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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pre-colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Traditional spirituality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_French_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_French_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early French colonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_French_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>U.S. interaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wars_with_other_tribes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_with_other_tribes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Wars with other tribes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_with_other_tribes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservations_and_missionaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservations_and_missionaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Reservations and missionaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservations_and_missionaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_and_Indian_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_and_Indian_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Civil War and Indian wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_and_Indian_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removal_to_Indian_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removal_to_Indian_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Removal to Indian territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removal_to_Indian_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Oil discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osage_Allotment_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osage_Allotment_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Osage Allotment Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osage_Allotment_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resources_and_headrights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources_and_headrights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Natural resources and headrights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources_and_headrights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osage_Indian_murders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osage_Indian_murders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Osage Indian murders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osage_Indian_murders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changes_to_law_and_management_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_to_law_and_management_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Changes to law and management claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_to_law_and_management_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judicial_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Judicial branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executive_Branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_Branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Executive Branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_Branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Osage_Nation_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osage_Nation_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Osage Nation Museum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osage_Nation_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_Branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_Branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Legislative Branch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_Branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mineral_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineral_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Mineral Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineral_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representations_in_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representations_in_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Representations in media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representations_in_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Osage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Osage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable Osage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Osage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Osage Nation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AC" title="أمة الاوساج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمة الاوساج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Осэйдж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Осэйдж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osages" title="Osages – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Osages" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage" title="Osage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Osage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage" title="Osage – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Osage" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AC%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="اوسیج‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوسیج‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osages" title="Osages – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Osages" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%80%EC%A1%B1" title="오세이지족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오세이지족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Indijanci" title="Osage Indijanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Osage Indijanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazione_Osage" title="Nazione Osage – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nazione Osage" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Оседж – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оседж" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseid%C5%BEai" title="Oseidžai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oseidžai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%86" title="امة اوسادچ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امة اوسادچ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_(volk)" title="Osage (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Osage (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseyji" title="Oseyji – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oseyji" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osed%C5%BCowie" title="Osedżowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Osedżowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage" title="Osage – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Osage" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8" title="Осейджи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осейджи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Osage Nation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaget" title="Osaget – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Osaget" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage" title="Osage – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Osage" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oo%27k%C3%B3ht%C3%A2x%C3%A9taneo%27o" title="Oo'kóhtâxétaneo'o – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Oo'kóhtâxétaneo'o" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osageler" title="Osageler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osageler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96" title="Оседжі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оседжі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%A1%9E%E5%A5%87%E6%97%8F" title="歐塞奇族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歐塞奇族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Osage" title="Jolma Osage – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Osage" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q947650#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Native American Siouan-speaking tribe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Osages" redirects here. For the former minor league baseball team, see <a href="/wiki/Pawhuska_Osages" title="Pawhuska Osages">Pawhuska Osages</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indian reservation in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">The Osage Nation</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="𐓁𐒻 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰͘">Ni Okašką<br /><small>(<i>People of the Middle Waters</i>)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osage_Nation_Law_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Osage Nation government buildings, Pawhuska"><img alt="A two-story, brown-brick and glass building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Osage_Nation_Law_Building.jpg/250px-Osage_Nation_Law_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Osage_Nation_Law_Building.jpg/375px-Osage_Nation_Law_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Osage_Nation_Law_Building.jpg/500px-Osage_Nation_Law_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4018" data-file-height="2316" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Osage Nation government buildings, <a href="/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma">Pawhuska</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Osage_Nation.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of The Osage Nation"><img alt="Flag of The Osage Nation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_the_Osage_Nation.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Osage_Nation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_the_Osage_Nation.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Osage_Nation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_the_Osage_Nation.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Osage_Nation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="305" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2595R_Osage_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The location of the Osage Reservation in Oklahoma"><img alt="The location of the Osage Reservation in Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2595R_Osage_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/250px-2595R_Osage_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2595R_Osage_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/375px-2595R_Osage_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/2595R_Osage_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg/500px-2595R_Osage_Reservation_Locator_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1685" data-file-height="857" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">The location of the Osage Reservation in Oklahoma</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tribe</th><td class="infobox-data">Osage Nation</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">County</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Osage_County,_Oklahoma" title="Osage County, Oklahoma">Osage</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headtown</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma">Pawhuska</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">Federally recognized tribe</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Principal Chief</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Standing_Bear" title="Geoffrey Standing Bear">Geoffrey Standing Bear</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Assistant Principal Chief</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=R.J._Walker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R.J. Walker (page does not exist)">R.J. Walker</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,200 sq mi (6,000 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2017)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">47,350</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">22/sq mi (8.3/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Siouan</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-6" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-6">UTC-6</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC-5" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-5">UTC-5</a> (central)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osagenation-nsn.gov/">osagenation-nsn.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage Unicode characters</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage letters</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Osage Nation</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="osa">𐓁𐒻 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰͘<br />Ni Okašką</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">24,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> historically <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>. The majority of Osage citizens still live in Oklahoma, but many others live and work in different American states.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Traditional Spirituality, Inlonshka, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhegihan_languages" title="Dhegihan languages">Dhegihan peoples</a> esp. <a href="/wiki/Ponca" title="Ponca">Ponca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otoe" title="Otoe">Otoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa_people" title="Iowa people">Iowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kansa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omaha_people" title="Omaha people">Omaha</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Osage Nation</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">OH</span>-sayj</i></a>) (<a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a>: <span lang="osa"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1009414685">.mw-parser-output .script-Osge{font-family:"Gadugi","Noto Sans Osage"}</style><span class="script-Osge" style="font-size: 100%;">𐓁𐒻 𐓂𐒼𐒰𐓇𐒼𐒰͘</span>‎</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Osage-language romanization"><i lang="osa-Latn">Ni Okašką</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'People of the Middle Waters') is a <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a> American tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>. The tribe began in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> river valleys around <a href="/w/index.php?title=1620_A.D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1620 A.D (page does not exist)">1620 A.D</a> along with other groups of its <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">language family</a>, then migrated west in the 17th century due to <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars#Aftermath" title="Beaver Wars">Iroquois incursions</a>. </p><p>The term "Osage" is a French version of the tribe's name, which can be roughly translated as "calm water". The Osage people refer to themselves in their <a href="/wiki/Dhegihan_languages" title="Dhegihan languages">Dhegihan</a> <a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a> language as (<span title="Osage-language text"><span lang="osa"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1009414685"><span class="script-Osge" style="font-size: 100%;">𐓏𐒰𐓓𐒰𐓓𐒷</span>‎</span></span>, <span title="Osage-language romanization"><i lang="osa-Latn">Wazhazhe</i></span>, 'Middle Waters').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Flesche1932110_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Flesche1932110-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 19th century, the Osage had become the dominant power in the region, feared by neighboring tribes. The tribe controlled the area between the Missouri and <a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red</a> rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Ozarks" title="Ozarks">Ozarks</a> to the east and the foothills of the <a href="/wiki/Wichita_Mountains" title="Wichita Mountains">Wichita Mountains</a> to the south. They depended on nomadic <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">buffalo</a> hunting and agriculture. The 19th-century painter <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a> described the Osage as "the <a href="/wiki/Human_height" title="Human height">tallest race of men</a> in North America, either red or white skins; there being ... many of them six and a half, and others taller than seven feet [198, 213 cm]."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The missionary <a href="/wiki/Isaac_McCoy" title="Isaac McCoy">Isaac McCoy</a> described the Osage as an "uncommonly fierce, courageous, warlike nation" and said they were the "finest looking Indians I have ever seen in the West".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchultz1972113_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchultz1972113-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Ohio Valley, the Osage originally lived among speakers of the same Dhegihan language stock, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kansa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ponca" title="Ponca">Ponca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omaha_people" title="Omaha people">Omaha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a>. Researchers believe that the tribes likely diverged in languages and cultures after leaving the lower Ohio Country. The Omaha and Ponca settled in what is now <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>; the Kansa in Kansas; and the Quapaw in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>. </p><p>In the 19th century, the Osage were <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">forced by the United States to move</a> from modern-day Kansas into <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (present-day Oklahoma), and the majority of their descendants live in Oklahoma. In the early 20th century, oil was discovered on their land. They had retained communal mineral rights during the allotment process, and many Osage became wealthy through returns from leasing fees generated by their <a href="/wiki/Osage_headright" title="Osage headright">Osage headrights</a>. However, during the 1920s and what was known as the Reign of Terror, they suffered manipulation, fraud and <a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">numerous murders</a> by outsiders eager to take over their wealth. In 2011, the nation gained a settlement from the federal government after an 11-year legal struggle over long mismanagement of their oil funds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrann2017272-273_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrann2017272-273-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, the federally recognized Osage Nation has approximately 20,000 enrolled members,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 6,780 of whom reside in the tribe's jurisdictional area. Members also live outside the nation's tribal land in Oklahoma and in other states around the country. The tribe is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee Nation</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee Nation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee Nation</a> to the south, and the <a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw Nation</a> and Oklahoma proper to the west. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-colonization">Pre-colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Osage are descendants of cultures of Indigenous peoples who had been in North America for thousands of years. Studies of their traditions and language show that they were part of a group of Dhegihan-Siouan speaking people who lived in the Ohio River valley area, extending into present-day <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>. According to their own stories, common to other Dhegihan-Siouan tribes, such as the Ponca, Omaha, Kaw and Quapaw, <a href="/wiki/Dhegihan_History_and_Separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhegihan History and Separation">they migrated west</a> as a result of war with the Iroquois and/or to reach more game. </p><p>Scholars are divided as to whether they think the Osage and other groups left before the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> of the Iroquois.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollings199596-100_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollings199596-100-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some believe that the Osage started migrating west as early as 1200 CE and are descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a> in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. They attribute their style of government to effects of the long years of war with invading Iroquois. After resettling west of the Mississippi River, the Osage were sometimes allied with the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederation" title="Illinois Confederation">Illiniwek</a> and sometimes competed with them, as that tribe was also driven west of Illinois by warfare with the powerful Iroquois.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually the Osage and other Dhegihan-Siouan peoples reached their historic lands, likely developing and splitting into the above tribes in the course of the migration to the Great Plains. By the 17th century, many of the Osage had settled near the <a href="/wiki/Osage_River" title="Osage River">Osage River</a> in the western part of present-day <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. They were recorded in 1690 as having adopted the horse, a valuable resource often acquired through raids on other tribes. The desire to acquire more horses contributed to their trading with the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERollings199596-100_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERollings199596-100-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They attacked and defeated indigenous <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> tribes to establish dominance in the Plains region by 1750, with control "over half or more of Missouri, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Kansas," which they maintained for nearly 150 years.<sup id="cite_ref-ohs_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohs-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, they dominated western <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. </p><p>The Osage held high rank among the old hunting tribes of the Great Plains. From their traditional homes in the woodlands of present-day Missouri and Arkansas, the Osage would make semi-annual buffalo hunting forays into the Great Plains to the west. They also hunted deer, rabbit, and other wild game in the central and eastern parts of their domain. Near their villages, the women cultivated varieties of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">squash</a>, and other vegetables which they processed for food. They also harvested and processed nuts and wild berries. In their years of transition, the Osage had cultural practices that had elements of the cultures of both <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Eastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Eastern Woodlands">Woodland Native Americans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Great Plains peoples</a>. The villages of the Osage were important hubs in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_Indian_Trading_Networks_before_Lewis_and_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Plains Indian Trading Networks before Lewis and Clark">Great Plains trading network</a> served by Kaw people as intermediaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEwers196815-18_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEwers196815-18-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_spirituality">Traditional spirituality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Traditional spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Osage people who adhere to traditional customs believe they are an integral part of a broader universe. Their ceremonies and social organization represent what is observed around them that was created by a <a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">supreme life force</a> known as <i>Wah'Kon-Tah</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrann201721-23_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrann201721-23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Wakonda</i>. Everything created has the spirit of Wakonda within it, from trees, plants, and the sky to animals and human beings. They believe there are two main divisions to life, consisting of the sky and earth. Life is created in the sky, and descends to the earth in material form. The sky is viewed as masculine in nature and the earth as feminine. </p><p>They revere the behavior of animals such as hawks, deer and bears, which are considered to be very courageous. Other species lived long lives, such as pelicans. Because humans lacked many of the characteristics naturally found within other forms of life around them, they were expected to learn from the others and emulate characteristics desirable for survival. Survival was not a competition between humans and non-humans, but rather a struggle between human communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey199531-62_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey199531-62-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wakonda was viewed as "the mysterious life-force that pervades the sun", "moon", "earth", "and the stars", as well as the embodiment of order on Earth, which was seen as a place where chaos mostly won.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrann201721-23_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrann201721-23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts for survival were the responsibility of the people and not of Wakonda, although they might ask Wakonda for help. Considering life a struggle among human groups, they viewed warfare as necessary for self-preservation. The people's survival was dependent on their ability to defend themselves. Over time, the Osage developed <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinship_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinship system">kinship systems</a> that mirrored the cosmos as they saw it. Osage clans were typically named after elements of their world: animals, plants and weather phenomenon such as storms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey199531-62_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey199531-62-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was a symbolic representation. Each clan had its own responsibilities within the tribe. Names of clans included Red Cedar (<i>Hon-tse-shu-tsy</i>), Travelers in the Mist (<i>Moh-sho-tsa-moie</i>), Deer Lungs (<i>Tah-lah-he</i>) and Elk (<i>O-pon</i>). Children born to a certain clan had a ceremonial naming in order to introduce them to the community. Without a ceremonial name, an Osage child could not participate in ceremonies, so naming was an important part of Osage identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns200134-36_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns200134-36-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people regulated marriage through the clans: clan members had to marry people from opposite clans or divisions. Clan representation was expressed in the arrangement of Osage villages. The sky people lived on the side opposite the earth people, and the lodges of the Osage spiritual leaders were situated in between the two sides. </p><p>Osage life was highly ritualized, where there were certain ceremonies would be performed utilizing bundles, ceremonial pipes which used tobacco as offerings to seek Wakonda's aid. These ceremonies were presided over by Osage medicine people and spiritual leaders. Although some of the literature cites these individuals as "priests", this term is misleading and is more Eurocentric in nature. Ceremonies, although very elaborate served basic functions such as requesting aid from Wakonda for continued tribal existence and the blessing of a long life through children. </p><p>Ceremonial songs were also a way to document the knowledge spiritual leaders gained, considering there was no written language. Songs of this nature were taught and shared among only those other Osages who were sincere and had proven themselves. Many songs and ceremonies were created for all facets of life such as adoption, marriage, war, agriculture and to honor the rising of the sun in the morning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBailey199531-62_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBailey199531-62-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During funerals, the faces of dead Osage were traditionally "painted to signal [his or] her tribe and clan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrann201721-23_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrann201721-23-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_French_colonization">Early French colonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early French colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Traditional_Osage_Tribal_Lands_by_Late_17th_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map featuring traditional Osage influenced lands of the late 17th century; superimposed over present-day northwest Arkansas, southeast Kansas, southwest Missouri, and northeast Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_of_Traditional_Osage_Tribal_Lands_by_Late_17th_Century.jpg/220px-Map_of_Traditional_Osage_Tribal_Lands_by_Late_17th_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_of_Traditional_Osage_Tribal_Lands_by_Late_17th_Century.jpg/330px-Map_of_Traditional_Osage_Tribal_Lands_by_Late_17th_Century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Map_of_Traditional_Osage_Tribal_Lands_by_Late_17th_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the sphere of influence of the late 17th-century Osage superimposed over the modern <a href="/wiki/Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="Midwest">Midwestern United States</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>In 1673, French explorers <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marquette" title="Jacques Marquette">Jacques Marquette</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jolliet" title="Louis Jolliet">Louis Jolliet</a> were among the first Europeans documented to contact the Osage, traveling southward from present-day <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in their journey along the Mississippi River. Marquette's 1673 map noted the Kanza, Osage, and Pawnee tribes thrived in much of modern-day Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-lcweb2.loc.gov_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Osage called the Europeans <i><span title="Osage-language text"><i lang="osa">I'n-Shta-Heh</i></span></i> (Heavy Eyebrows) because of their facial hair.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_the_Osage_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Osage-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As experienced warriors, the Osage allied with the French, with whom they traded, against the <a href="/wiki/Illiniwek" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiniwek">Illiniwek</a> during the early 18th century. The first half of the 1720s was a time of more interaction between the Osage and French colonizers. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_Veniard,_Sieur_de_Bourgmont" title="Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont">Étienne de Veniard, Sieur de Bourgmont</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Fort_Orleans" title="Fort Orleans">Fort Orleans</a> in their territory; it was the first European colonial fort on the Missouri River. <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuit</a> missionaries were assigned to French forts and established missions in an attempt to convert the Osage, learning their language to ingratiate themselves. In 1724, the Osage allied with the French rather than the Spanish in their fight for control of the Mississippi region. In 1725, Bourgmont led a delegation of Osage and other tribal chiefs to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. They were shown around France, including a visit to <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Marly" title="Château de Marly">Château de Marly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fontainebleau" title="Fontainebleau">Fontainebleau</a>. They hunted with <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> in the royal forest and saw an opera.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (the North American front of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>), <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Seven_Years%27_War" title="France in the Seven Years' War">France was defeated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">in 1763</a> ceded control over their lands east of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">River Mississippi</a> to the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ancien_Regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Regime">French Crown</a> made a separate deal with Spain, which took nominal control of much of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a> west of the great river. By the late 18th century, the Osage did extensive business with the French Creole fur trader <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Chouteau" title="Auguste Chouteau">René Auguste Chouteau</a>, who was based in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>. St. Louis was part of territory under nominal Spanish control after the Seven Years' War, but was dominated by French colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrimm199855-57_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimm199855-57-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They were the <i>de facto</i> European power in St. Louis and other settlements along the Mississippi, building their wealth on the fur trade. In return for the Chouteau brothers' building a fort in the village of the Great Osage 350 miles (560 km) southwest of St. Louis, the Spanish regional government gave the Chouteaus a six-year monopoly on trade (1794–1802). The Chouteaus named the post <a href="/wiki/Fort_Carondelet" title="Fort Carondelet">Fort Carondelet</a> after the Spanish governor. The Osage were pleased to have a fur trading post nearby, as it gave them access to manufactured goods and increased their prestige among the tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrimm199855-57_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrimm199855-57-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._interaction">U.S. interaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: U.S. interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark</a> reported in 1804 that the peoples were the Great Osage on the <a href="/wiki/Osage_River" title="Osage River">Osage River</a>, the Little Osage upstream, and the Arkansas band on the <a href="/wiki/Verdigris_River" title="Verdigris River">Verdigris River</a>, a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Osage then numbered some 5,500. The Osage and Quapaw suffered extensive losses from <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> in 1801–1802. Historians estimate up to 2,000 Osage died in the epidemic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2001196_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2001196-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1804 after the United States made the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">U.S. government</a> appointed the wealthy French fur trader <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Chouteau" title="Jean-Pierre Chouteau">Jean-Pierre Chouteau</a>, a half-brother of René Auguste Chouteau, as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_agent" title="Indian agent">Indian agent</a> assigned to the Osage. In 1809, he founded the Saint Louis Missouri Fur Company with his son <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Pierre_Chouteau" title="Auguste Pierre Chouteau">Auguste Pierre Chouteau</a> and other prominent men of St. Louis, most of whom were of French-Creole descent, born in North America. Having lived with the Osage for many years and learned their language, Jean-Pierre Chouteau traded with them and made his home at present-day <a href="/wiki/Salina,_Oklahoma" title="Salina, Oklahoma">Salina, Oklahoma</a>, in the western part of their territory. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_of_the_Little_Osages,_bust-length,_profile_showing_hair_style,_1807_-_NARA_-_532931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Chief_of_the_Little_Osages%2C_bust-length%2C_profile_showing_hair_style%2C_1807_-_NARA_-_532931.jpg/150px-Chief_of_the_Little_Osages%2C_bust-length%2C_profile_showing_hair_style%2C_1807_-_NARA_-_532931.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Chief_of_the_Little_Osages%2C_bust-length%2C_profile_showing_hair_style%2C_1807_-_NARA_-_532931.jpg/225px-Chief_of_the_Little_Osages%2C_bust-length%2C_profile_showing_hair_style%2C_1807_-_NARA_-_532931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Chief_of_the_Little_Osages%2C_bust-length%2C_profile_showing_hair_style%2C_1807_-_NARA_-_532931.jpg/300px-Chief_of_the_Little_Osages%2C_bust-length%2C_profile_showing_hair_style%2C_1807_-_NARA_-_532931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Chief of the Little Osage, c. 1807</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Lewis and Clark Expedition was completed in 1806, Jefferson appointed <a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a> as Indian Agent for the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Territory of Missouri">Territory of Missouri</a> and the region. There were continuing confrontations between the Osage and other tribes in this area. Lewis anticipated that the U.S. would have to go to war with the Osage, because of their raids on eastern Natives and European-American settlements. However, the U.S. lacked sufficient military strength to coerce Osage bands into ceasing their raids. It decided to supply other tribes with weapons and ammunition, provided they attack the Osage to the point they "cut them off completely or drive them from their country."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For instance, in September 1807, Lewis persuaded the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sac</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Fox</a> to attack an Osage village; three Osage warriors were killed. The Osage blamed the Americans for the attack. One of the Chouteau traders intervened and persuaded the Osage to conduct a buffalo hunt rather than seek retaliation by attacking Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lewis tried to control the Osage also by separating the friendly members from the hostile. In a letter dated August 21, 1808, that President Jefferson sent to Lewis, he says that he approves of the measures Lewis has taken in regards to making allies of the friendly Osage from those deemed as hostile. Jefferson writes, "we may go further, & as the principal obstacle to the Indians acting in large bodies is the want of provisions, we might supply that want, & ammunition also if they need it."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the goal foremost pursued by the U.S. was to push the Osage out of areas being settled by European Americans, who began to enter the Louisiana Territory after the U.S. acquired it. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_on_the_Plains_Comanche_vs_Osage_by_George_Catlin_1834.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/War_on_the_Plains_Comanche_vs_Osage_by_George_Catlin_1834.png/220px-War_on_the_Plains_Comanche_vs_Osage_by_George_Catlin_1834.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/War_on_the_Plains_Comanche_vs_Osage_by_George_Catlin_1834.png/330px-War_on_the_Plains_Comanche_vs_Osage_by_George_Catlin_1834.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/War_on_the_Plains_Comanche_vs_Osage_by_George_Catlin_1834.png/440px-War_on_the_Plains_Comanche_vs_Osage_by_George_Catlin_1834.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1352" /></a><figcaption>War on the plains. <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a> (right) trying to lance an Osage warrior. Painting by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>, 1834</figcaption></figure> <p>The lucrative fur trade continued to stimulate the growth of St. Louis and attracted more settlers there. It became a major port on the Mississippi River. The U.S. and Osage signed their first treaty on November 10, 1808, by which the Osage made a major cession of land in present-day Missouri. Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Clark" title="Treaty of Fort Clark">Osage Treaty</a>, they ceded 52,480,000 acres (212,400 km<sup>2</sup>) to the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This treaty created a buffer line between the Osage and new European-American settlers in the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri Territory</a>. It also established the requirement that the U.S. president had to approve all future land sales and cessions by the Osage.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Treaty of Ft. Osage states the U.S. would "protect" the Osage tribe "from the insults and injuries of other tribes of Indians, situated near the settlements of white people....".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As was common in Native American relations with the federal government, the Osage found that the U.S. did not carry through on this commitment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wars_with_other_tribes">Wars with other tribes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Wars with other tribes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Pushmataha" title="Pushmataha">Pushmataha</a>, based in Mississippi, made his early reputation in battles against the Osage tribe in the area of southern Arkansas and their borderlands.<sup id="cite_ref-swanton_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-swanton-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jones_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jones-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 19th century, some Cherokee, such as <a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a>, voluntarily moved from the southeast to the Arkansas River valley under pressure from European-American settlement in their traditional territory. They clashed there with the Osage, who controlled this area.<sup id="cite_ref-DuVal,_Kathleen_2006._p.208-10_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuVal,_Kathleen_2006._p.208-10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Catlin_-_Wa-ho-b%C3%A9ck-ee,_a_Handsome_Brave_-_1985.66.33_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/George_Catlin_-_Wa-ho-b%C3%A9ck-ee%2C_a_Handsome_Brave_-_1985.66.33_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/150px-George_Catlin_-_Wa-ho-b%C3%A9ck-ee%2C_a_Handsome_Brave_-_1985.66.33_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/George_Catlin_-_Wa-ho-b%C3%A9ck-ee%2C_a_Handsome_Brave_-_1985.66.33_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/225px-George_Catlin_-_Wa-ho-b%C3%A9ck-ee%2C_a_Handsome_Brave_-_1985.66.33_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/George_Catlin_-_Wa-ho-b%C3%A9ck-ee%2C_a_Handsome_Brave_-_1985.66.33_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/300px-George_Catlin_-_Wa-ho-b%C3%A9ck-ee%2C_a_Handsome_Brave_-_1985.66.33_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>An Osage warrior painted by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>, 1834</figcaption></figure> <p>The Osage regarded the Cherokee as invaders. They began raiding Cherokee towns, stealing horses, carrying off captives (usually women and children), and killing others, trying to drive out the Cherokee with a campaign of violence and fear. The Cherokee were not effective in stopping the Osage raids and worked to gain support from related tribes as well as whites. The peoples confronted each other in the "<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Claremore_Mound" title="Battle of Claremore Mound">Battle of Claremore Mound</a>," in which 38 Osage warriors were killed and 104 were taken captive by the Cherokee and their allies.<sup id="cite_ref-DuVal,_Kathleen_2006._p.208-10_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuVal,_Kathleen_2006._p.208-10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the battle, the United States constructed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith,_Arkansas" title="Fort Smith, Arkansas">Fort Smith</a> in present-day Arkansas. It was intended to prevent armed confrontations between the Osage and other tribes. The U.S. compelled the Osage to cede additional land to the federal government in the treaty referred to as <a href="/wiki/Lovely%27s_Purchase" title="Lovely's Purchase">Lovely's Purchase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DuVal,_Kathleen_2006._p.208-10_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuVal,_Kathleen_2006._p.208-10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1833, the Osage clashed with the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a> near the Wichita Mountains in modern-day south-central Oklahoma, in an incident known as the <a href="/wiki/Cutthroat_Gap_massacre" title="Cutthroat Gap massacre">Cutthroat Gap massacre</a>. The Osage cut off the heads of their victims and arranged them in rows of brass cooking buckets.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd1981_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd1981-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> No Osage died in this attack. Later, Kiowa warriors, allied with the <a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a>, raided the Osage and others. In 1836, the Osage prohibited the <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a> from entering their Missouri reservation, pushing them back to ceded lands in Illinois. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reservations_and_missionaries">Reservations and missionaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reservations and missionaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between the first treaty with the U.S. and 1825, the Osage ceded their traditional lands across what are now Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma in the treaties of 1818 and 1825. In exchange, they were to receive reservation lands to the West and supplies to help them adapt to farming and a more settled culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>They were first relocated to a reservation in what is now southeastern Kansas called the <a href="/wiki/Diminishment" title="Diminishment">Osage Diminished Reserve</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Independence,_Kansas" title="Independence, Kansas">Independence</a> would later develop there. The first Osage reservation was a 50-by-150-mile (80 by 241 km) strip. The United Foreign Missionary Society sent clergy to them, supported by the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Associate_Reformed_Presbyterian_Church" title="Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church">Associate Reformed</a> churches. They established the Union, Harmony, and Hopefield missions.<sup id="cite_ref-rollings_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rollings-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural differences often led to conflicts, as the Protestants tried to impose their culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2004226-227,_229-230_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2004226-227,_229-230-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Church also sent missionaries. The Osage were attracted to their sense of mystery and ritual but felt the Catholics did not fully embrace the Osage sense of the spiritual incarnate in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-rollings_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rollings-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period in Kansas, the tribe suffered from the widespread <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> of 1837–1838, which caused devastating losses among Native Americans from Canada to New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2001283_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2001283-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All clergy except the Catholics abandoned the Osage during the crisis. Most survivors of the epidemic had received vaccinations against the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2004241_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2004241-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Osage believed that the loyalty of Catholic priests, who stayed with them and also died in the epidemic, created a special covenant between the tribe and the Catholic Church, but they did not convert in great numbers. Catholic clergy accompanied the Osage when they were forced to move again to Indian Territory in what became Oklahoma. </p><p>Honoring this special relationship, as well as Catholic sisters who taught their children in schools on reservations, numerous Osage elders went to the city of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> in 2014 to celebrate its 250th anniversary of founding by the French. They participated in a mass partially conducted in Osage at <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_College_Church" title="St. Francis Xavier College Church">St. Francis Xavier College Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_University" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis University">St. Louis University</a> on April 2, 2014, as part of planned activities.<sup id="cite_ref-honorosage_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honorosage-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the con-celebrants was Todd Nance, who is the first Osage to be ordained as a Catholic priest.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-honorosage_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honorosage-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1843, the Osage asked the federal government to send "Black Robes", Jesuit missionaries, to their reservation to educate their children; the Osage considered the Jesuits better able to work with their culture than the Protestant missionaries. The Jesuits also established a girls' school operated by the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Loretto" title="Sisters of Loretto">Sisters of Loretto</a> from Kentucky,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2004226-227,_229-230_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2004226-227,_229-230-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> led by Mother <a href="/wiki/Bridget_Hayden" title="Bridget Hayden">Bridget Hayden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ACM_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACM-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During a 35-year period, most of the missionaries were new recruits from Europe: Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, and Belgium. They taught, established more than 100 mission stations, built churches, and created the longest-running school system in Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-mission_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_and_Indian_wars">Civil War and Indian wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Civil War and Indian wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White squatters continued to be a frequent problem for the Osage, but they recovered from population losses, regaining a total of 5,000 members by 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2004240_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2004240-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> resulted in numerous settlers arriving in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_Territory" title="Kansas Territory">Kansas Territory</a>; both abolitionists and pro-slavery groups were represented among those trying to establish residency in order to vote on whether the territory should <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Kansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Kansas">permit slavery</a>. The Osage lands became overrun with European-American settlers. In 1855, the Osage suffered another epidemic of smallpox, because a generation had grown up without getting vaccinated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2004241_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2004241-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> the Osage largely stayed neutral, but both sides successfully recruited Osage fighters to their side. <a href="/wiki/John_Allen_Mathews" title="John Allen Mathews">John Allen Mathews</a>, an American who married an Osage woman, advocated for the tribe to side with the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. The tribe signed a treaty with the CSA in October 1861. The <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priest Father Schoenmakers recruited Osage fighters for the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198510-11_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198510-11-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They struggled simply to survive through famine and the war. During the war, many <a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddoan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek people">Creek</a> refugees from Indian Territory came to Osage country in Kansas, further straining their resources.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although the Osage favored the Union by a five to one ratio, they made a treaty with the Confederacy to try to buy some peace.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Roughly 200 Osage men were recruited into the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate army</a> and formed the <a href="/wiki/Osage_Battalion" title="Osage Battalion">Osage Battalion</a>, serving under <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Stand Watie</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and victory of the Union, the <a href="/wiki/Drum_Creek_Treaty" title="Drum Creek Treaty">Drum Creek Treaty</a> was passed by Congress on July 15, 1870, and ratified by the Osage at a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Kansas" title="Montgomery County, Kansas">Montgomery County</a>, Kansas, on September 10, 1870. It provided that the remainder of Osage land in Kansas be sold, and the proceeds used to relocate the tribe to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Outlet" title="Cherokee Outlet">Cherokee Outlet</a>. By delaying agreement with removal, the Osage benefited by a change in administration. They sold their lands to the "peace" administration of President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, for which they received more money: $1.25 an acre rather than the 19 cents previously offered to them by the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2004265–270_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2004265–270-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1867, Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a> chose Osage scouts in his campaign against Chief <a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a> and his band of <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a> Indians in western Indian Territory. He knew the Osage for their scouting expertise, excellent terrain knowledge, and military prowess. Custer and his soldiers took Chief Black Kettle and his peaceful band by surprise in the early morning near the <a href="/wiki/Washita_River" title="Washita River">Washita River</a> on November 27, 1868. They killed Chief Black Kettle, and the ambush resulted in additional deaths on both sides. This incident became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a>, or the Washita massacre, an ignominious part of the United States' <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removal_to_Indian_territory">Removal to Indian territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Removal to Indian territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Okterritory.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Okterritory.png/330px-Okterritory.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Okterritory.png/495px-Okterritory.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Okterritory.png/660px-Okterritory.png 2x" data-file-width="2515" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Oklahoma and Indian territories, circa 1890s, created using Census Bureau data</figcaption></figure> <p>The Osage were one of the few American Indian nations to buy their own reservation. As a result, they retained more rights to the land and sovereignty. They retained mineral rights on their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAuliffe-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reservation, of approximately 1,470,000 acres (5,900 km<sup>2</sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-Osage_Mineral_Estate_FAQ_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osage_Mineral_Estate_FAQ-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was purchased in 1872<sup id="cite_ref-TW-10/2/23_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TW-10/2/23-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is coterminous with present-day <a href="/wiki/Osage_County,_Oklahoma" title="Osage County, Oklahoma">Osage County, Oklahoma</a>, in the north-central portion of the state between <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ponca_City,_Oklahoma" title="Ponca City, Oklahoma">Ponca City</a>. </p><p>The Osage established four towns: <a href="/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma">Pawhuska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hominy,_Oklahoma" title="Hominy, Oklahoma">Hominy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Oklahoma" title="Fairfax, Oklahoma">Fairfax</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gray_Horse,_Oklahoma" title="Gray Horse, Oklahoma">Gray Horse</a>. Each was dominated by one of the major bands at the time of removal. The Osage continued their relationship with the Catholic Church, which established schools operated by two orders of nuns, as well as mission churches. </p><p>It was many years before the Osage recovered from the hardships suffered during their last years in Kansas and their early years on the reservation in Indian Territory. For nearly five years during the depression of the 1870s, the Osage did not receive their full annuity in cash. Like other Native Americans, they suffered from the government's failure to provide full or satisfactory rations and goods as part of their annuities during this period. Middlemen made profits by shorting supplies to the Indians or giving them poor-quality food. Some people starved. Many adjustments had to be made to their new way of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Warrior22_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warrior22-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, Indian Office reports showed nearly a 50 percent decline in the Osage population.<sup id="cite_ref-Warrior22_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warrior22-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted from the failure of the U.S. government to provide adequate medical supplies, food and clothing. The people suffered greatly during the winters. While the government failed to supply them, outlaws often <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_and_Native_Americans#The_effects_of_Indian_removal_and_relocation" title="Alcohol and Native Americans">smuggled whiskey</a> to the Osage and the Pawnee. </p><p>In 1879, an Osage delegation went to Washington, D.C., and gained agreement to have all their annuities paid in cash; they hoped to avoid being continually shortchanged in supplies, or by being given supplies of inferior quality - spoiled food and inappropriate goods. They were the first Native American nation to gain full cash payment of annuities. They gradually began to build up their tribe again but suffered encroachment by white outlaws, vagabonds, and thieves.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Osage wrote a constitution in 1881, modeling some parts of it after the United States Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-osagetribe1_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osagetribe1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the start of the 20th century, the federal government and progressives were continuing to press for <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Native American assimilation</a>, believing this was the best policy for them. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Act_of_1898" title="Curtis Act of 1898">Curtis Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dawes_Act" title="Dawes Act">Dawes Act</a>, legislation requiring the dismantling of communal lands on other reservations. They allotted communal lands in 160-acre (65 ha) portions to individual households, declaring the remainder as "surplus" and selling it to non-natives. They also <a href="/wiki/Indian_termination_policy" title="Indian termination policy">dismantled the tribal governments</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_discovery">Oil discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oil discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shonka_Sabe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shonka_Sabe.jpg/180px-Shonka_Sabe.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shonka_Sabe.jpg/270px-Shonka_Sabe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Shonka_Sabe.jpg/360px-Shonka_Sabe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Shonka Sabe (Black Dog). Chief of the Hunkah division of the Osage tribe. Painted in 1834 by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1894 large quantities of oil were discovered beneath the vast prairie owned by the tribe. Because of his recent work in developing oil production in Kansas, Henry Foster approached the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> (BIA) to request exclusive privileges to explore the Osage Reservation for oil and natural gas. Foster died shortly afterward, and his brother, Edwin B. Foster, assumed his interests. </p><p>The BIA granted the request on March 16, 1896, with the stipulation that Foster was to pay the Osage tribe a 10% royalty on all sales of petroleum produced on the reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foster found large quantities of oil, and the Osage benefited greatly monetarily. But this discovery of "black gold" eventually led to more hardships for tribal members. </p><p>The Osage had learned about negotiating with the U.S. government. Through the efforts of Principal Chief <a href="/wiki/James_Bigheart" title="James Bigheart">James Bigheart</a>, in 1907 they reached a deal which enabled them to retain communal mineral rights on the reservation lands. These were later found to have large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>, and tribal members benefited from royalty revenues from oil development and production. The government leased lands on their behalf for oil development; the companies/government sent the Osage members royalties that, by the 1920s, had dramatically increased their wealth. In 1923 alone, the Osage earned $30 million in royalties. Since the early 20th century, they are the only tribe within the state of Oklahoma to retain a federally recognized reservation.<sup id="cite_ref-oia_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, the Osage sued the federal government over its management of the trust assets, alleging that it had failed to pay tribal members appropriate royalties, and had not historically protected the land assets and appreciation. The suit was settled in 2011 for $380 million, and a commitment by the government to make numerous changes to improve the program. In 2016, the Osage nation bought <a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a>'s 43,000-acre (17,000 ha) Bluestem ranch.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osage_Allotment_Act">Osage Allotment Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Osage Allotment Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1898, the U.S. federal government claimed to no longer recognize the legitimacy of a governing Osage National Council which the people had created in 1881, with a constitution that adopted some aspects of that of the United States. In 1906, as part of the Osage Allotment Act, the U.S. Congress created the Osage Tribal Council to handle affairs of the tribe. It extinguished the power of tribal governments in order to enable the admission of the Indian Territory as part of the state of Oklahoma in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Osage owned their land, they were in a stronger position than other tribes. The Osage were unyielding in refusing to give up their lands and held up statehood for Oklahoma before signing an allotment act. They were forced to accept allotment but retained their "surplus" land after allotment to households, and apportioned it to individual members. Each of the 2,228 registered Osage members in 1906, and one non-Osage, received 657 acres (266 ha), nearly four times the amount of land, usually 160 acres (65 ha), that most Native American households were allotted in other places when communal lands were distributed.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe retained communal <a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">mineral rights</a> to what was below the surface. As development of resources took place, members of the tribe received royalties according to their <a href="/wiki/Osage_headright" title="Osage headright">Osage headrights</a>, paid according to the amount of land they held. </p><p>Although the Osage were encouraged to become settled farmers, their land was the poorest in the Indian Territory for agricultural purposes. They survived by subsistence farming, later enhanced by raising stock. They leased lands to ranchers for grazing and earned income from the resulting fees. In addition to breaking up communal land, the act replaced tribal government with the Osage National Council, to which members were to be elected to conduct the tribe's political, business, and social affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Warrior22_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warrior22-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the act, initially each Osage male had equal voting rights to elect members of the council, and the principal and assistant principal chiefs. The rights to these lands in future generations were divided among legal heirs, as were the mineral headrights to mineral lease royalties. Under the Allotment Act, only allottees and their descendants who held headrights could vote in the elections or run for office (originally restricted to males). The members voted by their headrights, which generated inequalities among the voters. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1924_Indian_Citizenship_Act.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1924_Indian_Citizenship_Act.jpg/220px-1924_Indian_Citizenship_Act.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1924_Indian_Citizenship_Act.jpg/330px-1924_Indian_Citizenship_Act.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1924_Indian_Citizenship_Act.jpg/440px-1924_Indian_Citizenship_Act.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3321" data-file-height="2532" /></a><figcaption>Four Osage men with U.S president <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> after signing the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Citizenship_Act_of_1924" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Citizenship Act of 1924">Indian Citizenship Act of 1924</a>, which granted Indians across the country full citizenship for the first time. By then two thirds were already citizens.</figcaption></figure> <p>A 1992 U.S. district court decision ruled that the Osage could vote to reinstate the Osage National Council as city members of the Osage nation, rather than being required to vote by headright. This decision was reversed in 1997 with the United States Court of Appeals ruling that ended the government restoration.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, Congress passed legislation to restore sovereignty to the Osage Nation and enable them to make their own decisions about government and membership qualifications for their people.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit</a> held that the 1906 Allotment Act had disestablished the Osage reservation established in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ruling potentially affected the legal status of three of the seven Osage casinos, including the largest one in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulsa">Tulsa</a>, as it meant the casino was not on federal trust land. Federal Indian gaming law allows tribes to operate casinos only on trust land.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Osage Nation's largest economic enterprise, <a href="/wiki/Osage_Casino" title="Osage Casino">Osage Casinos</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially opened newly constructed casinos, hotels and convenience stores in Skiatook and Ponca City in December 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources_and_headrights">Natural resources and headrights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Natural resources and headrights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Osage_headright" title="Osage headright">Osage headright</a></div> <p>Before having a vote within the tribe on the question of allotment, the Osage demanded that the government purge their tribal rolls of people who were not legally Osage. The Indian agent had been adding names of persons who were not approved by the tribe, and the Osage submitted a list of more than 400 persons to be investigated. Because the government removed few of the fraudulent people, the Osage had to share their land and oil rights with people who did not belong.<sup id="cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAuliffe-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Osage had negotiated keeping communal control of the mineral rights.<sup id="cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAuliffe-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The act stated that all persons listed on tribal rolls prior to January 1, 1906 or born before July 1907 (allottees) would be allocated a share of the reservation's subsurface natural resources, regardless of <a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">blood quantum</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Osage_headright" title="Osage headright">Osage headright</a> could be inherited by legal heirs. This communal claim to mineral resources was due to expire in 1926. After that, individual landowners would control the mineral rights to their plots. This provision heightened the pressure for those whites who were eager to gain control of Osage lands before the deadline. </p><p>Although the Osage Allotment Act protected the tribe's mineral rights for two decades, any adult "of a sound mind" could sell surface land. In the time between 1907 and 1923, Osage individuals sold or leased thousands of acres to non-Indians of formerly restricted land. At the time, many Osage did not understand the value of such contracts and often were taken advantage of by unscrupulous businessmen, con artists, and others trying to grab part of their wealth. Non-Native Americans also tried to cash in on the new Osage wealth by marrying into families with headrights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osage_Indian_murders">Osage Indian murders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Osage Indian murders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a></div> <p>In 1921 the U.S. Congress passed a law requiring any Osage of half or more Indian ancestry to be appointed a guardian until proving "competency". Minors with less than half Osage ancestry were required to have guardians appointed, even if their parents were living. This system was not administered by federal courts. Local courts appointed guardians from among white attorneys and businessmen. By law, the guardians provided a $4,000 annual allowance to their charges, but initially the government required little record keeping of how they invested the difference.<sup id="cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAuliffe-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royalties to persons holding <a href="/wiki/Osage_headright" title="Osage headright">Osage headrights</a> were much higher: $11,000–12,000 per year during the period 1922–1925.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guardians were permitted to collect $200–1,000 per year, and the attorney involved could collect $200 per year, which was withdrawn from each Osage's income.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some attorneys served as guardians and did so for four Osage at once,<sup id="cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAuliffe-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing them to collect $4,800 per year. </p><p>The tribe auctioned off development rights of their mineral assets for millions of dollars. According to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, in 1924 the total revenue of the Osage from the mineral leases was $24,670,483.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2004_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2004-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the tribe auctioned mineral leases and more land was explored, the oil business on the Osage reservation boomed. Tens of thousands of oil workers arrived, more than 30 boom towns sprang up and, nearly overnight, Osage headright holders became the "richest people in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When royalties peaked in 1925, annual headright earnings were $13,000. A family of four who were all on the allotment roll earned $52,800, comparable to approximately equivalent to $917,337 in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OberalmerKalk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/OberalmerKalk.jpg/220px-OberalmerKalk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/OberalmerKalk.jpg/330px-OberalmerKalk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/OberalmerKalk.jpg/440px-OberalmerKalk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Limestone, a mineral resource for the Osage Nation</figcaption></figure> <p>The guardianship program created an incentive for corruption, and many Osage were legally deprived of their land, headrights, and/or royalties. Others were murdered, in cases the police generally failed to investigate. The coroner's office colluded by falsifying death certificates, for instance claiming suicides when people had been poisoned. The Osage Allotment Act did not entitle the Native Americans to autopsies, so many deaths went unexamined.<sup id="cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAuliffe-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1920s there was a rise in murders and suspicious deaths of Osage, called the "Reign of Terror." In one plot, in 1921, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Burkhart" title="Ernest Burkhart">Ernest Burkhart</a>, a European American, married <a href="/wiki/Mollie_Kyle" title="Mollie Kyle">Mollie Kyle</a>, an Osage woman with headrights. His uncle <a href="/wiki/William_Hale_(cattleman)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hale (cattleman)">William "King of Osage Hills" Hale</a>, a powerful business man who led the plot, and brother Byron hired accomplices to murder Kyle family heirs. They arranged for the murders of Kyle's mother, two sisters, a brother-in-law, and a cousin, in cases involving poisoning, bombing, and shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAuliffe-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With local and state officials unsuccessful at solving the murders, in 1925 the Osage requested the help of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>. It was the bureau's first murder case. By the time it started investigating, Kyle was already being poisoned. This was discovered and she survived. She had inherited the headrights of the rest of her family. The FBI achieved the prosecution and conviction of the principals in the Kyle family murders. From 1921 to 1925, however, an estimated 60 Osage were killed, and most murders were not solved.<sup id="cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAuliffe-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Mathews" title="John Joseph Mathews">John Joseph Mathews</a>, an Osage, explored the disruptive social consequences of the oil boom for the Osage Nation in his semi-autobiographical novel <i>Sundown</i> (1934). <i><a href="/wiki/Killers_of_the_Flower_Moon_(book)" title="Killers of the Flower Moon (book)">Killers of the Flower Moon</a>: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI</i> (2017) by <a href="/wiki/David_Grann" title="David Grann">David Grann</a> was a <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a> finalist; a <a href="/wiki/Killers_of_the_Flower_Moon_(film)" title="Killers of the Flower Moon (film)">related major motion picture</a> was released in October 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changes_to_law_and_management_claims">Changes to law and management claims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Changes to law and management claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the murders and increasing problems with trying to protect Osage oil wealth, in 1925 Congress passed legislation limiting inheritance of <a href="/wiki/Osage_headright" title="Osage headright">Osage headrights</a> only to those heirs of half or more Osage ancestry. They extended the tribal control of mineral rights for another 20 years. Later legislation gave the tribe continuing communal control indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAuliffe-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, headrights have been passed down primarily among descendants of the Osage who originally possessed them. The Bureau of Indian Affairs has estimated that 25% of headrights are owned by non-Osage people, including other American Indians, non-Indians, churches, and community organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continues to pay royalties on mineral revenues on a quarterly basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Osage_Mineral_Estate_FAQ_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osage_Mineral_Estate_FAQ-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1999, the Osage Nation sued the United States in the Court of Federal Claims (dockets 99-550 and 00-169) for mismanaging its trust funds and its mineral estate. The litigation eventually included claims reaching into the 19th century. In February 2011, the Court of Federal Claims awarded $330.7 million in damages in partial compensation for some of the mismanagement claims, covering the period from 1972 to 2000. On October 14, 2011, the United States settled the outstanding litigation for a total of $380 million.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe has about 16,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The settlement includes commitments by the United States to cooperate with the Osage to institute new procedures to protect tribal trust funds and resource management.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Osage population in 2017 was estimated at 47,350.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Osage Nation land is an area of approximately 1,470,559 acres (5,951.14 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-ofcl_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofcl-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osage_Nation_Campus_central_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Osage_Nation_Campus_central_view.jpg/220px-Osage_Nation_Campus_central_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Osage_Nation_Campus_central_view.jpg/330px-Osage_Nation_Campus_central_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Osage_Nation_Campus_central_view.jpg/440px-Osage_Nation_Campus_central_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The Osage Nation Campus in Pawhuska. Seen are the Osage Nation Museum (left), the Osage Veterans Memorial with the feather sculpture (center), and the Osage Nation law and government services buildings in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>By a new constitution of 1994, the Osage voted that original allottees and their direct descendants, regardless of blood quantum, were citizen members of the Osage Nation. This constitution was overruled through court judgments. The Osage appealed to Congress for support to create their own government and membership rules. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">President George W. Bush</a> signed Public Law 108–431, "An Act to Reaffirm the Inherent Sovereign Rights of the Osage Tribe to Determine Its Membership and Form a Government."<sup id="cite_ref-IBA_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBA-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 2004 to 2006, the Osage Government Reform Commission formed and worked to develop a new government. It explored "sharply differing visions arose of the new government's goals, the nation's own history, and what it means to be Osage. The primary debates were focused on biology, culture, natural resources, and sovereignty."<sup id="cite_ref-dennison_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dennison-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Reform Commission held weekly meetings to develop a referendum that Osage members could vote upon in order to develop and reshape the Osage Nation government and its policies.<sup id="cite_ref-IBA_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBA-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 11, 2006, the people ratified the constitution in a second referendum vote. Its major provision was to provide "<a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">one man, one vote</a>" to each citizen of the nation. Previously, based on the allotment process, persons voted proportionally as shareholders.<sup id="cite_ref-1vote_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1vote-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By a 2/3 majority vote, the Osage Nation adopted the new constitutional form of government. It also ratified the definition of membership in the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-osagetribe1_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osagetribe1-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OsageCasinoHotel-SkiatookSNOW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/OsageCasinoHotel-SkiatookSNOW.jpg/220px-OsageCasinoHotel-SkiatookSNOW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/OsageCasinoHotel-SkiatookSNOW.jpg/330px-OsageCasinoHotel-SkiatookSNOW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/OsageCasinoHotel-SkiatookSNOW.jpg/440px-OsageCasinoHotel-SkiatookSNOW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Osage Casino Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Skiatook" class="mw-redirect" title="Skiatook">Skiatook</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Today, the Osage Nation has 13,307 enrolled tribal members, with 6,747 living within the state of Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-oia_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2006 it has defined membership based on a person's lineal descent from a member listed on the Osage rolls at the time of the Osage Allotment Act of 1906. A minimum blood quantum is not required. But, as the Bureau of Indian Affairs restricts federal education scholarships to persons who have 25% or more blood quantum in one tribe, the Osage Nation tries to support higher education for its students who do not meet that requirement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The tribal government is headquartered in Pawhuska, Oklahoma, and has jurisdiction in Osage County, Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-oia_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current governing body of the Osage nation contains three separate branches; an executive, a judicial and a legislative. These three branches parallel the United States government in many ways. The tribe operates a monthly newspaper, <i>Osage News.</i><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Osage Nation has an official website and uses a variety of communication media and technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_branch">Judicial branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Judicial branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The judicial branch maintains courts to interpret the laws of the Osage Nation. It has the power to adjudicate civil and criminal matters, resolve disputes, and judicial review. The highest court is the Supreme Court. This Supreme Court has a Chief Justice, currently Meredith Drent,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who replaced former Chief Justice Charles Lohah. There is also a lower Trial Court and more inferior courts as allowed by the tribal constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_Branch">Executive Branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Executive Branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The executive branch is headed by a principal chief, followed by an assistant principal chief. The current principal chief is Geoffrey Standing Bear, and RJ Walker is the assistant principal chief, who were both sworn in on July 2, 2014. Administrative offices also fall under this executive branch.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Osage_Nation_Museum">Osage Nation Museum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Osage Nation Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located in <a href="/wiki/Pawhuska" class="mw-redirect" title="Pawhuska">Pawhuska</a>, Oklahoma, the <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation_Museum" title="Osage Nation Museum">Osage Nation Museum</a><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides interpretations and displays of Osage history, art, and culture. The continuously changing exhibits convey the story of the Osage people throughout history and celebrate Osage culture today. Highlights include an extensive photograph collection, historical artifacts, and traditional and contemporary art. Founded in 1938, the museum is the oldest tribally owned museum in the United States. Historian <a href="/wiki/Louis_F._Burns" title="Louis F. Burns">Louis F. Burns</a> donated much of his extensive personal collection of artifacts and documents to the museum. <sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, a Missouri cave was discovered with ancient Osage art. The contents were sold at auction, but the Osage leadership insists it belongs to the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_Branch">Legislative Branch</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Legislative Branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legislative branch consists of a Congress that works to create and maintain Osage laws. In addition to this role, their mission is to preserve the checks and balances within the Osage government, carry out oversight responsibilities, support trial revenues, and preserve and protect the nation's environment. This Congress is made up of twelve individuals who are elected by the Osage constituency and serve four-year terms. They hold two regular congressional sessions and are headquartered in Pawhuska.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineral_Council">Mineral Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mineral Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Osage Tribal Council was created under the Osage Allotment Act of 1906. It consisted of a principal chief, an assistant principal chief, and eight members of the Osage tribal council. The mineral estate consists of more than natural gas and petroleum. Although these two resources have yielded the most profit, the Osage have also earned revenue from leases for the mining of lead, zinc, limestone, and coal deposits. Water may also be considered a profitable asset that is controlled by the Mineral Council. </p><p>The first elections for this council were held in 1908 on the first Monday in June. Officers were elected for a term of two years, which made it difficult for them to accomplish long-term goals. If for some reason the principal chief's office becomes vacant, a replacement is elected by the remaining council members. Later in the 20th century, the tribe increased the terms of office of council members to four years. </p><p>In 1994 by referendum, the tribe voted for a new constitution. Among its provisions was the separation of the Mineral Council, or Mineral Estate, from regular tribal government. According to the constitution, only Osage members who are <a href="/wiki/Osage_headright" title="Osage headright">Osage headright</a> holders can vote for the members of the Mineral Council. It is as if they were shareholders of a corporation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On July 3, 2019, the tribe chartered <a href="/wiki/Bacone_College" title="Bacone College">Bacone College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Muskogee,_Oklahoma" title="Muskogee, Oklahoma">Muskogee, Oklahoma</a>, as its <a href="/wiki/Tribal_colleges_and_universities" title="Tribal colleges and universities">tribal college</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Osage_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osage-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>School districts in the Osage Nation include <a href="/wiki/Hominy_School_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominy School District">Hominy School District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pawhuska_School_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pawhuska School District">Pawhuska School District</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woodland_School_District_(Oklahoma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodland School District (Oklahoma)">Woodland School District</a> of Fairfax. There is a private immersion school, <a href="/wiki/Daposka_Ahnkodapi_Elementary_School" title="Daposka Ahnkodapi Elementary School">Daposka Ahnkodapi Elementary School</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Education" title="Bureau of Indian Education">Bureau of Indian Education</a> (BIE) has no affiliated nor directly-operated facilities within the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Osage Nation issues its own <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Native_American_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="Vehicle registration plates of Native American tribes in the United States">tribal vehicle tags</a> and operates its own housing authority. The tribe owns a truck stop, a gas station, and ten smoke shops. </p><p>In the 21st century, it opened its first gaming casino and as of December 2013 has seven casinos.<sup id="cite_ref-oia_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oia-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casinos are located in Tulsa, Sand Springs, Bartlesville, Skiatook, Ponca City, Hominy and Pawhuska.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribe's annual economic impact in 2010 was estimated to be $222 million. Osage Million Dollar Elm, the casino management company, is encouraging employees in education, paying for certificate classes related to their business, as well as for classes leading to bachelor's and master's business degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representations_in_media">Representations in media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Representations in media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Mathews" title="John Joseph Mathews">John Joseph Mathews</a>, an Osage writer and historian, explored the adverse social effects of the oil boom for the Osage Nation in his semi-autobiographical novel <i><a href="/wiki/Sundown_(novel)" title="Sundown (novel)">Sundown</a></i> (1934); he also wrote histories of the nation, based in part on the oral histories of tribal elders.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Hogan_(writer)" title="Linda Hogan (writer)">Linda Hogan</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Mean_Spirit" title="Mean Spirit">Mean Spirit</a></i>, a novel based upon the Osage Murders that is also a depiction of traditional indigenous culture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingalls_Wilder" title="Laura Ingalls Wilder">Laura Ingalls Wilder</a> wrote a series of children's books, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie" title="Little House on the Prairie">Little House on the Prairie</a></i> (1932–1943). The novel <i><a href="/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(novel)" title="Little House on the Prairie (novel)">Little House on the Prairie</a></i> and its <a href="/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)" title="Little House on the Prairie (TV series)">TV adaptation</a> are based on her family's pioneer days in Kansas. They lived on Osage land and encountered members of the tribe.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Reign of Terror</a> was explored in <a href="/wiki/David_Grann" title="David Grann">David Grann</a>'s book <i><a href="/wiki/Killers_of_the_Flower_Moon_(book)" title="Killers of the Flower Moon (book)">Killers of the Flower Moon</a></i> (2017). A screenplay developed from the book was the basis of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>'s 2023 <a href="/wiki/Killers_of_the_Flower_Moon_(film)" title="Killers of the Flower Moon (film)">film of the same name</a>, which received 10 <a href="/wiki/96th_Academy_Awards" title="96th Academy Awards">Oscar-nominations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Osage">Notable Osage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notable Osage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Osage_Nation_chiefs" title="List of Osage Nation chiefs">List of Osage Nation chiefs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yakita_fields.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Yakita_fields.jpg/110px-Yakita_fields.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Yakita_fields.jpg/165px-Yakita_fields.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Yakita_fields.jpg/220px-Yakita_fields.jpg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yatika_Starr_Fields" title="Yatika Starr Fields">Yatika Starr Fields</a>, Osage painter and muralist</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Lookout" title="Fred Lookout">Fred Lookout</a> (1865–1949), principal chief</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Blue" title="Monte Blue">Monte Blue</a> (1887–1963), American actor of the <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound</a> eras.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_F._Burns" title="Louis F. Burns">Louis F. Burns</a> (1920–2012), historian and author, a leading expert on Osage history, customs, and mythology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cody_Deal" title="Cody Deal">Cody Deal</a> (b. 1986), television and film actor, best known for his role in the <a href="/wiki/Syfy" title="Syfy">Syfy</a> Original Movie, <i><a href="/wiki/Almighty_Thor" title="Almighty Thor">Almighty Thor</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-on_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-on-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_C._Elliott" title="Jerry C. Elliott">Jerry C. Elliott</a> (b. 1943), one of the first Native Americans in <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, received the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> for his actions in saving the lives of the three astronauts aboard <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Erwin" title="Guy Erwin">Guy Erwin</a> (b. 1958), first openly gay bishop in the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a> (elected 31 May 2013).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shonke_Mon-thi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shonke Mon-thi (page does not exist)">Shonke Mon-thi</a>^, a diplomat to the United States government in the early 20th century</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatika_Starr_Fields" title="Yatika Starr Fields">Yatika Starr Fields</a> (b. 1980), painter, muralist and street artist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Holt_(politician)" title="David Holt (politician)">David Holt (politician)</a> (b. 1979), Mayor of Oklahoma City;<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served in the Oklahoma State Senate; he was the first Osage elected to state office since 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Osage2_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osage2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shonke_Mon-thi%5E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Shonke_Mon-thi%5E.jpg/150px-Shonke_Mon-thi%5E.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Shonke_Mon-thi%5E.jpg/225px-Shonke_Mon-thi%5E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Shonke_Mon-thi%5E.jpg/300px-Shonke_Mon-thi%5E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="1644" /></a><figcaption>Shonke Mon-thi^, a diplomat to the United States government in the early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kihegashugah" title="Kihegashugah">Kihegashugah</a> or Little Chief, an Osage leader who traveled to France in the 1820s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Mathews" title="John Joseph Mathews">John Joseph Mathews</a> (c. 1894–1979), author and historian of the Osage Nation; World War I veteran.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Revard" title="Carter Revard">Carter Revard</a> (1931-2022), poet, author, and <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_Scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodes Scholar">Rhodes Scholar</a>, also a specialist in medieval British literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chance_Rencountre" title="Chance Rencountre">Chance Rencountre</a> (born December 31, 1986), mixed martial artist competing in the <a href="/wiki/Welterweight_(MMA)" title="Welterweight (MMA)">Welterweight</a> division in the <a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Fighting_Championship" title="Ultimate Fighting Championship">Ultimate Fighting Championship</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Robedeaux" title="Lucille Robedeaux">Lucille Robedeaux</a> (1915–2005), tribal elder and last surviving native speaker of the Osage language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Sun" title="Sacred Sun">Sacred Sun</a>, a 19th-century Osage woman who was among a group taken to France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Sellers" title="Larry Sellers">Larry Sellers</a>, actor, stuntman, linguistic mentor.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a>, classical ballerina with the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Ballet" title="New York City Ballet">New York City Ballet</a>; contributed greatly to the success of ballet as a dance art in the United States.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Tallchief" title="Marjorie Tallchief">Marjorie Tallchief</a>, professional ballerina. Both sisters were <a href="/wiki/Prima_ballerinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Prima ballerinas">prima ballerinas</a> who performed in many countries throughout the 20th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_L._Tinker" title="Clarence L. Tinker">Clarence L. Tinker</a> (1887–1942), U.S. Army aviation officer who died during World War II while on a Pacific combat mission during the Japanese attack on <a href="/wiki/Midway_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Midway Island">Midway Island</a> in June 1942. Achieved rank as major general. <a href="/wiki/Tinker_Air_Force_Base" title="Tinker Air Force Base">Tinker Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City,_Oklahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma City, Oklahoma">Oklahoma City, Oklahoma</a>, is named in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-EOHC-Tinker_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOHC-Tinker-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chief <a href="/wiki/White_Hair" title="White Hair">White Hair</a>, the name of several Osage <a href="/wiki/Skiagusta" title="Skiagusta">skiagusta</a> in the 18th and 19th century. The indigenous name is anglicized as <a href="/wiki/Pawhuska" class="mw-redirect" title="Pawhuska">Pawhuska</a>, also used as the name of a town in Oklahoma.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osagenation-nsn.gov/who-we-are/executive-branch">"Executive Branch"</a>. 3 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Branch&rft.date=2021-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osagenation-nsn.gov%2Fwho-we-are%2Fexecutive-branch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELa_Flesche1932110-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELa_Flesche1932110_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLa_Flesche1932">La Flesche 1932</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090308104423/http://www.nps.gov/archive/fosc/osage.htm">"The Osage"</a>. <i>Fort Scott National Historic Site</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. 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A11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">St. Francis Xavier Catholic Church program, 2 April 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACM-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACM_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acatholicmission.org/mother-bridget-hayden.html">"Mother Bridget Hayden"</a>. <i>A Catholic Mission</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osagemission.org/DM-Museum.html">the original</a> on 2020-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Osagemission.org&rft.atitle=Osage+Mission-Neosho+County+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osagemission.org%2FDM-Museum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2004240-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2004240_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2004">Burns 2004</a>, p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson198510-11-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson198510-11_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilson1985">Wilson 1985</a>, p. 10-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2004265–270-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2004265–270_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2004">Burns 2004</a>, p. 265–270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAuliffe-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAuliffe_40-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis McAuliffe (1994), <i>The Deaths of Sybil Bolton: An American History,</i> Times Books; republished as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodlandfamilys0000mcau">(1994), <i>Bloodland: A Family Story of Oil, Greed and Murder on the Osage Reservation</i></a>, Council Oak Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57178-083-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57178-083-6">978-1-57178-083-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osage_Mineral_Estate_FAQ-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osage_Mineral_Estate_FAQ_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osage_Mineral_Estate_FAQ_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071206223855/http://www.osagetribe.com/mineral/info_sub_page.aspx?subpage_id=6">"Osage Mineral Estate FAQ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osagetribe.com/mineral/info_sub_page.aspx?subpage_id=6">the original</a> on December 6, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osage+Mineral+Estate+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osagetribe.com%2Fmineral%2Finfo_sub_page.aspx%3Fsubpage_id%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TW-10/2/23-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TW-10/2/23_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrehbiel2023" class="citation news cs1">Krehbiel, Randy (October 2, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tulsaworld.com/news/state-regional/government-politics/how-the-osage-tribe-became-rich-before-the-reign-of-terror/article_35c5c306-3534-11ee-b3b4-33c5d74fe3ca.html">"How the Osage Tribe became rich before the Reign of Terror"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+the+Osage+Tribe+became+rich+before+the+Reign+of+Terror&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft.aulast=Krehbiel&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftulsaworld.com%2Fnews%2Fstate-regional%2Fgovernment-politics%2Fhow-the-osage-tribe-became-rich-before-the-reign-of-terror%2Farticle_35c5c306-3534-11ee-b3b4-33c5d74fe3ca.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warrior22-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warrior22_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warrior22_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warrior22_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Warrior, Robert Allen. <i>The People and the Word: Reading Native Nonfiction.</i> Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2005. (80-81) Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McAuliffe, <i>Bloodland,</i> p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osagetribe1-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-osagetribe1_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-osagetribe1_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719202439/http://www.osagetribe.com/uploads/OsageNationConstitution.pdf">"Osage Nation Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osagetribe.com/uploads/OsageNationConstitution.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 19, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Osage+Nation+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osagetribe.com%2Fuploads%2FOsageNationConstitution.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1941" class="citation journal cs1">Forbes, Gerald (March 1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdm17279.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p17279coll4/id/34252/rec/70">"History of the Osage Blanket Lease"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Oklahoma" title="The Chronicles of Oklahoma">The Chronicles of Oklahoma</a></i>. <b>14</b>: 70–81<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicles+of+Oklahoma&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Osage+Blanket+Lease&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=70-81&rft.date=1941-03&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdm17279.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fp17279coll4%2Fid%2F34252%2Frec%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oia-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oia_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oia_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oia_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oia_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ok.gov/oiac/documents/2011.FINAL.WEB.pdf">2011 "Osage Reservation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424052416/http://www.ok.gov/oiac/documents/2011.FINAL.WEB.pdf">Archived</a> April 24, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory,</i> Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission, 2011: 24. Retrieved 24 Jan 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/08/25/osage-nation-takes-ownership-ted-turners-43000-acre-ranch-165583">"Osage Nation Takes Ownership of Ted Turner's 43,000-acre Ranch"</a>. <i>Indian Country Today</i>. 25 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161122171913/http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2016/08/25/osage-nation-takes-ownership-ted-turners-43000-acre-ranch-165583">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Indian+Country+Today&rft.atitle=Osage+Nation+Takes+Ownership+of+Ted+Turner%27s+43%2C000-acre+Ranch&rft.date=2016-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com%2F2016%2F08%2F25%2Fosage-nation-takes-ownership-ted-turners-43000-acre-ranch-165583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warrior, Robert Allen. <i>The People and the Word,</i> p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warrior, <i>The People and the Word</i>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warrior, <i>The People and the Word</i>, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warrior, <i>The People and the Word,</i> p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Boczkiewicz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=14&articleid=20100306_11_A1_DENVER325902">"Appeal by tribe rejected: Judges say Osage County is not a reservation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010170315/http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=14&articleid=20100306_11_A1_DENVER325902">Archived</a> 2012-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_World" title="Tulsa World">Tulsa World</a></i>, 6 March 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton Adcock, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20100412_11_A1_Gamble789115">"Ruling raises stakes: Some casinos deemed not on protected land"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011012901/http://www.tulsaworld.com/news/article.aspx?subjectid=11&articleid=20100412_11_A1_Gamble789115">Archived</a> 2012-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_World" title="Tulsa World">Tulsa World</a></i>, 12 April 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Osage_Casino" title="Osage Casino">Osage Casino</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tulsaworld.com/communities/skiatook/osage-casino-hotel-in-skiatook-opens/article_08a7a2d6-accb-5533-9c51-527c31b17723.html">"Osage Casino Hotel in Skiatook opens"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_World" title="Tulsa World">Tulsa World</a></i>, 10 December 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tulsaworld.com/business/employment/osage-casino-and-hotel-opens-in-ponca-city/article_c1885f51-b463-5c5f-bf5f-f3a6bd075fc1.html">"Osage Casino and Hotel opens in Ponca City"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tulsa_World" title="Tulsa World">Tulsa World</a></i>, 24 December 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osagenation-nsn.gov/who-we-are/minerals-council">"Minerals Council"</a>. <i>Osage Nation</i>. 2014-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osage+Nation&rft.atitle=Minerals+Council&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osagenation-nsn.gov%2Fwho-we-are%2Fminerals-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAffairs1922" class="citation book cs1">Affairs, United States Congress House Committee on Indian (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fCE-AAAAYAAJ&q=allintext:+osage+frank+mccoy&pg=PA21"><i>Modifying Osage Fund Restrictions: Hearing Before the Committee on Indian Affairs, Sixty-Seventh Congress, Second Session on H.R. 10328. February 15-Mar. 31, 1922</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modifying+Osage+Fund+Restrictions%3A+Hearing+Before+the+Committee+on+Indian+Affairs%2C+Sixty-Seventh+Congress%2C+Second+Session+on+H.R.+10328.+February+15-Mar.+31%2C+1922&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Affairs&rft.aufirst=United+States+Congress+House+Committee+on+Indian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfCE-AAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dallintext%3A%2Bosage%2Bfrank%2Bmccoy%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2004-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurns2004_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurns2004">Burns 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The New York Times</i>, June 25, 1921, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halfhill.com/inflation.html">"Tom's Inflation Calculator"</a>. <i>Halfhill.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Halfhill.com&rft.atitle=Tom%27s+Inflation+Calculator&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.halfhill.com%2Finflation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharf, Zack (May 18, 2023). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2023/film/news/killers-of-the-flower-moon-trailer-scorsese-dicaprio-de-niro-1235213514/">'Killers of the Flower Moon' Trailer Unites Martin Scorsese, Leonardo DiCaprio, Robert De Niro in an Epic Western Crime Drama</a>". <i>Variety</i>. Archived from the original on May 22, 2023. Retrieved May 22, 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kosu.org/news/2023-09-20/oklahoma-historical-society-could-soon-return-osage-headrights-to-osage-nation">"Oklahoma Historical Society could soon return headrights to Osage Nation"</a>. <i>KOSU</i>. 2023-09-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tulsa+World&rft.atitle=Osage+Nation+to+charter+resurgent+Bacone+College&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulsaworld.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Feducation%2Fosage-nation-to-charter-resurgent-bacone-college%2Farticle_14a6bfe2-8115-5138-89b2-0776b27c958c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedCorn2019" class="citation journal cs1">RedCorn, Alex (2019-03-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1555458919831339">"Considerations for Building a Prosperous and Self-Determining Osage Nation Through Education"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Cases_in_Educational_Leadership&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership (page does not exist)">Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership</a></i>. <b>23</b> (1): 21–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1555458919831339">10.1177/1555458919831339</a>. <q>Specifically, the three Osage villages most closely [...]Fairfax (Pa.su.lin/Grey Horse, home of Woodland Schools);[...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cases+in+Educational+Leadership&rft.atitle=Considerations+for+Building+a+Prosperous+and+Self-Determining+Osage+Nation+Through+Education&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21-39&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1555458919831339&rft.aulast=RedCorn&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1177%2F1555458919831339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120809084831/http://www.osagecasinos.com/locations">"Locations"</a>. Osage Casinos. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osagecasinos.com/locations">the original</a> on 2012-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Locations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osagecasinos.com%2Flocations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tulsaworld.com/news/local/osage-casino-helps-staff-in-college/article_59390b7e-02a6-5e14-a8a8-6852a3baa724.html">Sarah Plummer, "Osage casino helps staff in college"</a>, <i>Tulsa World</i>, 2 November 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisNordyke2024" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, Hilary & Nordyke, Kimberly (January 23, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/2024-oscars-nominees-list-1235804181/">"Oscars: Full List of Nominations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. Los Angeles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240123130027/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/2024-oscars-nominees-list-1235804181/">Archived</a> from the original on January 23, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Oscars%3A+Full+List+of+Nominations&rft.date=2024-01-23&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft.au=Nordyke%2C+Kimberly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fmovies%2Fmovie-news%2F2024-oscars-nominees-list-1235804181%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-on-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-on_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Polacca, Benny. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osagenews.org/article/osage-actor-stars-cable-tv-movie-year">"Osage actor stars in cable TV movie this year."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521050744/http://www.osagenews.org/article/osage-actor-stars-cable-tv-movie-year">Archived</a> 2013-05-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Osage News.</i> 7 March 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kfor.com/2018/02/14/what-we-know-about-david-holt-the-man-elected-as-next-oklahoma-city-mayor/">"What we know about David Holt, the man elected as next Oklahoma City Mayor"</a>. <i>KFOR.com</i>. 2018-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KFOR.com&rft.atitle=What+we+know+about+David+Holt%2C+the+man+elected+as+next+Oklahoma+City+Mayor&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkfor.com%2F2018%2F02%2F14%2Fwhat-we-know-about-david-holt-the-man-elected-as-next-oklahoma-city-mayor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osage2-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osage2_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osagenews.org/article/osage-oklahoma-city-elected-state-senator-district-30">Benny Polacca, "Osage in Oklahoma City elected State Senator of District 30"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426035329/http://www.osagenews.org/article/osage-oklahoma-city-elected-state-senator-district-30">Archived</a> April 26, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Osage News,</i> 27 August 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOHC-Tinker-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EOHC-Tinker_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130607222908/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/T/TI005.html">"OHS Publications Division"</a>. <i>Digital.library.okstate.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/T/TI005.html">the original</a> on 2013-06-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital.library.okstate.edu&rft.atitle=OHS+Publications+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentries%2FT%2FTI005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1995" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Garrick (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL2921101W/The_Osage_and_the_invisible_world"><i>The Osage and the Invisible World: From the Works of Francis La Flesche</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma" title="Norman, Oklahoma">Norman</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3132-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3132-2"><bdi>0-8061-3132-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Osage+and+the+Invisible+World%3A+From+the+Works+of+Francis+La+Flesche&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8061-3132-2&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Garrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL2921101W%2FThe_Osage_and_the_invisible_world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_F._Burns" title="Louis F. Burns">Burns, Louis F.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X5vxa4dtDJUC"><i>A History of the Osage People</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5018-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5018-5"><bdi>978-0-8173-5018-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Osage+People&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-5018-5&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Louis+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX5vxa4dtDJUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_F._Burns" title="Louis F. Burns">Burns, Louis</a> (2001). <i>Osage Indian Bands and Clans</i>. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>: Clearfield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8063-5112-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8063-5112-8"><bdi>0-8063-5112-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osage+Indian+Bands+and+Clans&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Clearfield&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8063-5112-8&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwers1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Ewers" title="John C. Ewers">Ewers, John C.</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL8448176W/Indian_life_on_the_Upper_Missouri?edition=key%3A/books/OL22082107M"><i>Indian life on the Upper Missouri</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma" title="Norman, Oklahoma">Norman</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+life+on+the+Upper+Missouri&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Ewers&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL8448176W%2FIndian_life_on_the_Upper_Missouri%3Fedition%3Dkey%253A%2Fbooks%2FOL22082107M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrann2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Grann" title="David Grann">Grann, David</a> (2017). <a href="/wiki/Killers_of_the_Flower_Moon:_The_Osage_Murders_and_the_Birth_of_the_FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI"><i>Killers of the Flower Moon: The Osage Murders and the Birth of the FBI</i></a> (First Vintage Books ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53425-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53425-3"><bdi>978-0-385-53425-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killers+of+the+Flower+Moon%3A+The+Osage+Murders+and+the+Birth+of+the+FBI&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First+Vintage+Books&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-385-53425-3&rft.aulast=Grann&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Flesche1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_La_Flesche" title="Francis La Flesche">La Flesche, Francis</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_osa_vertxt-1"><i>A Dictionary of the Osage Language</i></a>. US Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Osage+Language&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=La+Flesche&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frosettaproject_osa_vertxt-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrimm1998" class="citation book cs1">Primm, James Neal (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL360268M/Lion_of_the_valley"><i>Lion of the valley: St. Louis, Missouri, 1764-1980</i></a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Historical_Society_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Historical Society Press">Missouri Historical Society Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-883982-24-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-883982-24-9"><bdi>978-1-883982-24-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL360268M">360268M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lion+of+the+valley%3A+St.+Louis%2C+Missouri%2C+1764-1980&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Missouri+Historical+Society+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL360268M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-883982-24-9&rft.aulast=Primm&rft.aufirst=James+Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL360268M%2FLion_of_the_valley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2001" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, R. G. (2001). <i>Rotting Face: Smallpox and the American Indian</i>. Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/Caxton_Press_(United_States)" title="Caxton Press (United States)">Caxton Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rotting+Face%3A+Smallpox+and+the+American+Indian&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=Caxton+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollings1995" class="citation book cs1">Rollings, Willard H. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oS3_pTNJi6oC"><i>The Osage: An Ethnohistorical Study of Hegemony on the Prairie-Plains</i></a>. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1006-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1006-7"><bdi>978-0-8262-1006-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Osage%3A+An+Ethnohistorical+Study+of+Hegemony+on+the+Prairie-Plains&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1006-7&rft.aulast=Rollings&rft.aufirst=Willard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoS3_pTNJi6oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz1972" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, George A. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7133000W/An_Indian_Canaan_Isaac_McCoy_and_the_vision_of_an_Indian_state"><i>An Indian Canaan: Isaac McCoy and the Vision of an Indian State</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma" title="Norman, Oklahoma">Norman</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Indian+Canaan%3A+Isaac+McCoy+and+the+Vision+of+an+Indian+State&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL7133000W%2FAn_Indian_Canaan_Isaac_McCoy_and_the_vision_of_an_Indian_state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1985" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Terry P. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL3966473W/The_underground_reservation"><i>The Underground Reservation: Osage Oil</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803247338" title="Special:BookSources/0803247338"><bdi>0803247338</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Underground+Reservation%3A+Osage+Oil&rft.place=Lincoln+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0803247338&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Terry+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL3966473W%2FThe_underground_reservation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmeet_Kaur2021" class="citation web cs1">Harmeet Kaur (16 Sep 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/16/us/missouri-picture-cave-auction-indigenous-art-cec/index.html">"A cave full of ancient Indigenous paintings sold for more than $2 million. The Osage Nation says it belongs to them"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=A+cave+full+of+ancient+Indigenous+paintings+sold+for+more+than+%242+million.+The+Osage+Nation+says+it+belongs+to+them&rft.date=2021-09-16&rft.au=Harmeet+Kaur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F09%2F16%2Fus%2Fmissouri-picture-cave-auction-indigenous-art-cec%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOsage+Nation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Willard H. Rollings, <i>Unaffected by the Gospel: Osage Resistance to the Christian Invasion, 1673-1906: A Cultural Victory</i> (2004), Albuquerque: University of New Mexico, 2004</li> <li>Louie McAlpine, "Osage Medicine: Ancestral Herbs And The Illnesses That They Treat", Grayhorse Indian Village, Scope Publications, 1998.</li> <li>Terry P. Wilson, <i>Indians of North America</i> New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1988</li> <li>Sister Mary Paul Fitzgerald, <i>Beacon on the Plains</i>, Leavenworth, Kansas: Saint Mary College, 1939</li> <li>William White Graves, <i>The Annals of Osage Mission,</i> 1934</li> <li>Gibson, Arrell M. 1972. <i>Harlow's Oklahoma History </i>, Sixth Edition. Norman, Oklahoma: Harlow Publishing Corporation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Osage" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Osage">Osage</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Osages" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Osages">Osages</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osagenation-nsn.gov/">Osage Nation</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/tribes/osage/osagehist.htm">Osage Indian Tribe History</a>, from <i>Handbook of North American Indian History</i>, Smithsonian Institution, 1906, at Access Genealogy</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="List of Native American tribes in Oklahoma">Native American tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally<br />recognized<br />tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Indians">Absentee Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Quassarte_Tribal_Town" title="Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Citizen Potawatomi Nation">Citizen Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Nation" title="Delaware Nation">Delaware Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Delaware Tribe of Indians">Delaware Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma">Eastern Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe">Fort Sill Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kialegee_Tribal_Town" title="Kialegee Tribal Town">Kialegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Miami Tribe of Oklahoma">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_Nation" title="Modoc Nation">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoe%E2%80%93Missouria_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians">Otoe-Missouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_people" title="Peoria people">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma" title="Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca%E2%80%93Cayuga_Nation" title="Seneca–Cayuga Nation">Seneca-Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Tribe" title="Shawnee Tribe">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thlopthlocco_Tribal_Town" title="Thlopthlocco Tribal Town">Thlopthlocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Nation" title="Wyandotte Nation">Wyandotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Tribal languages</a><br />(still spoken)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Osage_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Osage_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template:Osage County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Osage_County,_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Osage County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Osage_County,_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Osage County, Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Osage_County,_Oklahoma,_United_States" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Osage_County,_Oklahoma" title="Osage County, Oklahoma"><span class="region">Osage County, Oklahoma</span></a>, <span class="country-name">United States</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat"><span>County seat</span></a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma"><span>Pawhuska</span></a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnsdall,_Oklahoma" title="Barnsdall, Oklahoma">Barnsdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartlesville,_Oklahoma" title="Bartlesville, Oklahoma">Bartlesville</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hominy,_Oklahoma" title="Hominy, Oklahoma">Hominy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma">Pawhuska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Springs,_Oklahoma" title="Sand Springs, Oklahoma">Sand Springs</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidler,_Oklahoma" title="Shidler, Oklahoma">Shidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiatook,_Oklahoma" title="Skiatook, Oklahoma">Skiatook</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Osage County map"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Osage_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Osage_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Osage_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Osage_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Osage_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Oklahoma_highlighting_Osage_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2209" data-file-height="1095" /></span><figcaption>Osage County map</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avant,_Oklahoma" title="Avant, Oklahoma">Avant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burbank,_Oklahoma" title="Burbank, Oklahoma">Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Oklahoma" title="Fairfax, Oklahoma">Fairfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foraker,_Oklahoma" title="Foraker, Oklahoma">Foraker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grainola,_Oklahoma" title="Grainola, Oklahoma">Grainola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage,_Oklahoma" title="Osage, Oklahoma">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prue,_Oklahoma" title="Prue, Oklahoma">Prue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webb_City,_Oklahoma" title="Webb City, Oklahoma">Webb City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wynona,_Oklahoma" title="Wynona, Oklahoma">Wynona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowring,_Oklahoma" title="Bowring, Oklahoma">Bowring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCord,_Oklahoma" title="McCord, Oklahoma">McCord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelagoney,_Oklahoma" title="Nelagoney, Oklahoma">Nelagoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing,_Oklahoma" title="Pershing, Oklahoma">Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whippoorwill,_Oklahoma" title="Whippoorwill, Oklahoma">Whippoorwill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Other<br />communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Nine,_Oklahoma" title="Carter Nine, Oklahoma">Carter Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Horse,_Oklahoma" title="Gray Horse, Oklahoma">Gray Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whizbang,_Oklahoma" title="Whizbang, Oklahoma">Whizbang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Osage reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oklahoma_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Oklahoma (state)"><span>Oklahoma portal</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States"><span>United States portal</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947650#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947650#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947650#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132351023">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4244208-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no94012340">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12260913v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12260913v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987009293893805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&oldid=1261275165">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osage_Nation&oldid=1261275165</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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