CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9135784749539cb9',cH: 'l2zoy8VafygrBMQmQVZ4gkt20.gEvQEltd6D2U_4SSk-1739792083-1.2.1.1-w4bDVaJ.AjcbfHZo8LN0YPMeetCD.TJhzWQjkSRTjsnMM0vHN8rPGfaZq4z0CCdL',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=carbazole&__cf_chl_tk=joPXSMBqPopTzuKhrpagpRs5hu_pmg_0_Y26dlX1DmM-1739792083-1.0.1.1-42e3Z64jbkS_b7NjskDPyxBVHnheGi6VJUmFjKyC0wE",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739792083',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=carbazole&__cf_chl_f_tk=joPXSMBqPopTzuKhrpagpRs5hu_pmg_0_Y26dlX1DmM-1739792083-1.0.1.1-42e3Z64jbkS_b7NjskDPyxBVHnheGi6VJUmFjKyC0wE",md: "f.Y3ybfm88I.n6LCldZrM.qDAtg2ueiKhO4Lwdw6Aw0-1739792083-1.2.1.1-_3PKfQ.NIGr3BdOIT3xd60l9XjrzOB9AE9xZoK2_I81sL4B_Ez74GRxiq_5YfruGtOqqt1D1b2QeuFPePL8kh2ylmQcmBiel.Ue_2Ujp2upim1iHXzNsBZwP6gDSLg1RS0cTEVzpm9n_W3JSb1Rr0iVrH9zOuMmJtxME6WObIf41u2Xdh3UDUVtvrL3jX0Cq2n3BYoeYGWtisx_m.icVVGtLsc7VRs7JLwvnQk7qCCbP.rfHmxjlbPUM4pwrS6MNBh.RrVRanj7X5XykpDhOvMbe9wqD.WZeqBCHXFTmII6Nk1PijLl0MlvAEqI7OVrbqyJUrUQtPcO5OvwzkaACEPv9XWVlRiBuT5Ic0JuDXlp5cPAKavg6GCgoRa0H4dfeSHFUftJcWwAebmTL9iXHFLhE1ur.sGZXy42T7S61CuZki0vqBNGfgsJEDd.WhoYpatak_vYLHb7ksBTzkpPFq_nRY8zBuE9js9yzyiA_o6id8LOqMMpef6ftdv90_8jwQnGlRsSD4bLmfptiRwb5lG5x1p_9JZ7_3vRTgBoLNWPLIuPWIva0cODOEJ8Qjjoxskn1ONWEpjXrMiU3zNrfpgqDnJnrZ4CKpMmlnjYfFphl6KVK8759FgVT2TosufHVJmBXMHp75P7U3AvB21byHrV.6K4AyS6NxkLVSNKxc9vipval.vn12uWflWBOfiHrJ5G3FN4QaaJnXJgNWb8sFOvvCkcm6GALSDm1rGzjaIyj7_6zCtQ9r.ScE9d27Uu4nQ9L6.YUK1EeE2Ittnj3togYIBOmPlR4nJ7rjUhdfVuqRxtNurpZCeBarnPGoR6.jCoyZurdMRRbbA8d3ecc_4YRdKRnSuaUyv5GNVAvcbVib0NnRummqbJfCu38WsUN9EZ_wJBGvCo78.VQYmTyEAdO4WoATbJnNRwtx_Qy4xHW8jE4nwBtEpERRN.9GFbJEWb2yEyeXMZutrMgnbSUloqxAabRTLX5YPWJZi2zwgpy8s10NqMQasCG61v1RldqH1pf_28epF1TqX2Xn3PDp_96vXXtrBGODQlZlL2phtM5L0oB04MCV5cBAcax6kVRRa9v01FSoMmWLJ26hkoTWZoPkZo8bIf8znMMqTZJaB5ttqB4BXrVC5mylz9T29JBq5Jl8U1sov0yh8g55qUmhU2jK5DZr9KwG4KvpZYO_3v7oaz2eKRRsjk6AoVyUebNQ8iWyrBAp6Sj7gfCTtwHQAVmzQ9w1juoxb4GFo2FLW5LgoxonIANKFwTvn0XP2i_KgwIXCkwXZgOYGaJda5JfboyJBq23Lb4RTUvJ0EPr4cGkiz088AE7Bd7sK2Crl2aJooeYwOjVQVr52vQiM.qNKST1ClwBeINsU1XAKWmMPpZ95mxdEcIsLdO9TXpz8TqSn5QJVhgidqUAOEQjuWRWRaLfL8Kx7z7XoZuYvuys_mAX9eFsAqh4W9MiY9Ta1zXQpyLvKvaseNUE51eRxqLVJ.WgHFgwox5fgHiiJ0gfwRVjjuCLiNffYl_Wq34VUSJ81nMYKzunKpJK5odHpaOOetHgeEdDN69W4ZI_Zu2RjfCmkS3umlCT1euvQSogyPG.eUFRwDntiQLt0RfAQOs4F2OjnCxdsvTAbZ4TeMKKMtpVqChYsfZzRrMsIkCf4oaM9u6GFyLGJWlJ4GGInrgoupzeQRA3Zk689A0vaXLwvNK3.cqP2LO3XKZwhtzS0uDHT4JPt1XtRzO4KHoX2ZnUf9qYjOcUXkBwiYWXmF7uzCasVsJAPzmETqu1u6P5pWecMq65oMFX8.0heBeCRacGc4FZ0BDNmjUG3v4BK1PzSwhbN39uYWS4umsOUnv0toaa5mtdY.k_nvvrHMMsUNQnWB6ODZO_4Dh2RQMBfzRvirz67_WzfSL2ybAUiyHyjSQwTQZVNM8y9gp2RwEKIT9pA",mdrd: "YWo8Bnlc9a34qtuYzgx8dPyDShyfifoXk8oCnjWg34s-1739792083-1.2.1.1-94gQVk.EtxKxRrjt.T77pm57gHj.Y29FbOoEsT__yAXiLikVzpiuBaPf8BfVTJS1bQII9uB3psvLER5rEG7KJLLberjwV.A3TldD_yvaMOmbbctN2ut6IRV2euVMq.csW0GykUd9hlTT8cBf5pnztLyVoZ.XBdBKp.6hWP0gEMtRRSPAIbnivF.nU2H2kpVPMko4lknLZkWT6H5NX8QgvqFJSgU.nB3Rprem8FDCXpVM2bjMlj0KFmcBTWTfoO.cvjXCZwALDJF.Vd4tro482Frta.PvCSAT.7RwIN9AIwAyi.YDuARbD9TRmZdeazvbr3NgZBqxiOeN3I17kHJ2q4MLj2pYK9Ov2YQtkM22ywe.dSgRvS0DilPCA1Hr66l3jNPGmbzb0ggLns.DNs9qVkxe9F9c_6EafhCEdQKigH844TVp3rC6OsyBFUEExHJtoMGOBcW14CaOPZ4T3nSKJOcLe_pU1MI79.tu3dRSmmjEyxvWHY2f123kkUfJSiAfWL.YH8NRtHnUcQYNiySDYJ2Njwr689IYmaGBAuSAbb70j.nsE105WT.W7HwH43.1Jky.nn3GsEsdp4wovus5JMV4pHobWC1GMhiJzllJNKWvSA7v1.LG5cHzR_2UJwuso_U2GevfsKSN9zJ4.skG7m5lKQo2i3zYXtjlav58DTXnM.irgxhbuRseYsXoBlLVyWioEpcMtkfihxf33_xE1l4yZPYJM4RaqODjNhnRM5Vzh6C_fvDEmbp3AjM274qaWnNizJUj9Zd6yDlrrLjpnLcTX1zKx9GjsLSYIYO7DFRtLShU6qVh0bcK5GcbRDl1w7MXMqvnDHUx6H3_R8Sm9sk2viGAO5R2lsAVCSAqkFZCNB2zd7Vie6Lsp4ycRgoa7OU9FKyyMXx3ds6dLZLBa.n3yLnN8fTJAfcHtNTfVMUyHpzZ7rLSW4wmpuxxcyaPHJA17oeHJwg9_sm.ubeXHwaUvnpZpVgAAgeCii1ws_pdD98vN_zmHqOKRVd2UlRY1g3PhEZPKz1FRT.fCFQE_gF0Y57YCXFB1ESjygWC_JsNWnSXWs6rjNBqbwJGeru6HQR28OGBDeh2fu6kw1gvENNRcF4nUbPnaEN1_D34IodkK.Y1FGSB4YTCRt.m7tzBgPx8tSpl88X8Yn4qzr_4CPL_Qu4noeCiZnAoB1BqurJ0AcFAQ24rpXuYJRGfVD3.ggM15PpovzxbiIFBX17N6iuyu5ExWYRItguvLfUPyXABN5P6DMEyCtQG9u2emUdk8ZulZoTX2oDbtVUkz_snfLXBPvhJyitPDcoD.bhzrI7to.dj26fNAk4sB9_9.PZFBueYnoKWDwAQdVm5ZDSO8KEdt3S6plFvNLK7RrGS5HCAM2i84.GDB9wMt8ByoDl6fZdIGDk1I8pcZo1Ub03.9EUX2QHLAPIGiG1lwBchntjzPExo8k3AB6ZEHXTbXZztNfQpk7l0_khdkzTu3O1BJgUhA6vM0Z8Db3obsNtxxTMdWYKLl00kNoCBmkCmRh_syrI6WNjOZLB6gMMJiCUnnWMgchCPgGP3KhEP3gS.X0MSsSWgC9bqWTgER_mpLQocfqyDwAJ1dTXxab9PkbyYDKPn.nTfdzQKK_iFE7zUvJeZGils_ZFf07lnb5YkVMztMzfZN8PwOuZ1DgnOHn74LXEb9vr7jVmhWotxrJSRUNH5GnetXUZZLnUCuKWSh9JjTxkPG0DfG3X9qfeuc9GQjkHpdLluVi09oPvRQA0v75KPyHGJMFlazhjnVL07gxnsxSJ8uppOlwEhcQNfTfhWQDh_HmRXkXk8iO_15vQOicp4iwexPNKvF5aDr9PeNPJ8AO0TIQ2ah6W9MP1JlzKj6iKs5L8D5SPtIJF9N4gKgWz0MR9kfjdqWgcDSbHDGY3E9K.k_N9EN_Bhul5SUS2b9slsjm58ryBhZJ6kAIC5M0mEmaW9VW4yKV_I6pgjAIru"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9135784749539cb9';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=carbazole&__cf_chl_rt_tk=joPXSMBqPopTzuKhrpagpRs5hu_pmg_0_Y26dlX1DmM-1739792083-1.0.1.1-42e3Z64jbkS_b7NjskDPyxBVHnheGi6VJUmFjKyC0wE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>