A Pressure-Based Analysis of the Historical Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Record in: Monthly Weather Review Volume 141 Issue 8 (2013)

<!DOCTYPE html>       <html data-locale="en" lang="en" class="no-js"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns# fb: http://ogp.me/ns/fb# article: http://ogp.me/ns/article#"><script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];dataLayer.push({ "pf:selectedLanguage" : "English", "pf:licenseType" : "controlled", "pf:sitegenUUid" : "44595435006693760", "pf:contentCategory" : "nlm-article", "pf:associatedContentSets" : "all,ALL,MWR-2021,MWR-2020,MWR,MWRE,free-public,mwre,0027-0644,ALL-2020", "pf:authorized" : "authorized", "pf:contentName" : "A Pressure-Based Analysis of the Historical Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Record", "pf:titleParentIdentifier" : "0027-0644", "pf:authenticationStatus" : "not-logged-in", "pf:chunkIdentifier" : "10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1", "pf:contentParentName" : "Monthly Weather Review", "pf:authAccountNumber" : "-" });</script><script type="text/javascript">function runOnDomLoaded(f) { if (!!document.domLoaded) { setTimeout(f, 0); } else { window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', f); } }</script><link as="script" rel="preconnect" href="//ajax.googleapis.com"/><link crossorigin="" as="script" rel="preconnect" href="//ajax.googleapis.com"/><link as="script" rel="dns-prefetch" href="//ajax.googleapis.com"/><link as="script" rel="preconnect" href="//translate.google.com"/><link crossorigin="" as="script" rel="preconnect" href="//translate.google.com"/><link as="script" rel="dns-prefetch" href="//translate.google.com"/><link href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" rel="canonical"/> <title>A Pressure-Based Analysis of the Historical Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Record in: Monthly Weather Review Volume 141 Issue 8 (2013) </title> <script type="text/x-mathjax-config"> if (MathJax.Hub.Browser.isMSIE) { window.onload = function () {MathJax.Hub.Queue(["Typeset",MathJax.Hub])} } MathJax.Hub.Config({ extensions: ["MMLorHTML.js"], jax: ["input/MathML","output/CommonHTML","output/NativeMML"], extensions: ["mml2jax.js","MathMenu.js","MathZoom.js"] }); hasMathjax = true; mathjaxComplete = false; MathJax.Hub.signal.Interest( function (message) { if ('End Process' == message[0]) { mathjaxComplete = true; } } ); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/MathJax.js?config=default"></script> <script id="siqenabled" language="Javascript"> var NTPT_PGEXTRA = ''; var NTPT_NOINITIALTAG = true; </script><noscript id="page_tag"><img alt="" vspace="0" hspace="0" border="0" width="1" height="1" language="//pftag.scholarlyiq.com/siqpagetag.gif?js=0"/></noscript><meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"/>  <meta content="https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" property="og:url"/> <meta content="AMETSOC" property="og:site_name"/> <meta content="article" property="og:type"/> <meta content="A Pressure-Based Analysis of the Historical Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Record" property="og:title"/> <meta content="Abstract The western North Pacific Ocean is the most active tropical cyclone (TC) basin. However, recent studies are not conclusive on whether the TC activity is increasing or decreasing, at least when calculations are based on maximum sustained winds. For this study, TC minimum central pressure data are analyzed in an effort to better understand historical typhoons. Best-track pressure reports are compared with aircraft reconnaissance observations; little bias is observed. An analysis of wind and pressure relationships suggests changes in data and practices at numerous agencies over the historical record. New estimates of maximum sustained winds are calculated using recent wind–pressure relationships and parameters from International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) data. The result suggests potential reclassification of numerous typhoons based on these pressure-based lifetime maximum intensities. Historical documentation supports these new intensities in many cases. In short, wind reports in older best-track data are likely of low quality. The annual activity based on pressure estimates is found to be consistent with aircraft reconnaissance and between agencies; however, reconnaissance ended in the western Pacific in 1987. Since then, interagency differences in maximum wind estimates noted here and by others also exist in the minimum central pressure reports. Reconciling these recent interagency differences is further exasperated by the lack of adequate ground truth. This study suggests efforts to intercalibrate the interagency intensity estimate methods. Conducting an independent and homogeneous reanalysis of past typhoon activity is likely necessary to resolve the remaining discrepancies in typhoon intensity records." property="og:description"/> <meta content="Abstract The western North Pacific Ocean is the most active tropical cyclone (TC) basin. However, recent studies are not conclusive on whether the TC activity is increasing or decreasing, at least when calculations are based on maximum sustained winds. For this study, TC minimum central pressure data are analyzed in an effort to better understand historical typhoons. Best-track pressure reports are compared with aircraft reconnaissance observations; little bias is observed. An analysis of wind and pressure relationships suggests changes in data and practices at numerous agencies over the historical record. New estimates of maximum sustained winds are calculated using recent wind–pressure relationships and parameters from International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) data. The result suggests potential reclassification of numerous typhoons based on these pressure-based lifetime maximum intensities. Historical documentation supports these new intensities in many cases. In short, wind reports in older best-track data are likely of low quality. The annual activity based on pressure estimates is found to be consistent with aircraft reconnaissance and between agencies; however, reconnaissance ended in the western Pacific in 1987. Since then, interagency differences in maximum wind estimates noted here and by others also exist in the minimum central pressure reports. Reconciling these recent interagency differences is further exasperated by the lack of adequate ground truth. This study suggests efforts to intercalibrate the interagency intensity estimate methods. Conducting an independent and homogeneous reanalysis of past typhoon activity is likely necessary to resolve the remaining discrepancies in typhoon intensity records." name="description"/> <meta content="https://journals.ametsoc.org/cover/journals/mwre/mwre_cover.jpg" property="og:image"/> <meta content="en_US" property="og:locale"/> <meta content="Kenneth R. Knapp" property="article:author"/> <meta content="John A. Knaff" property="article:author"/> <meta content="Charles R. Sampson" property="article:author"/> <meta content="Gustavo M. Riggio" property="article:author"/> <meta content="Adam D. Schnapp" property="article:author"/> <meta content="2013-08-01" property="article:published_time"/> <meta content="Hurricanes/typhoons" property="article:tag"/> <meta content="Data quality control" property="article:tag"/> <meta content="Databases" property="article:tag"/> <meta content="Monthly Weather Review" property="article:section"/> <meta content="summary_large_image" name="twitter:card"/> <meta content="A Pressure-Based Analysis of the Historical Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Record" name="twitter:title"/> <meta content="Abstract The western North Pacific Ocean is the most active tropical cyclone (TC) basin. However, recent studies are not conclusive on whether the TC activity is increasing or decreasing, at least when calculations are based on maximum sustained winds. For this study, TC minimum central pressure data are analyzed in an effort to better understand historical typhoons. Best-track pressure reports are compared with aircraft reconnaissance observations; little bias is observed. An analysis of wind and pressure relationships suggests changes in data and practices at numerous agencies over the historical record. New estimates of maximum sustained winds are calculated using recent wind–pressure relationships and parameters from International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) data. The result suggests potential reclassification of numerous typhoons based on these pressure-based lifetime maximum intensities. Historical documentation supports these new intensities in many cases. In short, wind reports in older best-track data are likely of low quality. The annual activity based on pressure estimates is found to be consistent with aircraft reconnaissance and between agencies; however, reconnaissance ended in the western Pacific in 1987. Since then, interagency differences in maximum wind estimates noted here and by others also exist in the minimum central pressure reports. Reconciling these recent interagency differences is further exasperated by the lack of adequate ground truth. This study suggests efforts to intercalibrate the interagency intensity estimate methods. Conducting an independent and homogeneous reanalysis of past typhoon activity is likely necessary to resolve the remaining discrepancies in typhoon intensity records." name="twitter:description"/> <meta content="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" name="dc.identifier"/>  <meta content="unsafe-url" name="referrer"/> <meta content="IE=Edge" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible"/> <meta content="width=device-width, minimum-scale=1.0, initial-scale=1.0" name="viewport" id="viewportMeta"/>  <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="2631"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="8"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="EN"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="A Pressure-Based Analysis of the Historical Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Record"/> <meta name="citation_xml_url" content="https://journals.ametsoc.org/doc/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="141"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://journals.ametsoc.org/downloadpdf/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1520-0493"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="0027-0644"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="2611"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="American Meteorological Society"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Monthly Weather Review"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2013/08/01"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Kenneth R. 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<div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 147 (2019) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_5" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/5/volume/147/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_5"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 146 (2018) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_6" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/6/volume/146/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_6"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 145 (2017) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_7" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/7/volume/145/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_7"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 144 (2016) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_8" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/8/volume/144/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_8"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 143 (2015) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_9" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/9/volume/143/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_9"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 142 (2014) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_10" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/10/volume/142/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_10"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 141 (2013) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_11" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/11/volume/141/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_11"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 140 (2012) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_12" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/12/volume/140/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_12"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 139 (2011) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_13" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/13/volume/139/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_13"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 138 (2010) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_14" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/14/volume/138/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_14"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 137 (2009) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_15" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/15/volume/137/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_15"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 136 (2008) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_16" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/16/volume/136/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_16"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 135 (2007) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_17" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/17/volume/135/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_17"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 134 (2006) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_18" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/18/volume/134/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_18"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 133 (2005) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_19" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/19/volume/133/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_19"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 132 (2004) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_20" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/20/volume/132/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_20"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 131 (2003) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_21" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/21/volume/131/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_21"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 130 (2002) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_22" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/22/volume/130/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_22"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 129 (2001) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_23" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/23/volume/129/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_23"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 128 (2000) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_24" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/24/volume/128/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_24"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 127 (1999) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_25" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/25/volume/127/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_25"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 126 (1998) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_26" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/26/volume/126/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_26"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 125 (1997) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_27" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/27/volume/125/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_27"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 124 (1996) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_28" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/28/volume/124/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_28"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 123 (1995) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_29" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/29/volume/123/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_29"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 122 (1994) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_30" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/30/volume/122/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_30"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 121 (1993) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_31" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/31/volume/121/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_31"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 120 (1992) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_32" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/32/volume/120/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_32"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 119 (1991) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_33" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/33/volume/119/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_33"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 118 (1990) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_34" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/34/volume/118/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_34"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 117 (1989) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_35" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/35/volume/117/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_35"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 116 (1988) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_36" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/36/volume/116/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_36"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 115 (1987) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_37" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/37/volume/115/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_37"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 114 (1986) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_38" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/38/volume/114/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_38"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 113 (1985) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_39" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/39/volume/113/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_39"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 112 (1984) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_40" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/40/volume/112/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_40"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 111 (1983) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_41" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/41/volume/111/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_41"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 110 (1982) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_42" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/42/volume/110/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_42"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 109 (1981) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_43" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/43/volume/109/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_43"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 108 (1980) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_44" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/44/volume/108/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_44"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 107 (1979) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_45" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/45/volume/107/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_45"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 106 (1978) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_46" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/46/volume/106/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_46"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 105 (1977) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_47" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/47/volume/105/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_47"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 104 (1976) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_48" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/48/volume/104/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_48"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 103 (1975) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_49" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/49/volume/103/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_49"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 102 (1974) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_50" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/50/volume/102/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_50"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 101 (1973) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_51" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/51/volume/101/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_51"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 100 (1972) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_52" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/52/volume/100/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_52"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 99 (1971) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_53" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/53/volume/99/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_53"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 98 (1970) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_54" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/54/volume/98/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_54"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 97 (1969) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_55" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/55/volume/97/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_55"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 96 (1968) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_56" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/56/volume/96/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_56"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 95 (1967) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_57" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/57/volume/95/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_57"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 94 (1966) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_58" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/58/volume/94/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_58"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 93 (1965) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_59" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/59/volume/93/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_59"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 92 (1964) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_60" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/60/volume/92/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_60"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 91 (1963) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_61" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/61/volume/91/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_61"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 90 (1962) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_62" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/62/volume/90/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_62"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 89 (1961) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_63" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/63/volume/89/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_63"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 88 (1960) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_64" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/64/volume/88/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_64"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 87 (1959) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_65" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/65/volume/87/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_65"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 86 (1958) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_66" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/66/volume/86/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_66"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 85 (1957) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_67" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/67/volume/85/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_67"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 84 (1956) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_68" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/68/volume/84/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_68"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 83 (1955) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_69" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/69/volume/83/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_69"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 82 (1954) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_70" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/70/volume/82/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_70"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 81 (1953) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_71" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/71/volume/81/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_71"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 80 (1952) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_72" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/72/volume/80/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_72"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 79 (1951) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_73" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/73/volume/79/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_73"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 78 (1950) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_74" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/74/volume/78/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_74"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 77 (1949) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_75" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/75/volume/77/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_75"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 76 (1948) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_76" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/76/volume/76/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_76"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 75 (1947) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_77" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/77/volume/75/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_77"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 74 (1946) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_78" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/78/volume/74/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_78"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 73 (1945) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_79" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/79/volume/73/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_79"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 72 (1944) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_80" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/80/volume/72/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_80"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 71 (1943) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_81" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/81/volume/71/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_81"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 70 (1942) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_82" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/82/volume/70/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_82"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 69 (1941) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_83" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/83/volume/69/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_83"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 68 (1940) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_84" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/84/volume/68/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_84"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 67 (1939) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_85" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/85/volume/67/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_85"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 66 (1938) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_86" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/86/volume/66/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_86"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 65 (1937) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_87" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/87/volume/65/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_87"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 64 (1936) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_88" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/88/volume/64/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_88"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 63 (1935) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_89" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/89/volume/63/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_89"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 62 (1934) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_90" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/90/volume/62/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_90"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 61 (1933) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_91" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/91/volume/61/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_91"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 60 (1932) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_92" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/92/volume/60/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_92"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 59 (1931) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_93" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/93/volume/59/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_93"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 58 (1930) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_94" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/94/volume/58/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_94"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 57 (1929) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_95" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/95/volume/57/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_95"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 56 (1928) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_96" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/96/volume/56/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_96"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 55 (1927) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_97" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/97/volume/55/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_97"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 54 (1926) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_98" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/98/volume/54/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_98"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 53 (1925) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_99" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/99/volume/53/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_99"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 52 (1924) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_100" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/100/volume/52/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_100"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 51 (1923) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_101" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/101/volume/51/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_101"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 50 (1922) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_102" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/102/volume/50/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_102"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 49 (1921) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_103" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/103/volume/49/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_103"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 48 (1920) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_104" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/104/volume/48/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_104"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 47 (1919) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_105" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/105/volume/47/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_105"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 46 (1918) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_106" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/106/volume/46/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_106"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 45 (1917) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_107" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/107/volume/45/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_107"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 44 (1916) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_108" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/108/volume/44/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_108"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 43 (1915) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_109" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/109/volume/43/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_109"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 42 (1914) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_110" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/110/volume/42/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_110"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 41 (1913) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_111" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/111/volume/41/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_111"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 40 (1912) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_112" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/112/volume/40/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_112"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 39 (1911) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_113" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/113/volume/39/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_113"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 38 (1910) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_114" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/114/volume/38/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_114"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 37 (1909) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_115" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/115/volume/37/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_115"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 36 (1908) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_116" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/116/volume/36/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_116"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 35 (1907) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_117" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/117/volume/35/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_117"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 34 (1906) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_118" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/118/volume/34/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_118"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 33 (1905) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_119" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/119/volume/33/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_119"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 32 (1904) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_120" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/120/volume/32/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_120"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 31 (1903) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_121" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/121/volume/31/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_121"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 30 (1902) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_122" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/122/volume/30/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_122"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 29 (1901) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_123" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/123/volume/29/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_123"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 28 (1900) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_124" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/124/volume/28/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_124"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 27 (1899) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_125" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/125/volume/27/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_125"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 26 (1898) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_126" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/126/volume/26/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_126"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 25 (1897) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_127" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/127/volume/25/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_127"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 24 (1896) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_128" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/128/volume/24/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_128"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 23 (1895) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_129" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/129/volume/23/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_129"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 22 (1894) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_130" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/130/volume/22/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_130"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 21 (1893) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_131" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/131/volume/21/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_131"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 20 (1892) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_132" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/132/volume/20/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_132"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 19 (1891) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_133" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/133/volume/19/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_133"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 18 (1890) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_134" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/134/volume/18/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_134"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 17 (1889) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_135" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/135/volume/17/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_135"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 16 (1888) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_136" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/136/volume/16/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_136"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 15 (1887) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_137" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/137/volume/15/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_137"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 14 (1886) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_138" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/138/volume/14/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_138"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 13 (1885) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_139" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/139/volume/13/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_139"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 12 (1884) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_140" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/140/volume/12/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_140"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 11 (1883) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_141" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/141/volume/11/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_141"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 10 (1882) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_142" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/142/volume/10/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_142"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 9 (1881) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_143" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/143/volume/9/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_143"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 8 (1880) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_144" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/144/volume/8/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_144"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 7 (1879) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_145" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/145/volume/7/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_145"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 6 (1878) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_146" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/146/volume/6/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_146"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 5 (1877) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_147" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/147/volume/5/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_147"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 4 (1876) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_148" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/148/volume/4/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_148"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 3 (1875) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_149" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/149/volume/3/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_149"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 2 (1874) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_150" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/150/volume/2/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_150"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 1 (1873) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_151" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/151/volume/1/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58746/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_151"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="scroll-lock"></div> <div class="component component-content-item component-container container-sideBar container-wrapper-58740 tabs-vertical container-accordion"> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div class="container-body c-Container--constrained"> <h6 class="c-List__subheader" id="container-58740-item-58737-tab"> <button data-collapsed-icon="c-Icon--keyboardArrowDown" data-active-icon="c-Icon--keyboardArrowUp" title="" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--keyboardArrowDown c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> <span class="typography-body "> Sections </span> </button> </h6><div id="container-58740-item-58737" class="container-item"> <div class="component component-content-item component-headings "> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <ul class="c-List c-List-dense"><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e93" class="c-Button--link">Abstract</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e108" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">1. </span>Introduction</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e254" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">2. </span>Tropical cyclone data</a><ul class="c-List c-List--nested"><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e265" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">a. </span>Aircraft reconnaissance observations</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e320" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">b. </span>Available best-track data</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e395" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">c. </span>Empirical estimates of agency procedures using wind–pressure relationships</a></li></ul></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e580" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">3. </span>Tropical cyclone analysis using TD-9635 and KZ07</a><ul class="c-List c-List--nested"><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e588" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">a. </span>Analysis of individual storms</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e832" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">b. </span>Analysis of annual activity</a></li></ul></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e909" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">4. </span>Time series of tropical cyclone data from all agencies</a><ul class="c-List c-List--nested"><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e912" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">a. </span>Wind-based analysis</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e957" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">b. </span>Pressure-based analysis</a></li></ul></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e1159" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">5. </span>Combined pressure-based time series</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e1216" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">6. </span>Discussion</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e1256" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">7. </span>Summary</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e1296" class="c-Button--link">Digitized WP Aircraft Reconnaissance Data</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h6 class="c-List__subheader" id="container-58740-item-58742-tab"> <button data-collapsed-icon="c-Icon--keyboardArrowDown" data-active-icon="c-Icon--keyboardArrowUp" title="" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--keyboardArrowDown c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> <span class="typography-body "> References </span> </button> </h6><div id="container-58740-item-58742" class="container-item"> <div class="component component-content-item component-content-references "> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div 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Center fixes with intensity estimates are shown as dashed lines while center fixes of position only are solid lines.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Annual frequency of aircraft reconnaissance fixes plotted by storm intensity: all storms, weak systems (976 &lt; pressure &lt; 997 hPa), moderate systems (949 &lt; pressure &lt; 976 hPa), and strong systems (pressure &lt; 949 hPa). Center fixes with intensity estimates are shown as dashed lines while center fixes of position only are solid lines.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-1b57b079-576f-416d-a549-5831ae3608a9" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig1-thumb" data-figureid="fig1" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 1." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58732" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 1.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>Annual frequency of aircraft reconnaissance fixes plotted by storm intensity: all storms, weak systems (976 < pressure < 997 hPa), moderate systems (949 < pressure < 976 hPa), and strong systems (pressure < 949 hPa). Center fixes with intensity estimates are shown as dashed lines while center fixes of position only are solid lines.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig2","images":[{"id":"fig2_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 2.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Annual statistics comparing minimum central pressure from aircraft reconnaissance and BT data for various agencies: (top) bias difference of best track minus reconnaissance and (bottom) its standard deviation.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Annual statistics comparing minimum central pressure from aircraft reconnaissance and BT data for various agencies: (top) bias difference of best track minus reconnaissance and (bottom) its standard deviation.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-1b57b079-576f-416d-a549-5831ae3608a9" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig2-thumb" data-figureid="fig2" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 2." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58732" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 2.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>Annual statistics comparing minimum central pressure from aircraft reconnaissance and BT data for various agencies: (top) bias difference of best track minus reconnaissance and (bottom) its standard deviation.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig3","images":[{"id":"fig3_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 3.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Annual time series of empirically estimated WPR parameters, based on the form <i>V<\/i> = <i>V<sub>o<\/sub><\/i> (<i>P<sub>o<\/sub><\/i> − <i>P<\/i>)<sup><i>c<\/i><\/sup>. The RMS is the root-mean-square error of the wind for the empirically derived parameters. The quantity <i>V<\/i>(<i>P<\/i> = 920) is the wind speed (in kt) corresponding to a central pressure of 920 mb using the empirically derived parameters. Dashed lines represent the <a href=\"#bib1\" id=\"ref_bib1\">AH77<\/a> values and the vertical line designates the end of AR during 1987.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Annual time series of empirically estimated WPR parameters, based on the form <i>V<\/i> = <i>V<sub>o<\/sub><\/i> (<i>P<sub>o<\/sub><\/i> − <i>P<\/i>)<sup><i>c<\/i><\/sup>. The RMS is the root-mean-square error of the wind for the empirically derived parameters. The quantity <i>V<\/i>(<i>P<\/i> = 920) is the wind speed (in kt) corresponding to a central pressure of 920 mb using the empirically derived parameters. Dashed lines represent the <a href=\"#bib1\" id=\"ref_bib1\">AH77<\/a> values and the vertical line designates the end of AR during 1987.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-1b57b079-576f-416d-a549-5831ae3608a9" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig3-thumb" data-figureid="fig3" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 3." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58732" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 3.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>Annual time series of empirically estimated WPR parameters, based on the form <i>V</i> = <i>V<sub>o</sub></i> (<i>P<sub>o</sub></i> − <i>P</i>)<sup><i>c</i></sup>. The RMS is the root-mean-square error of the wind for the empirically derived parameters. The quantity <i>V</i>(<i>P</i> = 920) is the wind speed (in kt) corresponding to a central pressure of 920 mb using the empirically derived parameters. Dashed lines represent the <a id="ref_bib1" href="#bib1">AH77</a> values and the vertical line designates the end of AR during 1987.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig4","images":[{"id":"fig4_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 4.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Four typhoons with the largest increase in LMW between best-track (from TD-9635) and pressure-based winds (using <a href=\"#bib21\" id=\"ref_bib21\">KZ07<\/a>) along with the LMP in hPa.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Four typhoons with the largest increase in LMW between best-track (from TD-9635) and pressure-based winds (using <a href=\"#bib21\" id=\"ref_bib21\">KZ07<\/a>) along with the LMP in hPa.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-1b57b079-576f-416d-a549-5831ae3608a9" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig4-thumb" data-figureid="fig4" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 4." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58732" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 4.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>Four typhoons with the largest increase in LMW between best-track (from TD-9635) and pressure-based winds (using <a id="ref_bib21" href="#bib21">KZ07</a>) along with the LMP in hPa.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig5","images":[{"id":"fig5_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 5.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig4\" id=\"ref_fig4\">Fig. 4<\/a>, but for the four typhoons with the largest decrease in LMW.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig4\" id=\"ref_fig4\">Fig. 4<\/a>, but for the four typhoons with the largest decrease in LMW.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-1b57b079-576f-416d-a549-5831ae3608a9" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig5-thumb" data-figureid="fig5" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 5." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58732" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 5.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>As in <a id="ref_fig4" href="#fig4">Fig. 4</a>, but for the four typhoons with the largest decrease in LMW.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig6","images":[{"id":"fig6_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 6.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Changes in LMW as reported from best-track data and as calculated from pressure observations (LMW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub>) based on the TD-9635 data from 1945 to 1976. The SS hurricane-scale boundaries are provided for reference only (since it is not widely used in the WP basin).<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Changes in LMW as reported from best-track data and as calculated from pressure observations (LMW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub>) based on the TD-9635 data from 1945 to 1976. The SS hurricane-scale boundaries are provided for reference only (since it is not widely used in the WP basin).<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-1b57b079-576f-416d-a549-5831ae3608a9" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig6-thumb" data-figureid="fig6" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 6." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58732" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 6.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>Changes in LMW as reported from best-track data and as calculated from pressure observations (LMW<sub><i>p</i></sub>) based on the TD-9635 data from 1945 to 1976. The SS hurricane-scale boundaries are provided for reference only (since it is not widely used in the WP basin).</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig7","images":[{"id":"fig7_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 7.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top to bottom) Time series of total ACE and ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> derived from TD-9635 and parameters that contribute to it [cf. Eq. <a href=\"#e3\" id=\"ref_e3\">(3)<\/a>]: annual number of storms, mean storm lifetime, and <i>V<\/i><sub>ACE<\/sub>. For each time series, the heavy solid line is the smoothed line (using a 1\u20134\u20136\u20134\u20131 filter) while the straight line is the linear regression (which is solid if statistically significant). Reported values are from the best-track wind reports (MSW) and winds calculated using <a href=\"#bib21\" id=\"ref_bib21\">KZ07<\/a> (MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub>).<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top to bottom) Time series of total ACE and ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> derived from TD-9635 and parameters that contribute to it [cf. Eq. <a href=\"#e3\" id=\"ref_e3\">(3)<\/a>]: annual number of storms, mean storm lifetime, and <i>V<\/i><sub>ACE<\/sub>. For each time series, the heavy solid line is the smoothed line (using a 1\u20134\u20136\u20134\u20131 filter) while the straight line is the linear regression (which is solid if statistically significant). Reported values are from the best-track wind reports (MSW) and winds calculated using <a href=\"#bib21\" id=\"ref_bib21\">KZ07<\/a> (MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub>).<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-1b57b079-576f-416d-a549-5831ae3608a9" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig7-thumb" data-figureid="fig7" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 7." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58732" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 7.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>(top to bottom) Time series of total ACE and ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> derived from TD-9635 and parameters that contribute to it [cf. Eq. <a id="ref_e3" href="#e3">(3)</a>]: annual number of storms, mean storm lifetime, and <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub>. For each time series, the heavy solid line is the smoothed line (using a 1–4–6–4–1 filter) while the straight line is the linear regression (which is solid if statistically significant). Reported values are from the best-track wind reports (MSW) and winds calculated using <a id="ref_bib21" href="#bib21">KZ07</a> (MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub>).</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig8","images":[{"id":"fig8_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 8.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top to bottom) Time series of ACE from various agencies, annual number of storms, storm lifetime, and <i>V<\/i><sub>ACE<\/sub>. (left) Annual values are small circles and straight lines are linear trends of the dataset period of record and are solid if statistically significant. (right) Curves are 1\u20134\u20136\u20134\u20131 smoothed data.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top to bottom) Time series of ACE from various agencies, annual number of storms, storm lifetime, and <i>V<\/i><sub>ACE<\/sub>. (left) Annual values are small circles and straight lines are linear trends of the dataset period of record and are solid if statistically significant. (right) Curves are 1\u20134\u20136\u20134\u20131 smoothed data.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-1b57b079-576f-416d-a549-5831ae3608a9" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig8-thumb" data-figureid="fig8" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 8." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58732" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 8.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>(top to bottom) Time series of ACE from various agencies, annual number of storms, storm lifetime, and <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub>. (left) Annual values are small circles and straight lines are linear trends of the dataset period of record and are solid if statistically significant. (right) Curves are 1–4–6–4–1 smoothed data.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig9","images":[{"id":"fig9_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 9.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig8\" id=\"ref_fig8\">Fig. 8<\/a>, but with ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> calculated using <a href=\"#bib21\" id=\"ref_bib21\">KZ07<\/a>. Gray lines in the top panel are the ACEs from the top panel in <a href=\"#fig8\" id=\"d35541129e13\">Fig. 8<\/a> to provide context.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig8\" id=\"ref_fig8\">Fig. 8<\/a>, but with ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> calculated using <a href=\"#bib21\" id=\"ref_bib21\">KZ07<\/a>. Gray lines in the top panel are the ACEs from the top panel in <a href=\"#fig8\" id=\"d35541129e13\">Fig. 8<\/a> to provide context.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-1b57b079-576f-416d-a549-5831ae3608a9" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig9-thumb" data-figureid="fig9" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 9." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58732" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 9.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>As in <a id="ref_fig8" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a>, but with ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> calculated using <a id="ref_bib21" href="#bib21">KZ07</a>. Gray lines in the top panel are the ACEs from the top panel in <a id="d35541129e13" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a> to provide context.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig10","images":[{"id":"fig10_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 10.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig9\" id=\"ref_fig9\">Fig. 9<\/a>, but for ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> with statistics accumulating only while MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> &lt; 65 kt (i.e., tropical storm intensity).<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig9\" id=\"ref_fig9\">Fig. 9<\/a>, but for ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> with statistics accumulating only while MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> &lt; 65 kt (i.e., tropical storm intensity).<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-1b57b079-576f-416d-a549-5831ae3608a9" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig10-thumb" data-figureid="fig10" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 10." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58732" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 10.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>As in <a id="ref_fig9" href="#fig9">Fig. 9</a>, but for ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> with statistics accumulating only while MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> < 65 kt (i.e., tropical storm intensity).</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig11","images":[{"id":"fig11_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 11.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig10\" id=\"ref_fig10\">Fig. 10<\/a>, but for MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> ≥ 65 kt (i.e., typhoon intensity).<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig10\" id=\"ref_fig10\">Fig. 10<\/a>, but for MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> ≥ 65 kt (i.e., typhoon intensity).<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-1b57b079-576f-416d-a549-5831ae3608a9" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig11-thumb" data-figureid="fig11" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 11." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58732" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 11.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>As in <a id="ref_fig10" href="#fig10">Fig. 10</a>, but for MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> ≥ 65 kt (i.e., typhoon intensity).</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig12","images":[{"id":"fig12_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 12.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top) Time series of smoothed ACE (following <a href=\"#fig8\" id=\"ref_fig8\">Fig. 8<\/a>) calculated from BT data, where the black line represents the range of ACE values. (bottom) Time series of ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> from MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> (cf. <a href=\"#fig9\" id=\"ref_fig9\">Fig. 9<\/a>). Again, the range in ACE values is represented by the black line; the gray line is the original ACE range.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top) Time series of smoothed ACE (following <a href=\"#fig8\" id=\"ref_fig8\">Fig. 8<\/a>) calculated from BT data, where the black line represents the range of ACE values. (bottom) Time series of ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> from MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> (cf. <a href=\"#fig9\" id=\"ref_fig9\">Fig. 9<\/a>). Again, the range in ACE values is represented by the black line; the gray line is the original ACE range.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-1b57b079-576f-416d-a549-5831ae3608a9" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig12-thumb" data-figureid="fig12" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 12." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58732" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 12.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>(top) Time series of smoothed ACE (following <a id="ref_fig8" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a>) calculated from BT data, where the black line represents the range of ACE values. (bottom) Time series of ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> from MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> (cf. <a id="ref_fig9" href="#fig9">Fig. 9</a>). Again, the range in ACE values is represented by the black line; the gray line is the original ACE range.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig13","images":[{"id":"fig13_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 13.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Time series of smoothed ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> derived from a combined pressure dataset. Blue represents the JMA\u2013CMA\u2013HKO pressure values after 1987, green represents the JTWC estimated pressure values after 1987, while brown represents the satellite-based ACE estimates (scaled so that the mean satellite ACE for 1983\u201387 matches the BT ACE).<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Time series of smoothed ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> derived from a combined pressure dataset. Blue represents the JMA\u2013CMA\u2013HKO pressure values after 1987, green represents the JTWC estimated pressure values after 1987, while brown represents the satellite-based ACE estimates (scaled so that the mean satellite ACE for 1983\u201387 matches the BT ACE).<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-1b57b079-576f-416d-a549-5831ae3608a9" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig13-thumb" data-figureid="fig13" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 13." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58732" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 13.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>Time series of smoothed ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> derived from a combined pressure dataset. Blue represents the JMA–CMA–HKO pressure values after 1987, green represents the JTWC estimated pressure values after 1987, while brown represents the satellite-based ACE estimates (scaled so that the mean satellite ACE for 1983–87 matches the BT ACE).</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig14","images":[{"id":"fig14_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 14.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top) Trend in ACE for periods beginning in 1945 with a varying end year. Blue represents trends following the JMA\u2013CMA\u2013HKO results in the 1990s while the orange line follows JTWC. Vertical hatching represents the 99% confidence interval of the slope. (bottom) As in the top panel, but the period of trend has a varying start year and end in 2010.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top) Trend in ACE for periods beginning in 1945 with a varying end year. Blue represents trends following the JMA\u2013CMA\u2013HKO results in the 1990s while the orange line follows JTWC. Vertical hatching represents the 99% confidence interval of the slope. (bottom) As in the top panel, but the period of trend has a varying start year and end in 2010.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-1b57b079-576f-416d-a549-5831ae3608a9" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig14-thumb" data-figureid="fig14" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 14." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58732" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 14.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>(top) Trend in ACE for periods beginning in 1945 with a varying end year. Blue represents trends following the JMA–CMA–HKO results in the 1990s while the orange line follows JTWC. Vertical hatching represents the 99% confidence interval of the slope. (bottom) As in the top panel, but the period of trend has a varying start year and end in 2010.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="gallery-overlay"> <div data-docuri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" data-datatype="figure/image-viewer" class="counterData"></div> <div class="component component-content-item component-image-gallery full-screen"> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div id="primary-slider" class="full-slider-splide"> <ul class="actions color-primary close"> <li><a href="#" class="ico-close close"><span>Close</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="splide__track"> <div class="splide__list"> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 1.</b> <p>Annual frequency of aircraft reconnaissance fixes plotted by storm intensity: all storms, weak systems (976 < pressure < 997 hPa), moderate systems (949 < pressure < 976 hPa), and strong systems (pressure < 949 hPa). Center fixes with intensity estimates are shown as dashed lines while center fixes of position only are solid lines.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 2.</b> <p>Annual statistics comparing minimum central pressure from aircraft reconnaissance and BT data for various agencies: (top) bias difference of best track minus reconnaissance and (bottom) its standard deviation.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 3.</b> <p>Annual time series of empirically estimated WPR parameters, based on the form <i>V</i> = <i>V<sub>o</sub></i> (<i>P<sub>o</sub></i> − <i>P</i>)<sup><i>c</i></sup>. The RMS is the root-mean-square error of the wind for the empirically derived parameters. The quantity <i>V</i>(<i>P</i> = 920) is the wind speed (in kt) corresponding to a central pressure of 920 mb using the empirically derived parameters. Dashed lines represent the <a id="ref_bib1" href="#bib1">AH77</a> values and the vertical line designates the end of AR during 1987.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 4.</b> <p>Four typhoons with the largest increase in LMW between best-track (from TD-9635) and pressure-based winds (using <a id="ref_bib21" href="#bib21">KZ07</a>) along with the LMP in hPa.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 5.</b> <p>As in <a id="ref_fig4" href="#fig4">Fig. 4</a>, but for the four typhoons with the largest decrease in LMW.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 6.</b> <p>Changes in LMW as reported from best-track data and as calculated from pressure observations (LMW<sub><i>p</i></sub>) based on the TD-9635 data from 1945 to 1976. The SS hurricane-scale boundaries are provided for reference only (since it is not widely used in the WP basin).</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 7.</b> <p>(top to bottom) Time series of total ACE and ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> derived from TD-9635 and parameters that contribute to it [cf. Eq. <a id="ref_e3" href="#e3">(3)</a>]: annual number of storms, mean storm lifetime, and <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub>. For each time series, the heavy solid line is the smoothed line (using a 1–4–6–4–1 filter) while the straight line is the linear regression (which is solid if statistically significant). Reported values are from the best-track wind reports (MSW) and winds calculated using <a id="ref_bib21" href="#bib21">KZ07</a> (MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub>).</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 8.</b> <p>(top to bottom) Time series of ACE from various agencies, annual number of storms, storm lifetime, and <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub>. (left) Annual values are small circles and straight lines are linear trends of the dataset period of record and are solid if statistically significant. (right) Curves are 1–4–6–4–1 smoothed data.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 9.</b> <p>As in <a id="ref_fig8" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a>, but with ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> calculated using <a id="ref_bib21" href="#bib21">KZ07</a>. Gray lines in the top panel are the ACEs from the top panel in <a id="d35541129e13" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a> to provide context.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 10.</b> <p>As in <a id="ref_fig9" href="#fig9">Fig. 9</a>, but for ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> with statistics accumulating only while MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> < 65 kt (i.e., tropical storm intensity).</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 11.</b> <p>As in <a id="ref_fig10" href="#fig10">Fig. 10</a>, but for MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> ≥ 65 kt (i.e., typhoon intensity).</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 12.</b> <p>(top) Time series of smoothed ACE (following <a id="ref_fig8" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a>) calculated from BT data, where the black line represents the range of ACE values. (bottom) Time series of ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> from MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> (cf. <a id="ref_fig9" href="#fig9">Fig. 9</a>). Again, the range in ACE values is represented by the black line; the gray line is the original ACE range.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 13.</b> <p>Time series of smoothed ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> derived from a combined pressure dataset. Blue represents the JMA–CMA–HKO pressure values after 1987, green represents the JTWC estimated pressure values after 1987, while brown represents the satellite-based ACE estimates (scaled so that the mean satellite ACE for 1983–87 matches the BT ACE).</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 14.</b> <p>(top) Trend in ACE for periods beginning in 1945 with a varying end year. Blue represents trends following the JMA–CMA–HKO results in the 1990s while the orange line follows JTWC. Vertical hatching represents the 99% confidence interval of the slope. 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Smith</span></a></div><span class="contributor-separator">, and </span><div class="contributor-details"> <a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/search?f_0=author&q_0=Gabriele+Villarini"><span data-testid="author-name" class="contributor-unlinked">Gabriele Villarini</span></a></div><span class="contributor-separator"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component component-content-item component-content-contributors "> <div class="content-contributor "> <div class="contributor-line text-subheading"> <div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="metaBlock flex-2 pd-3"><div class="metadata pf-type-article"></div> <div class="component component-content-item component-add-to-download-button "> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="" class="bg-white flex@xs-5 mr-5 mr@md-4 mb@md-4 ml-2 ml@md-4" role="" id=""> <div class="component component-content-item component-smart-nav "> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div class="smartNavWrapper smart-nav-wrap"> <div class="smartNav smart-nav"> <ul class="p-0 flex flex-align-center"> <li class="prev mr-1 first"> <a href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00224.1.xml" title="Sudden Tropical Cyclone Track Changes over the Western North Pacific: A Composite Study" class="ico-prev c-Button c-Button--small c-Button--primary c-Icon c-Icon--before c-Icon--small c-Icon--keyboardArrowLeft"> <span class="ml-1">Previous Article</span> </a> </li> <li class="next last"> <a href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00251.1.xml" title="Structural and Intensity Changes of Concentric Eyewall Typhoons in the Western North Pacific Basin" class="ico-prev c-Button c-Button--small c-Button--primary c-Icon c-Icon--after c-Icon--small c-Icon--keyboardArrowRight"> <span class="mr-1">Next Article</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="" class="pt-3 pb-3" role="" id=""> <div class="configurable-layout w-1"> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body ">  <div data-testid="layout-index-cardpfcontenttype:article,style:full" class="layout three-column-with-top-bottom type-index-card"> <div class="column-group columns-1 has-beforeColumns flex flex-col flex@md-row"> <div data-columnname="beforeColumns" class="column beforeColumns flex@md-order-1 flex-1"> <div class="column-contents "> <div style="width: 100%;" class="display-flex flex-col flex@md-row flex-nowrap" role="" id=""> <div style="width: 100%;" class="bg-white flex@md-row flex-4 pr-2 pr@md-4 pl-2 pl@md-0" role="" id=""> <div class="component component-content-item component-content-metadata "> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div class="definition-list list-count-1 "> <div class="column"> <dl class="editorialType c-List__items"> <dt class="editorialType inline c-List__item c-List__item--primary text-metadata-label"> <span class="typography-body "> Editorial Type: </span> </dt> <dd class="editorialType inline c-List__item c-List__item--secondary text-metadata-value"> <span class="typography-body "> Article </span> </dd> </dl> <dl class="articlecategory c-List__items"> <dt class="articlecategory inline c-List__item c-List__item--primary text-metadata-label"> <span class="typography-body "> Article Type: </span> </dt> <dd class="articlecategory inline c-List__item c-List__item--secondary text-metadata-value"> <span class="typography-body "> Research Article </span> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component component-content-item component-content-title "> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div data-testid="block-title"> <h1 class="typography-body title mb-3 text-headline font-header "> A Pressure-Based Analysis of the Historical Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Record </h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component component-content-item component-content-contributors "> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div class="content-contributor "> <div class="contributor-line text-subheading"> <div> <div class="text-subheading"> <div class="contributor-details"> <div class="contributor-details-block"><span data-testid="author-name" aria-controls="authorAffiliatePopUp_22" aria-label="Reveal author affiliation for Kenneth R. 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Sampson</span><div class="contributor-details-pop-up visibility-hidden" id="authorAffiliatePopUp_24"> <span class="contributor-details-pop-up-name fw-4 pb-2">Charles R. Sampson</span> <span class="contributor-details-pop-up-affiliation"><affiliation id="d127121331e44">Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, California</affiliation><br/><br/>Search for other papers by Charles R. Sampson in<br/><a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/search?f_0=author&q_0=Charles+R.+Sampson">Current site</a><br/><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=Charles+R.+Sampson">Google Scholar</a><br/><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Charles+R.+Sampson[Author]&sort=">PubMed</a></span> <span class="contributor-details-link-close-icon" role="button" tabindex="0"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Close</span> </span> </div></div></div><span class="contributor-separator">, </span><div class="contributor-details"> <div class="contributor-details-block"><span data-testid="author-name" aria-controls="authorAffiliatePopUp_25" aria-label="Reveal author affiliation for Gustavo M. Riggio" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="button" class="contributor-details-link" id="authorAffiliate_25">Gustavo M. Riggio</span><div class="contributor-details-pop-up visibility-hidden" id="authorAffiliatePopUp_25"> <span class="contributor-details-pop-up-name fw-4 pb-2">Gustavo M. Riggio</span> <span class="contributor-details-pop-up-affiliation"><affiliation id="d127121331e62">University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, North Carolina</affiliation><br/><br/>Search for other papers by Gustavo M. Riggio in<br/><a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/search?f_0=author&q_0=Gustavo+M.+Riggio">Current site</a><br/><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=Gustavo+M.+Riggio">Google Scholar</a><br/><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Gustavo+M.+Riggio[Author]&sort=">PubMed</a></span> <span class="contributor-details-link-close-icon" role="button" tabindex="0"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Close</span> </span> </div></div></div><span class="contributor-separator">, and </span><div class="contributor-details"> <div class="contributor-details-block"><span data-testid="author-name" aria-controls="authorAffiliatePopUp_26" aria-label="Reveal author affiliation for Adam D. Schnapp" aria-expanded="false" tabindex="0" role="button" class="contributor-details-link" id="authorAffiliate_26">Adam D. 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Schnapp in<br/><a href="https://journals.ametsoc.org/search?f_0=author&q_0=Adam+D.+Schnapp">Current site</a><br/><a target="_blank" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=Adam+D.+Schnapp">Google Scholar</a><br/><a target="_blank" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Adam+D.+Schnapp[Author]&sort=">PubMed</a></span> <span class="contributor-details-link-close-icon" role="button" tabindex="0"> <span class="screen-reader-text">Close</span> </span> </div></div></div><span class="contributor-separator"></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component component-content-item component-content-metadata "> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div class="definition-list list-count-1 "> <div class="column"> <dl class="date-published-print c-List__items"> <dt class="date-published-print inline c-List__item c-List__item--primary text-metadata-label"> <span class="typography-body "> Print Publication: </span> </dt> <dd class="date-published-print inline c-List__item c-List__item--secondary text-metadata-value"> <span class="typography-body "> 01 Aug 2013 </span> </dd> </dl> <dl class="doi c-List__items"> <dt class="doi inline c-List__item c-List__item--primary text-metadata-label"> <span class="typography-body "> DOI: </span> </dt> <dd class="doi inline c-List__item c-List__item--secondary text-metadata-value"> <span class="typography-body "> <a target="_blank" class="c-Button--link" href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a> </span> </dd> </dl> <dl class="pagerange c-List__items"> <dt class="pagerange inline c-List__item c-List__item--primary text-metadata-label"> <span class="typography-body "> Page(s): </span> </dt> <dd class="pagerange inline c-List__item c-List__item--secondary text-metadata-value"> <span class="typography-body "> 2611–2631 </span> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component component-content-item component-errata-widget "> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> </div> </div> </div> <div style="min-height: 38px;" class="border-radius display-flex display@md-flex flex-row position-relative flex-nowrap flex@md-nowrap ml-2" role="" id=""> <div style="" class="" role="" id=""> <button data-popover-anchor="6602f3fc-ced6-4192-87b9-befaef2bf1dd" title="Article History" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--secondary c-Button--small c-Button--outlined mr-3 mb-0 ">Article History </button> <div data-popover-fullscreen="false" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover="6602f3fc-ced6-4192-87b9-befaef2bf1dd" class="position-absolute display-none" role="" id=""> <div style="min-width: 400px;" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-2 display-flex flex-col flex-align-start flex-justify-btw position-relative flex-nowrap mr-2 mb-2 ml-2 pr-2 pl-2" role="" id=""> <div class="component component-content-item component-content-metadata "> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-header bar py-4"> </div> <div class="content-box-body "> <div class="definition-list list-count-1 "> <div class="column"> <dl class="date-received c-List__items"> <dt class="date-received inline c-List__item c-List__item--primary text-metadata-label"> <span class="typography-body "> Received: </span> </dt> <dd class="date-received inline c-List__item c-List__item--secondary text-metadata-value"> <span class="typography-body "> 07 Nov 2012 </span> </dd> </dl> <dl class="date-accepted c-List__items"> <dt class="date-accepted inline c-List__item c-List__item--primary text-metadata-label"> <span class="typography-body "> Accepted: </span> </dt> <dd class="date-accepted inline c-List__item c-List__item--secondary text-metadata-value"> <span class="typography-body "> 11 Feb 2013 </span> </dd> </dl> <dl class="onlinepubdate c-List__items"> <dt class="onlinepubdate inline c-List__item c-List__item--primary text-metadata-label"> <span class="typography-body "> Published Online: </span> </dt> <dd class="onlinepubdate inline c-List__item c-List__item--secondary text-metadata-value"> <span class="typography-body "> Aug 2013 </span> </dd> </dl> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component component-content-item component-static "> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body ">  <div class="pattern-library-style-root"> <div style="max-width:400px"> <p style="font-size:0.9em">Displayed acceptance dates for articles published prior to 2023 are approximate to within a week. If needed, exact acceptance dates can be obtained by emailing <a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu" data-remove-tab-index="true" data-sk="tooltip_parent" data-stringify-link="mailto:amsjol@amesoc.org" delay="150" href="mailto:amsjol@ametsoc.org" rel="noopener noreferrer" tabindex="-1" target="_blank">amsjol@ametsoc.org</a>.</p> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="" class="mr-3" role="" id=""> <div class="component component-content-item component-content-download-links "> <div class="content-box box no-border no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <ul class="flat-list no-bullets"> <li class=""> <a data-service="download" data-docuri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" data-datatype="pdf" title="Download PDF" href="/downloadpdf/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.pdf" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--secondary c-Button--small c-Button--outlined c-Button--full content-download pdf-download ">Download PDF </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="" class="" role="" id=""> <a title="© Get Permissions" href="https://www.ametsoc.org/index.cfm/ams/publications/permissions/" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--secondary c-Button--small c-Button--outlined ">© Get Permissions </a> </div> </div> </div> <div style="" class="bg-white border-primary border-radius display-flex flex-col flex-align-end flex-justify-start flex-1 flex-nowrap mr-2 mr@md-4" role="" id=""> <div title="Full access" class="accessIcon ico-access ico-access-authorized t-icon-access-authorized c-Icon c-Icon--before access-authorized color-access-authorized "> <span class="typography-body labelClass "> Full access </span> <div class="license-link license-link-authorized"> <span></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="component component-content-item component-container container-body container-wrapper-58753 container-tabbed"> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <nav data-container-tab-address="tab_body" id="container-nav-58753" class="container-tabs"> <ul class="c-Tabs c-Tabs--sticky c-Tabs--alignLeft"> <li class=" c-Tabs__tab"> <a data-tab-id="abstract-display" title="" href="#container-58753-item-58785" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium "> <span class="typography-body "> Abstract/Excerpt </span> </a> </li> <li class="active c-Tabs__tab"> <a data-tab-id="fulltext-display" title="" href="#container-58753-item-58744" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium "> <span class="typography-body "> Full Text </span> </a> </li> <li class=" c-Tabs__tab"> <a data-tab-id="pdf" title="" href="#container-58753-item-58745" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium "> <span class="typography-body "> PDF </span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav> <div class="container-body pb-2 pr-3 pt-2 pl-1"> <div id="container-58753-item-58754" class="container-item"> </div> <div id="container-58753-item-58785" class="container-item"> <div class="component component-content-item component-container container-abstract-display container-wrapper-58785"> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div class="container-body mr-2 ml-2"> <div id="container-58785-item-58775" class="container-item"> <div class="component component-content-item component-content-summary abstract_or_excerpt"> <div class="content-box box no-border no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div sendCounterEvent="true" data-datatype="abstract" data-docuri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" class="counterData"></div> <section class="abstract"><h2 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d127121331e93">Abstract</h2><p>The western North Pacific Ocean is the most active tropical cyclone (TC) basin. However, recent studies are not conclusive on whether the TC activity is increasing or decreasing, at least when calculations are based on maximum sustained winds. For this study, TC minimum central pressure data are analyzed in an effort to better understand historical typhoons. Best-track pressure reports are compared with aircraft reconnaissance observations; little bias is observed. An analysis of wind and pressure relationships suggests changes in data and practices at numerous agencies over the historical record. New estimates of maximum sustained winds are calculated using recent wind–pressure relationships and parameters from International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) data. The result suggests potential reclassification of numerous typhoons based on these pressure-based lifetime maximum intensities. Historical documentation supports these new intensities in many cases. In short, wind reports in older best-track data are likely of low quality. The annual activity based on pressure estimates is found to be consistent with aircraft reconnaissance and between agencies; however, reconnaissance ended in the western Pacific in 1987. Since then, interagency differences in maximum wind estimates noted here and by others also exist in the minimum central pressure reports. Reconciling these recent interagency differences is further exasperated by the lack of adequate ground truth. This study suggests efforts to intercalibrate the interagency intensity estimate methods. Conducting an independent and homogeneous reanalysis of past typhoon activity is likely necessary to resolve the remaining discrepancies in typhoon intensity records.</p></section> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="container-58785-item-58786" class="container-item"> </div> <div id="container-58785-item-58770" class="container-item"> <div class="component component-content-item component-contributor-notes null"> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <h2 class="text-headline"></h2> <div class="contributor-note"><contributor-notes encoding-type="nlm"><div id="n101"><p><sup><label xmlns:ifp="http://www.ifactory.com/press" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">*</label></sup> Current affiliation: Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida.</p></div><div class="corresp"><corresp xmlns:ifp="http://www.ifactory.com/press" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" id="cor1"><i>Corresponding author address:</i> Kenneth R. Knapp, 151 Patton Ave., Asheville, NC 28801. E-mail: <a href="mailto:ken.knapp@noaa.gov">ken.knapp@noaa.gov</a></corresp></div></contributor-notes></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="container-58753-item-58744" class="container-item"> <div class="component component-content-item component-container container-fulltext-display container-wrapper-58744"> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div class="container-body pb-2 mr-2"> <div id="container-58744-item-58766" class="container-item"> <div style="" class="bg-grey-light border-grey-light border-radius c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-4 color-primary mr-2 mb-3 pt-1 pr-3 pb-3 pl-3" role="" id=""> <div class="component component-content-item component-content-summary abstract_or_excerpt"> <div class="content-box box border-bottom border-bottom-inherit border-bottom-inherit no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div sendCounterEvent="true" data-datatype="abstract" data-docuri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" class="counterData"></div> <section class="abstract"><h2 class="abstractTitle text-title my-1" id="d127121331e93">Abstract</h2><p>The western North Pacific Ocean is the most active tropical cyclone (TC) basin. However, recent studies are not conclusive on whether the TC activity is increasing or decreasing, at least when calculations are based on maximum sustained winds. For this study, TC minimum central pressure data are analyzed in an effort to better understand historical typhoons. Best-track pressure reports are compared with aircraft reconnaissance observations; little bias is observed. An analysis of wind and pressure relationships suggests changes in data and practices at numerous agencies over the historical record. New estimates of maximum sustained winds are calculated using recent wind–pressure relationships and parameters from International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) data. The result suggests potential reclassification of numerous typhoons based on these pressure-based lifetime maximum intensities. Historical documentation supports these new intensities in many cases. In short, wind reports in older best-track data are likely of low quality. The annual activity based on pressure estimates is found to be consistent with aircraft reconnaissance and between agencies; however, reconnaissance ended in the western Pacific in 1987. Since then, interagency differences in maximum wind estimates noted here and by others also exist in the minimum central pressure reports. Reconciling these recent interagency differences is further exasperated by the lack of adequate ground truth. This study suggests efforts to intercalibrate the interagency intensity estimate methods. Conducting an independent and homogeneous reanalysis of past typhoon activity is likely necessary to resolve the remaining discrepancies in typhoon intensity records.</p></section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="component component-content-item component-contributor-notes null"> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <h2 class="text-headline"></h2> <div class="contributor-note"><contributor-notes encoding-type="nlm"><div id="n101"><p><sup><label xmlns:ifp="http://www.ifactory.com/press" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/">*</label></sup> Current affiliation: Embry Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, Florida.</p></div><div class="corresp"><corresp xmlns:ifp="http://www.ifactory.com/press" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" id="cor1"><i>Corresponding author address:</i> Kenneth R. Knapp, 151 Patton Ave., Asheville, NC 28801. E-mail: <a href="mailto:ken.knapp@noaa.gov">ken.knapp@noaa.gov</a></corresp></div></contributor-notes></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="container-58744-item-58739" class="container-item"> <div class="component component-content-item component-content-html "> <div class="content-box box no-border no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div data-datatype="fthtml" data-docuri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" class="counterData"></div> <div class="bodyCssRoot" id="contentRoot"><div id="articleBody"><div class="keywords mb-3"><span id="keywordsLabel">Keywords: </span><a href="/search?q=Hurricanes/typhoons">Hurricanes/typhoons</a>; <a href="/search?q=Data+quality+control">Data quality control</a>; <a href="/search?q=Databases">Databases</a></div><div class="section border-bottom border-bottom-solid border-bottom-medium" id="s1"><h2 id="d127121331e108">1. Introduction</h2><p>Studies addressing tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the western North Pacific (WP) suggest contradicting trends. Analyses by <a id="ref_bib12" href="#bib12">Emanuel (2005)</a> and <a id="ref_bib51" href="#bib51">Webster et al. (2005)</a> of TC activity based on the Joint Typhoon Warning Center's (JTWC) best-track data (1970–2005) showed increasing intensity trends. <a id="d35541166e579" href="#bib51">Webster et al. (2005)</a> show an increasing trend in the strongest TCs and a decrease in moderate intensity TCs. <a id="d35541166e582" href="#bib12">Emanuel (2005)</a> showed increases in the potential destruction index, an integral of the maximum winds cubed, also using the JTWC best tracks. Conversely, <a id="ref_bib53" href="#bib53">Wu et al. (2006)</a> found decreasing intensity trends in best-track data from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the Hong Kong Observatory (HKO). A later attempt by <a id="ref_bib26" href="#bib26">Kossin et al. (2007)</a> used an objective analysis of satellite data (post-1980s) to analyze global and basin-wide statistics, finding no significant trend in the WP. These latter results were consistent with the findings of <a id="ref_bib19" href="#bib19">Klotzbach (2006)</a>, who examined a shorter time series of the JTWC best-track data (1986–2005). We posit that the differences in these analyses are not caused by the approach taken but by the dataset used.</p><p>These apparently contradictory results have led to several studies that concentrate on the details of how intensities were derived and how those methods have changed over time. Best-track data are finalized following each season; they generally have not been reanalyzed using current methods or knowledge. <a id="d35541166e597" href="#bib21">Knaff and Zehr (2007)</a> showed how the operational use of the <a id="d35541166e600" href="#bib1">Atkinson and Holliday (1977</a>, hereafter <a id="d35541166e603" href="#bib1">AH77</a>) wind–pressure relationship (WPR) changed the resulting JTWC best-track estimates of maximum sustained wind speed (MSW). Furthermore, they also conclude that the <a id="d35541166e606" href="#bib1">AH77</a> WPR, while being based on quality wind data, was regressed on the raw data rather than data that was binned in intensity ranges and then averaged. This resulted in some low MSW estimates after about 1972, especially for the most intense TCs. Using aircraft-based central pressure records (1966–87) and the <a id="d35541166e609" href="#bib21">Knaff and Zehr (2007)</a> WPR, <a id="ref_bib20" href="#bib20">Knaff and Sampson (2006)</a> showed that some of the lifetime maximum wind (LMW) estimates in the JTWC best-track data were likely low biased, which likely led to an upward trend in intensity during the 1970–2005 period. <a id="ref_bib29" href="#bib29">Kwon et al. (2006)</a> investigated differences in climatological indices between JTWC and JMA, but infer minimum central pressure (MCP) values from the JTWC MSW estimates. More recently, <a id="ref_bib6" href="#bib6">Durden (2012)</a> investigated pressure changes in the WP basin, but their analysis was limited to the JMA best-track dataset, which relies on the <a id="ref_bib25" href="#bib25">Koba et al. (1991)</a> WPR. Also recently, <a id="ref_bib33" href="#bib33">Mien-Tze (2012)</a> investigated WPRs currently in use, but primarily focused on the 1991–2010 time period. Together, these studies depict the great number of inconsistencies in the TC intensity data that are large enough to matter when considering trends.</p><p>Other studies have examined differences in the MSW intensity metric. <a id="ref_bib40" href="#bib40">Song et al. (2010)</a>, along with <a id="ref_bib23" href="#bib23">Knapp and Kruk (2010)</a>, discuss interagency wind differences from an empirical view. Both <a id="ref_bib36" href="#bib36">Ren et al. (2011)</a> and <a id="ref_bib55" href="#bib55">Yu et al. (2007)</a> investigate differences of storms in common among three agencies [the China Meteorological Agency (CMA), JMA, and JTWC]. In particular, <a id="d35541166e642" href="#bib36">Ren et al. (2011)</a> discuss specific operational procedures at each agency that may be enhancing differences in intensity estimates. <a id="ref_bib54" href="#bib54">Ying et al. (2011)</a> examined the differences between typhoon seasonalities from three agencies. Finally, <a id="ref_bib32" href="#bib32">Maue (2011)</a> used winds to analyze hemispheric activity via accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) and has shown a clear decrease in TC activity since 2005. These results underscore the perception that the differences between best-track MSW estimates are significant and important to intensity analyses.</p><p>Even the supposedly consistent Dvorak intensity estimates (<a id="ref_bib8" href="#bib8">Dvorak 1975</a>, <a id="ref_bib9" href="#bib9">1984</a>) have resulted in significant differences in intensity as estimated by different agencies in the WP basin, as implied in <a id="ref_bib22" href="#bib22">Knaff et al. (2010)</a>. Furthermore, <a id="ref_bib34" href="#bib34">Nakazawa and Hoshino (2009)</a> investigated differences in the Dvorak technique–based <i>T</i> and current intensity (CI) numbers between JMA and JTWC. They show that during the early and mid-1990s differences between Dvorak intensity estimates between JTWC and JMA are large, with the JTWC estimates being significantly higher. <a id="ref_bib17" href="#bib17">Kamahori et al. (2006)</a> looked at TC days, which is a measure of storm lifetime. Again, there were significant differences. These studies suggest that, even recently, the Dvorak-based intensity estimates show significant differences. The causes of these differences are as yet unresolved, but are likely related to 1) how and what rules (or constraints) are applied to satellite imagery to arrive at the Dvorak <i>T</i> and CI estimates, noting the evolution of the Dvorak technique discussed in <a id="ref_bib48" href="#bib48">Velden et al. (2006a</a>,<a id="ref_bib49" href="#bib49">b</a>); 2) the undocumented and inhomogeneous use of ancillary data such as passive microwave imagery; and 3) inadequate ground truth for interagency calibration.</p><p>Observations of MSW and MCP were primarily limited to aircraft reconnaissance before routine geostationary satellite coverage allowed the use of the Dvorak technique. Before satellites, MCP was by far the more reliable observation (<a id="ref_bib37" href="#bib37">Sheets and Grieman 1975</a>; <a id="ref_bib41" href="#bib41">Typhoon Post Analysis Board 1953</a>) while winds were primarily estimated from observations of sea state or via WPRs, which vary throughout the time period. From a historical perspective there seems to be several, possibly insurmountable, problems with the records of MSW. These include the availability of routine aircraft information, which ended in 1987; lack of documentation on WPRs; and significant differences in operational estimates based on satellite information. From the above discussion it is easy to infer that the time period, dataset, and intensity metric used for analyzing intensity trends dramatically affect the interpretation of the historical records of intensity. Such differences are a likely cause of the seemingly contradictory intensity trend results that others have reported.</p><p>We suggest that a comprehensive analysis of WP TC intensities based on pressure (instead of wind speed) may be more appropriate and insightful in the WP basin. Specifically, we will pursue answers to the following questions:</p><ol class="content-list content-list-type--order"><li class="mb-2"><p>Is pressure more consistent between agencies than wind during the presatellite era?</p></li><li class="mb-2"><p>If so, what does analysis of the pressures imply about the historical typhoons? (Do we see storms that increase and/or decrease in LMW?)</p></li><li class="mb-2"><p>Can one construct a pressure-based time series of activity? If so, can we say something about historical activity in the WP and close the gap on the previously disparate conclusions by objectively investigating typhoons using pressure reports?</p></li></ol>The following is our attempt to adequately answer these questions using International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS; <a id="ref_bib24" href="#bib24">Knapp et al. 2010</a>), the newly recovered “typhoon analogs” dataset (TD-9635), and modern WPRs. This study builds upon the work of <a id="d35541166e701" href="#bib20">Knaff and Sampson (2006)</a>, but extends that work to the entire life span of the cyclone and conducts a more comprehensive analysis of the pressure-based intensity estimates. We also make use of many acronyms, so a description of the acronyms used in this paper is provided in <a id="ref_tbl1" href="#tbl1">Table 1</a> to aid the reader.<div title="Table 1. Acronyms used in this study listed by category: agencies and places, datasets, publications, and tropical cyclone related." class="tableWrap suppressable" id="tbl1"><span class="tableWrapLabel"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Table</span> 1.</span><span class="tableWrapCaption"><p>Acronyms used in this study listed by category: agencies and places, datasets, publications, and tropical cyclone related.</p></span><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t1.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 1."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="c5ac13ed-cd48-4154-965e-91097cc86434-b0b2b011-36a6-4134-8ba0-c66981da4f04" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t1.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 1."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Table" data-xsl-identifier="table-popover" data-popover-anchor="c5ac13ed-cd48-4154-965e-91097cc86434-b0b2b011-36a6-4134-8ba0-c66981da4f04">View Table </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="table-popover" class="table-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t1.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 1."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><p></p></div><div class="section border-bottom border-bottom-solid border-bottom-medium" id="s2"><h2 id="d127121331e254">2. Tropical cyclone data</h2><p>Three datasets are used here to analyze historical TC activity: IBTrACS, TD-9635, and the digitized aircraft reconnaissance data. The IBTrACS dataset compiles best-track information from various agencies worldwide (<a id="d35541166e720" href="#bib24">Knapp et al. 2010</a>). The combination allows for a simple intercomparison of parameters from different agencies. The TD-9635—originally called typhoon analogs—was uncovered recently at the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). The digitized typhoon fix data, which represent satellite and aircraft reconnaissance center “fixes” of historical TCs for the period 1950–87, were provided by JTWC (1966–87) and by a recent digitization at NCDC of earlier typhoon records (see the <a id="ref_app1" href="#app1">appendix</a>). The digitized data also provide a means to validate MCP reports in the different best-track datasets.</p><div class="section" id="s2a"><h3 id="d127121331e265">a. Aircraft reconnaissance observations</h3><p>Aircraft observations of TCs in the WP basin began near the end of the second World War (<a id="ref_bib50" href="#bib50">Weatherford and Gray 1988</a>) with more routine TC reconnaissance beginning in the early 1950s (<a id="ref_bib35" href="#bib35">Reade 2011</a>). This weather reconnaissance included reported instrument observations (position, direction, height of aircraft, etc.), as well as manual observations (e.g., size and shape of eyewall, surface wind speed based on sea state). From <a id="ref_bib38" href="#bib38">Simpson (1952)</a>, surface wind observations were often manually estimated based on “the amount of surf present and the general appearance of the sea.” Moreover, higher wind speeds have a relatively large margin for error due to fewer pictures of sea state at high wind speeds and that the seas appear different under varying amounts of light. <a id="ref_bib10" href="#bib10">Elsberry et al. (1975)</a> also note that errors can occur when reconnaissance flights may not have “penetrated through the highest wind speed region.”</p><p>Conversely, observations of MCP were more accurate. In general, MCP was observed with dropsondes or extrapolated to the surface based on knowledge of the aircraft height (<a id="ref_bib52" href="#bib52">Willoughby et al. 1989</a>). Dropsonde estimates are dependent upon the proximity of the sounding to the center of the vortex (<a id="d35541166e749" href="#bib38">Simpson 1952</a>). <a id="d35541166e752" href="#bib1">Atkinson and Holliday (1977)</a> estimate that MCP based on a combination of dropsonde-based and extrapolated MCPs have accuracies of ±5 hPa. Such accuracies, however, are possible only when flying directly through the center of circulation.</p><div class="p">The methods used by reconnaissance pilots to observe typhoons and hurricanes changed significantly during the late 1940s and early 1950s. <a id="ref_bib14" href="#bib14">Hagen et al. (2012)</a> describe the practices in place during that time for the North Atlantic. More intense storms were not always penetrated; instead, they were circumnavigated due to safety concerns. This is confirmed for the western Pacific where the 1946 annual report lists most of the fix flights as circumnavigation once a specific wind speed threshold was reached or when turbulence became severe. Nevertheless, the observations of pressure are more reliable than wind during this period. In fact, the 1952 Annual Typhoon Report states (<a id="d35541166e760" href="#bib41">Typhoon Post Analysis Board 1953</a>):<blockquote><p>In a reconnaissance penetration, the sea level pressure is one of the parameters which can be measured accurately without introducing the variability of human estimations. This is not true of the measurement of surface wind speeds.</p></blockquote></div><p>Aircraft reconnaissance (AR) reports used here include digitized fix data from JTWC and data from a recent effort at NCDC to digitize earlier AR reports. The JTWC fix data span 1966–87 (except for a missing year in 1978). The NCDC data were keyed and span 1950–65 and 1978 (filing the gap in the JTWC data). The fix data from JTWC and NCDC provide TC center fixes, including position, central pressure, and maximum surface winds. More details on the newly keyed NCDC data are provided in the <a id="d35541166e767" href="#app1">appendix</a>.</p><p>Aircraft reconnaissance practices have changed over time. During the AR era, fixes of position and intensity were made. The daily frequencies of the digital aircraft reconnaissance fixes are shown in <a id="ref_fig1" href="#fig1">Fig. 1</a>. This figure does not include the rescued data (prior to 1966) since only fixes with pressure were keyed, thus the dataset was not complete for this plot. In the early 1970s, typhoons were observed on an average of 4 times daily with intense typhoons (MCP < 940 hPa) being observed about 5 times per day. This decreased substantially to about 3 times per day in the mid-1970s and rebounded in the 1980s to about 4 times per day. However, when considering the AR observations having both position and intensity, the temporal differences are smaller: from about three fixes per day to two fixes per day in the mid-1970s then back to three in the late 1980s. Also, the number of AR fixes with intensity estimates does not appear to depend noticeably on a cyclone's intensity. Therefore, it is unlikely that changes in observation procedures would cause changes in MCP reports during this period, given the small change in frequency of the intensity estimates from aircraft reconnaissance.</p><div id="fig1" class="figure"><figure><div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@md-row"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="Fig. 1."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-29844ca8-d9c9-4169-876d-d8b1c464a5ee" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 1."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Full Size" data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" data-popover-anchor="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-29844ca8-d9c9-4169-876d-d8b1c464a5ee">View Full Size </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" class="figure-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 1."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3"><figcaption><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fig</span>. 1.</figcaption><p>Annual frequency of aircraft reconnaissance fixes plotted by storm intensity: all storms, weak systems (976 < pressure < 997 hPa), moderate systems (949 < pressure < 976 hPa), and strong systems (pressure < 949 hPa). Center fixes with intensity estimates are shown as dashed lines while center fixes of position only are solid lines.</p><p class="citation">Citation: Monthly Weather Review 141, 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a></p><ul class="c-List border-dark m-0 mt-2"><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><a download="" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg">Download Figure</a></li><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><div class="ppt"><a doi="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" current-uri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" alt-text="Annual frequency of aircraft reconnaissance fixes plotted by storm intensity: all storms, weak systems (976 < pressure < 997 hPa), moderate systems (949 < pressure < 976 hPa), and strong systems (pressure < 949 hPa). Center fixes with intensity estimates are shown as dashed lines while center fixes of position only are solid lines." attrib="" watermark-path="AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png" data-footer-text="Annual frequency of aircraft reconnaissance fixes plotted by storm intensity: all storms, weak systems (976 < pressure < 997 hPa), moderate systems (949 < pressure < 976 hPa), and strong systems (pressure < 949 hPa). Center fixes with intensity estimates are shown as dashed lines while center fixes of position only are solid lines." data-header-text="Fig. 1." data-image-uris="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg" href="#" class="export-figure-ppt">Download figure as PowerPoint slide</a></div></li></ul></div></div></figure></div><p></p></div><div class="section" id="s2b"><h3 id="d127121331e320">b. Available best-track data</h3><p>The IBTrACS dataset was developed at NCDC as a collection of best-track data from agencies and other sources from around the world (<a id="d35541166e788" href="#bib24">Knapp et al. 2010</a>; <a id="ref_bib27" href="#bib27">Kruk et al. 2010</a>). Sources of best-track data for the western North Pacific include agencies (JTWC, JMA, HKO, and CMA) and other dataset compilations, such as typhoon analogs (TD-9635) and a previous NCDC collection (TD-9636). The IBTrACS MSW values are used in this study with no modification or normalization for different wind speed averaging periods.</p><p>The periods of record of these various sources is provided in <a id="ref_tbl2" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>. The NCDC TD-9635 dataset has a limited period of record (1945–76); it was first developed in 1972 and later extended to 1976 when continued production ended. JTWC has the longest record of MSW, but the shortest record of MCP. HKO has the same period of record for MCP and MSW starting in 1961. CMA has the longest record for MCP of all agencies. The period of record of aircraft reconnaissance overlaps a portion of each record, but ends in 1987. Adoption of satellite reconnaissance by each agency depended on the agency's availability of data and procedures.</p><div title="Table 2. Period of record for wind and pressure reports from datasets." class="tableWrap suppressable" id="tbl2"><span class="tableWrapLabel"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Table</span> 2.</span><span class="tableWrapCaption"><p>Period of record for wind and pressure reports from datasets.</p></span><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t2.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 2."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="c5ac13ed-cd48-4154-965e-91097cc86434-d7ca3b3a-755f-40d0-9458-db2d785c40bf" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t2.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 2."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Table" data-xsl-identifier="table-popover" data-popover-anchor="c5ac13ed-cd48-4154-965e-91097cc86434-d7ca3b3a-755f-40d0-9458-db2d785c40bf">View Table </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="table-popover" class="table-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t2.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 2."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><p></p><p>The TD- 9635 dataset is a recent addition to IBTrACS. It was originally produced as a joint U.S. Navy–NCDC venture to develop forecasts of typhoon development and motion (e.g., <a id="ref_bib2" href="#bib2">Brand 1973</a>; <a id="ref_bib3" href="#bib3">Brand and Gaya 1971</a>; <a id="d35541166e814" href="#bib10">Elsberry et al. 1975</a>). TD-9635 provides estimates of parameters previously unavailable in other best-track datasets. In particular, 6-hourly estimates of MCP and the radius of outermost closed isobar (ROCI) are provided and used herein to estimate MSW from a WPR. Other environmental parameters, such as position of the 700-hPa ridge and trough, are also available in TD-9635.</p><p>It is prudent to investigate the quality of the TD-9635 data prior to use in this study. TD-9635 has 20 370 valid wind speed reports. Of these, JTWC has valid reports at 20 293 coincident times. The mean difference in MSW is 0.003 knot (kt, 1 kt = 0.51 m s<sup>−1</sup>), the median is 0.000 kt, and the standard deviation of the differences is 0.56 kt (i.e., nearly identical). In fact, 99.96% of the MSW matchups are within 5 kt of JTWC. Therefore, we conclude the TD-9635 dataset is representative of JTWC MSW during this period.</p><p>Furthermore, the quality of MCP from TD-9635 can be checked with comparisons to AR data. Collocating TD-9635 and digital aircraft reconnaissance MCPs in time (within ±3 h) starting in 1950 (when reconnaissance data are first available) through 1976 (when TD-9635 ends) produces 6469 matchups, having a mean difference of 0.3 hPa, a median difference of 0.1 hPa, and a standard deviation of 6.9 hPa. Therefore, based on the wind comparisons with JTWC and pressure comparisons with aircraft reconnaissance, it appears that TD-9635 also contains reliable pressure estimates.</p><p>The MCP values from best-track data from other agencies in <a id="d35541166e824" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a> are also consistent with AR pressure data. A summary of all available matchups (within a 3-h window) is provided in <a id="ref_tbl3" href="#tbl3">Table 3</a>. The different numbers of matchups result from the various periods of record from the different agencies. In short, the overall differences (means or medians) are near zero and show little variation in standard deviation between agencies, only ranging from 5.2 to 5.6 hPa. Through time (<a id="ref_fig2" href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>), the random errors (i.e., standard deviation) between aircraft reconnaissance and best-track pressures are generally between 2 and 6 hPa. Differences in the bias time series appear for the period spanning 1959–65. The bias for each agency appears to diverge (with JMA having a large positive bias and HKO having a large negative bias) but then converge again around 1965. Analysis of differences during these years is not suggestive of any single problem, but rather that some storms have significant differences in pressure, such as Typhoons Elsie (1964), Tilda (1951), and Violet (1961). Aside from these deviations, the pressure values from the agencies appear consistent with AR overall (<a id="d35541166e833" href="#tbl3">Table 3</a>) and through time (<a id="d35541166e836" href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>).</p><div title="Table 3. Summary of pressure differences between available best-track data and aircraft reconnaissance, where N is the number of matchups within 3 h of an observation and the mean, median, and standard deviation (σ) are shown." class="tableWrap suppressable" id="tbl3"><span class="tableWrapLabel"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Table</span> 3.</span><span class="tableWrapCaption"><p>Summary of pressure differences between available best-track data and aircraft reconnaissance, where <i>N</i> is the number of matchups within 3 h of an observation and the mean, median, and standard deviation (σ) are shown.</p></span><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t3.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 3."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="c5ac13ed-cd48-4154-965e-91097cc86434-5776ee23-b390-4e78-883b-f39ed0c11293" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t3.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 3."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Table" data-xsl-identifier="table-popover" data-popover-anchor="c5ac13ed-cd48-4154-965e-91097cc86434-5776ee23-b390-4e78-883b-f39ed0c11293">View Table </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="table-popover" class="table-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t3.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 3."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div id="fig2" class="figure"><figure><div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@md-row"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="Fig. 2."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-cb513657-2664-4ed1-9227-9052b030d4cc" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 2."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Full Size" data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" data-popover-anchor="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-cb513657-2664-4ed1-9227-9052b030d4cc">View Full Size </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" class="figure-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 2."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3"><figcaption><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fig</span>. 2.</figcaption><p>Annual statistics comparing minimum central pressure from aircraft reconnaissance and BT data for various agencies: (top) bias difference of best track minus reconnaissance and (bottom) its standard deviation.</p><p class="citation">Citation: Monthly Weather Review 141, 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a></p><ul class="c-List border-dark m-0 mt-2"><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><a download="" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg">Download Figure</a></li><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><div class="ppt"><a doi="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" current-uri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" alt-text="Annual statistics comparing minimum central pressure from aircraft reconnaissance and BT data for various agencies: (top) bias difference of best track minus reconnaissance and (bottom) its standard deviation." attrib="" watermark-path="AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png" data-footer-text="Annual statistics comparing minimum central pressure from aircraft reconnaissance and BT data for various agencies: (top) bias difference of best track minus reconnaissance and (bottom) its standard deviation." data-header-text="Fig. 2." data-image-uris="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg" href="#" class="export-figure-ppt">Download figure as PowerPoint slide</a></div></li></ul></div></div></figure></div><p></p><p>In summary, best-track pressure data from HKO, JMA, CMA, and TD-9635 appear to be consistent with aircraft observations.</p></div><div class="section" id="s2c"><h3 id="d127121331e395">c. Empirical estimates of agency procedures using wind–pressure relationships</h3><p>The MSW is related to MCP in tropical cyclones by their wind-pressure relationship, a full review of which is provided by <a id="ref_bib15" href="#bib15">Harper (2002)</a>. The <a id="d35541166e867" href="#bib1">AH77</a> WPR was widely used in the early 1970s through the 1990s. More recently, <a id="d35541166e870" href="#bib21">Knaff and Zehr (2007</a>, hereafter <a id="d35541166e873" href="#bib21">KZ07</a>) developed a more universal WPR, which <a id="ref_bib5" href="#bib5">Courtney and Knaff (2009)</a> adjusted for lower latitudes and adapted for operational use.</p><p>When both MSW and MCP are provided in best-track data, one can diagnose how they were related at an agency by deriving an empirical wind–pressure relationship. Since comparison with the AR fixes shows agreement with MCP (cf. <a id="d35541166e881" href="#tbl3">Table 3</a>), any changes in empirically derived WPRs imply changes in an agency's operational procedures.</p><div class="p">A common representation of a wind–pressure (<i>V</i>–<i>P</i>) relationship is<div id="e1" class="formula"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-e1.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="e1"/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="8efef9e6-c1a9-478e-9440-0bd6f624411b-93d57535-a367-4654-abbe-6ed72c1a175c" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1-e1.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="e1"/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Expanded" data-xsl-identifier="generic-popover" data-popover-anchor="8efef9e6-c1a9-478e-9440-0bd6f624411b-93d57535-a367-4654-abbe-6ed72c1a175c">View Expanded </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="generic-popover" class="generic-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1-e1.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="e1"/></div></div></pf-box></div></div>For example, the <a id="d35541166e893" href="#bib1">AH77</a> WPR uses Eq. <a id="ref_e1" href="#e1">(1)</a> with <i>V<sub>o</sub></i> = 6.7 kt, <i>P<sub>o</sub></i> = 1010 hPa, and <i>c</i> = 0.644. <a id="ref_fig3" href="#fig3">Figure 3</a> shows the WPR equation parameters that were empirically derived annually from IBTrACS data for any data source that reported both MSW and MCP. While this fitting method deviates from recommendations by <a id="d35541166e913" href="#bib21">KZ07</a> regarding how the fit should be performed (i.e., observations should be binned and then fit), the focus here is on interagency and interannual differences rather than the absolute accuracy of any one formula. Such an analysis shows how operational procedures might have changed over time. The WPR parameters are shown in <a id="d35541166e916" href="#fig3">Fig. 3</a> as a time series along with the root-mean-square (RMS) error of the empirical fit and <i>V</i><sub>920,</sub> the wind speed corresponding to MCP = 920 hPa.<div id="fig3" class="figure"><figure><div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@md-row"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="Fig. 3."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-7ebdc963-5bac-4b43-a937-28c6eb76d9ff" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 3."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Full Size" data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" data-popover-anchor="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-7ebdc963-5bac-4b43-a937-28c6eb76d9ff">View Full Size </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" class="figure-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 3."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3"><figcaption><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fig</span>. 3.</figcaption><p>Annual time series of empirically estimated WPR parameters, based on the form <i>V</i> = <i>V<sub>o</sub></i> (<i>P<sub>o</sub></i> − <i>P</i>)<sup><i>c</i></sup>. The RMS is the root-mean-square error of the wind for the empirically derived parameters. The quantity <i>V</i>(<i>P</i> = 920) is the wind speed (in kt) corresponding to a central pressure of 920 mb using the empirically derived parameters. Dashed lines represent the <a id="d35541166e950" href="#bib1">AH77</a> values and the vertical line designates the end of AR during 1987.</p><p class="citation">Citation: Monthly Weather Review 141, 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a></p><ul class="c-List border-dark m-0 mt-2"><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><a download="" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg">Download Figure</a></li><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><div class="ppt"><a doi="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" current-uri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" alt-text="Annual time series of empirically estimated WPR parameters, based on the form V = Vo (Po − P)c. The RMS is the root-mean-square error of the wind for the empirically derived parameters. The quantity V(P = 920) is the wind speed (in kt) corresponding to a central pressure of 920 mb using the empirically derived parameters. Dashed lines represent the AH77 values and the vertical line designates the end of AR during 1987." attrib="" watermark-path="AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png" data-footer-text="Annual time series of empirically estimated WPR parameters, based on the form V = Vo (Po − P)c. The RMS is the root-mean-square error of the wind for the empirically derived parameters. The quantity V(P = 920) is the wind speed (in kt) corresponding to a central pressure of 920 mb using the empirically derived parameters. Dashed lines represent the AH77 values and the vertical line designates the end of AR during 1987." data-header-text="Fig. 3." data-image-uris="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg" href="#" class="export-figure-ppt">Download figure as PowerPoint slide</a></div></li></ul></div></div></figure></div></div><p>The RMS values provide insights into how much an agency followed any WPR. For instance, AR ended in 1987, thus forcing agencies to estimate intensity from satellites more often, as is done in <a id="d35541166e956" href="#bib9">Dvorak (1984)</a>. The result is that after 1987, the maximum RMS is small (about 6 kt) because both wind and pressure were derived from the same satellite estimate. Conversely, RMS values in the early record (e.g., before 1970) show RMS values exceeding 15 kt, implying a consistent WPR was not routinely used to constrain wind to pressure or vice versa. It is of note that the RMS rarely shows a step change in any time series. The RMSs for TD-9635 and CMA gradually drift from more than 10 kt to near 5 kt in the 1980s. An exception is the JTWC switch to a different WPR in 2007.</p><p>The impact of any change in procedures can be seen in the <i>V</i><sub>920</sub> time series (<a id="d35541166e964" href="#fig3">Fig. 3</a>, bottom). Given the small bias compared to AR pressure data, any change in this value implies that there is likely a temporal bias in the reported wind speeds that could preclude climatic analysis (i.e., direct comparisons between years with vastly different <i>V</i><sub>920</sub>). The CMA and TD-9635 show a drift from 140–160 kt in the early record to 120 kt in the 1970s. It is likely a change in operational practice caused this gradual change. Given the previous validation of MCP from CMA (cf. <a id="d35541166e970" href="#fig2">Fig. 2</a>), it is possible that winds for CMA before 1970 are too high.</p><p>The differences in reported wind speed averaging periods appear in the time series of <i>V</i><sub>920</sub>. The winds are in their original wind speed averaging period because the empirically derived WPR uses the raw wind reports. The JMA time series of <i>V</i><sub>920</sub> is the lowest due to their adjustment to a 10-min wind speed. The introduction of the <a id="d35541166e981" href="#bib25">Koba et al. (1991)</a> CI tables in 1987 also seems to not disrupt the <i>V</i><sub>920</sub> time series from JMA, verifying the temporal consistency described by <a id="ref_bib28" href="#bib28">Kunitsugu (2011)</a>. The <i>V</i><sub>920</sub> results for HKO and CMA are larger than JMA with JTWC having the largest <i>V</i><sub>920</sub> values in the post-AR era.</p><p>A prominent step change occurs in the JTWC record in 2007. While not very noticeable in the RMS time series, the changes in <i>V</i><sub>920</sub>, <i>V<sub>o</sub></i>, <i>P<sub>o</sub></i>, and <i>c</i> are evident. This is coincident with the change of the operational WPR from <a id="d35541166e1012" href="#bib1">AH77</a> to a WPR<sup><a id="ref_n1" href="#n1"><sup>1</sup></a></sup> based on the <a id="d35541166e1019" href="#bib1">AH77</a> data, as described in <a id="d35541166e1022" href="#bib21">KZ07</a>. The <i>V</i><sub>920</sub> speed increases from 120 to about 140 kt. Similarly, the WPR parameters depart from closely following <a id="d35541166e1028" href="#bib1">AH77</a>. Dvorak satellite analysis provides a CI number, from which wind is estimated. <a id="d35541166e1032" href="#bib21">KZ07</a> also provides a set of tables of CI mapped to pressure based on storm size and latitude. Given the implementation of <a id="d35541166e1035" href="#bib21">KZ07</a>, the discontinuity is in the pressure record. It should also be noted that while <a id="d35541166e1038" href="#bib21">KZ07</a> do not use a WPR of the form in Eq. <a id="d35541166e1041" href="#e1">(1)</a>, the empirical fit of the data here does show a rather consistent fit (i.e., low RMS). Nonetheless, the primary result is that the change in operational procedures at JTWC, as well as at other agencies, is apparent in the best-track data by examining both wind and pressure.</p></div></div><div class="section border-bottom border-bottom-solid border-bottom-medium" id="s3"><h2 id="d127121331e580">3. Tropical cyclone analysis using TD-9635 and KZ07</h2><p>We use the <a id="d35541166e1050" href="#bib21">KZ07</a> WPR to estimate MSW and compare with the reported MSW. The following discusses the impact of this approach on individual storms as well as annual activity during the TD-9635 period of record: 1945–76.</p><div class="section" id="s3a"><h3 id="d127121331e588">a. Analysis of individual storms</h3><div class="p">The <a id="d35541166e1059" href="#bib21">KZ07</a> WPR estimates MSW (in kt) from MCP (in hPa) using<div id="e2" class="formula"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-e2.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="e2"/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="8efef9e6-c1a9-478e-9440-0bd6f624411b-532c82c3-ebc3-4aab-80f0-7aff44506e3b" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1-e2.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="e2"/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Expanded" data-xsl-identifier="generic-popover" data-popover-anchor="8efef9e6-c1a9-478e-9440-0bd6f624411b-532c82c3-ebc3-4aab-80f0-7aff44506e3b">View Expanded </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="generic-popover" class="generic-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1-e2.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="e2"/></div></div></pf-box></div></div>where <i>S</i> is a normalized storm size parameter, ϕ is latitude (°), <i>c</i> is the translation speed of the system (in kt), and Δ<i>P</i> is 1008.9 − MCP. Latitude and translation speed are available from 6-hourly positions in TD-9635. ROCI is provided by TD-9635, which is converted to <i>S</i> via<div id="eq1" class="formula"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-eq1.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="eq1"/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="8efef9e6-c1a9-478e-9440-0bd6f624411b-c9e068ee-6978-4cd6-a79a-e85252e71d6d" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1-eq1.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="eq1"/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Expanded" data-xsl-identifier="generic-popover" data-popover-anchor="8efef9e6-c1a9-478e-9440-0bd6f624411b-c9e068ee-6978-4cd6-a79a-e85252e71d6d">View Expanded </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="generic-popover" class="generic-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1-eq1.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="eq1"/></div></div></pf-box></div></div>This conversion was derived empirically such that the resulting distribution of <i>S</i> has a mean of 0.65 and a standard deviation of 0.27, which approximates the distribution of <i>S</i> noted in <a id="d35541166e1081" href="#bib20">Knaff and Sampson (2006)</a> for WP typhoons.</div><p>The result is a pressure-based MSW estimate (MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub>) at 6-h intervals during the lifetime of the storm. The new winds can change the LMW and ACE of a storm to pressure-derived values, LMW<sub><i>p</i></sub> and ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub>, respectively. The differences between MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> and MSW are verified using the annual tropical cyclone reports generated by JTWC (available online back through 1959 and in NCDC's archive prior to 1959). The following is a summary of the top four storms that have been most likely underestimated (MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> > MSW) and overestimated (MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> < MSW) between 1945 and 1976. While this analysis focuses on wind comparisons with TD-9635, it has implications for the JTWC record given the similarity between the two.</p><div class="section" id="s3a1"><h4 id="d127121331e639">1) Some typhoons were likely stronger than originally thought</h4><p>The following storms had pressure-based winds that were much stronger than those reported in the TD-9635 (or JTWC) best-track data. <a id="d35541166e1111" href="#fig4">Figure 4</a> shows the four typhoons with the largest increases in LMW when using the new analysis (along with their lifetime minimum central pressure, LMP). In many cases, the pressure-based winds look more realistic. For example, where LMW increases, the winds early and late in the period match the pressure-derived winds. However, at or near LMP, the MSW appears capped at either 100 kt (Marge, Elsie, and Alice) or 120 kt (Allyn).</p><div id="fig4" class="figure"><figure><div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@md-row"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="Fig. 4."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-14976cfb-b657-42fb-8c58-245584ecbd26" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 4."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Full Size" data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" data-popover-anchor="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-14976cfb-b657-42fb-8c58-245584ecbd26">View Full Size </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" class="figure-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 4."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3"><figcaption><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fig</span>. 4.</figcaption><p>Four typhoons with the largest increase in LMW between best-track (from TD-9635) and pressure-based winds (using <a id="d35541166e1121" href="#bib21">KZ07</a>) along with the LMP in hPa.</p><p class="citation">Citation: Monthly Weather Review 141, 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a></p><ul class="c-List border-dark m-0 mt-2"><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><a download="" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg">Download Figure</a></li><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><div class="ppt"><a doi="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" current-uri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" alt-text="Four typhoons with the largest increase in LMW between best-track (from TD-9635) and pressure-based winds (using KZ07) along with the LMP in hPa." attrib="" watermark-path="AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png" data-footer-text="Four typhoons with the largest increase in LMW between best-track (from TD-9635) and pressure-based winds (using KZ07) along with the LMP in hPa." data-header-text="Fig. 4." data-image-uris="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg" href="#" class="export-figure-ppt">Download figure as PowerPoint slide</a></div></li></ul></div></div></figure></div><p></p><p>Typhoon Marge (1955) had the largest increase from LMW to LMW<sub><i>p</i></sub>, from 100 to 158 kt, which is consistent with other information about Marge. Aircraft reconnaissance measured an MCP of 895 hPa during Typhoon Marge (<a id="d35541166e1130" href="#bib38">Simpson 1952</a>), which supports winds much greater than 100 kt. <a id="d35541166e1133" href="#bib38">Simpson (1952)</a> remarks that winds were measured in the range from 75 mi h<sup>−1</sup> (mph; ~33.5 m s<sup>−1</sup>) to “more than 100 mph on the east and north sides of the vortex,” where only a lower bound of MSW is stated (100 mph; ~44.7 m s<sup>−1</sup>), not an estimate of the <i>actual</i> maximum sustained wind.</p><p>The increase in LMW for Typhoon Allyn (1949) also supports a report of a lower bound. Postanalysis of the storm is documented by the <a id="ref_bib42" href="#bib42">Typhoon Post Analysis Board 15th Air Weather Service Detachment (1950)</a>, which noted that “the mission recorded the lowest 700 MB height ever recorded” of 6900 ft (where 1 ft = ~0.3 m). This corresponds to an MCP of approximately 888 hPa and suggests an MSW that is much higher than the reported 120 kt.</p><p>Similarly, the postanalysis report on Typhoon Elsie (1954) from <a id="ref_bib44" href="#bib44">U.S. Fleet Weather Central (1955)</a> indicated “winds at the southern edge of the eye were over 100 knots”; however, a minimum 700-hPa height of 7910 ft corresponds to an MCP near 923 hPa. Thus, an increase from 100 to 140 kt appears reasonable.</p><p>Finally, the winds reported in the best track for Typhoon Alice (1953) correspond to the lower bound in the report, rather than an actual estimate. The lowest 700-hPa height was 7460 ft, corresponding to about 908 hPa. The report also stated, “Since the flight was conducted at 700 hPa under instrument conditions, it is quite likely that much stronger winds located just outside the eye were unobservable, although existant” (<a id="ref_bib43" href="#bib43">Typhoon Post Analysis Board 1st Weather Wing 1954</a>).</p><p>In summary, many of the largest increases in lifetime maximum winds based on pressure are supported by historical documentation of the storms. The converse is also true: there is documentation to support that some storms have LMWs that are too high.</p></div><div class="section" id="s3a2"><h4 id="d127121331e694">2) Some typhoons were likely weaker than originally thought</h4><p>The time series of MSW and MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> for the four typhoons with the largest decrease in LMW to LMW<sub><i>p</i></sub> are shown in <a id="ref_fig5" href="#fig5">Fig. 5</a>. In the postanalysis of Typhoon Patsy (1955), <a id="ref_bib45" href="#bib45">U.S. Fleet Weather Central (1956)</a> noted that based on an MCP of 980 hPa and Fletcher's formula (based on <a id="ref_bib13" href="#bib13">Fletcher 1955</a>) that “it would appear that the maximum reported surface winds were somewhat over estimated.”</p><div id="fig5" class="figure"><figure><div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@md-row"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="Fig. 5."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-1639d66d-6369-4a3c-afe8-51d6490ef32b" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 5."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Full Size" data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" data-popover-anchor="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-1639d66d-6369-4a3c-afe8-51d6490ef32b">View Full Size </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" class="figure-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 5."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3"><figcaption><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fig</span>. 5.</figcaption><p>As in <a id="d35541166e1190" href="#fig4">Fig. 4</a>, but for the four typhoons with the largest decrease in LMW.</p><p class="citation">Citation: Monthly Weather Review 141, 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a></p><ul class="c-List border-dark m-0 mt-2"><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><a download="" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg">Download Figure</a></li><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><div class="ppt"><a doi="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" current-uri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" alt-text="As in Fig. 4, but for the four typhoons with the largest decrease in LMW." attrib="" watermark-path="AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png" data-footer-text="As in Fig. 4, but for the four typhoons with the largest decrease in LMW." data-header-text="Fig. 5." data-image-uris="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg" href="#" class="export-figure-ppt">Download figure as PowerPoint slide</a></div></li></ul></div></div></figure></div><p></p><p>The same appears to be the case with 1965 Typhoon Carla, where the reported wind of 120 kt was from a 1500-ft flight even though the central pressure was estimated at 991 hPa. The MSW was likely much weaker than reported, with an estimated LMW<sub><i>p</i></sub> of 69 kt.</p><p>Typhoon Ruth (1955) had numerous surface ships reporting wind speeds nearby. Postanalysis by <a id="d35541166e1201" href="#bib45">U.S. Fleet Weather Central (1956)</a> compared aircraft reconnaissance winds with coincident ship observations and noted that for Typhoon Ruth “it would appear that the winds are often over estimated by as much as 100 percent.” In fact, at the supposed peak intensity of 180 kt, the aircraft reconnaissance found a 700-hPa minimum height of 8080 ft, from which a central pressure of 944 hPa was estimated, a pressure more often associated with moderate typhoons with winds nearer 132 kt (cf. <a id="d35541166e1204" href="#fig5">Fig. 5</a>).</p><p>Finally, for 1964's Typhoon Cora, surface winds were estimated at 175 kt on two consecutive flights at 700 hPa. However, flight-level winds were estimated to be only 70 kt and the central pressure was 970 hPa (which corresponds to an <a id="d35541166e1209" href="#bib1">AH77</a> wind speed of 72 kt). In each case of reported surface winds above 100 kt for Cora, the flight-level winds and central pressures support much lower intensities. In short, there is sufficient evidence that wind reports in these storms were likely overestimated.</p></div><div class="section" id="s3a3"><h4 id="d127121331e744">3) Other changes based on pressure-based wind estimates</h4><p>The reported LMW is compared with LMW<sub>p</sub> for all storms from 1945 to 1976 in <a id="ref_fig6" href="#fig6">Fig. 6</a> in terms of the Saffir–Simpson (SS) category (<a id="ref_bib39" href="#bib39">Simpson 1974</a>), used here only for illustrative purposes since the SS categories are not widely used in the WP. In short, 93% of the storms had changes in intensity of one category or less, with more storms increasing in intensity (24%) versus decreasing (14%) when the LMW is derived from the pressure. In fact, eight storms (1% of the total) had increases of three SS categories. In summary, JTWC storms in the early portion of the WP period of record (1945–76) are likely underestimated based on reported MCP, ROCI, and translation speeds.</p><div id="fig6" class="figure"><figure><div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@md-row"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="Fig. 6."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-e65fc547-7e8f-473d-a1d2-88e4624f27f3" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 6."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Full Size" data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" data-popover-anchor="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-e65fc547-7e8f-473d-a1d2-88e4624f27f3">View Full Size </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" class="figure-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 6."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3"><figcaption><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fig</span>. 6.</figcaption><p>Changes in LMW as reported from best-track data and as calculated from pressure observations (LMW<sub><i>p</i></sub>) based on the TD-9635 data from 1945 to 1976. The SS hurricane-scale boundaries are provided for reference only (since it is not widely used in the WP basin).</p><p class="citation">Citation: Monthly Weather Review 141, 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a></p><ul class="c-List border-dark m-0 mt-2"><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><a download="" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg">Download Figure</a></li><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><div class="ppt"><a doi="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" current-uri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" alt-text="Changes in LMW as reported from best-track data and as calculated from pressure observations (LMWp) based on the TD-9635 data from 1945 to 1976. The SS hurricane-scale boundaries are provided for reference only (since it is not widely used in the WP basin)." attrib="" watermark-path="AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png" data-footer-text="Changes in LMW as reported from best-track data and as calculated from pressure observations (LMWp) based on the TD-9635 data from 1945 to 1976. The SS hurricane-scale boundaries are provided for reference only (since it is not widely used in the WP basin)." data-header-text="Fig. 6." data-image-uris="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg" href="#" class="export-figure-ppt">Download figure as PowerPoint slide</a></div></li></ul></div></div></figure></div><p></p><p>Another aspect of this analysis provides a history of storm sizes and intensity, based on ROCI available from the TD-9635 dataset. <a id="ref_tbl4" href="#tbl4">Table 4</a> shows the 10 largest and smallest typhoons, in terms of ROCI, when considering typhoons that had at least two reports with an estimated intensity (MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub>) greater than 96 kt. First, there is a very large range in sizes of these intense typhoons: from 2.0° (the smallest ROCI values reported in the dataset) to 13.4° latitude, an equivalent range of 220 km to almost 1500 km. Also, the size appears to have a limited impact on MSW. Aside from Typhoon June that peaked at an estimated 172 kt, the ranges for both the largest and smallest systems was from approximately 97 to 137 kt.</p><div title="Table 4. List of 10 largest and smallest typhoons from 1945 to 1976 while they had MSWp ≥ 96 kt (with at least two observations > 96 kt). Here, is the mean size of the storm when the storm had MSWp > 96 kt." class="tableWrap suppressable" id="tbl4"><span class="tableWrapLabel"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Table</span> 4.</span><span class="tableWrapCaption"><p>List of 10 largest and smallest typhoons from 1945 to 1976 while they had MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> ≥ 96 kt (with at least two observations > 96 kt). Here, <inline-formula xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ifp="http://www.ifactory.com/press"><img src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1-inf1.gif"/></inline-formula> is the mean size of the storm when the storm had MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> > 96 kt.</p></span><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t4.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 4."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="c5ac13ed-cd48-4154-965e-91097cc86434-c204b616-e44a-4402-a66e-fd9e6029e580" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t4.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 4."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Table" data-xsl-identifier="table-popover" data-popover-anchor="c5ac13ed-cd48-4154-965e-91097cc86434-c204b616-e44a-4402-a66e-fd9e6029e580">View Table </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="table-popover" class="table-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t4.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 4."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><p></p><p>The new storm intensity estimates also provide quite a different ranking of the most intense storms during the TD-9635 period of record. The top 10 storms with the highest LMWs are listed in <a id="ref_tbl5" href="#tbl5">Table 5</a> and the top 10 storms with the largest LMW<sub><i>p</i></sub>'s are listed in <a id="ref_tbl6" href="#tbl6">Table 6</a>. Typhoons Nancy (1961) and Ida (1958) [the latter described by (<a id="ref_bib16" href="#bib16">Jordan 1959</a>)] rank in the top five of each list. This result shows that at times, the wind speed reports are in agreement with what might be estimated from the MCP. Some storms that have very large changes in ranking have been discussed previously (e.g., Typhoons Allyn and Ruth). Overall, there is consistency in the distribution in the top 10 in that the 10th highest intensities are 165 and 166 for LMW and LMW<sub><i>p</i></sub>, respectively. The primary disagreement is over which storms belong in the top 10.</p><div title="Table 5. Table of the 10 typhoons from TD-9635 with the highest LMW values (from 1945 to 1976)." class="tableWrap suppressable" id="tbl5"><span class="tableWrapLabel"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Table</span> 5.</span><span class="tableWrapCaption"><p>Table of the 10 typhoons from TD-9635 with the highest LMW values (from 1945 to 1976).</p></span><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t5.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 5."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="c5ac13ed-cd48-4154-965e-91097cc86434-e7b98b44-0094-4196-86db-2f427c00779a" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t5.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 5."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Table" data-xsl-identifier="table-popover" data-popover-anchor="c5ac13ed-cd48-4154-965e-91097cc86434-e7b98b44-0094-4196-86db-2f427c00779a">View Table </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="table-popover" class="table-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t5.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 5."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div title="Table 6. Table of the 10 typhoons from TD-9635 with the highest LMWp values (from 1945 to 1976) (cf. Table 5)." class="tableWrap suppressable" id="tbl6"><span class="tableWrapLabel"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Table</span> 6.</span><span class="tableWrapCaption"><p>Table of the 10 typhoons from TD-9635 with the highest LMW<sub><i>p</i></sub> values (from 1945 to 1976) (cf. <a id="d35541166e1297" href="#tbl5">Table 5</a>).</p></span><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t6.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 6."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="c5ac13ed-cd48-4154-965e-91097cc86434-d038459c-44a0-44da-acfb-d76ffd4b7f33" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t6.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 6."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Table" data-xsl-identifier="table-popover" data-popover-anchor="c5ac13ed-cd48-4154-965e-91097cc86434-d038459c-44a0-44da-acfb-d76ffd4b7f33">View Table </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="table-popover" class="table-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-t6.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Table 6."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><p></p></div></div><div class="section" id="s3b"><h3 id="d127121331e832">b. Analysis of annual activity</h3><div class="p">The changes in typhoon activity can be summarized on an annual basis using the accumulated cyclone energy, as shown in <a id="ref_fig7" href="#fig7">Fig. 7</a>. Annual ACE values are calculated as the sum of the square of the MSW over the lifetime of a typhoon, summed for all typhoons in a year,<div id="e3" class="formula"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-e3.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="e3"/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="8efef9e6-c1a9-478e-9440-0bd6f624411b-3cc84c44-2b7a-4290-86fe-47b1b8834500" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1-e3.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="e3"/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Expanded" data-xsl-identifier="generic-popover" data-popover-anchor="8efef9e6-c1a9-478e-9440-0bd6f624411b-3cc84c44-2b7a-4290-86fe-47b1b8834500">View Expanded </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="generic-popover" class="generic-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1-e3.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="e3"/></div></div></pf-box></div></div>where ACE can also be represented as a three-component term: the number of storms (<i>N</i><sub>st</sub>), the mean lifetime of the storms (<i>L</i>) for a given year (<i>N</i><sub>obs</sub>), and an ACE-equivalent wind speed (<i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub>), which is defined as<div id="e4" class="formula"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-e4.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="e4"/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="8efef9e6-c1a9-478e-9440-0bd6f624411b-c63bbdc6-d8ab-4052-a457-096004efd1bd" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1-e4.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="e4"/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Expanded" data-xsl-identifier="generic-popover" data-popover-anchor="8efef9e6-c1a9-478e-9440-0bd6f624411b-c63bbdc6-d8ab-4052-a457-096004efd1bd">View Expanded </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="generic-popover" class="generic-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1-e4.gif" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="e4"/></div></div></pf-box></div></div>This represents a mean intensity weighted by the square of MSW. Here, lifetime (<i>L</i>) is the entire period of record for a TC since few agencies report whether the cyclone has tropical characteristics or not.<div id="fig7" class="figure"><figure><div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@md-row"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="Fig. 7."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-2d841f8f-4cd2-4338-8577-763b5a6b92d8" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 7."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Full Size" data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" data-popover-anchor="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-2d841f8f-4cd2-4338-8577-763b5a6b92d8">View Full Size </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" class="figure-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 7."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3"><figcaption><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fig</span>. 7.</figcaption><p>(top to bottom) Time series of total ACE and ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> derived from TD-9635 and parameters that contribute to it [cf. Eq. <a id="d35541166e1340" href="#e3">(3)</a>]: annual number of storms, mean storm lifetime, and <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub>. For each time series, the heavy solid line is the smoothed line (using a 1–4–6–4–1 filter) while the straight line is the linear regression (which is solid if statistically significant). Reported values are from the best-track wind reports (MSW) and winds calculated using <a id="d35541166e1346" href="#bib21">KZ07</a> (MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub>).</p><p class="citation">Citation: Monthly Weather Review 141, 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a></p><ul class="c-List border-dark m-0 mt-2"><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><a download="" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg">Download Figure</a></li><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><div class="ppt"><a doi="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" current-uri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" alt-text="(top to bottom) Time series of total ACE and ACEp derived from TD-9635 and parameters that contribute to it [cf. Eq. (3)]: annual number of storms, mean storm lifetime, and VACE. For each time series, the heavy solid line is the smoothed line (using a 1–4–6–4–1 filter) while the straight line is the linear regression (which is solid if statistically significant). Reported values are from the best-track wind reports (MSW) and winds calculated using KZ07 (MSWp)." attrib="" watermark-path="AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png" data-footer-text="(top to bottom) Time series of total ACE and ACEp derived from TD-9635 and parameters that contribute to it [cf. Eq. (3)]: annual number of storms, mean storm lifetime, and VACE. For each time series, the heavy solid line is the smoothed line (using a 1–4–6–4–1 filter) while the straight line is the linear regression (which is solid if statistically significant). Reported values are from the best-track wind reports (MSW) and winds calculated using KZ07 (MSWp)." data-header-text="Fig. 7." data-image-uris="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg" href="#" class="export-figure-ppt">Download figure as PowerPoint slide</a></div></li></ul></div></div></figure></div></div><p>The time series of these annual values (ACE, <i>N</i><sub>st</sub>, <i>L</i>, and <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub>) are provided in <a id="d35541166e1363" href="#fig7">Fig. 7</a>. The number of storms does show an increase during the TD-9635 period of record. While significant, it is also likely that short-lived typhoons may have been missed in the presatellite portion of the record, thus contributing to a positive trend. The current best-track winds from JTWC and TD-9635 appear to be too strong in the early period (1950–65) and too weak after. The result is new <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub> estimates that show a decrease relative to the originals in the early period (i.e., during 1950–65) and an increase (i.e., large <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub> values) later. This leads to a change in sign of the linear regression for <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub> during the period of record; however, neither trend is significant at 99%. Further analysis (not shown) using quantile regression (following <a id="ref_bib11" href="#bib11">Elsner et al. 2008</a>) suggests no significant trends at the decile level. Nonetheless, it suggests that procedural changes in the best-track data could impact temporal trends.</p></div></div><div class="section border-bottom border-bottom-solid border-bottom-medium" id="s4"><h2 id="d127121331e909">4. Time series of tropical cyclone data from all agencies</h2><div class="section" id="s4a"><h3 id="d127121331e912">a. Wind-based analysis</h3><p>The ACE time series based on reported winds is shown for all IBTrACS sources having MSW reports in <a id="d35541166e1389" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a>. The ACE is calculated from MSW without adjustment for wind speed averaging periods; therefore, some offset is expected between agencies based on procedural differences (<a id="d35541166e1392" href="#bib23">Knapp and Kruk 2010</a>). Linear trends are calculated for the complete period of record of each agency. The U.S. datasets (TD-9635, TD-9636, and JTWC) are largely consistent and likely are derived from one source. The small interagency variation in ACE before 1960 does not necessarily imply agreement, but rather that few agencies provided MSWs during that period (cf. <a id="d35541166e1395" href="#tbl2">Table 2</a>). The only significant trends are for HKO and CMA, both showing a decrease in ACE. However, from <a id="d35541166e1398" href="#fig3">Fig. 3</a> we concluded that CMA is likely biased high prior to 1970. Therefore, the decrease in CMA ACE is due in part to the early high bias in MSW. Last, the ACE record appears to bifurcate after the end of aircraft reconnaissance (1987) between JTWC and other agencies (JMA, HKO, and CMA). <a id="d35541166e1401" href="#bib34">Nakazawa and Hoshino (2009)</a> confirm the differences in <i>T</i> and CI numbers for 1992–97. They attribute the differences to variations in how the Dvorak technique was applied. Furthermore, <a id="ref_bib30" href="#bib30">Lander (2008)</a> studied the 1996 typhoon season (in this period of large differences) and found substantial differences between the JTWC and JMA intensities. These variations in how the Dvorak technique was applied explain at least some of the differences in long-term ACE trends shown in <a id="d35541166e1410" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a>. It is this difference that leads in part to differences in the sign of long-term ACE trends already described.</p><div id="fig8" class="figure"><figure><div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@md-row"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="Fig. 8."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-7ad444bc-3b44-4fcd-8ad1-51c381db1a37" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 8."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Full Size" data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" data-popover-anchor="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-7ad444bc-3b44-4fcd-8ad1-51c381db1a37">View Full Size </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" class="figure-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 8."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3"><figcaption><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fig</span>. 8.</figcaption><p>(top to bottom) Time series of ACE from various agencies, annual number of storms, storm lifetime, and <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub>. (left) Annual values are small circles and straight lines are linear trends of the dataset period of record and are solid if statistically significant. (right) Curves are 1–4–6–4–1 smoothed data.</p><p class="citation">Citation: Monthly Weather Review 141, 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a></p><ul class="c-List border-dark m-0 mt-2"><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><a download="" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg">Download Figure</a></li><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><div class="ppt"><a doi="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" current-uri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" alt-text="(top to bottom) Time series of ACE from various agencies, annual number of storms, storm lifetime, and VACE. (left) Annual values are small circles and straight lines are linear trends of the dataset period of record and are solid if statistically significant. (right) Curves are 1–4–6–4–1 smoothed data." attrib="" watermark-path="AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png" data-footer-text="(top to bottom) Time series of ACE from various agencies, annual number of storms, storm lifetime, and VACE. (left) Annual values are small circles and straight lines are linear trends of the dataset period of record and are solid if statistically significant. (right) Curves are 1–4–6–4–1 smoothed data." data-header-text="Fig. 8." data-image-uris="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg" href="#" class="export-figure-ppt">Download figure as PowerPoint slide</a></div></li></ul></div></div></figure></div><p></p><p>The contributions to ACE trends among agencies differ. CMA and HKO archives have declining annual storm numbers while other agencies have increases. The storm lifetimes are somewhat more consistent until 1970, when HKO remains short while U.S. agencies have longer lifetimes. Another deviation in lifetime occurs after 1989 where JTWC increases average lifetime to nearly 10 days due to an increased effort to warn on every TC of 25 kt or greater (C. Guard 2012, personal communication). Perhaps the largest consistent change is <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub>, where values were consistently large prior to 1972, after which values are a bit lower.</p></div><div class="section" id="s4b"><h3 id="d127121331e957">b. Pressure-based analysis</h3><p>The ACE time series based on MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> from <a id="d35541166e1438" href="#bib21">KZ07</a> are shown in <a id="d35541166e1441" href="#fig9">Fig. 9</a>. Overall, there is more agreement between agencies for ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub>, particularly prior to the end of aircraft reconnaissance. It should be noted that the JTWC contains pressure estimates starting in 2003. However, between 1987 and 2003, the overwhelming majority of the wind estimates in the WP are derived from satellite. More than likely, what JTWC would have reported for pressure during the period 1988–2002 would derive from the Dvorak relationship. Thus, we reconstruct the JTWC pressure record using the Dvorak WPR, which allows us to still show JTWC when considering a pressure-based analysis [noted JTWC (wind) in <a id="d35541166e1447" href="#fig9">Figs. 9</a>–<a id="ref_fig12" href="#fig12">12</a>]. The veracity of this assumption is verified by checking the estimated pressure values for 2003–06, the time period during which JTWC was reporting pressure and used the <a id="d35541166e1454" href="#bib9">Dvorak (1984)</a> relationship (i.e., <a id="d35541166e1457" href="#bib1">AH77</a>). During this time, the MCP derived from MSW and the reported MCP match within 1.5 hPa for 99% of the reports.</p><div id="fig9" class="figure"><figure><div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@md-row"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="Fig. 9."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-7b013cf8-49a9-4bd0-b605-c3a831aa9b5c" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 9."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Full Size" data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" data-popover-anchor="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-7b013cf8-49a9-4bd0-b605-c3a831aa9b5c">View Full Size </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" class="figure-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 9."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3"><figcaption><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fig</span>. 9.</figcaption><p>As in <a id="d35541166e1467" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a>, but with ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> calculated using <a id="d35541166e1473" href="#bib21">KZ07</a>. Gray lines in the top panel are the ACEs from the top panel in <a id="d35541166e1476" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a> to provide context.</p><p class="citation">Citation: Monthly Weather Review 141, 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a></p><ul class="c-List border-dark m-0 mt-2"><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><a download="" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg">Download Figure</a></li><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><div class="ppt"><a doi="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" current-uri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" alt-text="As in Fig. 8, but with ACEp calculated using KZ07. Gray lines in the top panel are the ACEs from the top panel in Fig. 8 to provide context." attrib="" watermark-path="AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png" data-footer-text="As in Fig. 8, but with ACEp calculated using KZ07. Gray lines in the top panel are the ACEs from the top panel in Fig. 8 to provide context." data-header-text="Fig. 9." data-image-uris="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg" href="#" class="export-figure-ppt">Download figure as PowerPoint slide</a></div></li></ul></div></div></figure></div><div id="fig10" class="figure"><figure><div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@md-row"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="Fig. 10."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-e2f0c111-a2f5-4751-af01-30a276d1172e" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 10."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Full Size" data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" data-popover-anchor="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-e2f0c111-a2f5-4751-af01-30a276d1172e">View Full Size </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" class="figure-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 10."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3"><figcaption><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fig</span>. 10.</figcaption><p>As in <a id="d35541166e1487" href="#fig9">Fig. 9</a>, but for ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> with statistics accumulating only while MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> < 65 kt (i.e., tropical storm intensity).</p><p class="citation">Citation: Monthly Weather Review 141, 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a></p><ul class="c-List border-dark m-0 mt-2"><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><a download="" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg">Download Figure</a></li><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><div class="ppt"><a doi="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" current-uri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" alt-text="As in Fig. 9, but for ACEp with statistics accumulating only while MSWp < 65 kt (i.e., tropical storm intensity)." attrib="" watermark-path="AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png" data-footer-text="As in Fig. 9, but for ACEp with statistics accumulating only while MSWp < 65 kt (i.e., tropical storm intensity)." data-header-text="Fig. 10." data-image-uris="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg" href="#" class="export-figure-ppt">Download figure as PowerPoint slide</a></div></li></ul></div></div></figure></div><div id="fig11" class="figure"><figure><div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@md-row"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="Fig. 11."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-2f24ebcc-030d-410a-8f99-de86a5aae515" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 11."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Full Size" data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" data-popover-anchor="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-2f24ebcc-030d-410a-8f99-de86a5aae515">View Full Size </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" class="figure-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 11."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3"><figcaption><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fig</span>. 11.</figcaption><p>As in <a id="d35541166e1504" href="#fig10">Fig. 10</a>, but for MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> ≥ 65 kt (i.e., typhoon intensity).</p><p class="citation">Citation: Monthly Weather Review 141, 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a></p><ul class="c-List border-dark m-0 mt-2"><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><a download="" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg">Download Figure</a></li><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><div class="ppt"><a doi="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" current-uri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" alt-text="As in Fig. 10, but for MSWp ≥ 65 kt (i.e., typhoon intensity)." attrib="" watermark-path="AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png" data-footer-text="As in Fig. 10, but for MSWp ≥ 65 kt (i.e., typhoon intensity)." data-header-text="Fig. 11." data-image-uris="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg" href="#" class="export-figure-ppt">Download figure as PowerPoint slide</a></div></li></ul></div></div></figure></div><div id="fig12" class="figure"><figure><div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@md-row"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="Fig. 12."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-c8d5f24d-b205-4b47-a561-34159ca60d3d" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 12."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Full Size" data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" data-popover-anchor="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-c8d5f24d-b205-4b47-a561-34159ca60d3d">View Full Size </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" class="figure-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 12."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3"><figcaption><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fig</span>. 12.</figcaption><p>(top) Time series of smoothed ACE (following <a id="d35541166e1518" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a>) calculated from BT data, where the black line represents the range of ACE values. (bottom) Time series of ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> from MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> (cf. <a id="d35541166e1527" href="#fig9">Fig. 9</a>). Again, the range in ACE values is represented by the black line; the gray line is the original ACE range.</p><p class="citation">Citation: Monthly Weather Review 141, 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a></p><ul class="c-List border-dark m-0 mt-2"><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><a download="" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg">Download Figure</a></li><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><div class="ppt"><a doi="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" current-uri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" alt-text="(top) Time series of smoothed ACE (following Fig. 8) calculated from BT data, where the black line represents the range of ACE values. (bottom) Time series of ACEp from MSWp (cf. Fig. 9). Again, the range in ACE values is represented by the black line; the gray line is the original ACE range." attrib="" watermark-path="AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png" data-footer-text="(top) Time series of smoothed ACE (following Fig. 8) calculated from BT data, where the black line represents the range of ACE values. (bottom) Time series of ACEp from MSWp (cf. Fig. 9). Again, the range in ACE values is represented by the black line; the gray line is the original ACE range." data-header-text="Fig. 12." data-image-uris="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg" href="#" class="export-figure-ppt">Download figure as PowerPoint slide</a></div></li></ul></div></div></figure></div><p></p><p>Only two datasets have significant trends: TD-9635 and JTWC. Both have short periods of record and their trends are in agreement with the other records. So the significance we found appears to be an artifact of the shorter periods of record in these datasets.</p><p>The interagency agreement prior to 1987 is somewhat surprising given the differences in the ACE<sub>p</sub> components. CMA again has more TCs (cf. <a id="d35541166e1536" href="#fig9">Fig. 9</a>), and the lifetime trends are consistent among the agencies, with nearly constant offsets between JMA and CMA and then CMA and HKO. A possible change in procedures is implied at JTWC (via TD-9635) near 1970 when the lifetime has an increase from near 6 to closer to 7 days. Here again, we see a significantly large lifetime increase for JTWC in the 1990s. Which leads to the question: Is the large ACE<i><sub>p</sub></i> from JTWC caused by this increase in typhoon lifetime or something else?</p><p>To answer this, we stratify the ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> calculations by intensity. <a id="d35541166e1547" href="#fig10">Figure 10</a> shows ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> for all tropical cyclones when MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> < 65 kt while <a id="ref_fig11" href="#fig11">Fig. 11</a> shows ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> during a storm's lifetime when MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> ≥ 65 kt. Comparing these conditions, we confirm that the weaker portions of a storm's lifetime are the cause in the differences in typhoon lifetime. In fact, the interagency differences in the ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> components persist in these weak storms (cf. <a id="d35541166e1569" href="#fig9">Fig. 9</a>). For example, CMA still has more storms and the variation in lifetime is large. This results in a large variation in <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub>, but the impact on ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> is minimal.</p><p>Conversely, there is much more interagency agreement for ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> and its components when MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> ≥ 65 kt (cf. <a id="d35541166e1587" href="#fig11">Fig. 11</a>). The number of typhoons is generally within one storm. The lifetime shows agreement before 1987. The large deviation in JTWC is gone. While there is more variation, in particular during the 1990s, it is clear that the lifetime differences of JTWC were for periods when TCs were not yet typhoons, having little impact on the final ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> of the weak storms. Therefore, the conclusion is that the deviation in ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> in the 1990s is caused by larger intensities at JTWC. In 1990 when only typhoons (MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> ≥ 65 kt) were examined, JTWC has a <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub> ~100 kt compared to <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub> ~90 kt from other agencies.</p><p>The decrease in interagency ACE variation using pressure is demonstrated in <a id="d35541166e1608" href="#fig12">Fig. 12</a>, which shows a time series of ACE from all available agencies using three estimates of MSW as reported in the BT data (top) and from MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> using <a id="d35541166e1614" href="#bib21">KZ07</a> (bottom). The black solid line shows the range in ACE values between agencies. It is clear that the variation in ACE is lower in the pre-1987 era and the interagency differences exceed the annual ACE values for some agencies. There is a clear need to understand the differences and decrease the differences where possible. Normalizing winds to a 1-min averaging period following <a id="d35541166e1617" href="#bib23">Knapp and Kruk (2010)</a> can decrease some of the interagency ACE variation. However, some differences would remain, particularly after aircraft reconnaissance ended. The interagency variation from ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> has smaller differences. However, when considering MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> derived from JTWC, the differences between JTWC and other agencies during the 1990s remain large.</p><p>In summary, we first investigate the changes in the presatellite record based on the TD-9635 dataset. After investigating the new historical record, we then compare WPR-based ACE from MCP reports from all agencies. MCP is more reliably and consistently reported by early aircraft reconnaissance. In fact, while agencies disagree to a large extent on winds during the early record, the interagency pressure deviations are much smaller and agree in large part with the aircraft reconnaissance. The pressure records from CMA, JMA, and TD-9635 can then be used to derive a pressure-based wind estimate using <a id="d35541166e1629" href="#bib21">KZ07</a> (or other WPRs).</p></div></div><div class="section border-bottom border-bottom-solid border-bottom-medium" id="s5"><h2 id="d127121331e1159">5. Combined pressure-based time series</h2><p>We derive a combined ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> time series on an annual basis, based on the agreement between agencies for 1945–87 (<a id="ref_fig13" href="#fig13">Fig. 13</a>). After 1987, there appear to be two scenarios in the data: a time series that follows JTWC intensities and another that follows other agencies (JMA, CMA, and HKO). Given the lack of aircraft reconnaissance, it is difficult to determine which path is more likely to have occurred. However, an independent estimate is available from an objective satellite-based analysis. The ACE from intensities estimated by <a id="d35541166e1644" href="#bib26">Kossin et al. (2007)</a> is shown in <a id="d35541166e1647" href="#fig13">Fig. 13</a> (where the annual ACE has been adjusted to force the 1982–87 mean to match the ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> record). It is interesting to note that these objective ACE estimates show better agreement with the JTWC ACE time series. However, more validation of these objective satellite estimates is needed in the WP basin prior to drawing any further conclusions.</p><div id="fig13" class="figure"><figure><div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@md-row"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="Fig. 13."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-5be4d33b-9e1d-445a-a0a5-be226e59b3cc" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 13."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Full Size" data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" data-popover-anchor="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-5be4d33b-9e1d-445a-a0a5-be226e59b3cc">View Full Size </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" class="figure-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 13."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3"><figcaption><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fig</span>. 13.</figcaption><p>Time series of smoothed ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> derived from a combined pressure dataset. Blue represents the JMA–CMA–HKO pressure values after 1987, green represents the JTWC estimated pressure values after 1987, while brown represents the satellite-based ACE estimates (scaled so that the mean satellite ACE for 1983–87 matches the BT ACE).</p><p class="citation">Citation: Monthly Weather Review 141, 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a></p><ul class="c-List border-dark m-0 mt-2"><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><a download="" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg">Download Figure</a></li><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><div class="ppt"><a doi="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" current-uri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" alt-text="Time series of smoothed ACEp derived from a combined pressure dataset. Blue represents the JMA–CMA–HKO pressure values after 1987, green represents the JTWC estimated pressure values after 1987, while brown represents the satellite-based ACE estimates (scaled so that the mean satellite ACE for 1983–87 matches the BT ACE)." attrib="" watermark-path="AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png" data-footer-text="Time series of smoothed ACEp derived from a combined pressure dataset. Blue represents the JMA–CMA–HKO pressure values after 1987, green represents the JTWC estimated pressure values after 1987, while brown represents the satellite-based ACE estimates (scaled so that the mean satellite ACE for 1983–87 matches the BT ACE)." data-header-text="Fig. 13." data-image-uris="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg" href="#" class="export-figure-ppt">Download figure as PowerPoint slide</a></div></li></ul></div></div></figure></div><p></p><p>When interpreting trends over short periods, the choice of the period of analysis can change the results. The sensitivity of the linear trend in ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> to the period of record is shown in <a id="ref_fig14" href="#fig14">Fig. 14</a>, by varying the start date and ending in 2010 (top) or by varying the end data while beginning in 1945 (bottom). The vertical bars represent the linear regression uncertainty associated with the 99% confidence interval. Thus, where the confidence interval crosses the zero line, the trend is not significant. For periods starting in 1945 (<a id="d35541166e1673" href="#fig14">Fig. 14</a>, top), a positive trend is apparent until 1970. However, considering the entire period of record, it appears that a significant trend only appears in the JTWC ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> record (and appears to be decreasing as years are added to the record). Conversely, when varying the start year, the trends show large variation with few that are significant. Only for a period starting before 1948 does the trend with JTWC become significant. The trends in ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> from the other agencies are not significant for any time period.</p><div id="fig14" class="figure"><figure><div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@md-row"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"><div style="max-width: 450px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" style="max-width: 450px;" alt="Fig. 14."/><div id="" role="" class="position-absolute display-none" data-popover="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-73e1aa1b-c4f7-4de3-bf8f-5611305a11d3" data-popover-breakpoints="" data-popover-placement="" data-popover-fullscreen="true"> <div style="top: 0; left: 0; width: calc(100vw - 40px); height: calc(100vh - 40px);" class="c-Paper c-Paper--elevation-3 display-flex flex-col flex@xs-row pt-2 pr-2 pb-2 pl-2 overflow-scroll" role="" id=""> <span class="right"> <button title=" Close" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--close c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> </span> <div class="popover-body m-auto flex h-1"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 14."/></div></div></div> </div> </div><button class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Button--full c-Icon c-Icon--fullscreen c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium " type="button" role="button" tabIndex="0" title="View Full Size" data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" data-popover-anchor="2e789778-90ca-437a-b05e-fd1aa8a0dfa3-73e1aa1b-c4f7-4de3-bf8f-5611305a11d3">View Full Size </button><pf-box data-xsl-identifier="figure-popover" class="figure-popover display-none"><div class="display-table m-auto"><div class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"><img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg" class="lazy-load" alt="Fig. 14."/></div></div></pf-box></div></div><div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3"><figcaption><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Fig</span>. 14.</figcaption><p>(top) Trend in ACE for periods beginning in 1945 with a varying end year. Blue represents trends following the JMA–CMA–HKO results in the 1990s while the orange line follows JTWC. Vertical hatching represents the 99% confidence interval of the slope. (bottom) As in the top panel, but the period of trend has a varying start year and end in 2010.</p><p class="citation">Citation: Monthly Weather Review 141, 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1">10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1</a></p><ul class="c-List border-dark m-0 mt-2"><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><a download="" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg">Download Figure</a></li><li class="download-figure mt-2 mb-2 pl-3 pr-3"><div class="ppt"><a doi="10.1175/MWR-D-12-00323.1" current-uri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" alt-text="(top) Trend in ACE for periods beginning in 1945 with a varying end year. Blue represents trends following the JMA–CMA–HKO results in the 1990s while the orange line follows JTWC. Vertical hatching represents the 99% confidence interval of the slope. (bottom) As in the top panel, but the period of trend has a varying start year and end in 2010." attrib="" watermark-path="AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png" data-footer-text="(top) Trend in ACE for periods beginning in 1945 with a varying end year. Blue represents trends following the JMA–CMA–HKO results in the 1990s while the orange line follows JTWC. Vertical hatching represents the 99% confidence interval of the slope. (bottom) As in the top panel, but the period of trend has a varying start year and end in 2010." data-header-text="Fig. 14." data-image-uris="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg" href="#" class="export-figure-ppt">Download figure as PowerPoint slide</a></div></li></ul></div></div></figure></div><p></p></div><div class="section border-bottom border-bottom-solid border-bottom-medium" id="s6"><h2 id="d127121331e1216">6. Discussion</h2><p>At this point, it seems appropriate to summarize the findings of analyzing storms with the largest MSW<i><sub>p</sub></i> versus MSW changes using historical documentation. Comments in annual typhoon reports and poststorm analyses suggest wind reports were in error. However, these same wind estimates with significant errors appear in the best-track data of some agencies, which makes it clear that some early best-track data were derived from warning bulletins by some agencies and from aircraft reconnaissance by others. Following our analysis of changing WPRs (cf. <a id="d35541166e1699" href="#fig3">Fig. 3</a>) in the early period for all agencies, this analysis is appropriate for all agencies, not any particular one. Based on this analysis and that of others (e.g., <a id="d35541166e1702" href="#bib33">Mien-Tze 2012</a>), we recommend that a complete reanalysis of historical typhoon MSWs be performed to provide users with the highest quality climate data for TC impact studies, analyses, and applications.</p><p>Consistent with <a id="ref_bib4" href="#bib4">Chu et al. (2002)</a>, we recommend not using wind data for typhoons early in the record, given the dependence on aircraft reconnaissance wind speeds, changing practices at an agency, and the potential lack of quality control in the wind data. Furthermore, pressure data in the recent JTWC record also need to be used with care given their change in WPR. Nevertheless, it appears that the historical pressure-based record of typhoon activity is more consistent between agencies than the wind-based reports.</p><p>Therefore, to reconcile these past MSW differences, the community should conduct a reanalysis of the intensity records with a consistent methodology and dataset. Objective techniques could be applied using the position and storm duration information from the various agencies. Results could be used to create both an intensity estimate and a measure of uncertainty. Another more labor-intensive, but potentially more accurate, option is to conduct a subjective reanalysis using homogeneous techniques (e.g., a consistently derived intensity using a Dvorak technique) and multiple experienced analysts. This option would also be able to include information from all available surface observations. This type of labor-intensive method is currently being conducted by Météo-France in the southwest Indian Ocean (T. Dupont 2011, personal communication) and by NOAA to the eastern Pacific Ocean (<a id="ref_bib18" href="#bib18">Kimberlain 2012</a>), if applied to the WP, could also provide a homogeneous measure of TC activity in the post-AR time period. Such activities will help to improve the historical MSW record.</p><p>However, new in situ observations need to be made to decrease the likelihood of differences in the future. One of the findings of this and other studies is that once routine aircraft reconnaissance was discontinued in the WP, interagency intensity differences became apparent. The largest differences in this basin occur during the 1990s, just a few years after AR ended. Which of the several records available is more correct is debatable, and the existence of these divergent intensity records prohibits definitive conclusions on important topics such as climatic changes in TCs from being drawn. It is likely that intensity differences are due to drifting methodology and changes in input at the various agencies. Furthermore, as more remote sensing methods for intensity estimation become available and operational procedures evolve further, there is a possibility that the intensity records will diverge even more. An international effort to provide ground truth via low-level AR or other platform [e.g., the Aeroclipper discussed in <a id="ref_bib7" href="#bib7">Duvel et al. (2009)</a>] for an adequate period of time to calibrate the agency intensity estimates could be fruitful. Large international efforts to observe TCs have been conducted in the WP before, but these campaigns typically collect more comprehensive datasets for a shorter period of time than would be optimal for calibrating intensity estimates. A tropical cyclone intensity intercomparison field project would probably need to focus on routine MCP and MSW observations for a significant portion of one or more seasons to be effectively used for calibrating the agency estimates.</p><p>Finally, our approach does not take into consideration the possibility of missed typhoons. These are typhoons that may have occurred but were not recorded by the observation network of the time, also referred to as undersampling. Several studies consider the changing observational procedures in the North Atlantic Ocean, quantifying the probability of missed tropical storms (<a id="ref_bib31" href="#bib31">Landsea et al. 2010</a>; <a id="ref_bib46" href="#bib46">Vecchi and Knutson 2008</a>, <a id="ref_bib47" href="#bib47">2011</a>). However, a similar study for missed typhoons in the Pacific is lacking.</p></div><div class="section border-bottom border-bottom-solid border-bottom-medium" id="s7"><h2 id="d127121331e1256">7. Summary</h2><p>This study finds that the historical best-track records (1945–76) demonstrate inconsistency between pressure and wind reports. This suggests that the operational procedures of reporting MSW and/or MCP have changed. We also confirm that MCP is more consistently observed and reported during 1945–76 than MSW. Additionally, in cases where the LMW significantly differs between MSW- and MCP-derived reports, the published typhoon reports often support the MCP-derived wind. Thus, it appears that an MCP-based wind is more temporally homogeneous than the actual best-track wind reports for these earlier records, and that MCP-based analyses of typhoon intensities are more homogeneous during 1945–87 than MSW-based analyses. MCP is also more consistent between agencies than MSW, but only during the period of aircraft reconnaissance (1945–87).</p><p>During the aircraft reconnaissance era, we found that pressure-based winds are sometimes significantly different from reported winds and appear to have a time-dependent difference (in terms of annual statistics). Plots of individual storms suggest that in many cases, MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> provides a more realistic measure of intensity than MSW, especially for storms that appear to be artificially capped. Finally, JTWC storms in the early portion of the WP period of record (1945–76) are likely underestimated based on reported MCP, ROCI, and translations speeds.</p><p>The dearth of WP aircraft reconnaissance since 1987 has hampered efforts to reconcile MSW/MCP reports between agencies. In the 1990s and 2000s, particularly, wind and pressure-based winds both show a divergent measure of activity. This highlights how, without ground truth, satellite-based intensity records can drift as methods and data availability at different agencies diverge. Best tracks also show evidence of procedural changes, such as when JTWC changed pressure estimation procedures in 2007, which produced a step change in the pressure record. The CMA winds appear to be too large in the early portion of the record (prior to 1970), possibly due to procedural changes. Results also suggest that MSW from TD-9635—and, thus, JTWC—are generally too high during 1950–65. After 1987, all agencies were more dependent upon satellite-based methods that primarily estimate wind speeds to estimate intensity. However, changes to operational procedures and satellite-based intensity estimates were not comprehensively documented, which complicates intercomparisons between agencies. The use of pressure as an intensity metric does allow us to more confidently use the earlier TC records in the WP. Examining the MCP-based ACE values, we find that the post-1987 records are different for each agency and that there is a range of ACE trends that can be derived by varying both the start date and the agency. The value of ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> appears to be consistent between agencies until reconnaissance ended in 1987. The largest variation in ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> is found in the 1990s, which includes a year identified by <a id="d35541166e1749" href="#bib30">Lander (2008)</a> to have irreconcilable differences. The ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> differences in the 1990s have been shown to be mostly independent of deliberate procedural changes at JTWC to expand the tracking of TCs < 35 kt, and appear to be related to differences in intensity estimation for stronger TCs. The various agencies largely agree on the number and lifetime of strong storms. However, they differ, sometimes greatly, on the intensity of the stronger storms during this period, leading to differences in ACE. It is worth noting that CMA has consistently larger ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> and ACE values in the era before 1970. This is likely caused by the CMA MSW values that are too large. Finally, if JTWC intensity estimates are correct in the 1990s, then overall ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> is likely increasing at a nonzero rate. The satellite-based ACE appears to support the larger JTWC ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> values in the 1990s, so further analysis and validation of these satellite objective estimates in the western Pacific is desired to investigate this possibility.</p><p>Finally, analyzing TC intensity in terms of pressure leads us to believe that reconnaissance-based pressure estimates can help reconcile many of the differences between the best-track datasets for the period 1950–87. However, we have less confidence that we can quickly reconcile intensity records for years after the end of the reconnaissance era. Since 1987, intensity estimation techniques and operational procedures have evolved at each agency such that the records have drifted apart.</p></div><ack xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ifp="http://www.ifactory.com/press"><h2 id="">Acknowledgments</h2><p>The authors would like to acknowledge the NCDC intern program that provided support for A. Schnapp and G. Riggio while attending the UNC-A. JTWC historical fix data (also known as F-decks) were provided by Edward Fukada (JTWC). We also acknowledge the constructive reviews provided by Chris Landsea and an anonymous reviewer. The opinions expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors; they do not necessarily reflect the official views or policies of NOAA, the Department of Commerce, or the U.S. government.</p></ack><app-group xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:ifp="http://www.ifactory.com/press"><app id="app1"><h2 id="">APPENDIX</h2><div class="section border-bottom border-bottom-solid border-bottom-medium" id="sa1"><h3 id="d127121331e1296">Digitized WP Aircraft Reconnaissance Data</h3><p>Digitized aircraft reconnaissance data for the western Pacific Ocean are available in the form of Automated Tropical Cyclone Forecast (ATCF) F-deck data from 1966 through 1987 (except for a missing year of 1978). Yet, aircraft reconnaissance began in the 1950s with summaries of flights provided in various forms [e.g., in annual typhoon reports (ATRs) produced by the JTWC], some of which are available online as PDFs back through 1959. Thus, there was a need to digitize reconnaissance data contained in the ATRs for 1959–65 and find and key data prior to 1959. NCDC archives of paper and microfilm records were scoured for additional aircraft reconnaissance information on WP typhoons. It was found that archived data for most of 1946–58 exists in microfilm and paper format.</p><p>Western Pacific typhoon aircraft reconnaissance data from the years 1946–65 and 1978, excluding 1952, were transcribed from original documents, or copies of original documents, into a spreadsheet. Microfilm and paper documents were inspected for reconnaissance aircraft fixes and other data collected during flight. Data were collected from reports such as tropical cyclone consolidated reports, annual typhoon reports, storm summary and life history of the typhoon reports, and aircraft weather code charts. Unfortunately, data for 1952 could not be found, 1955 data were very limited, and 1978 data were incomplete in its digitized format.</p><p>In total, there were 5085 center fixes keyed during this project. The most frequently reported parameters include flight level (76% of observations), minimum central surface pressure (58%), minimum 700-hPa height (56%), maximum surface winds (60%), flight-level winds (43%), location method (58%), fix accuracy (63%), eye diameter and shape (55%), and eye temperature (41%). However, many of the early reports present incomplete periods of reconnaissance. Limitations like instrument malfunctions and aircraft safety (such as engine loss) contributed to incomplete or aborted missions. Also, missing values were often found for data related to the minimum 700-hPa height. It is important to note that all available remarks were keyed (41% of flights). These remarks are extremely useful in understanding the data, or lack thereof. Remarks also often address inconsistencies in the data. For example, they often indicate aborted missions, instrument failure, or that an observation was made at the 500-hPa level instead of at 700 hPa.</p><p>The types of inflight observations of typhoons varied each year. Observations in the initial years (1945–49) were sparse; however, observations become more consistent starting in 1950. More parameters were recorded with greater detail. In early recordings the heights were measured in feet while the recording of the temperature and dewpoint temperature were made in degrees celsius. In addition, different observers had different descriptions for similar typhoons. For example, a “semi-circled eye shape” in one observer's eyes is a “horse shoe” in another's.</p><p>Transcription of western Pacific typhoon aircraft reconnaissance data from the years 1946 to 1965 and 1978 (excluding 1952) from paper and microfilm format into a digital spreadsheet will ensure the preservation of the data for future generations, as well as easier data analysis. The transcription of the data may also supplement data already available from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and other agencies across the globe, as well as provide a resource for more detailed studies.</p></div></app></app-group><section class="refSection level1"><h2></h2><h2 id="">REFERENCES</h2><ul class="refList no-enumerators"><li><div id="bib1" class="reference"><p class="citationText text-body1"><span class="person-group"><span class="name"><span class="surname"><span class="text-node">Atkinson</span></span><span class="text-node">, </span><span class="given-names"><span class="text-node">G. 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</div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_154" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/154/volume/150/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_154"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 149 (2021) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle 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aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_156" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/156/volume/148/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_156"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 147 (2019) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_157" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/157/volume/147/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_157"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 146 (2018) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_158" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/158/volume/146/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_158"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 145 (2017) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_159" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/159/volume/145/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_159"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 144 (2016) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_160" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/160/volume/144/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_160"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 143 (2015) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_161" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/161/volume/143/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_161"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 142 (2014) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_162" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/162/volume/142/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_162"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 141 (2013) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_163" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/163/volume/141/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_163"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 140 (2012) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_164" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/164/volume/140/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_164"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 139 (2011) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_165" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/165/volume/139/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_165"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 138 (2010) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_166" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/166/volume/138/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_166"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 137 (2009) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_167" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/167/volume/137/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_167"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 136 (2008) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_168" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/168/volume/136/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_168"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 135 (2007) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_169" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/169/volume/135/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_169"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 134 (2006) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_170" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/170/volume/134/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_170"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 133 (2005) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_171" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/171/volume/133/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_171"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 132 (2004) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_172" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/172/volume/132/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_172"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 131 (2003) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_173" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/173/volume/131/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_173"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 130 (2002) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_174" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/174/volume/130/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_174"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 129 (2001) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_175" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/175/volume/129/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_175"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 128 (2000) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_176" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/176/volume/128/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_176"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 127 (1999) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_177" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/177/volume/127/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_177"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 126 (1998) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_178" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/178/volume/126/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_178"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 125 (1997) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_179" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/179/volume/125/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_179"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 124 (1996) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_180" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/180/volume/124/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_180"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 123 (1995) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_181" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/181/volume/123/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_181"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 122 (1994) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_182" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/182/volume/122/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_182"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 121 (1993) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_183" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/183/volume/121/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_183"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 120 (1992) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_184" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/184/volume/120/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_184"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 119 (1991) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_185" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/185/volume/119/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_185"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 118 (1990) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_186" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/186/volume/118/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_186"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 117 (1989) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_187" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/187/volume/117/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_187"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 116 (1988) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_188" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/188/volume/116/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_188"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 115 (1987) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_189" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/189/volume/115/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_189"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 114 (1986) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_190" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/190/volume/114/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_190"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 113 (1985) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_191" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/191/volume/113/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_191"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 112 (1984) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_192" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/192/volume/112/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_192"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 111 (1983) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_193" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/193/volume/111/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_193"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 110 (1982) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_194" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/194/volume/110/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_194"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 109 (1981) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_195" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/195/volume/109/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_195"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 108 (1980) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_196" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/196/volume/108/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_196"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 107 (1979) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_197" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/197/volume/107/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_197"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 106 (1978) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_198" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/198/volume/106/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_198"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 105 (1977) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_199" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/199/volume/105/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_199"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 104 (1976) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_200" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/200/volume/104/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_200"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 103 (1975) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_201" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/201/volume/103/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_201"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 102 (1974) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_202" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/202/volume/102/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_202"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 101 (1973) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_203" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/203/volume/101/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_203"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 100 (1972) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_204" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/204/volume/100/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_204"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 99 (1971) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_205" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/205/volume/99/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_205"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 98 (1970) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_206" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/206/volume/98/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_206"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 97 (1969) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_207" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/207/volume/97/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_207"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 96 (1968) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_208" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/208/volume/96/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_208"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 95 (1967) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_209" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/209/volume/95/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_209"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 94 (1966) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_210" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/210/volume/94/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_210"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 93 (1965) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_211" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/211/volume/93/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_211"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 92 (1964) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_212" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/212/volume/92/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_212"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 91 (1963) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_213" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/213/volume/91/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_213"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 90 (1962) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_214" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/214/volume/90/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_214"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 89 (1961) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_215" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/215/volume/89/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_215"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 88 (1960) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_216" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/216/volume/88/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_216"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 87 (1959) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_217" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/217/volume/87/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_217"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 86 (1958) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_218" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/218/volume/86/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_218"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 85 (1957) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_219" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/219/volume/85/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_219"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 84 (1956) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_220" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/220/volume/84/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_220"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 83 (1955) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_221" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/221/volume/83/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_221"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 82 (1954) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_222" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/222/volume/82/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_222"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 81 (1953) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_223" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/223/volume/81/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_223"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 80 (1952) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_224" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/224/volume/80/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_224"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 79 (1951) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_225" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/225/volume/79/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_225"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 78 (1950) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_226" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/226/volume/78/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_226"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 77 (1949) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_227" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/227/volume/77/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_227"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 76 (1948) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_228" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/228/volume/76/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_228"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 75 (1947) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_229" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/229/volume/75/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_229"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 74 (1946) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_230" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/230/volume/74/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_230"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 73 (1945) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_231" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/231/volume/73/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_231"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 72 (1944) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_232" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/232/volume/72/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_232"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 71 (1943) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_233" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/233/volume/71/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_233"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 70 (1942) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_234" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/234/volume/70/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_234"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 69 (1941) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_235" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/235/volume/69/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_235"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 68 (1940) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_236" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/236/volume/68/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_236"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 67 (1939) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_237" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/237/volume/67/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_237"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 66 (1938) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_238" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/238/volume/66/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_238"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 65 (1937) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_239" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/239/volume/65/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_239"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 64 (1936) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_240" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/240/volume/64/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_240"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 63 (1935) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_241" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/241/volume/63/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_241"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 62 (1934) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_242" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/242/volume/62/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_242"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 61 (1933) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_243" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/243/volume/61/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_243"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 60 (1932) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_244" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/244/volume/60/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_244"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 59 (1931) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_245" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/245/volume/59/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_245"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 58 (1930) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_246" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/246/volume/58/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_246"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 57 (1929) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_247" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/247/volume/57/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_247"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 56 (1928) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_248" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/248/volume/56/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_248"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 55 (1927) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_249" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/249/volume/55/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_249"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 54 (1926) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_250" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/250/volume/54/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_250"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 53 (1925) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_251" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/251/volume/53/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_251"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 52 (1924) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_252" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/252/volume/52/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_252"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 51 (1923) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_253" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/253/volume/51/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_253"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 50 (1922) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_254" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/254/volume/50/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_254"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 49 (1921) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_255" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/255/volume/49/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_255"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 48 (1920) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_256" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/256/volume/48/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_256"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 47 (1919) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_257" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/257/volume/47/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_257"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 46 (1918) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_258" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/258/volume/46/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_258"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 45 (1917) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_259" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/259/volume/45/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_259"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 44 (1916) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_260" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/260/volume/44/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_260"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 43 (1915) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_261" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/261/volume/43/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_261"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 42 (1914) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_262" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/262/volume/42/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_262"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 41 (1913) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_263" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/263/volume/41/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_263"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 40 (1912) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_264" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/264/volume/40/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_264"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 39 (1911) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_265" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/265/volume/39/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_265"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 38 (1910) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_266" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/266/volume/38/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_266"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 37 (1909) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_267" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/267/volume/37/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_267"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 36 (1908) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_268" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/268/volume/36/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_268"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 35 (1907) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_269" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/269/volume/35/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_269"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 34 (1906) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_270" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/270/volume/34/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_270"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 33 (1905) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_271" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/271/volume/33/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_271"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 32 (1904) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_272" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/272/volume/32/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_272"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 31 (1903) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_273" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/273/volume/31/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_273"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 30 (1902) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_274" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/274/volume/30/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_274"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 29 (1901) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_275" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/275/volume/29/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_275"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 28 (1900) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_276" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/276/volume/28/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_276"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 27 (1899) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_277" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/277/volume/27/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_277"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 26 (1898) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_278" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/278/volume/26/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_278"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 25 (1897) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_279" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/279/volume/25/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_279"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 24 (1896) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_280" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/280/volume/24/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_280"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 23 (1895) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_281" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/281/volume/23/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_281"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 22 (1894) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_282" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/282/volume/22/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_282"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 21 (1893) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_283" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/283/volume/21/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_283"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 20 (1892) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_284" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/284/volume/20/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_284"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 19 (1891) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_285" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/285/volume/19/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_285"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 18 (1890) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_286" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/286/volume/18/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_286"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 17 (1889) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_287" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/287/volume/17/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_287"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 16 (1888) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_288" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/288/volume/16/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_288"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 15 (1887) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_289" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/289/volume/15/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_289"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 14 (1886) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_290" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/290/volume/14/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_290"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 13 (1885) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_291" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/291/volume/13/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_291"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 12 (1884) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_292" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/292/volume/12/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_292"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 11 (1883) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_293" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/293/volume/11/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_293"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 10 (1882) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_294" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/294/volume/10/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_294"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 9 (1881) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_295" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/295/volume/9/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_295"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 8 (1880) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_296" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/296/volume/8/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_296"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 7 (1879) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_297" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/297/volume/7/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_297"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 6 (1878) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_298" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/298/volume/6/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_298"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 5 (1877) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_299" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/299/volume/5/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_299"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 4 (1876) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_300" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/300/volume/4/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_300"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 3 (1875) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_301" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/301/volume/3/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_301"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 2 (1874) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_302" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/302/volume/2/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_302"> </div> </div> <div class="ajax-node-opener type-volume" role="listitem" data-toc-role="li"> <div class="header-container rightFlushed flex flex-nowrap flex-align-start"> <div class="flex-1 flex flex-row"> <div class="pl-2 nodeLabel"> <div class="label"> <div class="s-pr-4"> </div> Volume: 1 (1873) <div class="s-pr-4 color-text-light "> </div> </div> </div> </div> <span aria-label="Open Close Toggle" title="Open Close Toggle" class="c-IconButton c-IconButton--tiny toggle expandCollapseIcon c-IconButton--no-ripple" aria-expanded="false" role="button" tabindex="0"></span> </div> <a data-update-zone="zone1672407902_303" class="ajax-control toggle-link color-black" href="/configurable/content.configurablecontentpagebody.volumeissueselector.volumetoc:subtreelink/303/volume/1/JOURNAL/0/RIGHT_FLUSHED/compact/true/false/false/false/false/false/false/false/$N/34/58776/false/false?t:ac=journals$002fmwre$002f141$002f8$002fmwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"> <span>Show Items</span> </a> <div role="list" data-toc-role="ul" class="ml-0 ajax-zone" data-container-type="zone" id="zone1672407902_303"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="scroll-lock"></div> <div class="component component-content-item component-container container-sideBar-copy1 container-wrapper-58747 tabs-vertical container-accordion"> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div class="container-body c-Container--constrained"> <h6 class="c-List__subheader" id="container-58747-item-58751-tab"> <button data-collapsed-icon="c-Icon--keyboardArrowDown" data-active-icon="c-Icon--keyboardArrowUp" title="" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--keyboardArrowDown c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> <span class="typography-body "> Headings </span> </button> </h6><div id="container-58747-item-58751" class="container-item"> <div class="component component-content-item component-headings "> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <ul class="c-List c-List-dense"><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e93" class="c-Button--link">Abstract</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e108" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">1. </span>Introduction</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e254" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">2. </span>Tropical cyclone data</a><ul class="c-List c-List--nested"><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e265" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">a. </span>Aircraft reconnaissance observations</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e320" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">b. </span>Available best-track data</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e395" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">c. </span>Empirical estimates of agency procedures using wind–pressure relationships</a></li></ul></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e580" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">3. </span>Tropical cyclone analysis using TD-9635 and KZ07</a><ul class="c-List c-List--nested"><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e588" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">a. </span>Analysis of individual storms</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e832" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">b. </span>Analysis of annual activity</a></li></ul></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e909" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">4. </span>Time series of tropical cyclone data from all agencies</a><ul class="c-List c-List--nested"><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e912" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">a. </span>Wind-based analysis</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e957" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">b. </span>Pressure-based analysis</a></li></ul></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e1159" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">5. </span>Combined pressure-based time series</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e1216" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">6. </span>Discussion</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e1256" class="c-Button--link"><span class="enumeration c-ListItem_text c-ListItem_text-nested c-ListItem_text-dense">7. </span>Summary</a></li><li class="c-List__item c-List__item--nested"><a href="#d127121331e1296" class="c-Button--link">Digitized WP Aircraft Reconnaissance Data</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h6 class="c-List__subheader" id="container-58747-item-58787-tab"> <button data-collapsed-icon="c-Icon--keyboardArrowDown" data-active-icon="c-Icon--keyboardArrowUp" title="" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-Button 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Opens a new browser window." target="_blank"><span>Search Google Scholar</span></a></li><li><a class="exportCitation c-Button--link" title="Export this citation" href="/exportcitation/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml?cid=bib54&nojs=true" onclick="showLightbox('/exportcitation/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml?cid=bib54', '500', '', 'Export citation', 'googleScholarCitation_bib54', 'Export this citation');return false;"><span>Export Citation</span></a></li></ul></div> </li> <li data-value="{"documentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml","citationId":"bib55"}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-64a228b6-6bc3-4877-9b7e-d1f5f783ba78" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="refList_bib55" class="reference"><p class="citationText text-body1"><span class="person-group"><span class="name"><span class="surname"><span class="text-node">Yu</span></span><span class="text-node">, </span><span class="given-names"><span class="text-node">H.</span></span></span><span class="text-node">, </span><span class="name"><span class="given-names"><span class="text-node">C.</span></span><span class="text-node"> </span><span class="surname"><span class="text-node">Hu</span></span></span><span class="text-node">, and </span><span class="name"><span class="given-names"><span class="text-node">L.</span></span><span class="text-node"> </span><span class="surname"><span class="text-node">Jiang</span></span></span></span><span class="text-node">, </span><span class="year"><span class="text-node">2007</span></span><span class="text-node">: </span><span class="article-title"><span class="text-node">Comparison of three tropical cyclone intensity datasets</span></span><span class="text-node">. </span><i><i>Acta Meteor. Sin.</i></i><span class="text-node">, </span><span class="volume"><strong>21</strong></span><span class="text-node">, </span><span class="fpage"><span class="text-node">121</span></span><span class="text-node">–</span><span class="lpage"><span class="text-node">128</span></span><span class="text-node">.</span></p><ul class="citationActions"><div class="debug" style="display: none"><citation xlink:type="simple" citation-type="journal" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name name-style="western"><surname>Yu</surname><x xml:space="preserve">, </x><given-names>H.</given-names></name><x xml:space="preserve">, </x><name name-style="western"><given-names>C.</given-names><x xml:space="preserve"> </x><surname>Hu</surname></name><x xml:space="preserve">, and </x><name name-style="western"><given-names>L.</given-names><x xml:space="preserve"> </x><surname>Jiang</surname></name></person-group><x xml:space="preserve">, </x><year>2007</year><x xml:space="preserve">: </x><article-title>Comparison of three tropical cyclone intensity datasets</article-title><x xml:space="preserve">. </x><source></source><italic>Acta Meteor. Sin.</italic><x xml:space="preserve">, </x><volume><bold>21</bold></volume><x xml:space="preserve">, </x><fpage>121</fpage><x xml:space="preserve">–</x><lpage>128</lpage><x xml:space="preserve">.</x></citation>)| false</div><li><a href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?title=Comparison+of+three+tropical+cyclone+intensity+datasets&author=H.+C.+L.+Yu+Hu+Jiang&publication_year=2007&journal=Acta+Meteor.+Sin.&volume=21&pages=121-128" class="googleScholar c-Button--link" title="Search for this citation in Google Scholar. Opens a new browser window." target="_blank"><span>Search Google Scholar</span></a></li><li><a class="exportCitation c-Button--link" title="Export this citation" href="/exportcitation/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml?cid=bib55&nojs=true" onclick="showLightbox('/exportcitation/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml?cid=bib55', '500', '', 'Export citation', 'googleScholarCitation_bib55', 'Export this citation');return false;"><span>Export Citation</span></a></li></ul></div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <h6 class="c-List__subheader" id="container-58747-item-58781-tab"> <button data-collapsed-icon="c-Icon--keyboardArrowDown" data-active-icon="c-Icon--keyboardArrowUp" title="" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--keyboardArrowDown c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> <span class="typography-body "> Figures </span> </button> </h6><div id="container-58747-item-58781" class="container-item"> <div class="component component-content-item component-content-figures scroll-thumbnails"> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div data-documenturi="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" class="content-figures-list"> <button data-js="selectAllCheckBox" title="" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-IconButton c-IconButton--medium c-Icon c-Icon--checkBoxOutlineBlank c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium "> </button> <button data-js="exportFiguresButton" title="Export Figures" tabIndex="0" role="button" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--primary c-Button--medium c-Button--contained ">Export Figures </button> <ul data-menu-list="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" role="listbox" class="List"> <li data-value="{"id":"fig1","images":[{"id":"fig1_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 1.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Annual frequency of aircraft reconnaissance fixes plotted by storm intensity: all storms, weak systems (976 &lt; pressure &lt; 997 hPa), moderate systems (949 &lt; pressure &lt; 976 hPa), and strong systems (pressure &lt; 949 hPa). Center fixes with intensity estimates are shown as dashed lines while center fixes of position only are solid lines.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Annual frequency of aircraft reconnaissance fixes plotted by storm intensity: all storms, weak systems (976 &lt; pressure &lt; 997 hPa), moderate systems (949 &lt; pressure &lt; 976 hPa), and strong systems (pressure &lt; 949 hPa). Center fixes with intensity estimates are shown as dashed lines while center fixes of position only are solid lines.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.pngAMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig1-thumb" data-figureid="fig1" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 1." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58781" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 1.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>Annual frequency of aircraft reconnaissance fixes plotted by storm intensity: all storms, weak systems (976 < pressure < 997 hPa), moderate systems (949 < pressure < 976 hPa), and strong systems (pressure < 949 hPa). Center fixes with intensity estimates are shown as dashed lines while center fixes of position only are solid lines.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig2","images":[{"id":"fig2_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 2.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Annual statistics comparing minimum central pressure from aircraft reconnaissance and BT data for various agencies: (top) bias difference of best track minus reconnaissance and (bottom) its standard deviation.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Annual statistics comparing minimum central pressure from aircraft reconnaissance and BT data for various agencies: (top) bias difference of best track minus reconnaissance and (bottom) its standard deviation.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.pngAMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig2-thumb" data-figureid="fig2" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 2." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58781" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 2.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>Annual statistics comparing minimum central pressure from aircraft reconnaissance and BT data for various agencies: (top) bias difference of best track minus reconnaissance and (bottom) its standard deviation.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig3","images":[{"id":"fig3_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 3.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Annual time series of empirically estimated WPR parameters, based on the form <i>V<\/i> = <i>V<sub>o<\/sub><\/i> (<i>P<sub>o<\/sub><\/i> − <i>P<\/i>)<sup><i>c<\/i><\/sup>. The RMS is the root-mean-square error of the wind for the empirically derived parameters. The quantity <i>V<\/i>(<i>P<\/i> = 920) is the wind speed (in kt) corresponding to a central pressure of 920 mb using the empirically derived parameters. Dashed lines represent the <a href=\"#bib1\" id=\"ref_bib1\">AH77<\/a> values and the vertical line designates the end of AR during 1987.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Annual time series of empirically estimated WPR parameters, based on the form <i>V<\/i> = <i>V<sub>o<\/sub><\/i> (<i>P<sub>o<\/sub><\/i> − <i>P<\/i>)<sup><i>c<\/i><\/sup>. The RMS is the root-mean-square error of the wind for the empirically derived parameters. The quantity <i>V<\/i>(<i>P<\/i> = 920) is the wind speed (in kt) corresponding to a central pressure of 920 mb using the empirically derived parameters. Dashed lines represent the <a href=\"#bib1\" id=\"ref_bib1\">AH77<\/a> values and the vertical line designates the end of AR during 1987.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.pngAMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig3-thumb" data-figureid="fig3" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 3." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58781" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 3.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>Annual time series of empirically estimated WPR parameters, based on the form <i>V</i> = <i>V<sub>o</sub></i> (<i>P<sub>o</sub></i> − <i>P</i>)<sup><i>c</i></sup>. The RMS is the root-mean-square error of the wind for the empirically derived parameters. The quantity <i>V</i>(<i>P</i> = 920) is the wind speed (in kt) corresponding to a central pressure of 920 mb using the empirically derived parameters. Dashed lines represent the <a id="ref_bib1" href="#bib1">AH77</a> values and the vertical line designates the end of AR during 1987.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig4","images":[{"id":"fig4_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 4.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Four typhoons with the largest increase in LMW between best-track (from TD-9635) and pressure-based winds (using <a href=\"#bib21\" id=\"ref_bib21\">KZ07<\/a>) along with the LMP in hPa.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Four typhoons with the largest increase in LMW between best-track (from TD-9635) and pressure-based winds (using <a href=\"#bib21\" id=\"ref_bib21\">KZ07<\/a>) along with the LMP in hPa.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.pngAMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig4-thumb" data-figureid="fig4" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 4." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58781" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 4.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>Four typhoons with the largest increase in LMW between best-track (from TD-9635) and pressure-based winds (using <a id="ref_bib21" href="#bib21">KZ07</a>) along with the LMP in hPa.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig5","images":[{"id":"fig5_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 5.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig4\" id=\"ref_fig4\">Fig. 4<\/a>, but for the four typhoons with the largest decrease in LMW.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig4\" id=\"ref_fig4\">Fig. 4<\/a>, but for the four typhoons with the largest decrease in LMW.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.pngAMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig5-thumb" data-figureid="fig5" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 5." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58781" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 5.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>As in <a id="ref_fig4" href="#fig4">Fig. 4</a>, but for the four typhoons with the largest decrease in LMW.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig6","images":[{"id":"fig6_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 6.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Changes in LMW as reported from best-track data and as calculated from pressure observations (LMW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub>) based on the TD-9635 data from 1945 to 1976. The SS hurricane-scale boundaries are provided for reference only (since it is not widely used in the WP basin).<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Changes in LMW as reported from best-track data and as calculated from pressure observations (LMW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub>) based on the TD-9635 data from 1945 to 1976. The SS hurricane-scale boundaries are provided for reference only (since it is not widely used in the WP basin).<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.pngAMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig6-thumb" data-figureid="fig6" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 6." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58781" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 6.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>Changes in LMW as reported from best-track data and as calculated from pressure observations (LMW<sub><i>p</i></sub>) based on the TD-9635 data from 1945 to 1976. The SS hurricane-scale boundaries are provided for reference only (since it is not widely used in the WP basin).</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig7","images":[{"id":"fig7_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 7.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top to bottom) Time series of total ACE and ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> derived from TD-9635 and parameters that contribute to it [cf. Eq. <a href=\"#e3\" id=\"ref_e3\">(3)<\/a>]: annual number of storms, mean storm lifetime, and <i>V<\/i><sub>ACE<\/sub>. For each time series, the heavy solid line is the smoothed line (using a 1\u20134\u20136\u20134\u20131 filter) while the straight line is the linear regression (which is solid if statistically significant). Reported values are from the best-track wind reports (MSW) and winds calculated using <a href=\"#bib21\" id=\"ref_bib21\">KZ07<\/a> (MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub>).<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top to bottom) Time series of total ACE and ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> derived from TD-9635 and parameters that contribute to it [cf. Eq. <a href=\"#e3\" id=\"ref_e3\">(3)<\/a>]: annual number of storms, mean storm lifetime, and <i>V<\/i><sub>ACE<\/sub>. For each time series, the heavy solid line is the smoothed line (using a 1\u20134\u20136\u20134\u20131 filter) while the straight line is the linear regression (which is solid if statistically significant). Reported values are from the best-track wind reports (MSW) and winds calculated using <a href=\"#bib21\" id=\"ref_bib21\">KZ07<\/a> (MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub>).<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.pngAMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig7-thumb" data-figureid="fig7" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 7." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58781" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 7.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>(top to bottom) Time series of total ACE and ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> derived from TD-9635 and parameters that contribute to it [cf. Eq. <a id="ref_e3" href="#e3">(3)</a>]: annual number of storms, mean storm lifetime, and <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub>. For each time series, the heavy solid line is the smoothed line (using a 1–4–6–4–1 filter) while the straight line is the linear regression (which is solid if statistically significant). Reported values are from the best-track wind reports (MSW) and winds calculated using <a id="ref_bib21" href="#bib21">KZ07</a> (MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub>).</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig8","images":[{"id":"fig8_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 8.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top to bottom) Time series of ACE from various agencies, annual number of storms, storm lifetime, and <i>V<\/i><sub>ACE<\/sub>. (left) Annual values are small circles and straight lines are linear trends of the dataset period of record and are solid if statistically significant. (right) Curves are 1\u20134\u20136\u20134\u20131 smoothed data.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top to bottom) Time series of ACE from various agencies, annual number of storms, storm lifetime, and <i>V<\/i><sub>ACE<\/sub>. (left) Annual values are small circles and straight lines are linear trends of the dataset period of record and are solid if statistically significant. (right) Curves are 1\u20134\u20136\u20134\u20131 smoothed data.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.pngAMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig8-thumb" data-figureid="fig8" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 8." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58781" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 8.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>(top to bottom) Time series of ACE from various agencies, annual number of storms, storm lifetime, and <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub>. (left) Annual values are small circles and straight lines are linear trends of the dataset period of record and are solid if statistically significant. (right) Curves are 1–4–6–4–1 smoothed data.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig9","images":[{"id":"fig9_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 9.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig8\" id=\"ref_fig8\">Fig. 8<\/a>, but with ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> calculated using <a href=\"#bib21\" id=\"ref_bib21\">KZ07<\/a>. Gray lines in the top panel are the ACEs from the top panel in <a href=\"#fig8\" id=\"d35541129e13\">Fig. 8<\/a> to provide context.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig8\" id=\"ref_fig8\">Fig. 8<\/a>, but with ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> calculated using <a href=\"#bib21\" id=\"ref_bib21\">KZ07<\/a>. Gray lines in the top panel are the ACEs from the top panel in <a href=\"#fig8\" id=\"d35541129e13\">Fig. 8<\/a> to provide context.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.pngAMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig9-thumb" data-figureid="fig9" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 9." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58781" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 9.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>As in <a id="ref_fig8" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a>, but with ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> calculated using <a id="ref_bib21" href="#bib21">KZ07</a>. Gray lines in the top panel are the ACEs from the top panel in <a id="d35541129e13" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a> to provide context.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig10","images":[{"id":"fig10_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 10.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig9\" id=\"ref_fig9\">Fig. 9<\/a>, but for ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> with statistics accumulating only while MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> &lt; 65 kt (i.e., tropical storm intensity).<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig9\" id=\"ref_fig9\">Fig. 9<\/a>, but for ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> with statistics accumulating only while MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> &lt; 65 kt (i.e., tropical storm intensity).<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.pngAMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig10-thumb" data-figureid="fig10" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 10." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58781" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 10.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>As in <a id="ref_fig9" href="#fig9">Fig. 9</a>, but for ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> with statistics accumulating only while MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> < 65 kt (i.e., tropical storm intensity).</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig11","images":[{"id":"fig11_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 11.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig10\" id=\"ref_fig10\">Fig. 10<\/a>, but for MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> ≥ 65 kt (i.e., typhoon intensity).<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>As in <a href=\"#fig10\" id=\"ref_fig10\">Fig. 10<\/a>, but for MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> ≥ 65 kt (i.e., typhoon intensity).<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.pngAMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig11-thumb" data-figureid="fig11" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 11." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58781" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 11.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>As in <a id="ref_fig10" href="#fig10">Fig. 10</a>, but for MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> ≥ 65 kt (i.e., typhoon intensity).</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig12","images":[{"id":"fig12_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 12.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top) Time series of smoothed ACE (following <a href=\"#fig8\" id=\"ref_fig8\">Fig. 8<\/a>) calculated from BT data, where the black line represents the range of ACE values. (bottom) Time series of ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> from MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> (cf. <a href=\"#fig9\" id=\"ref_fig9\">Fig. 9<\/a>). Again, the range in ACE values is represented by the black line; the gray line is the original ACE range.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top) Time series of smoothed ACE (following <a href=\"#fig8\" id=\"ref_fig8\">Fig. 8<\/a>) calculated from BT data, where the black line represents the range of ACE values. (bottom) Time series of ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> from MSW<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> (cf. <a href=\"#fig9\" id=\"ref_fig9\">Fig. 9<\/a>). Again, the range in ACE values is represented by the black line; the gray line is the original ACE range.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.pngAMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig12-thumb" data-figureid="fig12" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 12." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58781" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 12.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>(top) Time series of smoothed ACE (following <a id="ref_fig8" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a>) calculated from BT data, where the black line represents the range of ACE values. (bottom) Time series of ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> from MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> (cf. <a id="ref_fig9" href="#fig9">Fig. 9</a>). Again, the range in ACE values is represented by the black line; the gray line is the original ACE range.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig13","images":[{"id":"fig13_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 13.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Time series of smoothed ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> derived from a combined pressure dataset. Blue represents the JMA\u2013CMA\u2013HKO pressure values after 1987, green represents the JTWC estimated pressure values after 1987, while brown represents the satellite-based ACE estimates (scaled so that the mean satellite ACE for 1983\u201387 matches the BT ACE).<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>Time series of smoothed ACE<sub><i>p<\/i><\/sub> derived from a combined pressure dataset. Blue represents the JMA\u2013CMA\u2013HKO pressure values after 1987, green represents the JTWC estimated pressure values after 1987, while brown represents the satellite-based ACE estimates (scaled so that the mean satellite ACE for 1983\u201387 matches the BT ACE).<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.pngAMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig13-thumb" data-figureid="fig13" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 13." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58781" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 13.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>Time series of smoothed ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> derived from a combined pressure dataset. Blue represents the JMA–CMA–HKO pressure values after 1987, green represents the JTWC estimated pressure values after 1987, while brown represents the satellite-based ACE estimates (scaled so that the mean satellite ACE for 1983–87 matches the BT ACE).</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> <li data-value="{"id":"fig14","images":[{"id":"fig14_0","imageUris":["/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg"],"header":"<sc>Fig<\/sc>. 14.","footer":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top) Trend in ACE for periods beginning in 1945 with a varying end year. Blue represents trends following the JMA\u2013CMA\u2013HKO results in the 1990s while the orange line follows JTWC. Vertical hatching represents the 99% confidence interval of the slope. (bottom) As in the top panel, but the period of trend has a varying start year and end in 2010.<\/p><\/caption>","altText":"<caption encoding-type=\"nlm\" ifp-element-xpath=\"/*[local-name() = 'figure' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']/*[local-name() = 'caption' and namespace-uri() = 'http://www.ifactory.com/press']\"><p>(top) Trend in ACE for periods beginning in 1945 with a varying end year. Blue represents trends following the JMA\u2013CMA\u2013HKO results in the 1990s while the orange line follows JTWC. Vertical hatching represents the 99% confidence interval of the slope. (bottom) As in the top panel, but the period of trend has a varying start year and end in 2010.<\/p><\/caption>","watermarkPath":"AMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.pngAMS-Logo-Lockup-Journals-01.png","currentUri":"/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml"}]}" aria-selected="false" role="option" data-menu-item="list-id-9ae67330-c90f-425b-adf2-3a5c02b292f6" class="ListItem ListItem--disableGutters ListItem--divider"> <div id="fig14-thumb" data-figureid="fig14" class="content-figures-figure figure"> <figure> <div class="figure-body flex flex-col flex@xxl-row"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="figure-image-wrapper w-1 my-auto"> <div style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" class="image-wrapper flex flex-col flex-align-start"> <a class="figure-link"> <img data-image-src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg" alt="<sc>Fig</sc>. 14." class="lazy-load" style="width: 100%; max-width:300px;" src="/skin/cf1a8e991b4cff5bfeb7d85a6a84132ef7d2313d/img/Blank.svg"/> </a> </div> <a title="View in gallery" rel="figures-58781" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg" tabIndex="0" type="button" class=" c-Button c-Button--medium c-Icon c-Icon--photoLibrary c-Icon--before c-Icon--offset c-Icon--medium gallery-link ">View in gallery </a> </div> <div class="figure-text-wrapper pl-3 text-center"> <figcaption><b><sc>Fig</sc>. 14.</b></figcaption> <figcaption><p>(top) Trend in ACE for periods beginning in 1945 with a varying end year. Blue represents trends following the JMA–CMA–HKO results in the 1990s while the orange line follows JTWC. Vertical hatching represents the 99% confidence interval of the slope. (bottom) As in the top panel, but the period of trend has a varying start year and end in 2010.</p></figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="gallery-overlay"> <div data-docuri="/journals/mwre/141/8/mwr-d-12-00323.1.xml" data-datatype="figure/image-viewer" class="counterData"></div> <div class="component component-content-item component-image-gallery full-screen"> <div class="content-box box no-border no-padding no-header vertical-margin-bottom null"> <div class="content-box-body "> <div id="primary-slider" class="full-slider-splide"> <ul class="actions color-primary close"> <li><a href="#" class="ico-close close"><span>Close</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="splide__track"> <div class="splide__list"> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 1.</b> <p>Annual frequency of aircraft reconnaissance fixes plotted by storm intensity: all storms, weak systems (976 < pressure < 997 hPa), moderate systems (949 < pressure < 976 hPa), and strong systems (pressure < 949 hPa). Center fixes with intensity estimates are shown as dashed lines while center fixes of position only are solid lines.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 2.</b> <p>Annual statistics comparing minimum central pressure from aircraft reconnaissance and BT data for various agencies: (top) bias difference of best track minus reconnaissance and (bottom) its standard deviation.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 3.</b> <p>Annual time series of empirically estimated WPR parameters, based on the form <i>V</i> = <i>V<sub>o</sub></i> (<i>P<sub>o</sub></i> − <i>P</i>)<sup><i>c</i></sup>. The RMS is the root-mean-square error of the wind for the empirically derived parameters. The quantity <i>V</i>(<i>P</i> = 920) is the wind speed (in kt) corresponding to a central pressure of 920 mb using the empirically derived parameters. Dashed lines represent the <a id="ref_bib1" href="#bib1">AH77</a> values and the vertical line designates the end of AR during 1987.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 4.</b> <p>Four typhoons with the largest increase in LMW between best-track (from TD-9635) and pressure-based winds (using <a id="ref_bib21" href="#bib21">KZ07</a>) along with the LMP in hPa.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 5.</b> <p>As in <a id="ref_fig4" href="#fig4">Fig. 4</a>, but for the four typhoons with the largest decrease in LMW.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 6.</b> <p>Changes in LMW as reported from best-track data and as calculated from pressure observations (LMW<sub><i>p</i></sub>) based on the TD-9635 data from 1945 to 1976. The SS hurricane-scale boundaries are provided for reference only (since it is not widely used in the WP basin).</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 7.</b> <p>(top to bottom) Time series of total ACE and ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> derived from TD-9635 and parameters that contribute to it [cf. Eq. <a id="ref_e3" href="#e3">(3)</a>]: annual number of storms, mean storm lifetime, and <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub>. For each time series, the heavy solid line is the smoothed line (using a 1–4–6–4–1 filter) while the straight line is the linear regression (which is solid if statistically significant). Reported values are from the best-track wind reports (MSW) and winds calculated using <a id="ref_bib21" href="#bib21">KZ07</a> (MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub>).</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f8.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 8.</b> <p>(top to bottom) Time series of ACE from various agencies, annual number of storms, storm lifetime, and <i>V</i><sub>ACE</sub>. (left) Annual values are small circles and straight lines are linear trends of the dataset period of record and are solid if statistically significant. (right) Curves are 1–4–6–4–1 smoothed data.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f9.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 9.</b> <p>As in <a id="ref_fig8" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a>, but with ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> calculated using <a id="ref_bib21" href="#bib21">KZ07</a>. Gray lines in the top panel are the ACEs from the top panel in <a id="d35541129e13" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a> to provide context.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f10.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 10.</b> <p>As in <a id="ref_fig9" href="#fig9">Fig. 9</a>, but for ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> with statistics accumulating only while MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> < 65 kt (i.e., tropical storm intensity).</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f11.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 11.</b> <p>As in <a id="ref_fig10" href="#fig10">Fig. 10</a>, but for MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> ≥ 65 kt (i.e., typhoon intensity).</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f12.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 12.</b> <p>(top) Time series of smoothed ACE (following <a id="ref_fig8" href="#fig8">Fig. 8</a>) calculated from BT data, where the black line represents the range of ACE values. (bottom) Time series of ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> from MSW<sub><i>p</i></sub> (cf. <a id="ref_fig9" href="#fig9">Fig. 9</a>). Again, the range in ACE values is represented by the black line; the gray line is the original ACE range.</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f13.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 13.</b> <p>Time series of smoothed ACE<sub><i>p</i></sub> derived from a combined pressure dataset. Blue represents the JMA–CMA–HKO pressure values after 1987, green represents the JTWC estimated pressure values after 1987, while brown represents the satellite-based ACE estimates (scaled so that the mean satellite ACE for 1983–87 matches the BT ACE).</p> </span> </div> <div class="figure splide__slide has-caption"> <ul class="actions color-primary"> <li><a target="_blank" href="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg" class="ico-image-file"><span>View raw image</span></a></li>  </ul> <span class="primary-img" style="background:url(/view/journals/mwre/141/8/full-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f14.jpg)">  </span> <span class="caption text-caption color-text-primary"> <b><sc>Fig</sc>. 14.</b> <p>(top) Trend in ACE for periods beginning in 1945 with a varying end year. Blue represents trends following the JMA–CMA–HKO results in the 1990s while the orange line follows JTWC. Vertical hatching represents the 99% confidence interval of the slope. (bottom) As in the top panel, but the period of trend has a varying start year and end in 2010.</p> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="secondary-slider" class="thumb-slider-splide"> <div class="splide__track"> <div class="splide__list"> <div class="splide__slide"> <img src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f1.jpg"/> </div> <div class="splide__slide"> <img src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f2.jpg"/> </div> <div class="splide__slide"> <img src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f3.jpg"/> </div> <div class="splide__slide"> <img src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f4.jpg"/> </div> <div class="splide__slide"> <img src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f5.jpg"/> </div> <div class="splide__slide"> <img src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f6.jpg"/> </div> <div class="splide__slide"> <img src="/view/journals/mwre/141/8/inline-mwr-d-12-00323.1-f7.jpg"/> </div> <div 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A Pressure-Based Analysis of the Historical Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Intensity Record in: Monthly Weather Review Volume 141 Issue 8 (2013)