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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Wikipedia:Citing sources</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">This page is specifically about how to craft references for Wikipedia articles. For the Wikipedia article about citations in intellectual work, school papers, etc., see <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a>.</div> <div class="hatnote">For information on referencing citations in Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Help:Footnotes</a>, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Wikipedia:Inline citation</a>, and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help:Referencing for beginners</a>.</div> <div class="hatnote">For information about citing Wikipedia articles for use in work outside of Wikipedia, see <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia</a>.</div> <div class="hatnote">"WP:CS" redirects here. For the essay about using common sense, see <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:UCS" title="Wikipedia:UCS" class="mw-redirect">WP:UCS</a>.</div> <table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="Blue tick" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/30px-Blue_check.svg.png" width="30" height="30" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/45px-Blue_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blue_check.svg/60px-Blue_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/></td> <td class="mbox-text"><b>This page documents an English Wikipedia <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_content_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia content guidelines">content guideline</a>.</b> It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though it is best treated with <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_%22Ignore_all_rules%22_means#Use_common_sense" title="Wikipedia:What "Ignore all rules" means">common sense</a>, and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">occasional exceptions</a> may apply. Any substantive edit to this page should reflect <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>. When in doubt, discuss first on the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia talk:Citing sources">talk page</a>.</td> <td class="mbox-imageright"> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float: right; border: 1px solid #aaa; background: #fff; margin: 0; padding: 1px; text-align: center; line-height: 1.1em"> <tr> <th style="border: none; background: transparent;"><span id="WP:CS"></span><span id="WP:CITE"></span><span id="WP:REF"></span><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>:<br/> <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CS" title="Wikipedia:CS" class="mw-redirect">WP:CS</a><br/> <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE" title="Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect">WP:CITE</a><br/> <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:REF" title="Wikipedia:REF" class="mw-redirect">WP:REF</a></small></th> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <div class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="protected-icon" style="display:none;right:55px"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This page is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/20px-Padlock-silver.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/30px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg/40px-Padlock-silver.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128"/></a></div> <p>A <b>citation</b>, or <b>reference</b>, uniquely <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">identifies a source</a> of information:</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> <p>Ritter, Ron. <i>The Oxford Style Manual</i>. Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 1.</p> </blockquote> <p>Citations are used to identify the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SOURCES" title="Wikipedia:SOURCES" class="mw-redirect">reliable sources</a> on which an article is based. In most cases citations appear in the form of <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnotes</a>, although they can also appear within the body of an article. Citations indicated by a superscript number or other means in a line of text are called <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITE" title="Wikipedia:INCITE" class="mw-redirect">inline citations</a>.</p> <p>Wikipedia's <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a> policy requires inline citations for any material <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CHALLENGED" title="Wikipedia:CHALLENGED" class="mw-redirect">challenged or likely to be challenged</a>, and for all quotations, anywhere in <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mainspace" title="Wikipedia:Mainspace" class="mw-redirect">article space</a>. However, editors are advised to provide citations for all material added to Wikipedia; any unsourced material risks being unexpectedly challenged or eventually removed.</p> <p>This page explains how to place and format citations. Each article should use the same citation method throughout; if an article already has citations, adopt the method in use or seek consensus on the talk page before changing it (this principle is known as <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEVAR" title="Wikipedia:CITEVAR" class="mw-redirect">WP:CITEVAR</a>). While you should try to write citations correctly, what matters most is that you provide enough information to identify the source. Others will improve the formatting if needed. <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Wikipedia:Referencing for beginners" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Referencing for beginners</a> provides a brief introduction on how to reference Wikipedia articles.</p> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;width:auto;background:#f5faff;font-size:90%;line-height:1.6em; clear:right;width:21.5em;"> <tr> <th style="background:#cee0f2;;padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;font-size:130%;padding-left:0.4em;padding-right:0.4em; display:block;margin-bottom:6px;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia guidelines">Wikipedia guidelines</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Guidelines list</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Policies list</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#cee0f2;;padding:0.1em 0.25em 0.15em;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_behavioral_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia behavioral guidelines">Behavioral guidelines</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;"> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Don't bite the newbies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point"><span class="wrap">Don't edit to make a point</span></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Don't game the system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Behavioral" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other behavioral guidelines</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#e5eef8;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_discussion" title="Category:Wikipedia discussion">Discussion guidelines</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#cee0f2;;padding:0.1em 0.25em 0.15em;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_content_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia content guidelines">Content guidelines</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul> <li><strong class="selflink">Citing sources</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources"><span class="wrap">Identifying reliable sources</span></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content"><span class="wrap">Non-free content</span></a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Offensive_material" title="Wikipedia:Offensive material">Offensive material</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Don't copy long texts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Don't create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Content" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other content guidelines</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#cee0f2;;padding:0.1em 0.25em 0.15em;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_editing_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia editing guidelines">Editing guidelines</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;"> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">Edit summary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Editing" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other editing guidelines</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#e5eef8;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_categorization" title="Category:Wikipedia categorization">Organization guidelines</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#cee0f2;;padding:0.1em 0.25em 0.15em;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_style_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia style guidelines">Style guidelines</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">contents</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">lists</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Tables" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables">tables</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#cee0f2;;padding:0.1em 0.25em 0.15em;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_deletion_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia deletion guidelines">Deletion guidelines</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_process" title="Wikipedia:Deletion process">Deletion process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Speedy_keep" title="Wikipedia:Speedy keep">Speedy keep</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_guidelines_for_administrators" title="Wikipedia:Deletion guidelines for administrators">Deletion guidelines for administrators</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em;background:#cee0f2;;padding:0.1em 0.25em 0.15em;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Categories_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Other guideline categories</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Naming_conventions" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Notability" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Notability</a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Guideline_list" title="Template:Guideline list"><span title="View this template">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Guideline_list" title="Template talk:Guideline list"><span title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Guideline_list&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Types_of_citation"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Types of citation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#When_and_why_to_cite_sources"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">When and why to cite sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Inline_citations"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Inline citations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#How_to_create_the_list_of_citations"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">How to create the list of citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">How to place an inline citation using ref tags</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Repeated_citations"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Repeated citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Separating_citations_from_explanatory_footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Separating citations from explanatory footnotes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Avoiding_clutter"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Avoiding clutter</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Citing_multiple_pages_of_the_same_source"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Citing multiple pages of the same source</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Short_citations"><span class="tocnumber">3.1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Short citations </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Parenthetical_referencing"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Parenthetical referencing</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#General_references"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">General references</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#What_information_to_include"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">What information to include </span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Books"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Journal_articles"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Journal articles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Newspaper_articles"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Newspaper articles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Webpages"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Webpages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Sound_recordings"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Sound recordings</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Film.2C_TV.2C_or_video_recordings"><span class="tocnumber">5.1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Film, TV, or video recordings</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Identifying_parts_of_a_source"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Identifying parts of a source</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Books_and_print_articles"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Books and print articles</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Audio_and_video_sources"><span class="tocnumber">5.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Audio and video sources</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Links_and_ID_numbers"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Links and ID numbers</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Linking_to_Google_Books_pages"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Linking to Google Books pages</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Linking_to_PDF_files"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Linking to PDF files</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Convenience_links"><span class="tocnumber">5.3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Convenience links</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Say_where_you_read_it"><span class="tocnumber">5.4</span> <span class="toctext">Say where <i>you</i> read it </span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Reprints_of_older_publications"><span class="tocnumber">5.5</span> <span class="toctext">Reprints of older publications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Additional_annotation"><span class="tocnumber">5.6</span> <span class="toctext">Additional annotation</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Citation_style"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Citation style </span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Variation_in_citation_methods"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Variation in citation methods </span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#To_be_avoided"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">To be avoided</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Generally_considered_helpful"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Generally considered helpful</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Handling_links_in_citations"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Handling links in citations</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Avoid_embedded_links"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Avoid embedded links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Convenience_links_2"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Convenience links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Indicating_availability"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Indicating availability</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Links_to_sources"><span class="tocnumber">7.4</span> <span class="toctext">Links to sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Preventing_and_repairing_dead_links"><span class="tocnumber">7.5</span> <span class="toctext">Preventing and repairing dead links </span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#Text.E2.80.93source_integrity"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Text–source integrity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#Bundling_citations"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Bundling citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#In-text_attribution"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">In-text attribution</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Dealing_with_unsourced_material"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext"> Dealing with unsourced material</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Citation_templates_and_tools"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Citation templates and tools</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="#Metadata"><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Metadata</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Citation_processing_tools"><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Citation processing tools</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Programming_tools"><span class="tocnumber">12.3</span> <span class="toctext">Programming tools</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Citation_export_tools"><span class="tocnumber">12.4</span> <span class="toctext">Citation export tools</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Reference_management_software"><span class="tocnumber">12.5</span> <span class="toctext">Reference management software</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-52"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-53"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_citation">Types of citation</span></h2> <ul> <li>A <i>full citation</i> fully identifies a <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SOURCES" title="Wikipedia:SOURCES" class="mw-redirect">reliable source</a> and, where applicable, the place in that source (such as a page number) where the information in question can be found. For example: <span class="example good-example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: #006400;">Rawls, John. <i>A Theory of Justice.</i> Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1.</span> This type of citation is usually given as a <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnote</a>, and is the most commonly used citation method in Wikipedia articles.</li> <li>An <i>inline citation</i> means any citation added close to the material it supports, for example after the sentence or paragraph, normally in the form of a footnote.</li> <li>A <i>short citation</i> is an inline citation that identifies the place in a source where specific information can be found, but without giving full details of the source – these will have been provided in a full bibliographic citation either in an earlier footnote, or in a separate section. For example: <span class="example good-example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: #006400;">Rawls 1971, p. 1.</span> This system is used in some articles; the short citations may be given either as footnotes, or as <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_references" title="Wikipedia:Parenthetical references" class="mw-redirect">parenthetical references</a> within the text.</li> <li><i>In-text attribution</i> involves adding the source of a statement to the article text, such as <span class="example good-example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: #006400;">Rawls argues that X.<sup>[5]</sup></span> This is done whenever a writer or speaker should be credited, such as with quotations, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing" title="Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing">close paraphrasing</a>, or statements of opinion or uncertain fact. The in-text attribution does not give full details of the source – this is done in a footnote in the normal way. See <a href="#In-text_attribution">In-text attribution</a> below.</li> <li>A <i>general reference</i> is a citation that supports content, but is not linked to any particular piece of material in the article through an inline citation. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a References section. They are usually found in underdeveloped articles, especially when all article content is supported by a single source. They may also be listed in more developed articles as a supplement to inline citations.</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="When_and_why_to_cite_sources">When and why to cite sources</span></h2> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:WHYCITE"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WHYCITE" title="Wikipedia:WHYCITE" class="mw-redirect">WP:WHYCITE</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <p>By citing sources for Wikipedia content, you enable users to <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V" title="Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect">verify</a> that the information given is supported by reliable sources, thus improving the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliability_of_Wikipedia" title="Reliability of Wikipedia">credibility of Wikipedia</a> while showing that the content is <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOR" title="Wikipedia:NOR" class="mw-redirect">not original research</a>. You also help users find <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:LINK" title="Wikipedia:LINK" class="mw-redirect">additional information</a> on the subject; and you avoid <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PLAGFORM" title="Wikipedia:PLAGFORM" class="mw-redirect">plagiarising</a> the source of your words or ideas by giving attribution.</p> <p>In particular, sources are required for material that is <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V" title="Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect">challenged or likely to be challenged</a> – if reliable sources cannot be found for challenged material, it is likely to be removed from the article. Sources are also required when <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:QUOTE" title="Wikipedia:QUOTE" class="mw-redirect">quoting</a> someone, with or without quotation marks, or <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing" title="Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing">closely paraphrasing</a> a source. However, the citing of sources is not limited to those situations – editors are always encouraged to add or improve citations for any information contained in an article.</p> <p>Citations are especially desirable for statements about living persons, particularly when the statements are contentious or potentially defamatory. In accordance with the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" title="Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect">biography of living persons policy</a>, unsourced information of this type is likely to be removed on sight.</p> <p>Citations are <i>not</i> used on <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MOSDAB" title="Wikipedia:MOSDAB" class="mw-redirect">disambiguation pages</a> (sourcing for the information given there should be done in the target articles). Citations are also often discouraged in the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:LEAD" title="Wikipedia:LEAD" class="mw-redirect">lead section</a> of an article, insofar as it summarizes information for which sources are given later in the article, although such things as quotations and particularly controversial statements should be supported by citations even in the lead.</p> <p>For an image or other media file, details of its origin and copyright status should appear on its <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:File_page" title="Help:File page">file page</a>. Image <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Caption" title="Wikipedia:Caption" class="mw-redirect">captions</a> should be referenced as appropriate just like any other part of the article. A citation is not needed for descriptions such as <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Alternative_text_for_images" title="Wikipedia:Alternative text for images">alt text</a> that are verifiable directly from the image itself, or for text that merely identifies a source (e.g., the caption "<i><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar%27s_Feast_(Rembrandt)" title="Belshazzar's Feast (Rembrandt)">Belshazzar's Feast</a></i> (1635)" for <i><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg" title="File:Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg">File:Rembrandt-Belsazar.jpg</a></i>).</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Inline_citations">Inline citations</span></h2> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:INCITE"></span><span id="WP:INLINECITE"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITE" title="Wikipedia:INCITE" class="mw-redirect">WP:INCITE</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INLINECITE" title="Wikipedia:INLINECITE" class="mw-redirect">WP:INLINECITE</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Wikipedia:Inline citation</a></div> <p>Inline citations allow the reader to associate a given bit of material in an article with the specific reliable source(s) that support the material. Inline citations are most commonly added using either <a href="#Footnotes">footnotes</a> (long or <a href="#Shortened_footnotes">short</a>) or <a href="#Parenthetical_referencing">parenthetical references</a>. This section describes how to add either type, and also describes how to create a list of full bibliography citations to support shortened footnotes or parenthetical references.</p> <p>If long or short inline citations placed in footnotes are used, the first editor to add footnotes to an article must create a <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Section" title="Help:Section">section</a> where the list of those citations is to appear. This is not necessary for inline parenthetical references, as these appear directly inline in the article prose.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Help:Footnotes</a></div> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="How_to_create_the_list_of_citations">How to create the list of citations</span></h4> <p>This section, if needed, is usually titled "Notes" or "References", and is placed at or near the bottom of the article. For more about the order and titles of sections at the end of an article (which may also include "Further reading" and "External links" sections), see <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footers" title="Wikipedia:Footers" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Footers</a>.</p> <p><span id="ASL"></span></p> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:ASL"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ASL" title="Wikipedia:ASL" class="mw-redirect">WP:ASL</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <p>With some exceptions discussed below, citations appear in a single section containing only the <code><references /></code> tag or the <code>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>}}</code> template. For example:</p> <dl> <dd><code>==References==</code></dd> <dd><code>{{reflist}}</code></dd> </dl> <p>The footnotes will then automatically be listed under that section heading. Each numbered footnote marker in the text is a clickable link to the corresponding footnote, and each footnote contains a <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caret" title="Caret">caret</a> which links back to the corresponding point in the text. <span id="Avoid_scrolling_lists"></span><span id="Scrolling_lists"></span>Scrolling lists, or lists of citations appearing within a <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_box" title="Scroll box" class="mw-redirect">scroll box</a>, should never be used. This is because of issues with readability, browser compatibility, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Accessibility" class="mw-redirect">accessibility</a>, printing, and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Mirrors_and_forks" title="Wikipedia:Mirrors and forks">site mirroring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>If an article contains a list of <a href="#General_reference">general references</a>, this is usually placed in a separate section, titled (for example) "References". This usually comes immediately after the section(s) listing footnotes, if any. (If the general references section is called "References", then the citations section is usually called "Notes".)</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags">How to place an inline citation using ref tags<span id="Adding_the_citation"></span><span id="Inline_reference"></span><span id="Footnotes_and_references"></span></span></h4> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:CITEFOOT"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEFOOT" title="Wikipedia:CITEFOOT" class="mw-redirect">WP:CITEFOOT</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <dl> <dd><i>Further information: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_the_basics" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes: the basics</a></i></dd> </dl> <p>To create a footnote, use the <code><ref>...</ref></code> syntax at the appropriate place in the article text, for example:</p> <ul> <li><code>Justice is a human invention.<ref>Rawls, John. ''A Theory of Justice''. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 1.</ref> It...</code></li> </ul> <p>which will be displayed as something like:</p> <ul> <li>Justice is a human invention.<sup class="reference nowrap" style="color:#002bb8;">[1]</sup> It...</li> </ul> <p>It will also be necessary to generate the list of footnotes (where the citation text is actually displayed); for this, see the previous section.</p> <p>As in the above example, citation markers are normally placed <i>after</i> adjacent punctuation such as periods and commas. For exceptions, see the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:REFPUNC" title="Wikipedia:REFPUNC" class="mw-redirect"><i>Punctuation and footnotes</i></a> section of the Manual of Style. Note also that no space is added before the citation marker.</p> <p>The citation should be added close to the material it supports, offering <a href="#Text.E2.80.93source_integrity">text–source integrity</a>. If a word or phrase is particularly contentious, an inline citation may be added next to that word or phrase within the sentence, but it is usually sufficient to add the citation to the end of the clause, sentence, or paragraph, so long as it's clear which source supports which part of the text.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Repeated_citations">Repeated citations</span></h4> <dl> <dd><i>Further information: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_using_a_source_more_than_once" title="Help:Footnotes"><i>Footnotes: using a source more than once</i></a></i></dd> </dl> <p>For multiple use of the same inline citation or footnote, you can use the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NAMEDREFS" title="Wikipedia:NAMEDREFS" class="mw-redirect">named references</a> feature, choosing a name to identify the inline citation, and typing <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="<var>name</var>">text of the citation</ref></code>. Thereafter, the same named reference may be reused any number of times by typing just <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="<var>name</var>" /></code>.</p> <p>The text of the <code>name</code> can be most anything—apart from just numeric. If spaces are used in the text of the <code>name</code>, the text must be placed within double quotes. To help with page maintenance it is recommended that the text of the <code>name</code> has a connection to the inline citation or footnote, for example "author year page": <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref name="<var>Smith 2005 p94</var>">text of the citation</ref></code>.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Separating_citations_from_explanatory_footnotes">Separating citations from explanatory footnotes</span></h4> <p>If an article contains both footnoted citations and other (explanatory) footnotes, then it is possible (but not necessary) to divide them into two separate lists, using the grouping feature described in the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_groups" title="Help:Footnotes"><i>Grouping footnotes</i></a> section of the footnotes help page. The explanatory footnotes and the citations are then placed in separate sections, called (for example) "Notes" and "References" respectively.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Avoiding_clutter">Avoiding clutter</span></h4> <p>Inline references can significantly bloat the wikitext in the edit window and can become difficult and confusing. There are two main methods that avoid clutter in the edit window:</p> <ul> <li>Inserting <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect">short citations</a> (see below) that then refer to a full list of source texts <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITE#Parenthetical_referencing" title="Wikipedia:CITE" class="mw-redirect">Parenthetical references</a> are an established subformat of this, which forgoes the use of inline notes and simply puts the short citation in the main body.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Utilising <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:LDR" title="Wikipedia:LDR" class="mw-redirect">list-defined references</a> by collecting the full citation code within the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Reflist#List-defined_references" title="Template:Reflist">reference list template</a>, and then inserting them in the text with {{ref|name="ABC" /}} tags.</li> </ul> <p>As with other citation formats, articles should not undergo large-scale conversion between formats without consensus to do so.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Citing_multiple_pages_of_the_same_source"><span id="MultiPages"></span>Citing multiple pages of the same source</span></h4> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Help:References and page numbers</a></div> <p>When an article cites many different pages from the same source, to avoid the redundancy of many big, nearly identical full citations, most Wikipedia editors use</p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect">short citations</a> in footnotes,</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NAMEDREFS" title="Wikipedia:NAMEDREFS" class="mw-redirect">named references</a> in conjunction with the <code>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rp" title="Template:Rp">rp</a>}}</code> template to specify the page, or</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing" title="Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing">short citations in parenthesis</a>.</li> </ul> <p><span id="IBID"></span></p> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:IBID"></span><span id="MOS:IBID"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IBID" title="Wikipedia:IBID" class="mw-redirect">WP:IBID</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:IBID" title="MOS:IBID" class="mw-redirect">MOS:IBID</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <p>The use of <i><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibid." title="Ibid.">ibid.</a></i>, <i><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id." title="Id." class="mw-redirect">Id.</a></i> (or similar abbreviations) is discouraged, as these may become broken as new references are added (<i><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Op._cit." title="Op. cit.">op. cit.</a></i> is less problematic in that it should refer explicitly to a citation contained in the article; however, not all readers are familiar with the meaning of the terms). If the use of <i>ibid</i> is extensive, use the {{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ibid" title="Template:Ibid">ibid</a>}} template.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Short_citations">Short citations <span id="Shortened_footnotes"></span></span></h4> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:CITESHORT"></span><span id="WP:SFN"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect">WP:CITESHORT</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SFN" title="Wikipedia:SFN" class="mw-redirect">WP:SFN</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main page: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Help:Shortened footnotes</a></div> <p>Some Wikipedia articles use <i>short citations</i>, giving summary information about the source together with a page number, as in <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref>Smith 2010, p. 1.</ref></code>. These are used together with <i>full citations</i>, which give full details of the sources, but without page numbers, and are listed in a separate "References" section. Short citations are used in articles which apply <a href="#Parenthetical_referencing">parenthetical referencing</a> (see below), but they can also be used as footnote citations, as described here.</p> <p>Forms of short citations used include author-date referencing (<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA style</a>, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_style" title="Harvard style" class="mw-redirect">Harvard style</a>, or <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">Chicago style</a>), and author-title or author-page referencing (<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MLA_Style_Manual" title="The MLA Style Manual">MLA style</a> or Chicago style). As before, the list of footnotes is automatically generated in a "Notes" or "Footnotes" section, which immediately precedes the "References" section containing the full citations to the source. Short citations can be written manually, or by using the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Shortened_footnote" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation"><code>{{sfn}}</code> or <code>{{harvnb}}</code></a> templates. (Note that templates should not be added without consensus to an article that already uses a consistent referencing style.) The short citations and full citations may be linked so that the reader can click on the short note to find full information about the source. See the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">template documentation</a> for details and solutions to common problems. For variations with and without templates, see <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Further_considerations#Wikilinks_to_full_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations">wikilinks to full references</a>. For a set of realistic examples, see <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Example_edits_for_different_methods#Shortened_notes" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods">these</a>.</p> <p>This is how short citations look in the edit box:</p> <blockquote style="color:#999; background:#F4F0EC; padding:1em; border:1px solid DarkSeaGreen;"> <p><code>The Sun is pretty big,<span style="color:black;"><b><ref></b>Miller 2005, p. 23.<b></ref></b></span> but the Moon is not so big.<span style="color:black;"><b><ref></b>Brown 2006, p. 46.<b></ref></b></span> The Sun is also quite hot.<span style="color:black;"><b><ref></b>Miller 2005, p. 34.<b></ref></b></span><br/> <br/> <span style="color:#666;">== Notes ==</span><br/> <span style="color:black;"><b>{{Reflist}}</b></span><br/> <br/> <span style="color:#666;">== References ==</span><br/> *<span style="color:black;"><b>Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 51(78)</b></span>.<br/> *<span style="color:black;"><b>Miller, Edward (2005). ''The Sun''. Academic Press</b></span>.</code></p> </blockquote> <p>This is how they look in the article:<span id="refnote"></span></p> <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <p>The Sun is pretty big,<sup id="nbFoot01b" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot01b">[1]</a></sup> but the Moon is not so big.<sup id="nbFoot02b" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot02b">[2]</a></sup> The Sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot03b" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot03b">[3]</a></sup><br/> <br/> <font size="3">Notes</font></p> <hr/> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01b"><b><a href="#nbFoot01b">^</a></b> Miller 2005, p. 23.</li> <li id="noteFoot02b"><b><a href="#nbFoot02b">^</a></b> Brown 2006, p. 46.</li> <li id="noteFoot03b"><b><a href="#nbFoot03b">^</a></b> Miller 2005, p. 34.</li> </ol> </div> <br/> <p><font size="3">References</font></p> <hr/> <ul> <li>Brown, Rebecca (2006). "Size of the Moon", <i>Scientific American</i>, 51(78).</li> <li>Miller, Edward (2005). <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press.</li> </ul> </blockquote> <p>Shortened notes using titles rather than publication dates would look like this in the article:</p> <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <p><font size="3">Notes</font></p> <hr/> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01b"><b><a href="#nbFoot01b">^</a></b> Miller, <i>The Sun</i>, p. 23.</li> <li id="noteFoot02b"><b><a href="#nbFoot02b">^</a></b> Brown, "Size of the Moon", p. 46.</li> <li id="noteFoot03b"><b><a href="#nbFoot03b">^</a></b> Miller, <i>The Sun</i>, p. 34.</li> </ol> </div> </blockquote> <p>When using manual links it is easy to introduce errors such as duplicate anchors and unused references. The script <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ucucha/HarvErrors" title="User:Ucucha/HarvErrors">User:Ucucha/HarvErrors</a> will show many related errors. Duplicate anchors may be found by using the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C_Markup_Validation_Service" title="W3C Markup Validation Service">W3C Markup Validation Service</a>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Parenthetical_referencing">Parenthetical referencing</span></h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing" title="Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing">Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing</a></div> <p>While most articles use footnote citations as described in the above sections, some articles use a <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing" title="Parenthetical referencing">parenthetical referencing</a> style. Here, short citations in parentheses, such as <span class="example good-example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: #006400;">(Smith 2010, p. 1)</span>, are placed within the article text itself. Full details of each source used are given in a <i>full citation</i>, e.g., <span class="example good-example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: #006400;">Smith, John. <i>Name of Book</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2010</span>. The full citations are listed in alphabetical order, according to the authors' surnames, at the end of the article in a "References" section.</p> <p>Several forms of short citation are used in Wikipedia; see <a href="#Short_citations">Short citations</a> above. The inline citation and full citation may be linked using a template (see <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing#Linking_inline_and_full_citations" title="Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing">linking inline and full citations</a>); as with other citation templates, these should not be added to articles without consensus.</p> <p>This is how it looks in the edit box:</p> <blockquote style="color:#999; background:#F4F0EC; padding:1em; border:1px solid DarkSeaGreen;"> <p><code>The Sun is pretty big <span style="color:black;"><b>(Miller 2005, p. 1)</b></span>, but the Moon is not so big <span style="color:black;"><b>(Brown 2006, p. 2)</b></span>. The Sun is also quite hot <span style="color:black;"><b>(Miller 2005, p. 3)</b></span>.<br/> <span style="color:#666;">== References ==</span><br/> *<span style="color:black;"><b>Brown, R (2006). "Size of the Moon", ''Scientific American'', 51(78)</b></span>.<br/> *<span style="color:black;"><b>Miller, E (2005). ''The Sun'', Academic Press</b></span>.</code></p> </blockquote> <p>This is how it looks in the article:</p> <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <p>The Sun is pretty big (Miller 2005, p. 1), but the Moon is not so big (Brown 2006, p. 2). The Sun is also quite hot (Miller 2005, p. 3).<br/> <br/> <font size="3">References</font></p> <hr/> <ul> <li>Brown, R (2006). "Size of the Moon", <i>Scientific American</i>, 51(78).</li> <li>Miller, E (2005). <i>The Sun</i>, Academic Press.</li> </ul> </blockquote> <p>Notice that, unlike footnotes, parenthetical references are placed <i>before</i> adjacent punctuation such as commas and full stops.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="General_references">General references<span id="General_reference"></span></span></h2> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:GENREF"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:GENREF" title="Wikipedia:GENREF" class="mw-redirect">WP:GENREF</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <p>A general reference is a citation to a reliable source that supports content, but is not linked to any particular piece of material in the article through an inline citation. General references are usually listed at the end of the article in a "References" section, and are usually sorted by the last name of the author or the editor.</p> <p>The appearance of a general references section is the same as those given above in the sections on <a href="#Short_citations">short citations</a> and <a href="#Parenthetical_referencing">parenthetical references</a>.</p> <p>A general references section may also be included in an article that will eventually use inline citations throughout if such citations have not yet been given for all the information in the article. In underdeveloped articles, a general references section may exist even though no inline citations at all have yet been added, especially when all article content is supported by a single source. The disadvantage of using general references alone is that <a href="#Text.E2.80.93source_integrity">text–source integrity</a> is lost, unless the article is very short.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="What_information_to_include">What information to include <span id="Putting_together_the_citation"></span><span id="HOW"></span></span></h2> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:CITEHOW"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEHOW" title="Wikipedia:CITEHOW" class="mw-redirect">WP:CITEHOW</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <p>Listed below is the information which a typical inline citation or general reference will provide, though other details may be added as necessary. This information is included in order to identify the source, assist readers in finding it, and (in the case of inline citations) indicate the place in the source where the information is to be found. (If an article uses <a href="#Parenthetical_referencing">parenthetical referencing</a> or <a href="#Short_citations">short citations</a>, then the inline citations will refer to this information in abbreviated form, as described in the relevant sections above.)</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Examples">Examples</span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Books">Books</span></h4> <p>An <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> is assigned to each edition and variation (except reprintings) of a book. It is acknowledged that there are (at least potentially) variations between editions as distinct from reprints that occur between editions. In effect, different editions of the same work can be considered different sources. A reprint in this context is distinctly different from a contemporary reprint of an historical publication (see <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Reprints_of_older_publications" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Reprints of older publications</a>). Reference details should include the edition (if not the first edition) and the date/year published reported is the year that the particular edition became available (see <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species#References" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a> for an example that references multiple editions of the same work). Where publishers list multiple locations/offices on the title page, the location used is the first of these.</p> <p>Citations for books typically include:</p> <ul> <li>name of the author(s)</li> <li>title of the book in italics</li> <li>volume when appropriate</li> <li>name of the publisher</li> <li>city of publication is optional</li> <li>edition number if not the first edition</li> <li>year of publication of the particular edition being referenced</li> <li>chapter or page number(s) if appropriate</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ISBN" title="Wikipedia:ISBN">ISBN</a> is optional</li> </ul> <dl> <dd>Citations for individually authored chapters in books typically include: <ul> <li>name of author</li> <li>the title of the chapter</li> <li>name of the book's editor</li> <li>name of book and other details as above</li> <li>the chapter number or page numbers for the chapter (optional)</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <p>In some instances, the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">verso</a> of a book may record, "Reprinted with corrections XXXX" or similar, where 'XXXX' is a year. This is a different version of a book in the same way that different editions are different versions. In such a case, record: the year of the particular reprint, the edition immediately prior to this particular reprint (if not the first edition) and an a note to say "Reprint with corrections". If {{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite" title="Template:Cite" class="mw-redirect">cite</a>}} (or similar) is being used, the notation, "Reprint with corrections", can be added immediately following the template. <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Reprints_of_older_publications" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Reprints of older publications</a> gives an example of appending a similar textural note.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</span></h4> <p>Citations for journal articles typically include:</p> <ul> <li>name of the author(s)</li> <li>year and sometimes month of publication</li> <li>title of the article within quotation marks</li> <li>name of the journal in italics</li> <li>volume number, issue number, and page numbers (article numbers in some electronic journals)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DOI" title="Wikipedia:DOI" class="mw-redirect">DOI</a> and/or other <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">identifiers</a> are optional</li> </ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Newspaper_articles">Newspaper articles</span></h4> <p>Citations for newspaper articles typically include:</p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byline" title="Byline">byline</a> (author's name), if any</li> <li>title of the article within quotation marks</li> <li>name of the newspaper in italics</li> <li>city of publication (if not included in name of newspaper), in parentheses</li> <li>date of publication (the "cite news" template places the date after the byline if there is one)</li> <li>page number(s) are optional</li> </ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Webpages">Webpages</span></h4> <p>Citations for World Wide Web pages typically include:</p> <ul> <li>URL of the webpage</li> <li>name of the author(s)</li> <li>title of the article within quotation marks</li> <li>name of the website</li> <li>date of publication</li> <li>page number(s) (if applicable)</li> <li>the date you retrieved (or accessed) the webpage (required if the publication date is unknown)</li> </ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Sound_recordings">Sound recordings</span></h4> <p>Citations for sound recordings typically include:</p> <ul> <li>name of the composer(s)/songwriter(s)/script writer(s)</li> <li>name of the performer(s)</li> <li>title of the song or individual track in quotation marks</li> <li>title of the album in italics (if applicable)</li> <li>name of the record label</li> <li>year of release</li> <li>medium (for example: LP, audio cassette, CD, MP3 file)</li> <li>approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate</li> </ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Film.2C_TV.2C_or_video_recordings">Film, TV, or video recordings</span></h4> <p>Citations for films, TV episodes, or video recordings typically include:</p> <ul> <li>name of the director</li> <li>name of the producer, if relevant</li> <li>names of major performers</li> <li>for a TV episode, the title of the episode in quotation marks</li> <li>title of the film or TV series in italics</li> <li>name of the studio</li> <li>year of release</li> <li>medium (for example: film, videocassette, DVD)</li> <li>approximate time at which event or point of interest occurs, where appropriate</li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Identifying_parts_of_a_source">Identifying parts of a source</span></h3> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:Page_numbers"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Page_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Page numbers" class="mw-redirect">WP:Page numbers</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Help:References and page numbers</a></div> <p>When citing lengthy sources, you should identify which part of a source is being cited.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Books_and_print_articles">Books and print articles</span></h4> <p>Specify the page number or range of page numbers. Page numbers are not required for a reference to the book or article as a whole. When you specify a page number, it is helpful to specify the version (date and edition for books) of the source because the layout, pagination, length, etc. can change between editions.</p> <p>If there are no page numbers, whether in <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook" class="mw-redirect">ebooks</a> or print materials, then you can use other means of identifying the relevant section of a lengthy work, such as the chapter number or the section title.</p> <p>In some works, such as plays and ancient works, there are standard methods of referring to sections, such as "Act 1, scene 2" for plays and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekker_numbers" title="Bekker numbers" class="mw-redirect">Bekker numbers</a> for Aristotle's works. Use these methods whenever appropriate.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Audio_and_video_sources">Audio and video sources</span></h4> <p>Specify the time at which the event or other point of interest occurs. Be as precise as possible about the version of the source that you are citing; for example, movies are often released in different editions or "cuts". Due to variations between formats and playback equipment, precision may not be accurate in some cases. However, many government agencies do not publish minutes and transcripts but do post video of official meetings online; generally the subcontractors who handle audio-visual are quite precise.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Links_and_ID_numbers">Links and ID numbers</span></h3> <p>A citation ideally includes a link or ID number to help editors locate the source. If you have a URL (webpage) link, you can add it to the title part of the citation, so that when you add the citation to Wikipedia the URL becomes hidden and the title becomes clickable. To do this, enclose the URL and the title in square brackets—the URL first, then a space, then the title. For example:</p> <blockquote> <p><code>Carr A, Ory D (2006). [http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030496 "Does HIV cause cardiovascular disease?"] ''PLoS Medicine'', 3(11):e496.</code></p> </blockquote> <p>For web-only sources with no publication date, the "Retrieved" date (or the date you accessed the webpage) should be included, in case the webpage changes in the future. For example: <span class="example good-example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: #006400;">Retrieved 15 July 2011</span> or you can use the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RefToolbar_2.0#Automatic_date_insertion" title="Wikipedia:RefToolbar 2.0" class="mw-redirect">accessdate</a> parameter in the automatic <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RefToolbar_2.0" title="Wikipedia:RefToolbar 2.0" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:refToolbar 2.0</a> editing window feature.</p> <p>You can also add an ID number to the end of a citation. The ID number might be an <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> for a book, a <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> (Digital Object Identifier) for an article, or any of several ID numbers that are specific to particular article databases, such as a PMID number for articles on <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>. It may be possible to format these so that they are automatically activated and become clickable when added to Wikipedia, for example by typing ISBN (or PMID) followed by a space and the ID number. Additionally, several templates exist to facilitate references from these standard sources; see <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_doi" title="Template:Cite doi">Template:Cite doi</a> and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_jstor" title="Template:Cite jstor">Template:Cite jstor</a>, for using <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> identifiers, respectively.</p> <p>If your source is not available online, it should be available in reputable libraries, archives, or collections. If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable, any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available (though not necessarily <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">reliable</a>): providing an <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> or <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> number; linking to an established Wikipedia article about the source (the work, its author, or its publisher); or directly quoting the material on the talk page, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COPYVIO" title="Wikipedia:COPYVIO" class="mw-redirect">briefly</a> and in context.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Linking_to_Google_Books_pages">Linking to Google Books pages</span></h4> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:PAGELINK"></span><span id="WP:PAGELINKS"></span><span id="WP:BOOKLINKS"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PAGELINK" title="Wikipedia:PAGELINK" class="mw-redirect">WP:PAGELINK</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PAGELINKS" title="Wikipedia:PAGELINKS" class="mw-redirect">WP:PAGELINKS</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BOOKLINKS" title="Wikipedia:BOOKLINKS" class="mw-redirect">WP:BOOKLINKS</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote">Further information: [[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://reftag.appspot.com/">Wikipedia citation tool for Google Books</a>]] and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Citing_sources/Archive_29#Linking_to_Google_Books_pages" title="Wikipedia talk:Citing sources/Archive 29">Wikipedia talk:Citing sources/Archive 29 § Linking to Google Books pages</a></div> <p><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> allows book pages to be linked to directly if both the book and the individual pages have been made available for preview. These can be written in a number of ways, with or without citation templates:</p> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>Rawls, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18"><i>A Theory of Justice</i></a>. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 18.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18">Rawls 1971, p. 18</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18">Rawls 1971</a>, p. 18.</li> <li>Rawls 1971, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18">p. 18</a>.</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <p>In edit mode, the URL for p. 18 of <i><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> looks like this:</p> <ul> <li>Rawls, John. [http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PA18 ''A Theory of Justice'']. Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 18.</li> </ul> <p>When the page number is a <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_numeral" title="Roman numeral" class="mw-redirect">Roman numeral</a>, commonly seen at the beginning of books, the URL looks like this for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PR17">page xvii</a> of the same book:</p> <ul> <li>http://books.google.com/books?id=kvpby7HtAe0C&pg=PR17</li> </ul> <p>You can also link to a <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipped-in_page" title="Tipped-in page">tipped-in page</a>, such as an unnumbered page of images between two regular pages. (If the page contains an image that is protected by copyright, it will be replaced by a tiny notice saying "copyrighted image.") The URL for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C&pg=PA304-IA11">eleventh tipped-in page inserted after page 304</a> of <i>The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony</i>, looks like this:</p> <ul> <li>http://books.google.com/books?id=dBs4CO1DsF4C&pg=PA304-IA11</li> </ul> <p>Page links should only be added when the book is available for preview; they will not work with snippet view. Keep in mind that availability varies by location. No editor is required to add page links, but if another editor adds them, they should not be removed without cause; see the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Citing_sources/Archive_29#Linking_to_Google_Books_pages" title="Wikipedia talk:Citing sources/Archive 29">October 2010 RfC</a> for further information.</p> <dl> <dd>Note that the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a>, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a> and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a> templates properly support links only in the 'url' and 'archiveurl' fields. Placing links in the 'page' or 'pages' fields may not link properly and will cause mangled <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COinS" title="COinS">COinS</a> output.</dd> </dl> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Linking_to_PDF_files">Linking to PDF files</span></h4> <p>Links to long PDF documents can be made more convenient by taking readers to a specific page with the addition of <code>#page=n</code> to the document URL, where <code>n</code> is the page number. For example, using <code>http://www.domain.com/document.pdf#page=5</code> as the citation URL displays page five of the document in any PDF viewer that supports this feature; otherwise, it goes to the first page.</p> <p>Note that this functionality depends on support from the web browser's PDF viewer. In some cases, the browser may ignore the PDF page specification and display the first page instead.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Convenience_links">Convenience links</span></h4> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights#Linking_to_copyrighted_works" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia:Copyrights § Linking to copyrighted works</a></div> <p>A <i>convenience link</i> is a link to a copy of your source on a webpage provided by someone other than the original publisher or author. For example, a copy of a newspaper article no longer available on the newspaper's website may be hosted elsewhere. When offering convenience links, it is important to be reasonably certain that the convenience copy is a true copy of the original, without any changes or inappropriate commentary, and that it does not infringe the original publisher's copyright. Accuracy can be assumed when the hosting website appears reliable. Where several sites host a copy of the material, the site selected as the convenience link should be the one whose general content appears most in line with <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view</a> and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability</a>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Say_where_you_read_it">Say where <i>you</i> read it <span id="SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT"></span></span></h3> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT"></span><span id="WP:SAYWHEREYOUREADIT"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT" title="Wikipedia:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT" class="mw-redirect">WP:SAYWHEREYOUGOTIT</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SAYWHEREYOUREADIT" title="Wikipedia:SAYWHEREYOUREADIT" class="mw-redirect">WP:SAYWHEREYOUREADIT</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <p>Don't cite a source unless you've seen it for yourself. If you want to cite John Smith, but you've only read Paul Jones, who cites Smith, then write it like this (this formatting is just an example, and the 8 would match with a citation number in the text):</p> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>8. Smith, John, <i>Name of Book I Haven't Seen</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2009), 1, cited in Paul Jones, ed., <i>Name of Encyclopedia I Have Seen</i>, (Oxford University Press, 2010), 2.</p> </blockquote> <p>However, if you have read Smith's book yourself, you may cite it directly; there is no need to give credit to any sources, search engines, websites, library catalogs, etc., that led you to that book. You also do not need to specify <i>how</i> you obtained and read Smith's book; so long as you are confident that you read a true and accurate copy, it does not matter whether you read the book using an online service like Google Books, using preview options at a bookseller's website like Amazon, on an e-reader (except to the extent that this affects page numbering), through your library, with online <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PAYWALL" title="Wikipedia:PAYWALL" class="mw-redirect">paid databases of scanned publications</a>, using <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_machine" title="Reading machine">reading machines</a>, or any other method.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reprints_of_older_publications">Reprints of older publications</span></h3> <p>Editors should be aware that older sources (especially those in the public domain) are sometimes reprinted with modern publication dates. When this occurs and the citation style being used requires it, cite both the <i>original</i> publication date, as well as the date of the re-publication. E.g.:</p> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Darwin, Charles (1964) [1859]. <i>On the Origin of Species</i> (facsimile of 1st ed.). Harvard University Press.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources&rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+Species&rft.date=1964&rft.edition=facsimile+of+1st&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <p>This is done automatically in the {{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}} and {{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}} templates when you use the <code class="nowrap">|origyear=</code> parameter.</p> <p>Alternately, information about the reprint can be appended as a textual note:</p> <ul> <li><span class="citation book">Boole, George (1854). <i>An Investigation of the Laws of Thought on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities</i>. Macmillan.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWikipedia%3ACiting+sources&rft.au=Boole%2C+George&rft.aufirst=George&rft.aulast=Boole&rft.btitle=An+Investigation+of+the+Laws+of+Thought+on+Which+are+Founded+the+Mathematical+Theories+of+Logic+and+Probabilities&rft.date=1854&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Reprinted with corrections, Dover Publications, New York, NY, 1958.</li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Additional_annotation">Additional annotation</span></h3> <p>In most cases it is sufficient for a citation footnote simply to identify the source (as described in the sections above); readers can then consult the source to see how it supports the information in the article. Sometimes, however, it is useful to include additional <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annotation" title="Annotation">annotation</a> in the footnote, for example to indicate precisely which information the source is supporting (particularly when a single footnote lists more than one source – see <a href="#Bundling_citations">Bundling citations</a> and <a href="#Text.E2.80.93source_integrity">Text–source integrity</a> below).</p> <p>A footnote may also contain a relevant exact quotation from the source. This is especially helpful when the cited text is long or dense. A quotation allows readers to immediately identify the applicable portion of the reference. Quotes are also useful if the source is not easily accessible.</p> <p>In the case of non-English sources, it may be helpful to quote from the original text and then give an English translation. If the article itself contains a translation of a quote from such a source (without the original), then the original should be included in the footnote. See <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOENG" title="Wikipedia:NOENG" class="mw-redirect">Non-English sources</a> in the verifiability policy for more information.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Citation_style">Citation style <span id="Citation_styles"></span></span></h2> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:CITESTYLE"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESTYLE" title="Wikipedia:CITESTYLE" class="mw-redirect">WP:CITESTYLE</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <p>While citations should aim to provide the information listed above, Wikipedia does not have a single <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">house style</a>, though citations within any given article should follow a consistent style. A number of citation styles exist including those described in the Wikipedia articles for <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Citation</a>, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA style</a>, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASA_style" title="ASA style">ASA style</a>, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MLA_style" title="MLA style" class="mw-redirect">MLA style</a>, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a>, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author-date_referencing" title="Author-date referencing" class="mw-redirect">Author-date referencing</a>, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_system" title="Vancouver system">Vancouver system</a> and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebook" title="Bluebook">Bluebook</a>. Examples can be found at <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Example_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example style">Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example style</a>.</p> <p>Although nearly any consistent style may be used, <b>avoid</b> all-numeric date formats other than YYYY-MM-DD, because of the ambiguity concerning which number is the month and which the day. For example, <span class="example good-example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: #006400;">2002-06-11</span> may be used, but not <span class="example bad-example" style="font-family: Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', serif; color: #8B0000;">11/06/2002</span>. The YYYY-MM-DD format should in any case be limited to <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> dates where the year is after 1582.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Variation_in_citation_methods">Variation in citation methods <span id="Style_variation_and_consistency"></span></span></h3> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:CITEVAR"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEVAR" title="Wikipedia:CITEVAR" class="mw-redirect">WP:CITEVAR</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <p>Editors should not attempt to change an article's established citation style merely on the grounds of personal preference, to make it match other articles, or without first seeking <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> for the change. As with <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ENGVAR" title="Wikipedia:ENGVAR" class="mw-redirect">spelling differences</a>, it is normal practice to defer to the style used by the first major contributor or adopted by the consensus of editors already working on the page, unless a change in consensus has been achieved. If the article you are editing is already using a particular citation style, you should follow it; if you believe it is inappropriate for the needs of the article, seek consensus for a change on the talk page. If you are the first contributor to add citations to an article, you may choose whichever style you think best for the article.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="To_be_avoided">To be avoided</span></h4> <ul> <li>Switching between major citation styles, e.g., switching between <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PAREN" title="Wikipedia:PAREN" class="mw-redirect">parenthetical</a> and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes"><ref> tags</a> or between the style preferred by one academic discipline vs. another</li> <li>Adding citation templates to an article that already uses a consistent system without templates, or removing citation templates from an article that uses them consistently</li> </ul> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Generally_considered_helpful">Generally considered helpful</span></h4> <ul> <li>Improving existing citations by adding missing information, such as by replacing bare URLs with full bibliographic citations: an improvement because it fights <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Linkrot" title="Wikipedia:Linkrot" class="mw-redirect">linkrot</a></li> <li>Replacing some or all general references with inline citations: an improvement because it provides more information to the reader and helps maintain text–source integrity</li> <li>Imposing one style on an article with incompatible citation styles (e.g., some of the citations in footnotes and others as parenthetical references): an improvement because it makes the formatting consistent</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Handling_links_in_citations">Handling links in citations</span></h2> <p>As noted above under <a href="#What_information_to_include"><i>What information to include</i></a>, it is helpful to include hyperlinks to source material, when available. Here we note some issues concerning these links.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Avoid_embedded_links">Avoid embedded links</span></h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Embedded_citations" title="Wikipedia:Embedded citations">Wikipedia:Embedded citations</a></div> <p>Embedded links to external websites should not be used as a form of inline citation, because they are highly susceptible to <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Linkrot" title="Wikipedia:Linkrot" class="mw-redirect">linkrot</a>. Wikipedia allowed this in its early years—for example by adding a link after a sentence, like this [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html], which looks like this. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html">[1]</a> This is no longer recommended. Raw links are not recommended in lieu of properly written out citations, even if placed between ref tags, like this <code><ref>[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html]</ref></code>.</p> <p>Embedded links should never be used to place <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:EL" title="Wikipedia:EL" class="mw-redirect">external links</a> in the body of an article, like this: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://apple.com/">Apple, Inc.</a> announced their latest product...".</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Convenience_links_2">Convenience links</span></h3> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights#Linking_to_copyrighted_works" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">Wikipedia:Copyrights § Linking to copyrighted works</a></div> <p>A <i>convenience link</i> is a link to a copy of your source on a webpage provided by someone other than the original publisher or author. For example, a copy of a newspaper article no longer available on the newspaper's website may be hosted elsewhere. When offering convenience links, it is important to be reasonably certain that the convenience copy is a true copy of the original, without any changes or inappropriate commentary, and that it does not infringe the original publisher's copyright. Accuracy can be assumed when the hosting website appears reliable. Where several sites host a copy of the material, the site selected as the convenience link should be the one whose general content appears most in line with <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view</a> and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Wikipedia:Verifiability</a>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Indicating_availability">Indicating availability</span></h3> <p>If your source is not available online, it should be available in reputable libraries, archives, or collections. If a citation without an external link is challenged as unavailable, any of the following is sufficient to show the material to be reasonably available (though not necessarily <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">reliable</a>): providing an <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN" class="mw-redirect">ISBN</a> or <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> number; linking to an established Wikipedia article about the source (the work, its author, or its publisher); or directly quoting the material on the talk page, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:COPYVIO" title="Wikipedia:COPYVIO" class="mw-redirect">briefly</a> and in context.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Links_to_sources">Links to sources</span></h3> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:SOURCELINKS"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:SOURCELINKS" title="Wikipedia:SOURCELINKS" class="mw-redirect">WP:SOURCELINKS</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <p>For a source available in <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_copy" title="Hard copy">hardcopy</a>, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microform" title="Microform">microform</a>, and/or <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_and_offline" title="Online and offline">online</a>, omit, in most cases, which one you read. While it is useful to cite author, title, edition (1st, 2nd, etc.), and similar information, it generally is not important to cite a database such as <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBSCO_Publishing" title="EBSCO Publishing" class="mw-redirect">EbscoHost</a>, or <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JStor</a> (see the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">list of academic databases and search engines</a>) or to link to such a database requiring a subscription or a third party's login. The basic bibliographic information you provide should be enough to search for the source in any of these databases that have the source. Don't add a URL that has a part of a password embedded in the URL. However, you may provide the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Wikipedia:Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ISBN" title="Wikipedia:ISBN">ISBN</a>, or another uniform identifier, if available. If the publisher offers a link to the source or its abstract that does not require a payment or a third party's login for access, you may provide the URL for that link. If the source only exists online, give the link even if access is restricted (see <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PAYWALL" title="Wikipedia:PAYWALL" class="mw-redirect">WP:PAYWALL</a>).</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Preventing_and_repairing_dead_links">Preventing and repairing dead links <span id="Dead_links"></span></span></h3> <div class="hatnote boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">Wikipedia:Link rot</a></div> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:DEADREF"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DEADREF" title="Wikipedia:DEADREF" class="mw-redirect">WP:DEADREF</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <p>To help prevent <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dead_external_links" title="Wikipedia:Dead external links" class="mw-redirect">dead links</a>, persistent identifiers are available for some sources. Some journal articles have a <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">digital object identifier</a> (DOI); some online newspapers and blogs, and also Wikipedia, have <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permalink" title="Permalink">permalinks</a> that are stable. When permanent links aren't available, consider archiving the referenced document when writing the article; on-demand web archiving services such as <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://www.webcitation.org/">http://www.webcitation.org</a>) are fairly easy to use (see <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Further_considerations#Pre-emptive_archiving" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations">pre-emptive archiving</a>).</p> <p>Dead links should be repaired or replaced if possible. Do not delete a citation merely because the URL is not working today. Follow these steps when you encounter a dead URL being used as a reliable source to support article content:</p> <ol> <li><b>Confirm status</b>: First, check the link to confirm that it is dead and not temporarily down. Search the website to see whether it has been rearranged.</li> <li><b>Check for web archives</b>: Many <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">Web archiving</a> services exist; link to their archive of the URL's content, if available. Examples: <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a> has billions of archived webpages. See <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Using_the_Wayback_Machine" title="Wikipedia:Using the Wayback Machine" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Using the Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a> has billions of archived webpages. See <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Using_WebCite" title="Wikipedia:Using WebCite">Wikipedia:Using WebCite</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Government_Web_Archive" title="UK Government Web Archive" class="mw-redirect">UK Government Web Archive</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/">http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/webarchive/</a>) preserves 1500 UK central government websites.</li> <li>The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://www.webarchive.org.uk/mementos/search">Mementos interface</a> allows you to search multiple <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">archiving services</a> with a single request using the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memento_Project" title="Memento Project">Memento</a> protocol. Unfortunately, the Mementos webpage interface removes any <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_string" title="Query string">parameters</a> which are passed with the URL. If the URL contains a "?" it is unlikely to work properly. When entering the URL into the Mementos interface manually, the most common change needed is to change "?" to "%3F". While making only this change will not be sufficient in all cases, it will work most of the time. The bookmarklet in the table below will properly encode URLs such that searches will work.</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <dl> <dd> <dl> <dd>If multiple archive dates are available, try to use one that is most likely to be the contents of the page seen by the editor who entered the reference on the <code class="nowrap">|accessdate=</code>. If that parameter is not specified, a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://wikipedia.ramselehof.de/wikiblame.php?lang=en">search of the article's revision history</a> can be performed to determine when the link was added to the article.</dd> <dd>For most citation templates, archive locations are entered using the <code class="nowrap">|archiveurl=</code>, <code class="nowrap">|archivedate=</code> and <code class="nowrap">|deadurl=</code> parameters. The primary link is automatically switched to the archive when <code class="nowrap">|deadurl=yes</code>. This retains the original link location for reference.</dd> <dd><i>Note:</i> Some archives currently operate with a delay of ~18 months before a link is made public. As a result, editors should wait ~24 months after the link is first tagged as dead before declaring that no web archive exists. Dead URLs to reliable sources should normally be tagged with <code><code>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dead_link" title="Template:Dead link">dead link</a>|date=March 2015}}</code></code>, so that you can estimate how long the link has been dead.</dd> <dd><b>Bookmarklets</b> to check common archive sites for archives of the current page: <ul> <li>Archive.org: <pre style="white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; word-wrap:break-word;"> javascript:void(window.open('https://web.archive.org/web/*/'+location.href)) </pre></li> <li>WebCite: <pre style="white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; word-wrap:break-word;"> javascript:void(window.open('http://www.webcitation.org/query.php?url='+location.href)) </pre></li> <li>Wikiwix: <pre style="white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; word-wrap:break-word;"> javascript:void(window.open('http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url='+location.href)) </pre></li> <li>Mementos interface: <pre style="white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; word-wrap:break-word;"> javascript:void(window.open('http://www.webarchive.org.uk/mementos/search/'+encodeURIComponent(location.href)+'?referrer='+encodeURIComponent(document.referrer))) </pre></li> </ul> </dd> <dd><i>Note:</i> Links to the archiving site archive.is are not permitted on the English Wikipedia: See <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Archive.is_RFC" title="Wikipedia:Archive.is RFC">WP:Archive.is RFC</a> for more information.</dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> <ol> <li value="3"><b>Remove convenience links</b>: If the material was published on paper (e.g., academic journal, newspaper article, magazine, book), then the dead URL is not necessary. Simply remove the dead URL, leaving the remainder of the reference intact.</li> <li><b>Find a replacement source</b>: Search the web for quoted text, the article title, and parts of the URL. Consider contacting the website/person that originally published the reference and asking them to republish it. Ask other editors for help finding the reference somewhere else, including the user who added the reference. Find a different source that says essentially the same thing as the reference in question.</li> <li><b>Remove hopelessly lost web-only sources</b>: If the source material does not exist offline, <i>and</i> if there is no archived version of the webpage (be sure to wait ~24 months), <i>and</i> if you cannot find another copy of the material, then the dead citation should be removed and the material it supports should be regarded as unverified if there is no other supporting citation. If it is material that is <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:MINREF" title="Wikipedia:MINREF" class="mw-redirect">specifically required by policy to have an inline citation</a>, then please consider tagging it with <code>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">citation needed</a>}}</code>. It may be appropriate for you to move the citation to the talk page with an explanation, and notify the editor that added the now-dead link.</li> </ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Text.E2.80.93source_integrity">Text–source integrity<span id="INTEGRITY"></span><span id="Text.E2.80.93source_integrity"></span><span id="Text-source_integrity"></span></span></h2> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:INTEGRITY"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INTEGRITY" title="Wikipedia:INTEGRITY" class="mw-redirect">WP:INTEGRITY</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote">For WikiProject Integrity (which is not related to text–source integrity), go <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Integrity" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Integrity">here</a>.</div> <p>When using inline citations, it is important to maintain text–source integrity. The point of an inline citation is to allow readers and other editors to check that the material is sourced; that point is lost if the citation is not clearly placed. The distance between material and its source is a matter of editorial judgment, but adding text without clearly placing its source may lead to allegations of <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOR" title="Wikipedia:NOR" class="mw-redirect">original research</a>, of violations of the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:V" title="Wikipedia:V" class="mw-redirect">sourcing policy</a>, and even of <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:PLAGFORM" title="Wikipedia:PLAGFORM" class="mw-redirect">plagiarism</a>.</p> <p>Editors should exercise caution when rearranging or inserting material to ensure that text–source relationships are maintained. In particular, if a sentence or paragraph is footnoted with a source, adding material to that sentence which is not supported by the source is highly misleading. When new text is inserted into a paragraph, make sure it is supported. For example:</p> <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <p>The sun is pretty big.<sup id="nbFoot01a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot01a">[1]</a></sup> The sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot03a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot03a">[2]</a></sup><br/> <br/> <font size="3">Notes</font></p> <hr/> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01a"><b><a href="#nbFoot01a">^</a></b> Miller, Edward. <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.</li> <li id="noteFoot03a"><b><a href="#nbFoot03a">^</a></b> Smith, John. <i>The Sun's Heat</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li> </ol> </blockquote> <p>Do not add other facts or assertions into a fully cited paragraph or sentence:</p> <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <p><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" width="20" height="23" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/><span style="display:none">N</span></p> <p>The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big.<sup id="nbFoot01a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot01a">[1]</a></sup> The sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot03a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot03a">[2]</a></sup><br/> <br/> <font size="3">Notes</font></p> <hr/> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01a"><b><a href="#nbFoot01a">^</a></b> Miller, Edward. <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.</li> <li id="noteFoot03a"><b><a href="#nbFoot03a">^</a></b> Smith, John. <i>The Sun's Heat</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li> </ol> </blockquote> <p>Include a source to support the new information. There are several ways to write this, including:</p> <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <p><img alt="Yes" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/><span style="display:none">Y</span></p> <p>The sun is pretty big,<sup id="nbFoot01a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot01a">[1]</a></sup> but the moon is not so big.<sup id="nbFoot02a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot02a">[2]</a></sup> The sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot03a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot03a">[3]</a></sup><br/> <br/> <font size="3">Notes</font></p> <hr/> <ol class="references"> <li id="noteFoot01a"><b><a href="#nbFoot01a">^</a></b> Miller, Edward. <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.</li> <li id="noteFoot02a"><b><a href="#nbFoot02a">^</a></b> Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", <i>Scientific American</i>, 51(78):46.</li> <li id="noteFoot03a"><b><a href="#nbFoot03a">^</a></b> Smith, John. <i>The Sun's Heat</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li> </ol> </blockquote> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bundling_citations">Bundling citations</span></h2> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:CITEBUNDLE"></span><span id="WP:BUNDLING"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITEBUNDLE" title="Wikipedia:CITEBUNDLE" class="mw-redirect">WP:CITEBUNDLE</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BUNDLING" title="Wikipedia:BUNDLING" class="mw-redirect">WP:BUNDLING</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill" title="Wikipedia:Citation overkill">Wikipedia:Citation overkill</a></div> <p>Sometimes the article is more readable if multiple citations are bundled into a single footnote. For example, when there are multiple sources for a given sentence, and each source applies to the entire sentence, the sources can be placed at the end of the sentence, like this.<sup class="reference nowrap" style="color:#002bb8;">[4]</sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="color:#002bb8;">[5]</sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="color:#002bb8;">[6]</sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="color:#002bb8;">[7]</sup> Or they can be bundled into one footnote at the end of the sentence or paragraph, like this.<sup class="reference nowrap" style="color:#002bb8;">[4]</sup></p> <p>Bundling is also useful if the sources each support a different portion of the preceding text, or if the sources all support the same text. Bundling has several advantages:</p> <dl> <dd> <ul> <li>It helps readers and other editors see at a glance which source supports which point, maintaining <a href="#Text.E2.80.93source_integrity">text–source integrity</a>;</li> <li>It avoids the visual clutter of multiple clickable footnotes inside a sentence or paragraph;</li> <li>It avoids the confusion of having multiple sources listed separately after sentences, with no indication of which source to check for each part of the text, such as this.<sup class="reference nowrap" style="color:#002bb8;">[1]</sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="color:#002bb8;">[2]</sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="color:#002bb8;">[3]</sup><sup class="reference nowrap" style="color:#002bb8;">[4]</sup></li> <li>It makes it less likely that inline citations will be moved inadvertently when text is re-arranged, because the footnote states clearly which source supports which point.</li> </ul> </dd> </dl> <p>When formatting multiple citations in a footnote, there are several layouts available, as illustrated below. Within a given article, only a single layout should be used.</p> <blockquote style="background:white; padding:1em; border:1px solid #999;"> <p>The sun is pretty big, but the moon is not so big. The sun is also quite hot.<sup id="nbFoot01a" class="reference"><a href="#noteFoot01a">[1]</a></sup><br/> <br/> <font size="3">Notes</font></p> <hr/> <ol class="references"> <li style="list-style: none"><b>Bullets</b></li> <li id="noteFoot01a" value="1"><b><a href="#nbFoot01a">^</a></b> For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. <ul> <li>For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", <i>Scientific American</i>, 51(78):46.</li> <li>For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. <i>The Sun's Heat</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li> </ul> <b>Line breaks</b></li> <li id="noteFoot02a" value="1"><b><a href="#nbFoot02a">^</a></b> For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1.<br/> For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", <i>Scientific American</i>, 51(78):46.<br/> For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. <i>The Sun's Heat</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2. <p><b>Paragraph</b></p> </li> <li id="noteFoot03a" value="1"><b><a href="#nbFoot03a">^</a></b> For the sun's size, see Miller, Edward. <i>The Sun</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 1. For the moon's size, see Brown, Rebecca. "Size of the Moon", <i>Scientific American</i>, 51(78):46. For the sun's heat, see Smith, John. <i>The Sun's Heat</i>. Academic Press, 2005, p. 2.</li> </ol> </blockquote> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="In-text_attribution">In-text attribution</span></h2> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:INTEXT"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INTEXT" title="Wikipedia:INTEXT" class="mw-redirect">WP:INTEXT</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Attributing_and_specifying_biased_statements" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Wikipedia:Neutral point of view § Attributing and specifying biased statements</a></div> <p><b>In-text attribution</b> is the attribution inside a sentence of material to its source, in addition to an <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITE" title="Wikipedia:INCITE" class="mw-redirect">inline citation</a> after the sentence. In-text attribution should be used with <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_speech" title="Direct speech">direct speech</a> (a source's words between quotation marks or as a <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_quotation" title="Block quotation">block quotation</a>); <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_speech" title="Indirect speech">indirect speech</a> (a source's words modified without quotation marks); and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Close_paraphrasing" title="Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing">close paraphrasing</a>. It can also be used when loosely summarizing a source's position in your own words. It avoids inadvertent plagiarism and helps the reader see where a position is coming from. An inline citation should follow the attribution, usually at the end of the sentence or paragraph in question.</p> <p>For example:</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> <p><img alt="Yes" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/><span style="display:none">Y</span> <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">John Rawls</a> says that, to reach fair decisions, parties must consider matters as if behind a <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veil_of_ignorance" title="Veil of ignorance">veil of ignorance</a>.<sup class="reference nowrap" style="color:#002bb8;">[2]</sup></p> </blockquote> <p>When using in-text attribution, make sure it doesn't lead to an inadvertent <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect">neutrality</a> violation. For example, the following implies parity between the sources, without making clear that the position of Darwin is the majority view:</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> <p><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" width="20" height="23" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/><span style="display:none">N</span> <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> says that human beings evolved through <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, but John Smith writes that we arrived here in pods from Mars.</p> </blockquote> <p>Neutrality issues apart, there are other ways in-text attribution can mislead. The sentence below suggests <i>The New York Times</i> has alone made this important discovery:</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> <p><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" width="20" height="23" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/><span style="display:none">N</span> According to <i>The New York Times</i>, the sun will set in the west this evening.</p> </blockquote> <p>It is best not to clutter articles with information best left to the references. Interested readers can click on the ref to find out the publishing journal:</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> <p><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/20px-X_mark.svg.png" width="20" height="23" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/30px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/40px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600"/><span style="display:none">N</span> In an article published in the <i>The Lancet</i> in 2012, researchers announced the discovery of the new tissue type.<sup class="reference nowrap" style="color:#002bb8;">[3]</sup></p> </blockquote> <p>Simple facts such as this can have inline citations to reliable sources as an aid to the reader, but normally the text itself is best left as a plain statement without in-text attribution:</p> <blockquote class="toccolours" style="float:none; padding: 10px 15px 10px 15px; display:table;"> <p><img alt="Yes" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/20px-Yes_check.svg.png" width="20" height="20" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/30px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/40px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"/><span style="display:none">Y</span>By mass, oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen and helium.<sup class="reference nowrap" style="color:#002bb8;">[4]</sup></p> </blockquote> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dealing_with_unsourced_material"><span id="Unsourced_material"></span> Dealing with unsourced material</span></h2> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:NOCITE"></span><span id="WP:BLPCITE"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOCITE" title="Wikipedia:NOCITE" class="mw-redirect">WP:NOCITE</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLPCITE" title="Wikipedia:BLPCITE" class="mw-redirect">WP:BLPCITE</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <p>If an article is unreferenced, you can tag it with the {{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Unreferenced" title="Template:Unreferenced">unreferenced</a>}} template, so long as it is not nonsensical or a <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP" title="Wikipedia:BLP" class="mw-redirect">biography of a living person</a>, in which case request admin assistance.</p> <ul> <li>If a claim is <b>doubtful but not harmful</b>, use the {{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed">citation needed</a>}} template, which will add an inline tag, but remember to go back and remove the claim if no source is produced within a reasonable time.</li> <li>If a claim is <b>doubtful and harmful</b>, remove it from the article. You may want to move it to the talk page and ask for a source, unless it is very harmful or absurd, in which case it should not be posted to the talk page either. Use common sense.</li> <li>All unsourced and poorly sourced contentious material about living persons must be removed from articles and talk pages immediately. See <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons</a> and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Libel" title="Wikipedia:Libel">Wikipedia:Libel</a>.</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Citation_templates_and_tools">Citation templates and tools</span></h2> <div style="position:relative;top:-3em"><span id="WP:CITECONSENSUS"></span></div> <table class="shortcutbox noprint" style="float:right;border:1px solid #aaa;background:#fff;margin:.3em .3em .3em 1em;padding:3px;text-align:center"> <tr> <th class="plainlist" style="border:none;background:transparent"><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:</small> <ul> <li><small><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CITECONSENSUS" title="Wikipedia:CITECONSENSUS" class="mw-redirect">WP:CITECONSENSUS</a></small></li> </ul> </th> </tr> </table> <div class="hatnote">Further information: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Wikipedia:Citation templates</a> and <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Help:Citation tools</a></div> <dl> <dd><i>For a comparison of citations using templates with citations written freehand, see <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Example_edits_for_different_methods#Footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods">Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods</a>.</i></dd> </dl> <p><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a> can be used to format citations in a consistent way. The use of citation templates is neither encouraged nor discouraged: an article should not be switched between templated and non-templated citations without good reason and consensus – see <a href="#Variation_in_citation_methods"><i>Variation in citation methods</i></a> above.</p> <p>If citation templates are used in an article, the parameters should be accurate. It is inappropriate to set parameters to false values in order that the template will be rendered to the reader as if it were written in some style other than the style normally produced by the template (e.g., <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_MLA_Style_Manual" title="The MLA Style Manual">MLA style</a>).</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Metadata">Metadata</span></h3> <p>Citations may be accompanied by metadata, though it is not mandatory. Most citation templates on Wikipedia use the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COinS" title="COinS">COinS</a> standard. Metadata such as this allow browser plugins and other automated software to make citation data accessible to the user, for instance by providing links to their library's online copies of the cited works. In articles that format citations manually, metadata may be added manually in a span, according to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://ocoins.info/">COinS specification</a>.</p> <p><span id="generators"></span></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citation_processing_tools">Citation processing tools</span></h3> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Ark25/RefScript" title="User:Ark25/RefScript">User:Ark25/RefScript</a>, a JavaScript bookmarklet - creates references in one click, works for many newspapers</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Zhaofeng_Li/Reflinks" title="User:Zhaofeng Li/Reflinks" class="mw-redirect">User:Zhaofeng Li/Reflinks</a> - adds titles to bare references and other cleanup</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://github.com/Holek/cite-gen">Citation template generator</a> – generates complete templates using identification numbers such as PMIDs (<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> IDs).</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation/core" title="Template:Citation/core">Template:Citation/core</a> – a core template used by other citation templates</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Citation_bot" title="User:Citation bot">User:Citation bot</a> (formerly DOI bot) – a bot that automatically fixes common errors in individual citations, and adds missing fields</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:CitationTool" title="User:CitationTool">User:CitationTool</a> – a tool for finding article-level citation errors and fixing them. Not currently functional.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://reftag.appspot.com/">Wikipedia citation tool for Google Books</a> – converts bare Google book links into {{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}} format.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://reftag.appspot.com/doiweb.py">DOI Wikipedia reference generator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://reftag.appspot.com/nytweb.py">New York Times Wikipedia reference generator</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://tools.wmflabs.org/yadkard/">Yadkard</a>: A web-based tool for generating <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">shortened footnotes</a> and citation using Google Books URLs, DOI or ISBN. Also supports some news websites.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Salix_alba/Citoid" title="User:Salix alba/Citoid">User:Salix_alba/Citoid</a> a client for the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/citoid" class="extiw" title="mw:citoid">mw:citoid</a> server which generates <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> templates from urls.</li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Programming_tools">Programming tools</span></h3> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikicite" title="Wikipedia:Wikicite">Wikicite</a> is a free program that helps editors to create citations for their Wikipedia contributions using <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">citation templates</a>. It is written in <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" title="Visual Basic .NET">Visual Basic .NET</a>, making it suitable only for users with the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a> installed on Windows, or, for other platforms, the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a> alternative framework. Wikicite and its source code is freely available; see the <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikicite" title="Wikipedia:Wikicite">developer's page</a> for further details. <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nacimota/Wikicite%2B" title="User:Nacimota/Wikicite+" class="mw-redirect">Wikicite+</a> is a program based on the original <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikicite" title="Wikipedia:Wikicite">Wikicite</a> source code. It features extra validation, bug fixes, additional cite templates (such as cite episode) as well as tools for stub sorting and more. It is also available for free under the Apache License 2.0 and is open source.</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Richiez" title="User:Richiez">User:Richiez</a> has tools to automatically handle citations for a whole article at a time. Converts occurrences of {{pmid XXXX}} or {{isbn XXXX}} to properly formatted footnote or Harvard-style references. Written in <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> and requires a working installation with basic libraries.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://lindenb.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/src/xsl/pubmed2wiki.xsl">pubmed2wiki.xsl</a> an <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensible_Stylesheet_Language" title="Extensible Stylesheet Language" class="mw-redirect">XSL</a> stylesheet transforming the XML output of <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> to Wikipedia refs.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://reftag.appspot.com/">RefTag</a> by <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Apoc2400#Wikipedia_citation_tool_for_Google_Books" title="User talk:Apoc2400">Apoc2400</a> creates a prefilled {{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}} template with various options from a Google Books URL. The page provides a bookmarklet for single-click transfer.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://sourceforge.net/projects/wikiciter/">wikiciter</a> web interface, does Google Books, pdf files, beta.</li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Citation_export_tools">Citation export tools</span></h3> <p>You can insert a link beside each citation in Wikipedia, allowing you to export the citation to a reference manager such as <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EndNote" title="EndNote">EndNote</a>. To install the script just add the following line to <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyPage/skin.js" title="Special:MyPage/skin.js">Special:MyPage/skin.js</a> (applies to the currently selected skin) or <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:MyPage/common.js" title="Special:MyPage/common.js">Special:MyPage/common.js</a> (applies to all skins)"</p> <div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi mw-code mw-content-ltr"> <div class="javascript source-javascript"> <pre class="de1"> importScript<span class="br0">(</span><span class="st0">"User:Smith609/endnote.js"</span><span class="br0">)</span><span class="sy0">;</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>Then save the page and follow the instructions at the top of that page to <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bypass_your_cache" title="Wikipedia:Bypass your cache">bypass your browser's cache</a>.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Reference_management_software">Reference management software</span></h3> <p>Reference management software can output formatted citations in several styles, including <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX">BibTeX</a>, <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RIS_(file_format)" title="RIS (file format)">RIS</a>, or Wikipedia citation template styles.</p> <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_reference_management_software" title="Comparison of reference management software">Comparison of reference management software</a> – side-by-side comparison of various <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_management_software" title="Reference management software">reference management software</a> <dl> <dd><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources_with_Zotero" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources with Zotero">Wikipedia:Citing sources with Zotero</a> – essay on using <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zotero" title="Zotero">Zotero</a> to quickly add citations to articles. Zotero (by <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Rosenzweig_Center_for_History_and_New_Media" title="Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media">Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media</a>; license: <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affero_GPL" title="Affero GPL" class="mw-redirect">Affero GPL</a>) is <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> with local reference database which can be synchronized between several computers over the online database (up to 300 MB without payment).</dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EndNote" title="EndNote">EndNote</a> (by Thomson Reuters; license: proprietary)</dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendeley" title="Mendeley">Mendeley</a> (by Elsevier; license: proprietary)</dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperpile" title="Paperpile">Paperpile</a> (by Paperpile, LLC; license: proprietary)</dd> <dd><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papers_(software)" title="Papers (software)">Papers</a> (by Springer; license: proprietary)</dd> </dl> </dd> </dl> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Citation_needed" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <p><b>How to cite</b></p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts</a> – a concise summary of some of the most important guidance on this page</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verification_methods" title="Wikipedia:Verification methods">Wikipedia:Verification methods</a> – listing examples of the most common ways that citations are used in Wikipedia articles</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/example_style" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/example style" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Citing sources/example style</a> – listing examples of <a href="#HOW">full citations</a> using APA and Harvard referencing techniques</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Example_edits_for_different_methods" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods">Wikipedia:Citing sources/Example edits for different methods</a> – showing comparative edit mode representations for different citation methods and techniques</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources/Further_considerations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations">Wikipedia:Citing sources/Further considerations</a> – information of additional interest.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Wikipedia:Citation templates</a> – a full listing of various styles for citing all sorts of materials</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">Wikipedia:External links</a> – for information about the <i>External links</i> appendix</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Improving_referencing_efforts" title="Wikipedia:Improving referencing efforts">Wikipedia:Improving referencing efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Wikipedia:Inline citation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Layout" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Layout#Further reading</a> – for information about the <i>Further reading</i> appendix</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_sources" title="Wikipedia:List of sources" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:List of sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Wikipedia:Referencing for beginners" class="mw-redirect">Wikipedia:Referencing for beginners</a> – a simple practical guide to getting started</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines</a> – guidelines for dealing with scientific and mathematical articles</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Plagiarism#Public-domain_sources" title="Wikipedia:Plagiarism">Public Domain sources</a> – guideline covering the inclusion of material in the public domain</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_mine_a_source" title="Wikipedia:How to mine a source">Wikipedia:How to mine a source</a> – essay on getting maximum information from cited material</li> </ul> <p><b>Citation problems</b></p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citations_missing" title="Template:Citations missing" class="mw-redirect">Template:Citations missing</a> – template to add where citations are needed</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">Wikipedia:Link rot</a> – guide to preventing <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">link rot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Wikipedia:Citation needed</a> – explanation of <i>citation needed</i> template</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia:Copyright problems">Wikipedia:Copyright problems</a> – in case of text that has been copied verbatim inappropriately</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Citation_cleanup" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Citation cleanup">Wikipedia:WikiProject Citation cleanup</a> – a group of people devoted to cleaning citations</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bombardment" title="Wikipedia:Bombardment">Wikipedia:Bombardment</a> – an essay regarding the overuse of citations</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_overkill" title="Wikipedia:Citation overkill">Wikipedia:Citation overkill</a> – why too many citations on one fact can be a bad thing</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_database" title="Wikipedia:Reference database">Wikipedia:Reference database</a> – essay/proposal</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Video_links" title="Wikipedia:Video links">Wikipedia:Video links</a> – an essay discussing the use of citations linking to YouTube and other user-submitted video sites</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:You_don%27t_need_to_cite_that_the_sky_is_blue" title="Wikipedia:You don't need to cite that the sky is blue">Wikipedia:You don't need to cite that the sky is blue</a> – an essay advising: do not cite already obvious information</li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:You_do_need_to_cite_that_the_sky_is_blue" title="Wikipedia:You do need to cite that the sky is blue">Wikipedia:You do need to cite that the sky is blue</a> – an essay advising that just because something appears obvious to you does not mean it is obvious to everyone</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Citing_sources/Archive_18#Scrolling_Reference_Lists:_Formal_Policy_Discussion" title="Wikipedia talk:Citing sources/Archive 18">this July 2007 discussion</a> for more detail on why scrolling reference lists should not be used.</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://tools.wmflabs.org/refill/">reFill, expand bare references with ease</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span></h2> <ul> <li>Concordia Libraries (Concordia University). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/citations.html">Citation and Style Guides</a>.</li> <li>Ritter, R. (2002). <i>The Oxford Style Manual</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198605641" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0198605641</a></li> <li>The Writers' Workshop, Center for Writing Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://web.archive.org/web/20070206163440/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/citation_styles/apa/apa.htm">"Citation Styles Handbook: APA"</a>, University of Illinois.</li> <li>The Writers' Workshop, Center for Writing Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://web.archive.org/web/20070208034206/http://www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/writer_resources/citation_styles/mla/mla.htm">"Citation Styles Handbook: MLA"</a>, University of Illinois.</li> <li>University of Chicago Press. (2003). <i><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i>, 15th edition. <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226104036" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-226-10403-6</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://www.ccc.commnet.edu/library/mla/practical_guide.shtml">A writer's practical guide to MLA documentation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://www2.liu.edu/cwis/cwp/library/workshop/citama.htm">AMA Citation Style</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/DocChiWorksCited.html">Chicago/Turabian Documentation</a></li> <li><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://library.concordia.ca/help/howto/turabian.pdf">Citation Guide – Turabian</a></span><span style="font-size:smaller;"> PDF</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html">Guide to Citation Style Guides</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html">Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://pubs.acs.org/books/references.shtml">American Chemical Society reference style guidelines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://citationmachine.net/">Citation Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/http://howtowritecitations.com/">How to write citations</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><span title="View this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines" title="Template talk:Wikipedia policies and guidelines"><span title="Discuss this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikipedia_policies_and_guidelines&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia key policies and guidelines</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_administration" title="Category:Wikipedia administration">Overview</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars" title="Wikipedia:Five pillars">Five pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Policies and guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines">List of policies and guidelines</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">List of guidelines</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Principles" title="Wikipedia:Principles">Project-wide principles</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">Dispute resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Editing_policy" title="Wikipedia:Editing policy">Editing policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ignore_all_rules" title="Wikipedia:Ignore all rules">Ignore all rules</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">What Wikipedia is not</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Core_content_policies" title="Wikipedia:Core content policies">Core content policies</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">Neutral point of view</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;">Other <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_policies" title="Wikipedia:Content policies" class="mw-redirect">content policies</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_titles" title="Wikipedia:Article titles">Article titles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Image_use_policy" title="Wikipedia:Image use policy">Image use</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Content" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Content guidelines</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><strong class="selflink">Citing sources</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disambiguation" title="Wikipedia:Disambiguation">Disambiguation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_create_hoaxes" title="Wikipedia:Do not create hoaxes">Do not create hoaxes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_include_the_full_text_of_lengthy_primary_sources" title="Wikipedia:Do not include the full text of lengthy primary sources">Do not include copies of primary sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Fringe_theories" title="Wikipedia:Fringe theories">Treatment of fringe theories</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">Identifying reliable sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Notability" title="Wikipedia:Notability">Notability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Patent_nonsense" title="Wikipedia:Patent nonsense">Patent nonsense</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Behavioral_policies" title="Wikipedia:Behavioral policies" class="mw-redirect">Behavioural policies</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Child_protection" title="Wikipedia:Child protection">Child protection</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Civility" title="Wikipedia:Civility">Civility</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Courtesy_vanishing" title="Wikipedia:Courtesy vanishing">Courtesy vanishing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Edit_warring" title="Wikipedia:Edit warring">Edit warring</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Harassment" title="Wikipedia:Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_legal_threats" title="Wikipedia:No legal threats">No legal threats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_personal_attacks" title="Wikipedia:No personal attacks">No personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ownership_of_articles" title="Wikipedia:Ownership of articles">Ownership of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sock_puppetry" title="Wikipedia:Sock puppetry">Sock puppetry</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Behavioral" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Behavioural guidelines</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Assume_good_faith" title="Wikipedia:Assume good faith">Assume good faith</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Conflict_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:Conflict of interest">Conflict of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Disruptive_editing" title="Wikipedia:Disruptive editing">Disruptive editing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Do_not_disrupt_Wikipedia_to_illustrate_a_point" title="Wikipedia:Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point">Do not disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Etiquette" title="Wikipedia:Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Gaming_the_system" title="Wikipedia:Gaming the system">Gaming the system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_do_not_bite_the_newcomers" title="Wikipedia:Please do not bite the newcomers">Please do not bite the newcomers</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Editing" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Editing guidelines</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">Article size</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">Be bold</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hatnote" title="Wikipedia:Hatnote">Hatnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">Signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Subpages" title="Wikipedia:Subpages">Subpages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Talk_page_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines">Talk page guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:User_pages" title="Wikipedia:User pages">User pages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">Vandalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Guide" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Council/Guide">WikiProjects</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_guidelines#Style" title="Wikipedia:List of guidelines">Style conventions</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Manual of Style</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Contents" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Contents">Contents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Accessibility" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility">Accessibility</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">Understandability</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">Dates and numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Images" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Images">Images</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Layout</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">Lead section</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Linking" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Linking">Linking</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lists" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lists">Lists</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_categories" title="Category:Wikipedia categories">Classification guidelines</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories,_lists,_and_navigation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Categories, lists, and navigation templates">Categories, lists, and navigation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization" title="Wikipedia:Categorization">Categorization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Template_namespace" title="Wikipedia:Template namespace">Template namespace</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_policies#Deletion" title="Wikipedia:List of policies">Deletion policies</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Attack_page" title="Wikipedia:Attack page">Attack page</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Criteria_for_speedy_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion">Criteria for speedy deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Deletion_policy" title="Wikipedia:Deletion policy">Deletion policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Oversight" title="Wikipedia:Oversight">Oversight</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion">Proposed deletion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_(BLP)" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion (BLP)" class="mw-redirect">Proposed deletion (BLP)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Proposed_deletion_(books)" title="Wikipedia:Proposed deletion (books)">Proposed deletion (books)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Revision_deletion" title="Wikipedia:Revision deletion">Revision deletion</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/FAQ/en" class="extiw" title="wmf:FAQ/en">Wikimedia Foundation</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Policies" class="extiw" title="wikimedia:Policies">List of policies</a></li> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy" class="extiw" title="wikimedia:Resolution:Licensing policy">Licensing and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="wikimedia:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Values" class="extiw" title="wmf:Values">Values</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;;font-weight: bold;"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/> <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Key_Wikipedia_Policies_%26_Guidelines" title="Book:Key Wikipedia Policies & Guidelines">Book</a></li> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_policies" title="Category:Wikipedia policies">Category: Policies</a> / <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_guidelines" title="Category:Wikipedia guidelines">Guidelines</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template:Wikipedia referencing"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Wikipedia_referencing" title="Template talk:Wikipedia referencing"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Wikipedia_referencing&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Wikipedia referencing</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">General</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources">Identifying reliable sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Overview of referencing styles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">Verifiability</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><strong class="selflink">Citing sources</strong></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:LSA_style_citation_templates" title="Category:LSA style citation templates">LSA</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist template</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Embedded_citations" title="Wikipedia:Embedded citations">Embedded citations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing" title="Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing">Parenthetical referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS:PUNCTFOOT" title="MOS:PUNCTFOOT" class="mw-redirect">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Shortened_footnotes" title="Help:Shortened footnotes">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnote1" title="Wikipedia:Footnote1">Footnote1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnote2" title="Wikipedia:Footnote2">Footnote2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnote3" title="Wikipedia:Footnote3">Footnote3</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnote4" title="Wikipedia:Footnote4">Footnote4</a></i></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help for beginners</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Advanced help</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Help templates</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Edit_refs" title="Template:Edit refs">Edit refs</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Reflist_newuser" title="Template:Reflist newuser">Reflist newuser</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Refref" title="Template:Refref">Refref</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Refref2" title="Template:Refref2">Refref2</a>}}</li> <li>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Refstart" title="Template:Refstart">Refstart</a>}}</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> or obsolete content.</div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_1" title="Template:Citation Style 1"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Citation_Style_1" title="Template talk:Citation Style 1"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Citation_Style_1&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> · <a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help_talk:Citation_Style_1" title="Help talk:Citation Style 1">noticeboard</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">General<br/> templates</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <dl> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_arXiv" title="Template:Cite arXiv">Cite arXiv</a>}}</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a> preprint</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media" title="Template:Cite AV media">Cite AV media</a>}}</dt> <dd>audio and visual</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_AV_media_notes" title="Template:Cite AV media notes">Cite AV media notes</a>}}</dt> <dd>audio and visual liner notes</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">Cite book</a>}}</dt> <dd>books</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_conference" title="Template:Cite conference">Cite conference</a>}}</dt> <dd>conference papers</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_DVD_notes" title="Template:Cite DVD notes">Cite DVD notes</a>}}</dt> <dd>DVD liner notes</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">Cite encyclopedia</a>}}</dt> <dd>edited collections</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_episode" title="Template:Cite episode">Cite episode</a>}}</dt> <dd>radio or television episodes</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_interview" title="Template:Cite interview">Cite interview</a>}}</dt> <dd>interviews</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">Cite journal</a>}}</dt> <dd>magazines, journals, academic papers</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_mailing_list" title="Template:Cite mailing list">Cite mailing list</a>}}</dt> <dd>public mailing lists</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_map" title="Template:Cite map">Cite map</a>}}</dt> <dd>maps</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">Cite news</a>}}</dt> <dd>news articles</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_newsgroup" title="Template:Cite newsgroup">Cite newsgroup</a>}}</dt> <dd>online newsgroups</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_podcast" title="Template:Cite podcast">Cite podcast</a>}}</dt> <dd>audio or video podcast</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_press_release" title="Template:Cite press release">Cite press release</a>}}</dt> <dd>press releases</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_serial" title="Template:Cite serial">Cite serial</a>}}</dt> <dd>audio or video serials</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_sign" title="Template:Cite sign">Cite sign</a>}}</dt> <dd>signs, plaques</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_speech" title="Template:Cite speech">Cite speech</a>}}</dt> <dd>speeches</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_techreport" title="Template:Cite techreport">Cite techreport</a>}}</dt> <dd>technical reports</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_thesis" title="Template:Cite thesis">Cite thesis</a>}}</dt> <dd>theses</dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">Cite web</a>}}</dt> <dd>web sources</dd> </dl> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Identifier-based<br/> templates</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <dl> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_doi" title="Template:Cite doi">Cite doi</a>}}</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a></dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_hdl" title="Template:Cite hdl">Cite hdl</a>}}</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handle_System" title="Handle System">Handle</a></dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_isbn" title="Template:Cite isbn">Cite isbn</a>}}</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a></dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_jstor" title="Template:Cite jstor">Cite jstor</a>}}</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a></dd> <dt>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_pmid" title="Template:Cite pmid">Cite pmid</a>}}</dt> <dd><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PubMed#PubMed_identifier" title="PubMed">PMID</a></dd> <dt>All of these are deprecated</dt> </dl> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Categories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Citation_Style_1_templates" title="Category:Citation Style 1 templates">Citation Style 1 templates</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Documentation</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li>{{<a href="/web/20150323003845/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a>}}</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90:%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ვიკიპედია:ლიტერატურის მითითება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8D:%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2" title="ວິກິພີເດຍ:ການອ້າງອີງແຫຼ່ງທີ່ມາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicipaedia:De_bibliographiis_et_nexibus_externis" title="Vicipaedia:De bibliographiis et nexibus externis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Atsauces" title="Vikipēdija:Atsauces – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Literatur" title="Wikipedia:Literatur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedija:%C5%A0altini%C5%B3_nurodymas" title="Vikipedija:Šaltinių nurodymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:T%C3%BCntesd_fel_forr%C3%A1saidat!" title="Wikipédia:Tüntesd fel forrásaidat! – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Википедија:Наведување на извори – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF:%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86" title="വിക്കിപീഡിയ:അവലംബങ്ങൾ ഉദ്ധരിക്കേണ്ടതെങ്ങനെ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="विकिपीडिया:संदर्भ द्या – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Memetik_sumber" title="Wikipedia:Memetik sumber – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明來源 – Min Dong Chinese" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo">Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%D0%AD%D1%85_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B6" title="Wikipedia:Эх сурвалж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bronvermelding" title="Wikipedia:Bronvermelding – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:Citing_sources" title="विकिपीडिया:Citing sources – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8%E3%82%92%E6%98%8E%E8%A8%98%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B" title="Wikipedia:出典を明記する – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cita_le_fonti" title="Wikipedia:Cita le fonti – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8:%D0%A5%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88_%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Википеди:Хьажоргаш хьосташна – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bruk_av_kilder" title="Wikipedia:Bruk av kilder – Norwegian (bokmål)" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Kjelder" title="Wikipedia:Kjelder – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proj%C3%A8cte:Citatz_v%C3%B2stras_fonts" title="Projècte:Citatz vòstras fonts – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86:Citing_sources" title="ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ:Citing sources – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:Manbalarga_ishoratlar" title="Vikipediya:Manbalarga ishoratlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B6:Citing_sources" title="វិគីភីឌា:Citing sources – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bibliografia" title="Wikipedia:Bibliografia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citarea_surselor" title="Wikipedia:Citarea surselor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Википедия:Ссылки на источники – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:G%C3%A1ldut" title="Wikipedia:Gáldut – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se">Sámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndihm%C3%AB:Burimi_i_informacionit" title="Ndihmë:Burimi i informacionit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F:%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="විකිපීඩියා:මූලාශ්‍ර උපන්‍යාස කිරීම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Uv%C3%A1dzanie_zdrojov" title="Wikipédia:Uvádzanie zdrojov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedija:Navajanje_virov" title="Wikipedija:Navajanje virov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedyjo:Weryfikowalno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Wikipedyjo:Weryfikowalność – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Soo_bandhigida_xogta" title="Wikipedia:Soo bandhigida xogta – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%98%DB%95_%D8%A8%DB%95_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95" title="ویکیپیدیا:ئاماژە بە سەرچاوە – Sorani Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Википедија:Навођење извора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Navo%C4%91enje_izvora" title="Wikipedia:Navođenje izvora – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Cutat_rujukan" title="Wikipedia:Cutat rujukan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su">Basa Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Merkitse_l%C3%A4hteet" title="Wikipedia:Merkitse lähteet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:K%C3%A4llh%C3%A4nvisningar" title="Wikipedia:Källhänvisningar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE:%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="விக்கிப்பீடியா:மேற்கோள் சுட்டுதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81%D3%99%D1%82%D2%AF" title="Википедия:Чыганакларны күрсәтү – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt">Татарча/tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE:%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="వికీపీడియా:మూలాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2:%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="วิกิพีเดีย:การอ้างอิงแหล่งที่มา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedi:Kaynak_g%C3%B6sterme" title="Vikipedi:Kaynak gösterme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%8F:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Вікіпедія:Посилання на джерела – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Ch%C3%BA_th%C3%ADch_ngu%E1%BB%93n_g%E1%BB%91c" title="Wikipedia:Chú thích nguồn gốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150323003845/https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明來源 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi"><a 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