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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-词源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>词源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-栽培历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#栽培历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>栽培历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-栽培历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-葡萄与提子的区别" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#葡萄与提子的区别"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>葡萄与提子的区别</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-葡萄与提子的区别-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分布" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分布"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>分布</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分布-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形态" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形态"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>形态</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形态-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-栽培和生长" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#栽培和生长"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>栽培和生长</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-栽培和生长-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-品种" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#品种"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>品种</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-品种-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-營養" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#營養"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>營養</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-營養-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-寵物禁忌食材" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#寵物禁忌食材"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>寵物禁忌食材</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-寵物禁忌食材-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-著名品種" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#著名品種"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>著名品種</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-著名品種-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关著名品種子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-著名品種-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-歐洲葡萄" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歐洲葡萄"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>歐洲葡萄</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歐洲葡萄-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-亞洲種葡萄" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#亞洲種葡萄"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>亞洲種葡萄</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-亞洲種葡萄-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美洲葡萄" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美洲葡萄"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>美洲葡萄</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美洲葡萄-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-健康宣称" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#健康宣称"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>健康宣称</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-健康宣称-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关健康宣称子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-健康宣称-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-法国悖论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法国悖论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>法国悖论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法国悖论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-葡萄和葡萄干对狗有毒性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#葡萄和葡萄干对狗有毒性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>葡萄和葡萄干对狗有毒性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-葡萄和葡萄干对狗有毒性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-加工品" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#加工品"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>加工品</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-加工品-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>相關條目</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">葡萄</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。171种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-171" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">171种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druiwe" title="Druiwe – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Druiwe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weintraube" title="Weintraube – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weintraube" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%8B%AD%E1%8A%95" title="ወይን – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወይን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fadisusu%27" title="Fadisusu' – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Fadisusu'" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uga" title="Uga – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Uga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%ABnberge" title="Wīnberge – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wīnberge" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="अंगूर – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अंगूर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A8" title="عنب – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%A2%DC%92%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܥܢܒܬܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܢܒܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A8" title="عنب – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عنب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A8" title="عنب – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عنب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0" title="আঙুৰ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আঙুৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="बेल – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बेल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85" title="اوزوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوزوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%A9%D2%99%D3%A9%D0%BC_(%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BA)" title="Йөҙөм (еләк) – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йөҙөм (еләк)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur" title="Anggur – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Anggur" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinba" title="Weinba – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Weinba" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubas" title="Ubas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ubas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Вінаградзіна – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вінаградзіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Вінаград (ягада) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вінаград (ягада)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Грозде – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грозде" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="अंगूर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अंगूर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="আঙ্গুর – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আঙ্গুর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="རྒུནའབྲུམ། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྒུནའབྲུམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="আঙ্গুর – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আঙ্গুর" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezin" title="Rezin – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rezin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C5%BE%C4%91e" title="Grožđe – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Grožđe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%AFm" title="Raïm – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Raïm" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C3%B2-d%C3%B2%CC%A4" title="Buò-dò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Buò-dò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%96%E1%8E%B8%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%97" title="ᏖᎸᎳᏗ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏖᎸᎳᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohp%C3%A2h%C3%A1a%27%C3%A9heme" title="Hohpâháa'éheme – 夏延语" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hohpâháa'éheme" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="夏延语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8E" title="ترێ – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ترێ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobule_(r%C3%A9va)" title="Bobule (réva) – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bobule (réva)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grawnwin" title="Grawnwin – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grawnwin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vindrue" title="Vindrue – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vindrue" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weintraube" title="Weintraube – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weintraube" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engure" title="Engure – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Engure" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="अङ्गूर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अङ्गूर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AD%DE%84%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%8B%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA" title="މޭބިސްކަދުރު – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މޭބިސްކަދުރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Σταφύλι – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σταφύλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ua" title="Ua – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ua" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape" title="Grape – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Grape" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinbero" title="Vinbero – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vinbero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viinamari" title="Viinamari – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Viinamari" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahats" title="Mahats – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mahats" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="انگور – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viiniryp%C3%A4le" title="Viinirypäle – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viinirypäle" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qerepi" title="Qerepi – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Qerepi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raisin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resim" title="Resim – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Resim" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ue" title="Ue – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ue" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%ADonchaor" title="Fíonchaor – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fíonchaor" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ava" title="Úva – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Úva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dako" title="Dako – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Dako" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7" title="દ્રાક્ષ – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દ્રાક્ષ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smeyr-feeyney" title="Smeyr-feeyney – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Smeyr-feeyney" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B9-th%C3%B2" title="Phù-thò – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Phù-thò" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%91" title="עינב – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עינב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="अंगूर – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंगूर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguur" title="Anguur – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Anguur" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C5%BE%C4%91e" title="Grožđe – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grožđe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rezen" title="Rezen – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Rezen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D5%B2_(%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2)" title="Խաղող (հատապտուղ) – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խաղող (հատապտուղ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur" title="Anggur – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anggur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubas" title="Ubas – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ubas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vito" title="Vito – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Vito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADnber" title="Vínber – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vínber" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6" title="ブドウ – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブドウ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/vanjba" title="vanjba – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="vanjba" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur_(woh)" title="Anggur (woh) – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anggur (woh)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ყურძენი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყურძენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%93urin" title="Tiẓurin – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tiẓurin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur" title="Anggur – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Anggur" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Жүзім – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жүзім" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A" title="ទំពាំងបាយជូរ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទំពាំងបាយជូរ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF" title="ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84" title="포도 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8E%DA%86%DA%BE" title="دَچھ – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دَچھ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tir%C3%AE" title="Tirî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grappa" title="Grappa – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Grappa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uga" title="Uga – 伦巴第语" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Uga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="伦巴第语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADno" title="Víno – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Víno" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vynuog%C4%97" title="Vynuogė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vynuogė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%ABnogas" title="Vīnogas – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vīnogas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="अङ्गूर – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अङ्गूर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur_(woh)" title="Anggur (woh) – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Anggur (woh)" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voaloboka" title="Voaloboka – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Voaloboka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Грозје – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грозје" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99" title="മുന്തിരിങ്ങ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുന്തിരിങ്ങ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D2%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BC" title="Усан үзэм – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Усан үзэм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="द्राक्ष – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="द्राक्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur" title="Anggur – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anggur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="စပျစ်ပင် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စပျစ်ပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="انگیر – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="انگیر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xocomecatl" title="Xocomecatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Xocomecatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wienbeer" title="Wienbeer – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Wienbeer" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droeve" title="Droeve – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Droeve" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" title="अङ्गुर – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अङ्गुर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0" title="अंगुर – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अंगुर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druif" title="Druif – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Druif" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drue" title="Drue – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Drue" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drue" title="Drue – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Drue" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A8rjus" title="Vèrjus – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Vèrjus" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terebe" title="Terebe – 北索托语" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Terebe" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%CA%BCil_na%CA%BCat%C5%82%CA%BCo%CA%BCii_(ch%CA%BCiy%C3%A1%C3%A1n)" title="Chʼil naʼatłʼoʼii (chʼiyáán) – 纳瓦霍语" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Chʼil naʼatłʼoʼii (chʼiyáán)" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="纳瓦霍语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasim" title="Rasim – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rasim" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eeynaba" title="Eeynaba – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Eeynaba" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0" title="ଅଙ୍ଗୁର – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଙ୍ଗୁର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅੰਗੂਰ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੰਗੂਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubas" title="Ubas – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ubas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ro%C3%A9sin" title="Roésin – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Roésin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winogrono" title="Winogrono – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Winogrono" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asinej" title="Asinej – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Asinej" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="انگور – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انگور" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="انگور – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="انگور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uva" title="Uva – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Uva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/budu" title="budu – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="budu" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwas" title="Uwas – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Uwas" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strugure" title="Strugure – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Strugure" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au%C3%A2" title="Auâ – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Auâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0)" title="Виноград (ягода) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Виноград (ягода)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Грозно – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Грозно" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="द्राक्षाफलम् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="द्राक्षाफलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱚᱝᱜᱩᱨ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱝᱜᱩᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grappugghia" title="Grappugghia – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Grappugghia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape" title="Grape – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Grape" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="انگور – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انگور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C5%BE%C4%91e" title="Grožđe – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grožđe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%B8%8Dil" title="Aḍil – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Aḍil" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape" title="Grape – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grape" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrozno" title="Hrozno – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hrozno" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozdje" title="Grozdje – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grozdje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapes" title="Grapes – 萨摩亚语" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Grapes" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="萨摩亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canab" title="Canab – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Canab" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrushi" title="Rrushi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrushi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%92%D0%B5" title="Грожђе – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грожђе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggur" title="Anggur – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Anggur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druva" title="Druva – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Druva" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabibu" title="Zabibu – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Zabibu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/badisusu%27" title="badisusu' – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="badisusu'" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="திராட்சைப்பழம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="திராட்சைப்பழம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF" title="ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ದ್ರಾಕ್ಷಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7" title="ద్రాక్ష – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ద్రాక్ష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ангур – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ангур" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="องุ่น – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="องุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubas_(prutas)" title="Ubas (prutas) – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ubas (prutas)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angy" title="Angy – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Angy" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cz%C3%BCm" title="Üzüm – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Üzüm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%88%D8%B2%DB%88%D9%85" title="ئۈزۈم – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۈزۈم" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4)" title="Виноград (плід) – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Виноград (плід)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1" title="انگور – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="انگور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzum" title="Uzum – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uzum" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ua" title="Ua – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ua" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nho" title="Nho – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nho" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druve" title="Druve – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Druve" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roejh%C3%A9n" title="Roejhén – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Roejhén" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubas" title="Ubas – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ubas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="葡萄 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="葡萄" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჸურზენი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჸურზენი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9F" title="וויינטרויבן – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויינטרויבן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makit" title="Makit – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Makit" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="葡萄 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="葡萄" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B4-t%C3%B4" title="Phô-tô – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phô-tô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%AD%90" title="提子 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="提子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10978#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:上传" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&oldid=84862999" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&id=84862999&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2591%25A1%25E8%2590%2584"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2591%25A1%25E8%2590%2584"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grapes" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10978" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>此條目介紹的是一类水果的通称。关于该类水果所属的分类群，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%B1%9E" title="葡萄属">葡萄屬</a></b>」。关于狭义的葡萄，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84_(%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D)" title="葡萄 (物种)">葡萄 (物种)</a></b>」。关于其他义项，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-disambig" title="葡萄 (消歧義)">葡萄 (消歧義)</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2017年9月30日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%22">"葡萄"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Close_up_grapes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Close_up_grapes.jpg/220px-Close_up_grapes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Close_up_grapes.jpg/330px-Close_up_grapes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Close_up_grapes.jpg/440px-Close_up_grapes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%BF%E9%85%92%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" class="mw-redirect" title="酿酒葡萄">酿酒葡萄</a> <i>Vitis vinifera</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapes,_Rostov-on-Don,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Grapes%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/220px-Grapes%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Grapes%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/330px-Grapes%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Grapes%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/440px-Grapes%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2688" /></a><figcaption>“白色”（浅绿色）和“黑色”（深蓝色）的鲜食葡萄</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap" style="font-size:88%;"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.14em;">葡萄</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="">每100 g（3.5 oz）食物營養值</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><div class="plainlist" style="background-color: var(--background-color-disabled-subtle,#e0e0e0);color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%86%B1%E9%87%8F" title="食物熱量">熱量</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div class="plainlist" style="background-color: var(--background-color-disabled-subtle,#e0e0e0);color: inherit;">288 kJ（69 kcal）</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="糖类">糖类</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">18.1 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="食糖">糖</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">15.48 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%B3%E9%A3%9F%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="膳食纖維">膳食纖維</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;">0.9 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b> <a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA" title="脂肪">脂肪</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.16 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.72 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="维生素">维生素</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E8%83%BA" title="硫胺">硫胺（維生素B<sub>1</sub>）</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(6%)</div> 0.069 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%BB%84%E7%B4%A0" title="核黄素">核黃素（維生素B<sub>2</sub>）</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(6%)</div> 0.07 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E9%85%B8" title="烟酸">菸鹼酸（維生素B<sub>3</sub>）</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(1%)</div> 0.188 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;line-height:1.1em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E9%85%B8" title="泛酸">泛酸（維生素B<sub>5</sub>）</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(1%)</div> 0.05 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A1%E5%93%86%E9%86%87" title="吡哆醇">吡哆醇</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B6" title="维生素B6">維生素B<sub>6</sub></a>）</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(7%)</div> 0.086 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E9%85%B8" title="叶酸">葉酸（維生素B<sub>9</sub>）</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(1%)</div> 2 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B12" title="维生素B12">維生素B<sub>12</sub></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(0%)</div> 0 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0C" title="维生素C">维生素C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(13%)</div> 10.8 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0K" title="维生素K">维生素K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(21%)</div> 22 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="礦物質">膳食礦物質</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A3%E8%B3%AA" title="鈣質">鈣</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(1%)</div> 10 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E9%90%B5%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" title="人類鐵代謝">鐵</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(3%)</div> 0.36 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81#对人体的影响" title="镁">鎂</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(2%)</div> 7 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0#對人體的影響" title="锰">錳</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(3%)</div> 0.071 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A" title="磷營養">磷</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(3%)</div> 20 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE#对人体的影响" title="钾">鉀</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(4%)</div> 191 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0#对人体的影响" title="钠">鈉</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(0%)</div> 3.02 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C#對人體的影響" title="锌">鋅</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;;"><div style="float: right;">(1%)</div> 0.07 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><div class="plainlist" style="font-size:89%;background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.15em;line-height:1.25em;"> <ul><li>單位</li> <li>μg = <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%85%8B" title="微克">微克</a> ·</span> <span class="nowrap">mg = <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%AB%E5%85%8B" title="毫克">毫克</a></span></li> <li>IU = <a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="国际单位">藥學国际單位</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="font-size:89%;background:var(--background-color-disabled-subtle,#e0e0e0);color: inherit;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;">參照美國標準的相對百分比<br />成人每日的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E8%86%B3%E9%A3%9F%E6%91%84%E5%85%A5%E9%87%8F" title="参考膳食摄入量">参考膳食摄入量</a>（DRI）<br /><span class="nowrap"><small>來源：<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/ndb/search/list">美國農業部營養数据库 </a></small></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>葡萄</b>，古作<b>蒲陶</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%B1%9E" title="葡萄属">葡萄屬</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="学名">学名</a>：<span lang="la"><i>Vitis</i></span>）植物的通称，是一类常见的<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%BD%E5%8F%B6%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="落叶植物">落叶</a>木质<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A4%E6%9C%AC%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="藤本植物">藤本植物</a>，其果实是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%86%E6%9E%9C" title="浆果">浆果</a>类水果。葡萄可以生吃，其色美、气香、味可口，西方主要用來酿造<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a>，東方則是習慣直接食用並培育出口感較佳的品種。葡萄还可以用以生产<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E9%86%AC" title="果醬">果醬</a>、果汁、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E5%86%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="果冻">果冻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B1%BD%E7%B2%BE%E5%8D%8E%E7%B4%A0" title="葡萄籽精华素">葡萄籽精华素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%B9%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄干">葡萄干</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%8B" title="醋">醋</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="葡萄籽油" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="grape seed oil"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄籽油（页面不存在）">葡萄籽油</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/grape_seed_oil" class="extiw" title="en:grape seed oil"><span lang="en" dir="auto">grape seed oil</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>等等。葡萄的生长没有<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E8%B7%83%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="呼吸跃变">呼吸跃变</a>（非<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B4%E5%B9%B4%E6%80%A7%E6%B0%B4%E6%9E%9C" title="更年性水果">更年性</a>），其果实成簇聚集在一起。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词源"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.BA.90"></span>词源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：词源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>「葡萄」一詞源自<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%8F%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="大夏语">古大宛語</a><i>bādāwa</i>，相當於今<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="伊朗语">伊朗語</a><i>bâde</i>（<span lang="fa" dir="rtl" title="波斯語文本">باده</span>‎）。「葡萄」一詞成為正式名稱以前，曾有多種書寫形式，《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="史記">史記</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="漢書">漢書</a>》中稱為<b>蒲陶</b>、《<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%9B%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="魏書">魏書</a>》裡使用的是<b>蒲萄</b>。唐、金、明時用過<b>蒲桃</b>，金代詩人<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%A5%BD%E9%97%AE" title="元好问">元好問</a>撰《葡桃酒賦》稱為<b>葡桃</b>，明<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%99%82%E7%8F%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="李時珍">李時珍</a>《本草綱目》和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%85%89%E5%95%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="徐光啟">徐光啟</a>《農政全書》中均稱為<b>葡萄</b>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="栽培历史"><span id=".E6.A0.BD.E5.9F.B9.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>栽培历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：栽培历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>葡萄人工栽培的历史开始于6000–8000年前的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="近东">近东</a>地区。<sup id="cite_ref-This_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-This-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>葡萄酒在人类文化中占重要地位的最早考古证据被发现于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9A" title="格鲁吉亚">格鲁吉亚</a>地区，其时间可以追溯到8000年前。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D" title="酵母">酵母</a>是最早的人工制造的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="微生物">微生物</a>之一，自然存在于葡萄的表皮上，导致了酒精饮料（如葡萄酒）的发明。在现今格鲁吉亚地区，早在8000年前就已经有酵母的生产了。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>最古老的葡萄酒庄被发现于现今<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="亚美尼亚">亚美尼亚</a>境内，存在于大约公元前4000年左右。在公元9世纪，中东地区的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯">波斯</a>城市<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BE%E6%8B%89%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="设拉子">设拉子</a>就以能酿造最好的葡萄酒而闻名。<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%89%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="西拉葡萄">西拉葡萄酒</a>就是以设拉子命名的。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E4%B9%A6%E4%BD%93" title="圣书体">圣书体</a>中也有栽培紫葡萄的记载，古代<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="古希臘葡萄酒">希腊</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古代腓尼基与葡萄酒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phoenicians (wine)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E4%B8%8E%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古代腓尼基与葡萄酒（页面不存在）">腓尼基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicians_(wine)" class="extiw" title="en:Phoenicians (wine)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phoenicians (wine)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%8E%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="古罗马与葡萄酒">罗马</a>也都有种植紫葡萄并酿酒的记录。后来葡萄的种植和葡萄酒的酿造被传播到<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>的其他地区，随后还有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="亚洲">亚洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="北美洲">北美洲</a>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="北美">北美</a>，几种葡萄属的野生葡萄分散在大陆各地繁衍，也是许多<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91" title="美洲原住民">美洲原住民</a>的食物之一。但欧洲殖民者认为这些种类的葡萄不适合酿酒，于是从欧洲引进了<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%80%E9%85%92%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" class="mw-redirect" title="釀酒葡萄">釀酒葡萄</a>（<i>Vitis vinifera</i>）。 </p><p>在中国，最早在《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E7%BB%8F" title="诗经">诗经</a>》里就有葡萄的记载，表明早在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%B7%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="殷朝">殷</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商</a>时代（公元前17世纪初——约公元前11世纪）人们就已经知道采集并食用各种野葡萄了。在《<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E7%A4%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="周礼">周礼</a>》中就有种植葡萄的记载。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%AD%A6%E5%B8%9D" title="汉武帝">汉武帝</a>时期著名的大探险家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A0%E9%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="张骞">张骞</a>出使<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域">西域</a>时（公元前138——前119年）从<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9B" title="大宛">大宛</a>带来了欧亚种葡萄及酿酒师。葡萄在中国古代曾被叫作“蒲陶”、“蒲萄”、“蒲桃”、“葡桃”等，葡萄酒则相应地叫做“蒲陶酒”等，词源即可能为中亚<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语">古希腊语</a>葡萄一词发音（<span lang="gre">βότρυς [bó.trys]</span>）的转译<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。葡萄从西域引入后，先至<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新疆">新疆</a>，经<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E8%A5%BF%E8%B5%B0%E5%BB%8A" title="河西走廊">河西走廊</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="西安">西安</a>，其后传至<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="华北">华北</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="中国东北地区">东北</a>及其它地区。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="元代">元代</a>，葡萄的种植和葡萄酒的酿造达到鼎盛，官方出版的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E6%A1%91%E8%BE%91%E8%A6%81" title="农桑辑要">农桑辑要</a>》中就有对葡萄栽培的指导了<sup id="cite_ref-cnhistory_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnhistory-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。明代<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%97%B6%E7%8F%8D" title="李时珍">李时珍</a>在《<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%8D%89%E7%BA%B2%E7%9B%AE" title="本草纲目">本草纲目</a>》中写道：“葡萄，《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E4%B9%A6" title="汉书">汉书</a>》作蒲桃，可造<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒">酒</a>，人酺饮之，则醄然而醉，故有是名”。“酺”是聚饮的意思，“醄”是大醉的样子。故借“酺”与“醄”两字，改易<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E5%AD%97%E9%A0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="草字頭">草字头</a>称做葡萄。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="葡萄与提子的区别"><span id=".E8.91.A1.E8.90.84.E4.B8.8E.E6.8F.90.E5.AD.90.E7.9A.84.E5.8C.BA.E5.88.AB"></span>葡萄与提子的区别</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：葡萄与提子的区别"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在中国大陆的非<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="广府话">广府话</a>地区，有较晚出现的语文上的约定俗成。提子常特指皮薄肉硬的葡萄品种，多产于内蒙、新疆，或由外国进口。在这种语境下，提子是广义葡萄的一种，与狭义的葡萄，即多汁葡萄相对。这是源于对广府话词汇的误解。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分布"><span id=".E5.88.86.E5.B8.83"></span>分布</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：分布"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>欧洲葡萄起源于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海">黑海</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="里海">里海</a>沿岸。在5000年前<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="伊拉克">伊拉克</a>、南高加索，與中亚细亚等地即有栽培。后向西沿<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>传到西欧，向东传到<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%9A" title="东亚">东亚</a>。栽培最多的国家为西班牙、意大利、俄罗斯和法国；其次为土耳其、葡萄牙、阿根廷、罗马尼亚和美国等。中国主产区在<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%96%86" class="mw-redirect" title="新疆">新疆</a>，约占全国栽培面积30％以上。 </p><p>根据<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E7%B2%AE%E9%A3%9F%E5%8F%8A%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="联合国粮食及农业组织">联合国粮食及农业组织</a>（FAO）2002年的统计<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2002_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，全世界有75,866平方公里的土地种植了葡萄。大约71%出产的葡萄被用来酿酒，27%作为新鲜水果，2%被制成<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E6%9E%9C" class="mw-disambig" title="乾果">干果</a>。 </p><p>现在还没有可靠地依照葡萄品种来统计的葡萄产量。大家一般认为种植最广泛地品种是<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%A8%9C%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="蘇丹娜葡萄">蘇丹娜</a>，在一些地方也被称做汤普森无核，其种植面积至少有3600km<sup>2</sup>（880,000<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E4%BA%A9" title="英亩">英亩</a>）<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。第二广泛地品种是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿依仑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Airén"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E4%BE%9D%E4%BB%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿依仑（页面不存在）">阿依仑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%C3%A9n" class="extiw" title="en:Airén"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Airén</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>。其他比较普及的品种有赤霞珠、白苏维翁、品麗珠、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%B4%9B" class="mw-disambig" title="梅洛">梅洛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%8C%E6%B5%B7%E5%A8%9C" title="歌海娜">歌海娜</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹魄" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tempranillo"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%AD%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹魄（页面不存在）">丹魄</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempranillo" class="extiw" title="en:Tempranillo"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tempranillo</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4" title="雷司令">雷司令</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%9E%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="霞多丽">霞多丽</a>等。<sup id="cite_ref-Fegan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fegan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82943465">.mw-parser-output .mw-stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .mw-stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:721px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="mw-stack stack-left"><div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>用于<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92%E9%87%80%E9%80%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄酒釀造">葡萄酒酿造</a>的葡萄生产国（按种植面积排列）<sup id="cite_ref-FAO2002_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO2002-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#ddf">国家 </th> <th style="background-color:#ddf">面积（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="平方公里">km²</a>） </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="西班牙">西班牙</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">11,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">8,640 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">8,270 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其">土耳其</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">8,120 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">4,150 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗">伊朗</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,860 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="罗马尼亚">罗马尼亚</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,480 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,160 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%B9%E5%BB%B7" title="阿根廷">阿根廷</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%88%A9" title="智利">智利</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,840 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亚</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,642 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="亚美尼亚">亚美尼亚</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,459 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8E%E5%B7%B4%E5%AB%A9" title="黎巴嫩">黎巴嫩</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,122 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82943465"><div class="mw-stack stack-right"><div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <caption><br />世界重要葡萄生产国产量（2009和2010年）<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><br /> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color:#ddf">国家 </th> <th style="background-color:#ddf">产量<br />（2009年）<br />（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="吨">吨</a>） </th> <th style="background-color:#ddf" class="unsortable"><span title="Footnotes">‡</span> </th> <th style="background-color:#ddf">产量<br />（2010年）<br />（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="吨">吨</a>） </th> <th style="background-color:#ddf" class="unsortable"><span title="Footnotes">‡</span> </th> <th style="background-color:#ddf">占世界产量百分比<br />（2010年） </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">中国</td> <td>8,039,091</td> <td></td> <td>8,651,831</td> <td></td> <td>12.67% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">意大利</td> <td>8,242,500</td> <td></td> <td>7,787,800</td> <td></td> <td>11.40% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">美国</td> <td>6,629,160</td> <td></td> <td>6,220,360</td> <td></td> <td>9.11% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">西班牙</td> <td>5,573,400</td> <td></td> <td>6,107,200</td> <td></td> <td>8.94% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">法国</td> <td>6,104,340</td> <td></td> <td>5,848,960</td> <td></td> <td>8.56% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">土耳其</td> <td>4,264,720</td> <td></td> <td>4,255,000</td> <td></td> <td>6.23% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">智利</td> <td>2,500,000</td> <td align="center">(F)</td> <td>2,755,700</td> <td align="center">(I)</td> <td>4.03% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">阿根廷</td> <td>2,181,570</td> <td></td> <td>2,616,610</td> <td></td> <td>3.83% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">印度</td> <td>1,878,000</td> <td></td> <td>2,263,100</td> <td align="center">(I)</td> <td>3.31% </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">伊朗</td> <td>2,255,670</td> <td></td> <td>2,255,670</td> <td></td> <td>3.30% </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">世界 </th> <th style="text-align:right">67,901,744 </th> <th style="text-align:center">(A) </th> <th style="text-align:right">68,311,466 </th> <th style="text-align:center">(A) </th> <th style="text-align:right">100% </th></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div style="margin-left:2em; font-size:smaller"> <dl><dt>‡ <i>脚注：</i></dt> <dd>无符号 = 官方数据</dd> <dd>(A) = 可能是官方，半官方或估计数据May include official, semi-official or estimated data</dd> <dd>(F) = FAO估计值</dd> <dd>(I) = FAO根据归因法估计</dd></dl> <p><i>注释：</i> 个别国家的数据没有被计入世界总产量，因为许多国家的产量被该表格忽略。被列在表内的国家的总产量在2010年大约占全世界产量的71.38%。 </p><p><i>来源：</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906230329/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor">Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division</a> </p> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="形态"><span id=".E5.BD.A2.E6.80.81"></span>形态</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：形态"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>落叶藤本植物，粉紅色枝蔓细长。近圆形单叶互生，近全缘至6～9裂，叶缘有锯齿。叶腋着生复合的芽。卷须或花序与叶对生。两性花、雌能花（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E8%95%8A" title="雄蕊">雄蕊</a>较短，花粉不孕）和雌花；野生种常为雌雄异株。15片花瓣，顶部连生，开花时自基部与花托分离呈帽状脱落。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%86%E6%9E%9C" title="浆果">浆果</a>多为圆形或椭圆，有金綠色、紫藍色、紫灰色等，具有花粉。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="栽培和生长"><span id=".E6.A0.BD.E5.9F.B9.E5.92.8C.E7.94.9F.E9.95.BF"></span>栽培和生长</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：栽培和生长"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>葡萄种植后2～3年结果，生产期可达20年。根系发达，吸收根集中在20～60厘米土层中。欧洲葡萄根系在土温7～9℃时开始活动，12～14℃时发生新根。冬芽一般在春季气温达10℃后萌发抽生新梢。叶腋中的夏芽萌发成副梢。生长期要求温暖、阳光充足、夏季长期干燥等。最适宜温度为25～30℃。气温高、昼夜温差大，养分积累多、果实着色好、含糖量高。葡萄对土壤的适应性强，地下水位低于1米，大多土壤均可种植，含钙质多的最为适宜。葡萄主要用<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A6%E6%8F%92" title="扦插">扦插</a>、压条繁殖。 </p><p>葡萄果实生长可以以转色期为转折点分为两个时期。转色期之前是果实的形成时期，主要是酸的积累，果实内含有大量<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B9%E6%9E%9C%E9%85%B8" title="苹果酸">苹果酸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%A3%E8%B4%A8" title="鞣质">单宁</a>；转色期之后是果实的成熟时期，主要是累積<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96" title="糖">糖</a>份。<sup id="cite_ref-liu_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liu-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="品种"><span id=".E5.93.81.E7.A7.8D"></span>品种</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：品种"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>葡萄属约有70余种。葡萄品种约有8000个，其中栽培品种约100～200个，重要的有：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲葡萄">欧洲葡萄</a>（V.vinifera）、东北山葡萄（V.amurensis）能耐－40～－50℃低温，是培育抗寒葡萄的优良亲本，可作抗寒砧木；果实可酿葡萄酒。美洲葡萄（V.labrusca），及河岸葡萄（V.riparia）、砂地葡萄（V.rupestris）等抗根瘤蚜砧木种。 </p><p>按种群分类，葡萄可分为四大种群：欧亚种群、东亚种群、美洲种群、杂交种群。 </p><p>按食用可分为五种：鲜食品种、酿造品种（其中最著名的種類是雷司令、奈加拉、碧霞珠等）、製罐品种、製汁品种、製乾品种。 </p><p>按成熟期可分为：早熟品种、中熟品种、晚熟品种。 </p><p>釀酒的品種甜度高但口感不佳，籽大皮厚果肉少，不適合直接食用；相對來說食用的品種也因為甜度較低、皮薄風味淡薄而不適合釀酒。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="營養"><span id=".E7.87.9F.E9.A4.8A"></span>營養</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：營養"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>葡萄僅含有微量鐵質，每100公克中只有0.36毫克的鐵質相當於3%的每日需求，並非優質鐵來源。但葡萄多酚、類黃酮、花青素等抗氧化成分則可能對人體具有助益。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="寵物禁忌食材"><span id=".E5.AF.B5.E7.89.A9.E7.A6.81.E5.BF.8C.E9.A3.9F.E6.9D.90"></span>寵物禁忌食材</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：寵物禁忌食材"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>對貓狗而言，葡萄含磷、鋰離子，食用葡萄或含有葡萄的食物，可能會引起<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%8E%E8%A1%B0%E7%AB%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="腎衰竭">腎衰竭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E6%AF%92%E7%97%87" title="尿毒症">尿毒症</a>等嚴重的併發症，甚至死亡。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>普遍來說，會有以下症<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moesonson.com/%E5%AF%B5%E7%89%A9%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98/%E7%8B%97%E7%8B%97%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%90%83%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%97%8E">狀</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20230607124814/https://www.moesonson.com/%E5%AF%B5%E7%89%A9%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98/%E7%8B%97%E7%8B%97%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E5%90%83%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%97%8E">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）　： </p> <ul><li>食慾減低</li> <li>嗜睡</li> <li>虛弱 / 無精打釆偷吃後數小時內嘔吐或腹瀉</li> <li>按他們腹部，他們會痛</li> <li>脫水</li> <li>口渴和尿液分泌增加</li> <li>尿量減少或沒有</li> <li>如果一直不處理，有機會引起腎功能衰竭</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="著名品種"><span id=".E8.91.97.E5.90.8D.E5.93.81.E7.A8.AE"></span>著名品種</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：著名品種"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歐洲葡萄"><span id=".E6.AD.90.E6.B4.B2.E8.91.A1.E8.90.84"></span>歐洲葡萄</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：歐洲葡萄"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4" title="雷司令">雷司令</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%9C%9E%E7%8F%A0" title="赤霞珠">赤霞珠</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%88%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奈加拉葡萄（页面不存在）">奈加拉葡萄</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E5%90%8E%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑后葡萄（页面不存在）">黑后葡萄</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%B7%E5%8F%AF%E5%BE%97%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="康可得葡萄（页面不存在）">康可得葡萄</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利(葡萄)（页面不存在）">意大利(葡萄)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%9D%E5%8A%9BA(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="貝力A(葡萄)（页面不存在）">貝力A(葡萄)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="亞洲種葡萄"><span id=".E4.BA.9E.E6.B4.B2.E7.A8.AE.E8.91.A1.E8.90.84"></span>亞洲種葡萄</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：亞洲種葡萄"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E9%A6%99%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金香葡萄（页面不存在）">金香葡萄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E5%B3%B0%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="巨峰葡萄">巨峰葡萄</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E5%B7%9E%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甲州葡萄（页面不存在）">甲州葡萄</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nehelescol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nehelescol（页面不存在）">Nehelescol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E5%A5%B6%E5%AD%90%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬奶子葡萄（页面不存在）">馬奶子葡萄</a></li> <li>香印提子</li> <li>貓眼葡萄</li> <li>翠玉葡萄</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美洲葡萄"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E6.B4.B2.E8.91.A1.E8.90.84"></span>美洲葡萄</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：美洲葡萄"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%B7%9E%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加州葡萄（页面不存在）">加州葡萄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="紅地球葡萄">紅地球葡萄</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E5%AD%90%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無子葡萄（页面不存在）">無子葡萄</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="健康宣称"><span id=".E5.81.A5.E5.BA.B7.E5.AE.A3.E7.A7.B0"></span>健康宣称</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：健康宣称"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92%E5%B0%8D%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF" title="葡萄酒對健康的影響">葡萄酒对健康的影响</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法国悖论"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.9B.BD.E6.82.96.E8.AE.BA"></span>法国悖论</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：法国悖论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%82%96%E8%AB%96" title="法國悖論">法国悖论</a></div> <p>通过比较西方国家的饮食习惯，研究人员发现，虽然法国人的动物脂肪摄入量较高，但<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%84%8F%E7%97%85" title="心脏病">心脏病</a>的发病率在法国仍然很低。这种现象被称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%82%96%E8%AB%96" title="法國悖論">法国悖论</a>，被认为是由于经常饮用红酒以及其他饮食习惯的保护作用而产生的。适度饮酒可能通过其轻微的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E5%87%9D%E5%89%82" title="抗凝剂">抗凝</a>作用和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E8%88%92%E5%BC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="血管舒张">血管舒张</a>作用来保护心脏<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>尽管卫生当局通常不建议饮用<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，一些研究表明适度饮用，例如女性每天一杯红酒，男性每天两杯，可能对健康有益<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。酒精本身可能对心血管系统有保护作用<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="葡萄和葡萄干对狗有毒性"><span id=".E8.91.A1.E8.90.84.E5.92.8C.E8.91.A1.E8.90.84.E5.B9.B2.E5.AF.B9.E7.8B.97.E6.9C.89.E6.AF.92.E6.80.A7"></span>葡萄和葡萄干对狗有毒性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：葡萄和葡萄干对狗有毒性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%92%8C%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E5%B9%B2%E5%AF%B9%E7%8B%97%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%92%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葡萄和葡萄干对狗的毒性（页面不存在）">葡萄和葡萄干对狗的毒性</a></div> <p>食用葡萄和葡萄干对狗有潜在的健康威胁。它们对狗的毒性会导致动物出现<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A5%E6%80%A7%E8%85%8E%E8%A1%B0%E7%AB%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="急性腎衰竭">急性肾衰竭</a>（肾衰竭的突然发展）并伴有<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%B0%BF%E7%97%87" title="无尿症">无尿症</a>（尿量减少），这可能是致命的<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="加工品"><span id=".E5.8A.A0.E5.B7.A5.E5.93.81"></span>加工品</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：加工品"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Veranotrigo.jpg" 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7123" class="extiw" title="s:史記/卷123">卷一百二十三</a>　大宛列傳第六十三. <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98" class="mw-redirect" title="史記">史記</a>. <q>大宛......蒲陶酒。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%B7%E4%B8%80%E7%99%BE%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E3%80%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9B%E5%88%97%E5%82%B3%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-This-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-This_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">This, Patrice; Lacombe, Thierry and Thomash , Mark R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004224603/https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/This%20et%20al%202006.pdf">Historical Origins and Genetic Diversity of Wine Grapes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Trends in Genetics. 2006, <b>22</b> (9): 511–519. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16872714"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 16872714</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2006.07.008"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.07.008</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~db45/Studiendekanat/Lehre/Master/Module/Botanik_1/M1401/Evolution_Zellbiologie/This%20et%20al%202006.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2013-10-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&rft.atitle=Historical+Origins+and+Genetic+Diversity+of+Wine+Grapes&rft.au=This%2C+Patrice%3B+Lacombe%2C+Thierry+and+Thomash+%2C+Mark+R.&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Genetics&rft.pages=511-519&rft.volume=22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de%2F~db45%2FStudiendekanat%2FLehre%2FMaster%2FModule%2FBotanik_1%2FM1401%2FEvolution_Zellbiologie%2FThis%2520et%2520al%25202006.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tig.2006.07.008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16872714&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">McGovern, Patrick E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6GE4RzM5Q?url=http://winehistory.com/2i.htm">Ancient Wine: The Search for the Origins of Viniculture</a>. Princeton University Press. 2003 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.penn.museum/sites/biomoleculararchaeology/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/Georgia%20Wine.pdf">原始内容</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>存档于2013-04-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&rft.au=McGovern%2C+Patrick+E.&rft.btitle=Ancient+Wine%3A+The+Search+for+the+Origins+of+Viniculture&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fsites%2Fbiomoleculararchaeology%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F04%2FGeorgia%2520Wine.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">McGovern, P. 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Wine History Foundation. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://winehistory.com/2i.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2013-05-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&rft.au=McGovern%2C+P.+E.&rft.btitle=Georgia%3A+Homeland+of+Winemaking+and+Viticulture&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Wine+History+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwinehistory.com%2F2i.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keys, David (2003-12-28) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.ws/2004-1-2.htm">Now that's what you call a real vintage: professor unearths 8,000-year-old wine</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130603094312/http://www.archaeology.ws/2004-1-2.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. archaeology.ws.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://europesfinestwines.com/blog/hello-world/">[1]</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220503060313/http://europesfinestwines.com/blog/hello-world/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. europesfinestwines.com (2011-12-14). Retrieved on 2012-07-10.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2012年3月失效">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">黃仁達，中國顏色，聯經出版事業公司，台北，2011年12月26日，p.178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnhistory-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cnhistory_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguojindaishi/special/wine/ziliao/detail_2011_04/27/6017221_0.shtml">中国葡萄酒文化及其历史</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91" class="mw-redirect" title="凤凰网">凤凰网</a>. 2011-04-27 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603152852/http://news.ifeng.com/history/zhongguojindaishi/special/wine/ziliao/detail_2011_04/27/6017221_0.shtml">存档</a>于2020-06-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8A%E5%85%B6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%87%A4%E5%87%B0%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.ifeng.com%2Fhistory%2Fzhongguojindaishi%2Fspecial%2Fwine%2Fziliao%2Fdetail_2011_04%2F27%2F6017221_0.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO2002-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAO2002_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO2002_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.reseau-concept.net/images/oiv_uk/Client/Stat_2002_def2_EN.pdf">Organisation Internationale de la Vigne et du Vin (pdf)</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001222611/http://news.reseau-concept.net/images/oiv_uk/Client/Stat_2002_def2_EN.pdf">存檔</a>，存档日期2011-10-01., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awbc.com.au/winefacts/data/free.asp?subcatid=102">Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722082133/http://www.awbc.com.au/winefacts/data/free.asp?subcatid=102">存檔</a>，存档日期2008-07-22..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wine-world.com/grape/sultana">苏丹娜（Sultana）</a>. 红酒世界网. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221115062840/https://www.wine-world.com/grape/sultana">存档</a>于2022-11-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&rft.btitle=%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%A8%9C%EF%BC%88Sultana%EF%BC%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E7%BA%A2%E9%85%92%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wine-world.com%2Fgrape%2Fsultana&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fegan-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fegan_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Patrick Fegan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.examiner.com/article/the-most-widely-planted-grape-the-world">The most widely planted grape in the world</a>. 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The Merck Veterinary Manual.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks" style="float: right;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10978" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q10978"><span class="nomobile">在维基数据</span>编<span class="nomobile">辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span> </p> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%AC%BD%E5%AE%9A%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8/%E8%8D%89%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%B8/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%83%A8#葡萄" class="extiw" title="s:欽定古今圖書集成/博物彙編/草木典/葡萄部">欽定古今圖書集成·博物彙編·草木典·葡萄部</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E6%A2%A6%E9%9B%B7" title="陈梦雷">陈梦雷</a>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%8A%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90" title="古今图书集成">古今圖書集成</a>》</dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="维基文库"><img alt="维基文库中的相关文本：" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> 《<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%90%8D%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%96%E8%80%83_(%E9%81%93%E5%85%89%E5%88%BB%E6%9C%AC)/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%B7/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84#葡萄" class="extiw" title="s:植物名實圖考 (道光刻本)/第三十二卷/葡萄">植物名實圖考·葡萄</a>》，出自<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E5%85%B6%E6%BF%AC" title="吳其濬">吳其濬</a>《植物名實圖考》</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=ch&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id=D00946">葡萄, Putao</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20221122064709/http://libproject.hkbu.edu.hk/was40/detail?lang=ch&channelid=1288&searchword=herb_id=D00946">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）藥用植物圖像數據庫 (香港浸會大學中醫藥學院) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（中文）</span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li></ul> <div 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font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%97%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="东南葡萄">东南葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E8%B5%A3%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="闽赣葡萄">闽赣葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="刺葡萄">刺葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%8F%B6%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="红叶葡萄">红叶葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E5%BA%86%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="凤庆葡萄">凤庆葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E8%97%9F%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="葛藟葡萄">葛藟葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B1%E5%8F%B6%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="菱叶葡萄">菱叶葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8F%A3%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="河口葡萄">河口葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="毛葡萄">毛葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%90%E5%B1%B1%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="庐山葡萄">庐山葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%95%E5%86%88%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="井冈葡萄">井冈葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A1%E8%B6%B3%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="鸡足葡萄">鸡足葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%99%E6%B3%89%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="龙泉葡萄">龙泉葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%9F%8E%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="罗城葡萄">罗城葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%90%E6%B5%B7%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="勐海葡萄">勐海葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E8%87%AA%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="蒙自葡萄">蒙自葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%8F%B6%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="变叶葡萄">变叶葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E8%84%89%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="毛脉葡萄">毛脉葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%9C%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="华东葡萄">华东葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B5%E6%AF%9B%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="绵毛葡萄">绵毛葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8B%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="秋葡萄">秋葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E6%BA%90%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="乳源葡萄">乳源葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="陕西葡萄">陕西葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="湖北葡萄">湖北葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E5%8F%B6%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="狭叶葡萄">狭叶葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%B7%9E%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="温州葡萄">温州葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E8%84%89%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="网脉葡萄">网脉葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="武汉葡萄">武汉葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="云南葡萄">云南葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%99%E6%B1%9F%E8%98%A1%E8%96%81" title="浙江蘡薁">浙江蘡薁</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grape_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grape_icon.png/70px-Grape_icon.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grape_icon.png/105px-Grape_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Grape_icon.png/140px-Grape_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightgreen;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E4%BA%A4" title="杂交">杂交</a>品種</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.5em;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E5%B3%B0%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="巨峰葡萄">巨峰葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%9C%E7%B4%85%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="蜜紅葡萄">蜜紅葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%93%E7%9C%BC%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="貓眼葡萄">貓眼葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%A8%9C%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="蘇丹娜葡萄">蘇丹娜葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E5%8C%96%E7%89%9B%E5%A5%B6%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="宣化牛奶葡萄">宣化牛奶葡萄</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B3%E5%85%89%E7%8E%AB%E7%91%B0" title="阳光玫瑰">阳光玫瑰</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="生物能源" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Template:生物能源"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Template talk:生物能源"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物能源"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物能源" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="生物能源">生物能源</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="Category:生物燃料">生物燃料</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%87" title="醇">醇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E9%A1%9E%E7%94%9F%E8%B3%AA%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="藻類生質燃料">藻類生質燃料</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="甘蔗渣" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bagasse"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%98%E8%94%97%E6%B8%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甘蔗渣（页面不存在）">甘蔗渣</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagasse" class="extiw" title="en:Bagasse"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bagasse</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴巴苏棕榈油" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Babassu oil"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E8%8B%8F%E6%A3%95%E6%A6%88%E6%B2%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴巴苏棕榈油（页面不存在）">巴巴苏棕榈油</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babassu_oil" class="extiw" title="en:Babassu oil"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Babassu oil</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%81%E9%86%87%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="丁醇燃料">丁醇燃料</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%9F%B4%E6%B2%B9" title="生物柴油">生物柴油</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%87%83%E6%B0%A3" title="生物燃氣">生物氣體</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物汽油" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biogasoline"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物汽油（页面不存在）">生物汽油</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogasoline" class="extiw" title="en:Biogasoline"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biogasoline</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87" title="燃料乙醇">乙醇燃料</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%A0%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87" title="纖維素乙醇">纤维素</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="普通汽油乙醇混合" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E6%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87%E6%B7%B7%E5%90%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普通汽油乙醇混合（页面不存在）">混合</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" class="extiw" title="en:Common ethanol fuel mixtures"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Common ethanol fuel mixtures</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="玉米芯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stover"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%89%E7%B1%B3%E8%8A%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="玉米芯（页面不存在）">玉米芯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stover" class="extiw" title="en:Stover"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stover</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="甲醇燃料" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Methanol fuel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B2%E9%86%87%E7%87%83%E6%96%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="甲醇燃料（页面不存在）">甲醇燃料</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanol_fuel" class="extiw" title="en:Methanol fuel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Methanol fuel</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%B8%E7%A7%86" title="秸秆">秸秆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E7%85%A4%E6%B0%94" title="木煤气">木煤气</a></li> <li>已烹煮<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8%E6%B2%B9" title="食用油">食用油</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="食用植物油燃料" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vegetable oil fuel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%B2%B9%E7%87%83%E6%96%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食用植物油燃料（页面不存在）">食用植物油燃料</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" class="extiw" title="en:Vegetable oil fuel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vegetable oil fuel</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E6%B2%B9%E8%84%82%E8%86%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="黃油脂膏">黃油脂膏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%8D%8B%E6%B2%B9" title="回鍋油">回鍋油</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E6%B2%9F%E6%B2%B9" title="地沟油">地沟油</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E7%9C%BC%E8%93%9D#生产沼气" title="凤眼蓝">凤眼蓝</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarcane_field.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sugarcane_field.jpg/120px-Sugarcane_field.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sugarcane_field.jpg/180px-Sugarcane_field.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sugarcane_field.jpg/240px-Sugarcane_field.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1848" data-file-height="2790" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E4%BD%9C%E7%89%A9" title="Category:能源作物">食物能源作物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%A6" title="大麦">大麦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%96%AF" title="木薯">木薯</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">葡萄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E9%BA%BB" title="芝麻">芝麻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E7%B1%B3" title="玉米">玉米</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%87%95%E9%BA%A6" title="燕麦">燕麦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F" title="花生">花生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E8%8F%9C%E7%B1%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="油菜籽">油菜籽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%B1%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="大米">大米</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%B2%B1" title="高粱">高粱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%86" title="大豆">大豆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%94%97" title="甘蔗">甘蔗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%94%A8%E7%94%9C%E8%8F%9C" title="糖用甜菜">糖用甜菜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%91%E6%97%A5%E8%91%B5" title="向日葵">向日葵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A6" title="小麦">小麦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%AA%E8%96%AF" title="番薯">番薯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9D%9E%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8%E8%BE%B2%E4%BD%9C%E7%89%A9" title="Category:非食用農作物">非食物能源作物</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%A6%E7%AB%B9%E5%B1%9E" title="芦竹属">芦竹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BB%E8%8A%92%E8%8D%89" title="须芒草">须芒草</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%BA%BB%E8%8D%A0%E5%B1%9E" title="亚麻荠属">亚麻荠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%A1%95" title="烏桕">烏桕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E8%90%8D" title="浮萍">浮萍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%90%E6%B2%B9%E6%A0%91" title="桐油树">桐油树</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%BB%84%E7%9A%AE" title="水黄皮">水黄皮</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巨芒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Miscanthus giganteus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A8%E8%8A%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巨芒（页面不存在）">巨芒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscanthus_giganteus" class="extiw" title="en:Miscanthus giganteus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Miscanthus giganteus</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E8%8A%92" title="中國芒">中國芒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E6%9E%9D%E7%A8%B7" title="柳枝稷">柳枝稷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%9F%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="木柴">木柴</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">技术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物转换" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物转换（页面不存在）">生物转换</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" class="extiw" title="en:Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物质供热系统" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biomass heating system"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E4%BE%9B%E7%83%AD%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物质供热系统（页面不存在）">生物质供热系统</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_heating_system" class="extiw" title="en:Biomass heating system"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biomass heating system</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物炼制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biorefinery"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%82%BC%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物炼制（页面不存在）">生物炼制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorefinery" class="extiw" title="en:Biorefinery"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biorefinery</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E6%89%98%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="费托合成">费托合成（F-T合成）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF#工業應用" title="生物技术">工业生物技术</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%97%E7%B2%92%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="颗粒燃料">颗粒燃料</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%97%E7%B2%92%E6%9C%BA" title="颗粒机">颗粒机</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="颗粒炉" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pellet stove"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A2%97%E7%B2%92%E7%82%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="颗粒炉（页面不存在）">颗粒炉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellet_stove" class="extiw" title="en:Pellet stove"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pellet stove</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="热解聚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thermal depolymerization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%83%AD%E8%A7%A3%E8%81%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="热解聚（页面不存在）">热解聚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_depolymerization" class="extiw" title="en:Thermal depolymerization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thermal depolymerization</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="纤维素乙醇商业化" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纤维素乙醇商业化（页面不存在）">纤维素乙醇商业化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="extiw" title="en:Cellulosic ethanol commercialization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物燃料的能源含量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy content of biofuel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E7%9A%84%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E5%90%AB%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物燃料的能源含量（页面不存在）">生物燃料的能源含量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" class="extiw" title="en:Energy content of biofuel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy content of biofuel</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E4%BD%9C%E7%89%A9" title="能源作物">能源作物</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="能源森林业" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy forestry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%A3%AE%E6%9E%97%E4%B8%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源森林业（页面不存在）">能源森林业</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_forestry" class="extiw" title="en:Energy forestry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy forestry</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="能源投资收益（EROEI）" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Energy returned on energy invested"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90%E6%8A%95%E8%B5%84%E6%94%B6%E7%9B%8A%EF%BC%88EROEI%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="能源投资收益（EROEI）（页面不存在）">能源投资收益（EROEI）</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_returned_on_energy_invested" class="extiw" title="en:Energy returned on energy invested"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Energy returned on energy invested</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%8E%E7%87%83%E6%96%99%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%89" title="食物与燃料之争">食物与燃料之争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可持续生物燃料" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sustainable biofuel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E6%8C%81%E7%BB%AD%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%87%83%E6%96%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可持续生物燃料（页面不存在）">可持续生物燃料</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" class="extiw" title="en:Sustainable biofuel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sustainable biofuel</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="class:hlist"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%83%BD" title="Category:生物能">生物能分类</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Portal:能源">能源主題</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8F%AF%E5%86%8D%E7%94%9F%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90" title="Portal:可再生能源">可再生能源主題</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10978#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10978#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10978#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4117614-5">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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