubril Olatunbosun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, most of the urban centers in Nigeria are fast experiencing housing problems such as unaffordable housing and environmental challenges, all of which determine the nature of housing quality. The population continues to increase and the demand for quality housing increases probably at the same rate. Several kinds of houses serve various purposes; the objectives of the low cost housing schemes as the name suggests is to make houses quality to both the middle and lower classes of people in Lagos. A casual look into the study area of Iba Low Cost Housing Estate and the Unity Low Cost Housing Estate, Ojo and Alimosho respectively in Lagos State have shown a huge demands for houses. The study area boasts of a large population all engaged in various commercial activities with income at various levels. It would be fair to say that these people are mainly of the middle class and lower class. This means the low cost housing scheme truly serves these purposes. A Low Cost Housing Scheme of Iba which is publicly owned and Low Cost Housing Scheme of Unity Estate (UE) is privately owned. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=housing" title="housing">housing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residential%20quality" title=" residential quality"> residential quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20cost%20housing%20scheme" title=" low cost housing scheme"> low cost housing scheme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public" title=" public"> public</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20estates" title=" private estates"> private estates</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33438/a-comparative-analysis-of-residential-quality-of-public-and-private-estates-in-lagos" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33438.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">578</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7794</span> An Exploratory Study on Challenges of Public Private Partnership Projects in Oman</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Amoudi">Omar Amoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mariya%20Khalid"> Mariya Khalid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The limitation of the public funds for the infrastructure projects and with the deterioration of international oil prices and the negative consequences on the economies of oil producing and exporting countries, Oman has encouraged the partnership between the public and private sectors. As the private sector has a role in planning, financing, designing, operating and the maintenance of the public services. There is no doubt that, the adoption of Public Private Partnership (PPP) strategy faces many challenges which might affect the project seriously if it is not overcome in earlier time. These challenges depend on the level of understanding of the strategy, the roles and regulations and the availability of resources as well. This research aims at identifying the challenges facing the PPP infrastructure projects in Oman based on the similar previous studies supported by questionnaire survey and semi structured interviews. It also seeks to discuss the rationale for adoption in Oman and uncover the current status of PPP strategy. The identified challenges were ranked according to the importance index of each challenge. After analysis of data, it has observed that, the main challenges facing PPPs projects in Oman are high participation cost, high projects cost and regulation changes. The PPP strategy has to be adopted well and with a high level of experience in order to ensure a successful implementation of PPP projects in Oman. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20private%20partnership%20%28PPP%29" title="public private partnership (PPP)">public private partnership (PPP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=challenges" title=" challenges"> challenges</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure" title=" infrastructure"> infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oman" title=" Oman"> Oman</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95013/an-exploratory-study-on-challenges-of-public-private-partnership-projects-in-oman" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95013.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">316</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7793</span> Price Compensation Mechanism with Unmet Demand for Public-Private Partnership Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhuo%20Feng">Zhuo Feng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ying%20Gao"> Ying Gao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Public-private partnership (PPP), as an innovative way to provide infrastructures by the private sector, is being widely used throughout the world. Compared with the traditional mode, PPP emerges largely for merits of relieving public budget constraint and improving infrastructure supply efficiency by involving private funds. However, PPP projects are characterized by large scale, high investment, long payback period, and long concession period. These characteristics make PPP projects full of risks. One of the most important risks faced by the private sector is demand risk because many factors affect the real demand. If the real demand is far lower than the forecasting demand, the private sector will be got into big trouble because operating revenue is the main means for the private sector to recoup the investment and obtain profit. Therefore, it is important to study how the government compensates the private sector when the demand risk occurs in order to achieve Pareto-improvement. This research focuses on price compensation mechanism, an ex-post compensation mechanism, and analyzes, by mathematical modeling, the impact of price compensation mechanism on payoff of the private sector and consumer surplus for PPP toll road projects. This research first investigates whether or not price compensation mechanisms can obtain Pareto-improvement and, if so, then explores boundary conditions for this mechanism. The research results show that price compensation mechanism can realize Pareto-improvement under certain conditions. Especially, to make the price compensation mechanism accomplish Pareto-improvement, renegotiation costs of the government and the private sector should be lower than a certain threshold which is determined by marginal operating cost and distortionary cost of the tax. In addition, the compensation percentage should match with the price cut of the private investor when demand drops. This research aims to provide theoretical support for the government when determining compensation scope under the price compensation mechanism. Moreover, some policy implications can also be drawn from the analysis for better risk-sharing and sustainability of PPP projects. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure" title="infrastructure">infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=price%20compensation%20mechanism" title=" price compensation mechanism"> price compensation mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public-private%20partnership" title=" public-private partnership"> public-private partnership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renegotiation" title=" renegotiation"> renegotiation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93123/price-compensation-mechanism-with-unmet-demand-for-public-private-partnership-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93123.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">184</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7792</span> Does Inflation Affect Private Investment in Nigeria?</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amassoma%20Ditimi">Amassoma Ditimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nwosa%20Philip%20Ifeakachukwu"> Nwosa Philip Ifeakachukwu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study examined the impact of inflation on private investment in Nigeria for the period 1980 to 2012. Private investment was measured by foreign direct investment and private domestic investment. The study employed the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) technique. The empirical regression estimate showed that inflation had a positive but insignificant effect on private investment in Nigeria; implying that although an increase in inflation rate leads to a corresponding increase in private investment but however the effect was found to be insignificant. Thus, the study recommended that government should prevent high inflation rate that can negatively affect private investment in Nigeria and government should also put in place appropriate facilities that are investment enhancing in order to increase the level of both domestic and foreign private investment in Nigeria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inflation%20rate" title="inflation rate">inflation rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20investment" title=" private investment"> private investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OLS" title=" OLS"> OLS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33214/does-inflation-affect-private-investment-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33214.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">381</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7791</span> Religion, Education, and Nation: Anticlerical Principle of France and Private School Law of South Korea</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Minjeoung%20Kim">Minjeoung Kim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The education plays an important role of political socialization in politics. In Korean and in France, religion in education is situated in an important place, but religious education in school is dealt differently in two countries. In this article, the author tries to reveal the reason why in France private Catholic schools can keep their religious discipline, but in Korea, private Christian schools cannot insist Christianism to their students. This is because of the different situation of their budget. In Korea, even though private schools are named ‘private’, they cannot be managed without government subsidy but in France, private Catholic schools are owned by private foundation and their budget is based on their own resource. That’s why French private schools do not need to follow governmental guidance but not in Korean case. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religion" title="religion">religion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=politics" title=" politics"> politics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Korea" title=" South Korea"> South Korea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=France" title=" France"> France</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88673/religion-education-and-nation-anticlerical-principle-of-france-and-private-school-law-of-south-korea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88673.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">198</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7790</span> The Valuation of Employees Provident Fund on Long Term Care Cost among Elderly in Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mazlynda%20Md%20Yusuf">Mazlynda Md Yusuf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wafa%27%20Mahadzir"> Wafa' Mahadzir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Yazis%20Ali%20Basah"> Mohamad Yazis Ali Basah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, financing long-term care for elderly people is a crucial issue, either towards the family members or the care institution. Corresponding with the growing number of ageing population in Malaysia, there’s a need of concern on the uncertaintiness of future family care and the need for long-term care services. Moreover, with the increasing cost of living, children feels the urge of needing to work and receive a fixed monthly income that results to sending their elderly parents to care institutions. Currently, in Malaysia, the rates for private nursing homes can amount up to RM 4,000 per month excluding medical treatments and other recurring expenses. These costs are expected to be paid using their Employees Provident Fund (EPF) savings that they accumulate during their working years, especially for those working under private sectors. Hence, this study identifies the adequacy of EPF in funding the cost of long-term care service during old age. This study used a hypothetical simulation model to simulate different scenarios. The findings of this study could be used for individuals to prepare on the importance of planning for retirement, especially with the increasing cost of long-term care services. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=long-term%20care%20cost" title="long-term care cost">long-term care cost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=employees%20provident%20fund%20Malaysia" title=" employees provident fund Malaysia"> employees provident fund Malaysia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ageing%20population" title=" ageing population"> ageing population</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malaysian%20elderly" title=" Malaysian elderly"> Malaysian elderly</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74544/the-valuation-of-employees-provident-fund-on-long-term-care-cost-among-elderly-in-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74544.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">345</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7789</span> A Study of the Costs and Benefits of Smart City Projects Including the Scenario of Public-Private Partnerships</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Patrick%20T.%20I.%20Lam">Patrick T. I. Lam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wenjing%20Yang"> Wenjing Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A smart city project embraces benefits and costs which can be classified under direct and indirect categories. Externalities come into the picture, but they are often difficult to quantify. Despite this barrier, policy makers need to carry out cost-benefit analysis to justify the huge investments needed to make a city smart. The recent trend is towards the engagement of the private sector to utilize their resources and expertise, especially in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) areas, where innovations blossom. This study focuses on the identification of costs (on a life cycle basis) and benefits associated with smart city project developments based on a comprehensive literature review and case studies, where public-private partnerships would warrant consideration, the related costs and benefits are highlighted. The findings will be useful for policy makers of cities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20city%20projects" title="smart city projects">smart city projects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=costs%20and%20benefits" title=" costs and benefits"> costs and benefits</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identification" title=" identification"> identification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public-private%20partnerships" title=" public-private partnerships"> public-private partnerships</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71175/a-study-of-the-costs-and-benefits-of-smart-city-projects-including-the-scenario-of-public-private-partnerships" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71175.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">342</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7788</span> Perception of Agricultural Extension Agents of Private Sector Participation in Extension Services in Ogun State, Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20O.%20Fakoya">E. O. Fakoya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20G.%20Abiona"> B. G. Abiona</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20O.%20Soetan"> J. O. Soetan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study determined Perception of Agricultural Extension Agents of Private Sector Participation in Extension Services in Ogun State, Nigeria. Data were collected from 80 respondents with a well-structured questionnaire. The result of the findings showed that there is need for private sector participation in extension services (=4.313), private extension services has facilities than public extension services (=4.97). Private sector participated in extension services by: giving of loans and credits to farmers (=4.50). Major constraints identified by the respondents were: Transportation problem (=2.88) and lack of fund (=2.77) A significant relationship (P<0.05) exists between factors affecting public extension services(r = 0.641, p = 0.00) and private sector participation in extension services. It was concluded from the study that there is need for private sector to participate in extension service in order to improve productivity of the farmers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20extension" title="agricultural extension">agricultural extension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extension%20agent" title=" extension agent"> extension agent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20sector" title=" private sector"> private sector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perception" title=" perception"> perception</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12500/perception-of-agricultural-extension-agents-of-private-sector-participation-in-extension-services-in-ogun-state-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12500.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">595</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7787</span> Balancing Rule of Law, Human Rights and Governance</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Torkan%20Jabbariraad">Torkan Jabbariraad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study explores the role of private regulation as a mode of governance that engages non-state actors in establishing and implementing rules or standards for public goods or services. It examines the various forms, functions, and effects of private regulation on the rule of law and human rights and considers the role and duties of public authorities in monitoring and supporting private regulation. It contends that private regulation should be regarded as a beneficial supplement to public regulation rather than a substitute or rival and that public authorities should find a balance between acknowledging the independence and variety of private actors and securing their accountability and legitimacy. It also recommends that applying the principles and values of good governance to private regulation can improve its quality and efficiency. The study relies on various sources and viewpoints from the literature on governance theory, public law, and human rights and suggests further research and discussion on the topic of private regulation and its consequences for society. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20regulation" title="private regulation">private regulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20authority" title=" public authority"> public authority</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance%20theory" title=" governance theory"> governance theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rule%20of%20law" title=" rule of law"> rule of law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20rights" title=" human rights"> human rights</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185985/balancing-rule-of-law-human-rights-and-governance" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185985.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">48</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7786</span> A Comparative Analysis of the Private and Social Benefit-Cost Ratios of Organic and Inorganic Rice Farming: Case Study of Smallholder Farmers in the Aveyime Community, Ghana</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jerome%20E.%20Abiemo">Jerome E. Abiemo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Takeshi%20Mizunoya"> Takeshi Mizunoya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Aveyime community in the Volta region of Ghana is one of the major hubs for rice production. In the past, rice farmers applied organic pesticides to control pests, and compost as a soil amendment to improve fertility and productivity. However, the introduction of chemical pesticides and fertilizers have led many farmers to convert to inorganic system of rice production, without considering the social costs (e.g. groundwater contamination and health costs) related to the use of pesticides. The study estimates and compares the private and social BCRs of organic and inorganic systems of rice production. Both stratified and simple random sampling techniques were employed to select 300 organic and inorganic rice farmers and 50 pesticide applicators. The respondents were interviewed with pre-tested questionnaires. The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) which elucidates organic farmers` Willingness-to-Pay (WTP) was employed to estimate the cost of groundwater contamination. The Cost of Illness (COI) analysis was used to estimate the health cost of pesticide-induced poisoning of applicators. The data collated, was analyzed with the aid of Microsoft excel. The study found that high private benefit (e.g. increase in farm yield and income) was the most influential factor for the rapid adoption of pesticides among rice farmers. The study also shows that the social costs of inorganic rice production were high. As such the social BCR of inorganic farming (0.2) was low as compared to organic farming (0.7). Based on the results, it was recommended that government should impose pesticide environmental tax, review current agricultural policies to favour organic farming and promote extension education to farmers on pesticide risk, to ensure agricultural and environmental sustainability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benefit-cost-ratio%20%28BCR%29" title="benefit-cost-ratio (BCR)">benefit-cost-ratio (BCR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inorganic%20farming" title=" inorganic farming"> inorganic farming</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pesticides" title=" pesticides"> pesticides</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20cost" title=" social cost"> social cost</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68341/a-comparative-analysis-of-the-private-and-social-benefit-cost-ratios-of-organic-and-inorganic-rice-farming-case-study-of-smallholder-farmers-in-the-aveyime-community-ghana" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68341.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">483</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7785</span> Evaluating the Impact of English Immersion in Kolkata’s High-Cost Private Schools</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashmita%20Bhattacharya">Ashmita Bhattacharya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study aims to investigate whether the English immersion experience offered by Kolkata’s high-cost private English-medium schools lead to additive or subtractive language learning outcomes for students. In India, English has increasingly become associated with power, social status, and socio-economic mobility. As a result, a proliferation of English-medium schools has emerged across Kolkata and the wider Indian context. While in some contexts, English language learning can be an additive experience, in others, it can be subtractive where proficiency in English is developed at the expense of students’ native language proficiency development. Subtractive educational experiences can potentially have severe implications, including heritage language loss, detachment from cultural roots, and a diminished sense of national identity. Thus, with the use of semi-structured interviews, the language practices and lived experiences of 12 former students who attended high-cost private English-medium schools in Kolkata were thoroughly explored. The data collected was thematically coded and analysis was conducted using the Thematic Analysis approach. The findings indicate that the English immersion experience at Kolkata’s high-cost private English-medium schools provide a subtractive language learning experience to students. Additionally, this study suggests that robust home-based support for native languages might be crucial for mitigating the effects of subtractive English education. Furthermore, the study underscores the importance of integrating opportunities within schools that promote Indian languages and cultures as it can create a more positive, inclusive, and culturally responsive environment. Finally, although subject to further evaluation, the study recommends the implementation of bilingual and multilingual educational systems and provides suggestions for future research in this area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bilingual%20education" title="bilingual education">bilingual education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20immersion" title=" English immersion"> English immersion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20loss" title=" language loss"> language loss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multilingual%20education" title=" multilingual education"> multilingual education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subtractive%20language%20learning" title=" subtractive language learning"> subtractive language learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191318/evaluating-the-impact-of-english-immersion-in-kolkatas-high-cost-private-schools" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191318.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">38</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7784</span> Reculturing: The Key to Sustainability of Private Universities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Sing%20Ong">Yu Sing Ong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This article explores the key issues and challenges facing private university leaders today. Universities are reculturing their operational processes, academic content and interactions with stakeholders. Many challenges centred around the need for university leaders to reculture the institutions and the redesigning of the teaching profession. It recommends a framework for university leaders to deal with the challenges they face. Only through reculturing, private universities can maintain the sustainability of its workforce and student population. The article has both theoretical and practical significance for private university leaders to follow. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=university%20leadership" title="university leadership">university leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reculturing" title=" reculturing"> reculturing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=improvement" title=" improvement"> improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teacher%20education" title=" teacher education"> teacher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation" title=" motivation"> motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20education" title=" private education"> private education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50099/reculturing-the-key-to-sustainability-of-private-universities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50099.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">265</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7783</span> Non-Cooperative Game Theory Approach for Ensuring Community Satisfaction on Public-Private Partnership Projects</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jason%20Salim">Jason Salim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhouyang%20Lu"> Zhouyang Lu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Private sector involvement in Public Private Partnership (PPP) projects may raise public suspicion, as PPP is often mistaken as merely a partnership between private and government agencies without consideration for greater “public” (community). This public marginalization is crucial to be dealt with because undermining opinion of majority may cause problems such as protests and/ or low demand. Game theory approach applied in this paper shows that probability of public acceptance towards a project is affected by overall public’s perception on Private sectors’ possible profit accumulation from the project. On the contrary, goodwill of the government and private coalition alone is not enough to minimize the probability of public opposition towards a PPP project. Additionally, the threat of loss or damage raised from public opposition does not affect the profit-maximization behavior of Private sectors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=community%20satisfaction" title="community satisfaction">community satisfaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=game%20theory" title=" game theory"> game theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-cooperative" title=" non-cooperative"> non-cooperative</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PPP" title=" PPP"> PPP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20policy" title=" public policy"> public policy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60803/non-cooperative-game-theory-approach-for-ensuring-community-satisfaction-on-public-private-partnership-projects" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60803.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">702</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7782</span> Implications of Private Military Security Companies on Stewardship of the Profession of Arms</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kevin%20Krupski">Kevin Krupski</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Private Military Security Companies have grown to become a major force contributor to nations in military operations. Scholars have debated the implications of this in relation to control and efficiency related to the privatization of violence, but there has been little discussion on how these companies affect the profession of arms. Specifically, this paper seeks to address how the privatization of violence influences the military’s stewardship, whether private military security companies are capable of stewardship of the military profession, and whether there are aspects of stewardship of the military profession that private military security companies are capable of emulating. This paper reviews literature on stewardship, the relationship of the military to the state, and private military security companies in order to identify overlap between uniformed military services and the private sector. Then, it offers a typology for determining under what conditions an organization would act as a steward. Ultimately, there are insufficient reasons for private military security companies to act as stewards of the profession of arms. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stewardship" title="stewardship">stewardship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=military%20profession" title=" military profession"> military profession</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=civil-military" title=" civil-military"> civil-military</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=security" title=" security"> security</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84135/implications-of-private-military-security-companies-on-stewardship-of-the-profession-of-arms" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/84135.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">254</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7781</span> The Initiation of Privatization, Market Structure, and Free Entry with Vertically Related Markets</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hung-Yi%20Chen">Hung-Yi Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shih-Jye%20Wu"> Shih-Jye Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The existing literature provides little discussion on why a public monopolist gives up its market dominant position and allows private firms entering the market. We argue that the privatization of a public monopolist under a vertically related market may induce the entry of private firms. We develop a model of a mixed oligopoly with vertically related markets to explain the change in the market from a public monopolist to a mixed oligopoly and examine issues on privatizing the downstream public enterprise both in the short run and long run in the vertically related markets. We first show that the welfare-maximizing public monopoly firm is suboptimal in the vertically related markets. This is due to the fact that the privatization will reduce the input price charged by the upstream foreign monopolist. Further, the privatization will induce the entry of private firms since input price will decrease after privatization. Third, we demonstrate that the complete privatizing the public firm becomes a possible solution if the entry cost of private firm is low. Finally, we indicate that the public firm should partially privatize if the free-entry of private firms is allowed. JEL classification: F12, F14, L32, L33 <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=free%20entry" title="free entry">free entry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20oligopoly" title=" mixed oligopoly"> mixed oligopoly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20monopoly" title=" public monopoly"> public monopoly</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20initiation%20of%20privatization" title=" the initiation of privatization"> the initiation of privatization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vertically%20related%20markets" title=" vertically related markets"> vertically related markets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20oligopoly" title=" mixed oligopoly"> mixed oligopoly</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99094/the-initiation-of-privatization-market-structure-and-free-entry-with-vertically-related-markets" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/99094.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7780</span> Universal Design Implementation in a Private University; Investment, Decision Making, Perceptions and the Value of Social Capital</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sridara%20Tipian">Sridara Tipian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henry%20Skates%20Jr."> Henry Skates Jr.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Antika%20Sawadsri"> Antika Sawadsri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is widely recognized that universal design should be implemented as broadly as possible to benefit as many groups and sub groups of people within a society. In Thailand, public buildings such as public universities are obvious places where the benefits of universal design principles are easily appreciated and applied, but there are other building types such as private universities where the benefits may not be just as obvious. In these buildings, the implementation of universal design is not always achieved. There are many reasons given for this among which is the perceived additional cost of implementation. This paper argues that social capital should be taken into consideration when such decisions are being made. The paper investigates the background, principles and theories pertaining to universal design and using a case study of a private university, investigates the implementation of universal design against the background of current legislation and the perceptions of the private university administrators. The study examines the physical facilities of the case study university in the context of current theories and principles of universal design alongside the legal requirements for same. A survey of building users evaluates knowledge of and attitudes to universal design. The research shows that although administrators perceive the initial cost of investment to be prohibitive in the short term, in the long term, changes in societal values in relation to social inclusiveness are changing and that the social capital of investing in universal design should not be underestimated. The results of this study should provide greater incentive for the enforcement of the legal requirements for universal design in Thailand. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20buildings" title="public buildings">public buildings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20facilities" title=" physical facilities"> physical facilities</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20capital%20private%20university" title=" social capital private university"> social capital private university</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=investment" title=" investment"> investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=decision%20making" title=" decision making"> decision making</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=value" title=" value"> value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enforcement" title=" enforcement"> enforcement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20requirements" title=" legal requirements"> legal requirements</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41923/universal-design-implementation-in-a-private-university-investment-decision-making-perceptions-and-the-value-of-social-capital" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41923.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7779</span> Advertising Incentives of National Brands against Private Labels: The Case of OTC Heartburn Drugs</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lu%20Liao">Lu Liao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The worldwide expansion of private labels over the past two decades not only transformed the choice sets of consumers but also forced manufacturers of national brands to design new marketing strategies to maintain their market positions. This paper empirically analyzes the impact of private labels on advertising incentives of national brands. The paper first develops a consumer demand model that incorporates spillover effects of advertising and finds positive spillovers of national brands’ advertising on demand for private label products. With the demand estimates, the researcher simulates the equilibrium prices and advertising levels for leading national brands in a counterfactual where private labels are eliminated to quantify the changes in national brands’ advertising incentives in response to the rise of private labels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advertising" title="advertising">advertising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=demand%20estimation" title=" demand estimation"> demand estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spillover%20effect" title=" spillover effect"> spillover effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20model" title=" structural model"> structural model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190554/advertising-incentives-of-national-brands-against-private-labels-the-case-of-otc-heartburn-drugs" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/190554.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">35</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7778</span> Providing a Road Pricing and Toll Allocation Method for Toll Roads</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Babaei">Ali Babaei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is a worldwide growing tendency toward construction of infrastructures with the possibility of private sector participation instead of free exploitation of public infrastructures. The construction and development of roads through private sector participation is performed by different countries because of appropriate results and benefits such as compensation of public budget deficit in road construction and maintenance and responding to traffic growth (demand). Toll is the most definite form of budget provision in road development. There are two issues in the toll rate assignment: A. costing of transport, B. Cost allocation and distribution of cost between different types of vehicles as each vehicle pay its own share. There can be different goals in toll collection and its extent is variable according to the strategy of toll collection. Costing principles in different countries are based on inclusion of the whole transport and not peculiar to the toll roads. For example, fuel tax policy functions where the road network users pay transportation cost (not just users of toll road). Whereas transportation infrastructures in Iran are free, these methods are not applicable. In Iran, different toll freeways have built by public investment and government provides participation in the road construction through encouragement of financial institutions. In this paper, the existing policies about the toll roads are studied and then the appropriate method of costing and cost allocation to different vehicles is introduced. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toll%20allocation" title="toll allocation">toll allocation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20pricing" title=" road pricing"> road pricing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transportation" title=" transportation"> transportation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=financial%20and%20industrial%20systems" title=" financial and industrial systems"> financial and industrial systems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5827/providing-a-road-pricing-and-toll-allocation-method-for-toll-roads" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5827.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">371</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7777</span> Public and Private Spaces Producing Social Connectedness in Traditional Environment: A Study on Old Medina District of Casablanca</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asmaa%20Sokrat">Asmaa Sokrat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aykut%20Karaman"> Aykut Karaman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Public and private spaces are major components of the morphology of the city. This research aims to study the interactions between public and private domains in terms of urban space in Casablanca. The research focuses on a general vision of a socio-spatial issue. It plans to identify the public, private, and transition (semi-public, semi-private) spaces as the constituent of the urban space. Moreover, the study investigates the link between public and private spaces with the social dimensions. Additionally, the research argues that the public space is a place of social interaction; as a reflection, this interaction is the intersection between urban space and social connectedness. Besides, social interaction can be the key to distinguishing between the public and private spheres. The methodological approach of the research is based on the literature review and field study. The article is targeting a case study on the old Medina of Casablanca, from daily use of the public and private spaces, the urban tissue, and the urban space types. In conclusion, the research exhibits that a public space could influence the privacy of the residents of a local urban area; thus, this privacy is inverted on the social interaction. This social interaction is the link between the urban space and social connectedness. Hence, this equation affects the typology of the private space. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20sphere" title="public sphere">public sphere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=private%20sphere" title=" private sphere"> private sphere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20connectedness" title=" social connectedness"> social connectedness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=old%20Medina%20of%20Casablanca" title=" old Medina of Casablanca"> old Medina of Casablanca</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150246/public-and-private-spaces-producing-social-connectedness-in-traditional-environment-a-study-on-old-medina-district-of-casablanca" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150246.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> 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