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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Political economy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_ekonomie" title="Politieke ekonomie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Politieke ekonomie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="اقتصاد سياسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اقتصاد سياسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Economía política – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Economía política" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasi_iqtisadiyyat" title="Siyasi iqtisadiyyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Siyasi iqtisadiyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="রাজনৈতিক অর্থনীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাজনৈতিক অর্থনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A8ng-t%C4%AB_keng-ch%C3%A8" title="Chèng-tī keng-chè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chèng-tī keng-chè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политическа икономия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Политическа икономия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Economia política – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Economia política" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%A1_ekonomie" title="Politická ekonomie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Politická ekonomie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economeg_wleidyddol" title="Economeg wleidyddol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Economeg wleidyddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_%C3%B8konomi" title="Politisk økonomi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Politisk økonomi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politische_%C3%96konomie" title="Politische Ökonomie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Politische Ökonomie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliitiline_%C3%B6konoomia" title="Poliitiline ökonoomia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poliitiline ökonoomia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Πολιτική οικονομία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτική οικονομία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econom%C3%ADa_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Economía política – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Economía política" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politika_ekonomiko" title="Politika ekonomiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Politika ekonomiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_politiko" title="Ekonomia politiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekonomia politiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="اقتصاد سیاسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد سیاسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_politique" title="Économie politique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Économie politique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%B9%98%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%ED%95%99" title="정치경제학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정치경제학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Քաղաքատնտեսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քաղաքատնտեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="राजनीतिक अर्थशास्त्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राजनीतिक अर्थशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_ekonomi_politik" title="Ilmu ekonomi politik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu ekonomi politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_politica" title="Economia politica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Economia politica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="כלכלה פוליטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלכלה פוליטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პოლიტიკური ეკონომია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლიტიკური ეკონომია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Саяси Экономия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саяси Экономия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeconomia_politica" title="Oeconomia politica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oeconomia politica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk%C4%81_ekonomika" title="Politiskā ekonomika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Politiskā ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Политичка економија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Политичка економија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_politik" title="Ekonomi politik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ekonomi politik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="နိုင်ငံရေးဘောဂဗေဒ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ငံရေးဘောဂဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politieke_economie" title="Politieke economie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Politieke economie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="राजनीतिक अर्थशास्त्र – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राजनीतिक अर्थशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%AD%A6" title="政治経済学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政治経済学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_%C3%B8konomi" title="Politisk økonomi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Politisk økonomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politisk_%C3%B8konomi" title="Politisk økonomi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Politisk økonomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyosiy_iqtisod" title="Siyosiy iqtisod – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Siyosiy iqtisod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A5-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A7" title="ਰਾਜਸੀ ਅਰਥ-ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਜਸੀ ਅਰਥ-ਪ੍ਰਬੰਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="سیاسی معیشت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیاسی معیشت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D9%88%D9%BC%D9%87" title="سياسي وټه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سياسي وټه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_polityczna" title="Ekonomia polityczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ekonomia polityczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_pol%C3%ADtica" title="Economia política – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia política" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economie_politic%C4%83" title="Economie politică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Economie politică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Политическая экономия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Политическая экономия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="දේශපාලනික ආර්ථිකය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේශපාලනික ආර්ථිකය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Political economy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politick%C3%A1_ekon%C3%B3mia" title="Politická ekonómia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Politická ekonómia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dna_ekonomija" title="Politična ekonomija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Politična ekonomija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ئابووری سیاسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئابووری سیاسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politi%C4%8Dka_ekonomija" title="Politička ekonomija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Politička ekonomija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliittinen_talous" title="Poliittinen talous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Poliittinen talous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomiyang_pampolitika" title="Ekonomiyang pampolitika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ekonomiyang pampolitika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அரசியல் பொருளாதாரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசியல் பொருளாதாரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Сәяси икътисад – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сәяси икътисад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="రాజకీయ అర్ధశాస్త్రం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రాజకీయ అర్ధశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="เศรษฐศาสตร์การเมือง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เศรษฐศาสตร์การเมือง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siyasi_ekonomi" title="Siyasi ekonomi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Siyasi ekonomi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Політична економія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Політична економія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="سیاسی معیشت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاسی معیشت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_ch%C3%ADnh_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Kinh tế chính trị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh tế chính trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="政治经济学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="政治经济学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomiya_politike" title="Ekonomiya politike – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ekonomiya politike" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" 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.mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economics" title="Category:Economics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef;padding:0.2em;font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/120px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/180px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg/240px-Supply-demand-equilibrium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="217" data-file-height="217" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_economic_thought" title="History of economic thought">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_economics" title="Outline of economics">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_economics_articles" title="Index of economics articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches and <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">Heterodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Micro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">Mainstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_methodology" title="Economic methodology">Methodology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">JEL classification codes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts, theory and techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_economics" title="Experimental economics">Experimental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_income_trap" title="Middle income trap">Middle income trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_complex" title="Industrial complex">Industrial complex</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">By application</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_economics" title="Agricultural economics">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_economics" title="Demographic economics">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_digitization" title="Economics of digitization">Digitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_economics" title="Education economics">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_economics" title="Engineering economics">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">Evolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography" title="Economic geography">Geographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_economics" title="Health economics">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_organization" title="Industrial organization">Industrial organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economics" title="Information economics">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_economy" title="Knowledge economy">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_economics" title="Labour economics">Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_economics" title="Managerial economics">Managerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_economics" title="Organizational economics">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_participation" title="Economics of participation">Participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personnel_economics" title="Personnel economics">Personnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_economics" title="Public economics">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_choice" title="Public choice">Public choice</a> / <a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_economics" title="Regional economics">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_economics" title="Rural economics">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Sociological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_economy" title="Solidarity economy">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_economics" title="Urban economics">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_economics" title="Welfare economics">Welfare</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;;color: var(--color-base)">Notable <a href="/wiki/Economist" title="Economist">economists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Mandeville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard de Mandeville">de Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_von_Th%C3%BCnen" title="Johann Heinrich von Thünen">von Thünen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot" title="Antoine Augustin Cournot">Cournot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heinrich_Gossen" title="Hermann Heinrich Gossen">Gossen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">Jevons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Menger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ysidro_Edgeworth" title="Francis Ysidro Edgeworth">Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bates_Clark" title="John Bates Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">von Böhm-Bawerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Wieser" title="Friedrich von Wieser">von Wieser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cecil_Pigou" title="Arthur Cecil Pigou">Pigou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Heckscher" title="Eli Heckscher">Heckscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">von Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Sraffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_R._Lange" title="Oskar R. Lange">Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Leontief" title="Wassily Leontief">Leontief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tjalling_Koopmans" title="Tjalling Koopmans">Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baumol" title="William Baumol">Baumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Solow" title="Robert Solow">Solow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Greenspan" title="Alan Greenspan">Greenspan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Becker" title="Gary Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Thaler" title="Richard Thaler">Thaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span 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branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rousseau_-_Discours_sur_l%27oeconomie_politique,_1758_-_5884558.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rousseau_-_Discours_sur_l%27oeconomie_politique%2C_1758_-_5884558.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Rousseau_-_Discours_sur_l%27oeconomie_politique%2C_1758_-_5884558.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="385" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rousseau_-_Discours_sur_l%27oeconomie_politique%2C_1758_-_5884558.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Rousseau_-_Discours_sur_l%27oeconomie_politique%2C_1758_-_5884558.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Rousseau_-_Discours_sur_l%27oeconomie_politique%2C_1758_-_5884558.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Rousseau_-_Discours_sur_l%27oeconomie_politique%2C_1758_-_5884558.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="2733" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, <i>Discours sur l'oeconomie politique</i>, 1758</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Political economy</b> is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> studying <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic systems</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">markets</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="National economies">national economies</a>) and their governance by <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political systems</a> (e.g. law, institutions, and government).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widely studied phenomena within the discipline are systems such as <a href="/wiki/Labour_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour market">labour markets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">financial markets</a>, as well as phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distribution_of_wealth" title="Distribution of wealth">distribution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">inequality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">trade</a>, and how these are shaped by institutions, laws, and government policy. Originating in the 18th century, it is the precursor to the modern discipline of economics.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political economy in its modern form is considered an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> field, drawing on theory from both political science and <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">modern economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political economy originated within 16th century western <a href="/wiki/Moral_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosophy">moral philosophy</a>, with theoretical works exploring the administration of states' wealth; <i>political</i> signifying the Greek word <i><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a></i> and <i>economy</i> signifying the Greek word <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BF%E1%BC%B0%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:οἰκονομία">οἰκονομία</a></span>; household management. The earliest works of political economy are usually attributed to the British scholars <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>, although they were preceded by the work of the French <a href="/wiki/Physiocrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiocrats">physiocrats</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anne-Robert-Jacques_Turgot" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot">Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Steiner_2003_p62_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner_2003_p62-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, the term <i>economics</i> gradually began to replace the term <i>political economy</i> with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modeling">mathematical modeling</a> coinciding with the publication of the influential textbook <i><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Economics_(Marshall_book)" title="Principles of Economics (Marshall book)">Principles of Economics</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Marshall" title="Alfred Marshall">Alfred Marshall</a> in 1890. Earlier, <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons" title="William Stanley Jevons">William Stanley Jevons</a>, a proponent of mathematical methods applied to the subject, advocated <i>economics</i> for brevity and with the hope of the term becoming "the recognised name of a science".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Groenwegen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Groenwegen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Citation measurement metrics from <a href="/wiki/Google_Ngram_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Ngram Viewer">Google Ngram Viewer</a> indicate that use of the term <i>economics</i> began to overshadow <i>political economy</i> around roughly 1910, becoming the preferred term for the discipline by 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the term <i>economics</i> usually refers to the narrow study of the economy absent other political and social considerations while the term <i>political economy</i> represents a distinct and competing approach. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_economy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, political economy meant the study of the conditions under which production or consumption within limited parameters was organized in nation-states. In that way, political economy expanded the emphasis on economics, which comes from the Greek <i>oikos</i> (meaning "home") and <i>nomos</i> (meaning "law" or "order"). Political economy was thus meant to express the laws of production of wealth at the state level, quite like economics concerns putting home to order. The phrase <i>économie politique</i> (translated in English to "political economy") first appeared in France in 1615 with the well-known book by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Montchr%C3%A9tien" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine de Montchrétien">Antoine de Montchrétien</a>, <i>Traité de l'economie politique</i>. Other contemporary scholars attribute the roots of this study to the 13th Century <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian Arab</a> <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociologist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, for his work on making the distinction between "profit" and "sustenance", in modern political economy terms, surplus and that required for the reproduction of classes respectively. He also calls for the creation of a science to explain society and goes on to outline these ideas in his major work, the <i><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a></i>. In Al-Muqaddimah Khaldun states, "Civilization and its well-being, as well as business prosperity, depend on productivity and people's efforts in all directions in their own interest and profit" – seen as a modern precursor to <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">Classical Economic thought.</a> </p><p>Leading on from this, the French <a href="/wiki/Physiocrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiocrats">physiocrats</a> were the first major exponents of political economy,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the intellectual responses<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> to the physiocrats generally receive much greater attention.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's first professorship in political economy was established in 1754 at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II" title="University of Naples Federico II">University of Naples Federico II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">southern Italy</a>. The Neapolitan philosopher <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Antonio Genovesi</a> was the first tenured professor. In 1763, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Sonnenfels" title="Joseph von Sonnenfels">Joseph von Sonnenfels</a> was appointed a Political Economy chair at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>, Austria. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>, in 1805, became England's first professor of political economy, at the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company_College" title="East India Company College">East India Company College</a>, Haileybury, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>. At present, political economy refers to different yet related approaches to studying economic and related behaviours, ranging from the combination of economics with other fields to the use of different, fundamental assumptions challenging earlier economic assumptions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_approaches">Current approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_economy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keohane_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Keohane_small.jpg/170px-Keohane_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Keohane_small.jpg/255px-Keohane_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Keohane_small.jpg/340px-Keohane_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a>, international relations theorist</figcaption></figure> <p>Political economy most commonly refers to <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary Studies">interdisciplinary studies</a> drawing upon <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a> in explaining how political institutions, the political environment, and the <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a>—<a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed</a>—influence each other.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes"><i>Journal of Economic Literature</i> classification codes</a> associate political economy with three sub-areas: (1) the role of government and/or class and power relationships in <a href="/wiki/Resource_allocation" title="Resource allocation">resource allocation</a> for each type of <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2) <a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">international political economy</a>, which studies the economic impacts of <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and (3) economic models of political or exploitative class processes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the field of political science, there is generally a distinction between international political economy (studied by international relations scholars) and comparative political economy (studied by comparative politics scholars).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public choice theory is a <a href="/wiki/Microfoundations" title="Microfoundations">microfoundations</a> theory closely intertwined with political economy. Both approaches model voters, politicians and bureaucrats as behaving in mainly self-interested ways, in contrast to a view, ascribed to earlier mainstream economists, of government officials trying to maximize individual <a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">utilities</a> from some kind of <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_function" title="Social welfare function">social welfare function</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, economists and political scientists often associate political economy with approaches using <a href="/wiki/Rational_choice_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational choice theory">rational-choice</a> assumptions,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in examining phenomena beyond economics' standard remit, such as <a href="/wiki/Government_failure" title="Government failure">government failure</a> and complex decision making in which context the term "positive political economy" is common.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other "traditional" topics include analysis of such public policy issues as <a href="/wiki/Economic_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic regulation">economic regulation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">market protection</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> institutional <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_corruption" title="Economics of corruption">corruption</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(economics)" title="Distribution (economics)">distributional</a> politics.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empirical analysis includes the influence of elections on the choice of economic policy, determinants and <a href="/wiki/Economic_forecasting" title="Economic forecasting">forecasting</a> models of electoral outcomes, the <a href="/wiki/Business_cycle#Political_business_cycle" title="Business cycle">political business cycles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Central_bank#Independence" title="Central bank">central-bank independence</a> and the politics of excessive deficits.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interesting example would be the publication in 1954 of the first manual of Political Economy in the Soviet Union, edited by <a href="/wiki/Lev_Gatovsky" title="Lev Gatovsky">Lev Gatovsky</a>, which mixed the classic theoretical approach of the time with the soviet political discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Professor_Susan_Strange,_c1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Professor_Susan_Strange%2C_c1980.jpg/170px-Professor_Susan_Strange%2C_c1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Professor_Susan_Strange%2C_c1980.jpg/255px-Professor_Susan_Strange%2C_c1980.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Professor_Susan_Strange%2C_c1980.jpg/340px-Professor_Susan_Strange%2C_c1980.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a>, international relations scholar</figcaption></figure> <p>A rather recent focus has been put on <a href="/wiki/Conceptual_model" title="Conceptual model">modeling</a> <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policy</a> and political institutions concerning interactions between <a href="/wiki/Agent_(economics)" title="Agent (economics)">agents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic institution">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Political institution">political institutions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the seeming discrepancy of economic policy and economist's recommendations through the lens of <a href="/wiki/Transaction_cost" title="Transaction cost">transaction costs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the mid-1990s, the field has expanded, in part aided by new cross-national data sets allowing tests of hypotheses on <a href="/wiki/Comparative_economic_systems" title="Comparative economic systems">comparative economic systems</a> and institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topics have included the breakup of nations,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the origins and rate of change of political institutions in relation to <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">development</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> financial markets and regulation,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the importance of <a href="/wiki/Institutionalist_political_economy" title="Institutionalist political economy">institutions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Backwardness" title="Backwardness">backwardness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Economic_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic reform">reform</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">transition economies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the role of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a> in explaining economic outcomes,<sup id="cite_ref-Alesina_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alesina-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroeconomic policy">macroeconomic policy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">environment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Equity_(economics)" title="Equity (economics)">fairness</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the relation of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">constitutions</a> to <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic policy</a>, theoretical<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and empirical.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other important landmarks in the development of political economy include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_political_economy" title="New political economy">New political economy</a> which may treat economic ideologies as the phenomenon to explain, per the traditions of Marxian political economy. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Maier" title="Charles S. Maier">Charles S. Maier</a> suggests that a political economy approach "interrogates economic doctrines to disclose their sociological and political premises.... in sum, [it] regards economic ideas and behavior not as frameworks for analysis, but as beliefs and actions that must themselves be explained".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach informs <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gamble" title="Andrew Gamble">Andrew Gamble</a>'s <i>The Free Economy and the Strong State</i> (Palgrave Macmillan, 1988), and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Hay_(political_scientist)" title="Colin Hay (political scientist)">Colin Hay</a>'s <i>The Political Economy of New Labour</i> (Manchester University Press, 1999). It also informs much work published in <i>New Political Economy</i>, an international journal founded by Sheffield University scholars in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_political_economy" title="International political economy">International political economy</a> (IPE) an interdisciplinary field comprising approaches to the actions of various actors. According to International Relations scholar Chris Brown, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">University of Warwick</a> professor, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a>, was "almost single-handedly responsible for creating international political economy as a field of study."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, these approaches are associated with the journal <i><a href="/wiki/International_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organization">International Organization</a></i>, which in the 1970s became the leading journal of IPE under the editorship of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Keohane" title="Robert Keohane">Robert Keohane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Katzenstein" title="Peter J. Katzenstein">Peter J. Katzenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Krasner" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Krasner">Stephen Krasner</a>. They are also associated with the journal <i><a href="/wiki/The_Review_of_International_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Review of International Political Economy">The Review of International Political Economy</a></i>. There also is a more critical school of IPE, inspired by thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a>; two major figures are <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Watson_(political_economist)" title="Matthew Watson (political economist)">Matthew Watson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The use of a political economy approach by anthropologists, sociologists, and geographers used in reference to the regimes of politics or <a href="/wiki/Economic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic value">economic values</a> that emerge primarily at the level of states or regional governance, but also within smaller social groups and <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social networks</a>. Because these regimes influence and are influenced by the organization of both <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_capital" title="Economic capital">economic capital</a>, the analysis of dimensions lacking a standard economic value (e.g. the political economy of language, of gender, or of religion) often draws on concepts used in Marxian critiques of <a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">capital</a>. Such approaches expand on <a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">neo-Marxian</a> scholarship related to <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underdevelopment" title="Underdevelopment">underdevelopment</a> postulated by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gunder_Frank" class="mw-redirect" title="André Gunder Frank">André Gunder Frank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">Historians</a> have employed political economy to explore the ways in the past that persons and groups with common economic interests have used politics to effect changes beneficial to their interests.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Political economy and law is a recent attempt within legal scholarship to engage explicitly with political economy literature. In the 1920s and 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Legal_realism" title="Legal realism">legal realists</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Hale" title="Robert Lee Hale">Robert Hale</a>) and intellectuals (e.g. <a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">John Commons</a>) engaged themes related to political economy. In the second half of the 20th century, lawyers associated with the Chicago School incorporated certain intellectual traditions from economics. However, since the crisis in 2007 legal scholars especially related to <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, have turned to more explicitly engage with the debates, methodology and various themes within political economy texts.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a>'s approach and call to action which advocated for the re-introduction of political consideration and political science knowledge more generally into the discipline of economics as a way of improving the robustness of the discipline and remedying its shortcomings, which had become clear following the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2008 financial crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2010, the only Department of Political Economy in the United Kingdom formally established at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>. The rationale for this academic unit was that "the disciplines of Politics and Economics are inextricably linked", and that it was "not possible to properly understand political processes without exploring the economic context in which politics operates".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2012, the Sheffield Political Economy Research Institute (SPERI) was founded at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">The University of Sheffield</a> by professors Tony Payne and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Hay_(political_scientist)" title="Colin Hay (political scientist)">Colin Hay</a>. It was created as a means of combining political and economic analyses of capitalism which were viewed by the founders to be insufficient as independent disciplines in explaining the 2008 financial crisis. <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2017, the Political Economy UK Group (abbreviated PolEconUK) was established as a research consortium in the field of political economy. It hosts an annual conference and counts among its member institutions <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwick_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwick University">Warwick University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_disciplines">Related disciplines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_economy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Related disciplines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because political economy is not a unified discipline, there are studies using the term that overlap in subject matter, but have radically different perspectives:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a> studies power relations and their relationship to achieving desired ends.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a> rigorously assesses and studies a set of beliefs and their applicability to reality.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> studies the distribution of resources so that the material wants of a society are satisfied; enhance societal well-being.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> studies the effects of persons' involvement in society as members of groups and how that changes their ability to function. Many sociologists start from a perspective of production-determining relation from <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Marx's theories on the subject of political economy are contained in his book <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></span>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Economy_in_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Economy in anthropology">Anthropology</a> studies political economy by investigating regimes of political and economic value that condition tacit aspects of sociocultural practices (e.g. the pejorative use of <a href="/wiki/Mock_Spanish" title="Mock Spanish">pseudo-Spanish</a> expressions in the U.S. entertainment media) by means of broader historical, political and sociological processes. Analyses of structural features of transnational processes focus on the interactions between the world capitalist system and local cultures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a> attempts to reconstruct past political economies by examining the material evidence for administrative strategies to control and mobilize resources.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This evidence may include architecture, animal remains, evidence for craft workshops, evidence for feasting and ritual, evidence for the import or export of prestige goods, or evidence for food storage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> is the fulcrum on which political economy exerts its force in studying decision making (not only in prices), but as the field of study whose assumptions model political economy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> studies political economy within the wider geographical studies of human-environment interactions wherein economic actions of humans transform the natural environment. Apart from these, attempts have been made to develop a geographical political economy that prioritises commodity production and "spatialities" of capitalism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> documents change, often using it to argue political economy; some historical works take political economy as the narrative's frame.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a> deals with political economy because human activity has the greatest effect upon the environment, its central concern being the environment's suitability for human activity. The ecological effects of economic activity spur research upon changing market economy incentives. Additionally and more recently, ecological theory has been used to examine economic systems as similar systems of interacting species (e.g., firms).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a> examines social class, production, labor, race, gender and sex.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications">Communications</a> examines the institutional aspects of media and telecommunication systems. As the area of study focusing on aspects of human communication, it pays particular attention to the relationships between owners, labor, consumers, advertisers, structures of production and the state and the power relationships embedded in these relationships.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journals">Journals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_economy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Political_Economy" title="Constitutional Political Economy">Constitutional Political Economy</a></i></li> <li><i>Economics & Politics</i>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0954-1985">0954-1985</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/European_Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="European Journal of Political Economy">European Journal of Political Economy</a></i>.</li> <li><i>Latin American Perspectives</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="International Journal of Political Economy">International Journal of Political Economy</a></i></li> <li><i>Journal of Australian Political Economy</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0156-5826">0156-5826</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Political_Economy_(journal)" title="New Political Economy (journal)">New Political Economy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Choice_(journal)" title="Public Choice (journal)">Public Choice</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Political_Economy" title="Studies in Political Economy">Studies in Political Economy</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_economy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_action" title="Collective action">Economic study of collective action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_economics" title="Constitutional economics">Constitutional economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_for_Evolutionary_Political_Economy" title="European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy">European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy (EAEPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_ideology" title="Economic ideology">Economic ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">Institutional economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_rent" title="Law of rent">Law of rent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_publications_in_economics#Political_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of publications in economics">Important publications in political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_in_anthropology" title="Political economy in anthropology">Political economy in anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy_of_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Political economy of climate change">Political economy of climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Social model">Social model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socioeconomics" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomics">Socioeconomics</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_economy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackerHertel-FernandezPiersonThelen2021" class="citation cs2">Hacker, Jacob S.; Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander; Pierson, Paul; Thelen, Kathleen (2021), Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander; Hacker, Jacob S.; Thelen, Kathleen; Pierson, Paul (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/american-political-economy/american-political-economy-a-framework-and-agenda-for-research/FA0E70DF16B2133B7FE3ADA6BF699A90">"The American Political Economy: A Framework and Agenda for Research"</a>, <i>The American Political Economy: Politics, Markets, and Power</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 4–5, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-51636-2"><bdi>978-1-316-51636-2</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220503113836/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/american-political-economy/american-political-economy-a-framework-and-agenda-for-research/FA0E70DF16B2133B7FE3ADA6BF699A90">archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-03<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-18</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Economy%3A+Politics%2C+Markets%2C+and+Power&rft.atitle=The+American+Political+Economy%3A+A+Framework+and+Agenda+for+Research&rft.pages=4-5&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-316-51636-2&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Jacob+S.&rft.au=Hertel-Fernandez%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Pierson%2C+Paul&rft.au=Thelen%2C+Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Famerican-political-economy%2Famerican-political-economy-a-framework-and-agenda-for-research%2FFA0E70DF16B2133B7FE3ADA6BF699A90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBladen2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bladen" title="Vincent Bladen">Bladen, Vincent</a> (2016). <i>An Introduction to Political Economy</i>. 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(2009). <i>Principles of political economy : with some of their applications to social philosophy</i>. Bibliolife. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1116761184" title="Special:BookSources/978-1116761184"><bdi>978-1116761184</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/663099414">663099414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+political+economy+%3A+with+some+of+their+applications+to+social+philosophy&rft.pub=Bibliolife&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F663099414&rft.isbn=978-1116761184&rft.au=Mill%2C+John+Stuart%2C+1806%E2%80%931873.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-economy">"political economy | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214194856/https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-economy">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=political+economy+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpolitical-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/economics">"economics | Definition, History, Examples, Types, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615062550/https://www.britannica.com/topic/economics">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=economics+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+Examples%2C+Types%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Feconomics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeingastWittman2011" class="citation web cs1">Weingast, Barry R.; Wittman, Donald A. (2011-07-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199604456-e-038">"Overview Of Political Economy"</a>. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Political Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199604456.013.0038">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.013.0038</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220515165024/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199604456.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199604456-e-038">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Overview+Of+Political+Economy&rft.date=2011-07-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199604456.013.0038&rft.aulast=Weingast&rft.aufirst=Barry+R.&rft.au=Wittman%2C+Donald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199604456.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199604456-e-038&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steiner_2003_p62-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steiner_2003_p62_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steiner (2003), pp. 61–62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jevons, W. Stanley. <i>The Theory of Political Economy</i>, 1879, 2nd ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aYcBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR14=ONEPAGE">p. xiv.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412085429/https://books.google.com/books?id=aYcBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR14=onepage">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groenwegen-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Groenwegen_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Groenwegen, Peter. (1987 <a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">[2008]</a>). "'political economy' and 'economics'", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, v. 3, pp. 905–906. [Pp. 904–07.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Robbins (2016) "Why we need political economy," <i>Policy Options</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/january-2017/why-we-need-political-economy/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402082231/http://policyoptions.irpp.org/magazines/january-2017/why-we-need-political-economy/">Archived</a> 2019-04-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertholet2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bertholet, Auguste (2020-05-27). "The intellectual origins of Mirabeau". <i>History of European Ideas</i>. <b>47</b>: 91–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01916599.2020.1763745">10.1080/01916599.2020.1763745</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0191-6599">0191-6599</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219747599">219747599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+European+Ideas&rft.atitle=The+intellectual+origins+of+Mirabeau&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=91-96&rft.date=2020-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219747599%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0191-6599&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01916599.2020.1763745&rft.aulast=Bertholet&rft.aufirst=Auguste&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertholetKapossy2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bertholet, Auguste; Kapossy, Béla (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slatkine.com/fr/slatkine-reprints-erudition/75939-book-07102939-9782051029391.html"><i>La Physiocratie et la Suisse</i></a> (in French). Geneva: Slatkine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782051029391" title="Special:BookSources/9782051029391"><bdi>9782051029391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Physiocratie+et+la+Suisse&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=Slatkine&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9782051029391&rft.aulast=Bertholet&rft.aufirst=Auguste&rft.au=Kapossy%2C+B%C3%A9la&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slatkine.com%2Ffr%2Fslatkine-reprints-erudition%2F75939-book-07102939-9782051029391.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.athabascau.ca/humanities-and-social-sciences/resources/ba-poec-what-is-political-economy.html">"What is Political Economy?"</a>. <i>Political Economy, Athabasca University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220207020919/https://www.athabascau.ca/humanities-and-social-sciences/resources/ba-poec-what-is-political-economy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Political+Economy%2C+Athabasca+University&rft.atitle=What+is+Political+Economy%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.athabascau.ca%2Fhumanities-and-social-sciences%2Fresources%2Fba-poec-what-is-political-economy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weingast, Barry R., and Donald Wittman, ed., 2008. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Political Economy</i>. Oxford UP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/?view=usa&view=usa&ci=9780199548477&cp=24297">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130125191416/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/?view=usa">Archived</a> 2013-01-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WgHcf8Y0r9UC&pg=PR7=GBS_ATB">preview.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430080740/https://books.google.com/books?id=WgHcf8Y0r9UC&pg=PR7=gbs_atb">Archived</a> 2023-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes#Economic_systems_JEL:_P_Subcategories" title="JEL classification codes">JEL: P</a> as in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php">JEL Classification Codes Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131118064704/http://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php">Archived</a> 2013-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, drilled to at each economic-system link.<br />For example:<br />   • Brandt, Loren, and Thomas G. Rawski (2008). "Chinese economic reforms," <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000600&edition=current&q=">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528171420/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_C000600&edition=current&q=">Archived</a> 2013-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Helsley, Robert W. (2008). "urban political economy," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_U000067&edition=current&q=">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522043934/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_U000067&edition=current&q=">Archived</a> 2013-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes#International_economics_JEL:_F_Subcategories" title="JEL classification codes">JEL: F5</a> as drilled to in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php">JEL Classification Codes Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131118064704/http://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php">Archived</a> 2013-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />For example:<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gilpin" title="Robert Gilpin">Gilpin, Robert</a> (2001), <i>Global Political Economy: Understanding the International Economic Order</i>, Princeton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7093.html">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130122110319/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7093.html">Archived</a> 2013-01-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and ch. 1, " The New Global Economic Order" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7093.pdf">link.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309172355/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s7093.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Mitra, Devashish (2008). "trade policy, political economy of," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000213&edition=current&q=">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522043404/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_T000213&edition=current&q=">Archived</a> 2013-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">At <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes#Microeconomics_JEL:_D_Subcategories" title="JEL classification codes">JEL: D72</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/jelCodes.php?view=jel#D">JEL: D74</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105085154/https://www.aeaweb.org/econlit/jelCodes.php?view=jel#D">Archived</a> 2017-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> with context for its usage in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php">JEL Classification Codes Guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131118064704/http://www.aeaweb.org/jel/guide/jel.php">Archived</a> 2013-11-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, drilled to at JEL: D7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Tullock" title="Gordon Tullock">Tullock, Gordon</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics">[1987]</a> 2008). "public choice," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_P000240&q=rational%20choice&topicid=&result_number=10">Abstract</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180107182712/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_P000240&q=rational%20choice&topicid=&result_number=10">Archived</a> 2018-01-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_J._Arrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth J. Arrow">Arrow, Kenneth J.</a> (1963). <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Choice_and_Individual_Values" title="Social Choice and Individual Values">Social Choice and Individual Values</a></i>, 2nd ed., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cm/m12-2/m12-2-08.pdf">ch. VIII</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701174737/http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cm/m12-2/m12-2-08.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-07-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, sect. 2, The Social Decision Process, pp. 106–08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lohmann, Susanne (2008). "rational choice and political science," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_R000253&edition=current&q=">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522051808/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_R000253&edition=current&q=">Archived</a> 2013-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Martin_Shubik" title="Martin Shubik">Shubik, Martin</a> (1981). "Game Theory Models and Methods in Political Economy," in <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">K. Arrow</a> and M. Intriligator, ed., <i>Handbook of Mathematical Economics</i>, Elsevier, v. 1, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7P5Y-4FDF0FN-C&_user=10&_coverDate=01/01/1981&_rdoc=11&_fmt=high&_orig=browse&_origin=browse&_zone=rslt_list_item&_srch=doc-info(%23toc%2324615%231981%23999989999%23565707%23FLP%23display%23Volume)&_cdi=24615&_sort=d&_docanchor=&_ct=14&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=cb34198ec88c9ab8fa59af6d5634e9cf&searchtype=a">285</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>-330.<br />   • _____ (1984). <i>A Game-Theoretic Approach to Political Economy</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5086">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629151809/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=5086">Archived</a> 2011-06-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and review <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/4225764">extract</a>.<br />   • _____ (1999). <i>Political Economy, Oligopoly and Experimental Games: The Selected Essays of Martin Shubik</i>, v. 1, Edward Elgar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/bookentry_mainUS.lasso?id=834">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120524055749/http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/bookentry_mainUS.lasso?id=834">Archived</a> 2012-05-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and contents of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DZ_97SqmzagC&pg=PR5">Part I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430080737/https://books.google.com/books?id=DZ_97SqmzagC&pg=PR5">Archived</a> 2023-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Political Economy.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Ordeshook" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Ordeshook">Peter C. Ordeshook</a> (1990). "The Emerging Discipline of Political Economy," ch. 1 in <i>Perspectives on Positive Political Economy</i>, Cambridge, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wKJu6g5ovhcC&dq=%22The+emerging+discipline+of+political+economy%22+%22game+theory%22&pg=PA9">9–30.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412083007/https://books.google.com/books?id=wKJu6g5ovhcC&dq=%22The+emerging+discipline+of+political+economy%22+%22game+theory%22&pg=PA9">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • _____ (1986). <i>Game Theory and Political Theory</i>, Cambridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1132862/?site_locale=en_GB">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309165458/http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1132862/?site_locale=en_GB">Archived</a> 2013-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgbXUoEzxokC&pg=PR5=">preview.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alt, James E.; Shepsle, Kenneth (eds.) (1990), <i>Perspectives on Positive Political Economy</i> (Cambridge [UK]; New York: Cambridge University Press). Description and content <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1139893/?site_locale=en_GB">links</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309165536/http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1139893/?site_locale=en_GB">Archived</a> 2013-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wKJu6g5ovhcC&pg=PA1=FALSE">preview.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412083004/https://books.google.com/books?id=wKJu6g5ovhcC&pg=PA1=false">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rose, N. L. (2001). "Regulation, Political Economy of," <i><a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_%26_Behavioral_Sciences" title="International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences">International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</a></i>, pp. 12967–12970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130202153809/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7MRM-4MT09VJ-2YX&_rdoc=11&_hierId=151000135&_refWorkId=21&_explode=151000131,151000135&_fmt=high&_orig=na&_docanchor=&_idxType=SC&view=c&_ct=14&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=275222d8e93eb1135b7ae20e38b67a8b">Abstract.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anne_O._Krueger" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne O. Krueger">Krueger, Anne O.</a> (1974). "The Political Economy of the Rent-Seeking Society," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 64(3), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1808883">p. 291</a>–303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Bose, Niloy. "corruption and economic growth," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online</i>, 2nd Edition, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2010_C000616&edition=current&q=%20corruption&topicid=&result_number=1">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229134928/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2010_C000616&edition=current&q=%20corruption&topicid=&result_number=1">Archived</a> 2010-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Rose-Ackerman, Susan (2008). "bribery," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_B000199&edition=current&q=">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522060248/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_B000199&edition=current&q=">Archived</a> 2013-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Gary_S._Becker" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary S. Becker">Becker, Gary S.</a> (1983). "A Theory of Competition among Pressure Groups for Political Influence," <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 98(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.bren.ucsb.edu/~glibecap/BeckerQJE1983.pdf">371–400.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511104632/http://www2.bren.ucsb.edu/~glibecap/BeckerQJE1983.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-05-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Weingast, Barry R., Kenneth A. Shepsle, and Christopher Johnsen (1981). "The Political Economy of Benefits and Costs: A Neoclassical Approach to Distributive Politics," <i> Journal of Political Economy</i>, 89(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.walkerd.people.cofc.edu/400/Sobel/2A-5.%20Weingast%20-%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Benefits%20and%20Costs.pdf">642–664.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510191730/http://www.walkerd.people.cofc.edu/400/Sobel/2A-5.%20Weingast%20-%20Political%20Economy%20of%20Benefits%20and%20Costs.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Breyer, Friedrich (1994). "The Political Economy of Intergenerational Redistribution," <i>European Journal of Political Economy</i>, 10(1), pp. 61–84. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130201203532/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V97-46383PF-7&_user=10&_coverDate=05/31/1994&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=dfc37a3bb7197657fa1320111de1763a&searchtype=a">Abstract.</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Oliver_E._Williamson" title="Oliver E. Williamson">Williamson, Oliver E.</a> (1995). "The Politics and Economics of Redistribution and Inefficiency," <i>Greek Economic Review</i>, December, 17, pp. 115–136, reprinted in Williamson (1996), <i>The Mechanisms of Governance</i>, Oxford University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=meERBVysP6YC&pg=PR11">ch. 8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412083001/https://books.google.com/books?id=meERBVysP6YC&pg=PR11">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 195–218.<br />   • <a href="/wiki/Per_Krusell" title="Per Krusell">Krusell, Per</a>, and José-Víctor Ríos-Rull (1999). "On the Size of U.S. Government: Political Economy in the Neoclassical Growth Model," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 89(5), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/117052">1156</a>–1181.<br />   • Galasso, Vincenzo, and Paola Profeta (2002). "The Political Economy of Social Security: A Survey," <i>European Journal of Political Economy</i>, 18(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nek.lu.se/NEKaha/Public%20finance/Galasso%20and%20Profeta.pdf">1–29.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Drazen, Allan (2008). "Political business cycles," <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics">The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</a></i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_P000112&edition=current&q=Political%20business%20cycle&topicid=&result_number=4">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229135043/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_P000112&edition=current&q=Political%20business%20cycle&topicid=&result_number=4">Archived</a> 2010-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/William_D._Nordhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="William D. Nordhaus">Nordhaus, William D.</a> (1989). "Alternative Approaches to the Political Business Cycle," <i>Brookings Papers on Economic Activity</i>, (2), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2534461">1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401075035/https://www.jstor.org/pss/2534461">Archived</a> 2020-04-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/James_M._Buchanan" title="James M. Buchanan">Buchanan, James M.</a> (2008). "public debt," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_P000241&edition=current&q=">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522043427/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_P000241&edition=current&q=">Archived</a> 2013-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Alesina, Alberto, and Roberto Perotti (1995). "The Political Economy of Budget Deficits," <i>IMF Staff Papers</i>, 42(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/3867338">1</a>–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-location-test cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"> Written at Moscow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/authors/pe/index.htm"><i>Political Economy: A Textbook issued by the Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R</i></a> [<i>Political Economy: A Textbook issued by the Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R</i>] (in Russian) (1st ed.). Marxists Internet Archive: Economics Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R (published 2014). 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Economy%3A+A+Textbook+issued+by+the+Economics+Institute+of+the+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+U.S.S.R&rft.place=Marxists+Internet+Archive&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Economics+Institute+of+the+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+U.S.S.R&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Fsubject%2Feconomy%2Fauthors%2Fpe%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Besley" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Besley">Timothy, Besley</a> (2007). <i>Principled Agents?: The Political Economy of Good Government</i>, Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283910.001.0001/acprof-9780199283910">Description.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510233241/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199283910.001.0001/acprof-9780199283910">Archived</a> 2013-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • _____ and Torsten Persson (2008). "political institutions, economic approaches to," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000252&edition=current&q=">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522062228/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_E000252&edition=current&q=">Archived</a> 2013-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Douglass_C._North" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglass C. North">North, Douglass C.</a> (1986). "The New Institutional Economics," <i>Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics</i>, 142(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40726723?uid=3739936&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101659658757">230</a>–237.<br />   • _____ (1990). <i>Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance</i>, in the Political Economy of Institutions and Decisions series. Cambridge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1139799/?site_locale=en_GB">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309165617/http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1139799/?site_locale=en_GB">Archived</a> 2013-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oFnWbTqgNPYC&pg=PR5=ONEPAGE">preview.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430080734/https://books.google.com/books?id=oFnWbTqgNPYC&pg=PR5=onepage">Archived</a> 2023-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Ostrom, Elinor</a> (1990). <i>Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1140521/?site_locale=en_GB">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309165650/http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1140521/?site_locale=en_GB">Archived</a> 2013-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4xg6oUobMz4C&pg=PR9">links.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412083005/https://books.google.com/books?id=4xg6oUobMz4C&pg=PR9">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521405997" title="Special:BookSources/9780521405997">9780521405997</a>.<br />   • _____ (2010). "Beyond Markets and States: Polycentric Governance of Complex Economic Systems," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 100(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnp.binghamton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Ostrom-2010-Polycentric-Governance.pdf">641–672</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105113916/http://bnp.binghamton.edu/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Ostrom-2010-Polycentric-Governance.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-11-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Dixit, Avinash</a> (1996). <i>The Making of Economic Policy: A Transaction Cost Politics Perspective</i>. MIT Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/making-economic-policy">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117161154/https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/making-economic-policy">Archived</a> 2017-11-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zbpJGZkvcuUC&pg=PR5">links.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430080736/https://books.google.com/books?id=zbpJGZkvcuUC&pg=PR5">Archived</a> 2023-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Review-excerpt <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1005222327820?LI=true">link</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123209/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1005222327820?LI=true">Archived</a> 2018-12-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beck, Thorsten <i>et al.</i> (2001). "New Tools in Comparative Political Economy: The Database of Political Institutions," <i>World Bank Economic Review</i>,15(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3990075?uid=3739936&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21101764581027">165</a>–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bolton, Patrick, and Gérard Roland (1997). "The Breakup of Nations: A Political Economy Analysis," <i>Quarterly Journal of Economics</i>, 112(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/pbolton/PDFS/Breakup_Nations.pdf">1057–1090.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401115448/http://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/pbolton/PDFS/Breakup_Nations.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-04-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alesina, Alberto, and Roberto Perotti (1994). "The Political Economy of Growth: A Critical Survey of the Recent Literature," <i>World Bank Economic Review</i>, 8(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1999/09/11/000178830_98101911401317/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf">351–371.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117143644/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/1999/09/11/000178830_98101911401317/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-11-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keefer, Philip (2004). "What Does Political Economy Tell Us about Economic Development and Vice Versa?" <i>Annual Review of Political Science</i>, 7, pp. 247–272. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1X5KZ3Uhx7kC&pg=PR1">PDF.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412085429/https://books.google.com/books?id=1X5KZ3Uhx7kC&pg=PR1">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perotti, Enrico (2014). "The Political Economy of Finance", in "Capitalism and Society" Vol. 9, No. 1, Article 1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=2427842">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chang, H. J. (2002). Breaking the Mould – An Institutionalist Political Economy Alternative to the Neo-Liberal Theory of the Market and State", in "Cambridge Journal of Economics", 26(5), <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/44552A491D461D0180256B5E003CAFCC/$file/chang.pdf">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031220340/http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/%28httpAuxPages%29/44552A491D461D0180256B5E003CAFCC/$file/chang.pdf">Archived</a> 2019-10-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Daron_Acemoglu" title="Daron Acemoglu">Acemoglu, Daron</a>, and James A. Robinson (2006). "Economic Backwardness in Political Perspective," <i>American Political Science Review</i>, 100(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economics.mit.edu/files/4471">115–131</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527043328/http://economics.mit.edu/files/4471">Archived</a> 2012-05-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Mukand, Sharun W. (2008). "policy reform, political economy of," <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i>, 2nd Edition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_P000363&edition=">Abstract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522060100/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_P000363&edition=">Archived</a> 2013-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Federico_Sturzenegger" title="Federico Sturzenegger">Sturzenegger, Federico</a>, and Mariano Tommasi (1998). <i>The Polítical Economy of Reform</i>, MIT Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=7698">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011071925/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=7698">Archived</a> 2012-10-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/mitpress?id=oxhsaTkxzRUC&printsec=find&pg=PR5=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q=&f=false">links.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Roland_(economist)" title="Gérard Roland (economist)">Roland, Gérard</a> (2002), "The Political Economy of Transition," <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>, 16(1), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/0895330027102">29–50.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501182627/https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/0895330027102">Archived</a> 2021-05-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • _____ (2000). <i>Transition and Economics: Politics, Markets, and Firms</i>, MIT Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/transition-and-economics">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180416034908/https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/transition-and-economics">Archived</a> 2018-04-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1GCTRXEQ9SUC&pg=PA1">preview.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412085430/https://books.google.com/books?id=1GCTRXEQ9SUC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Manor, James (1999). <i>The Political Economy of Democratic Decentralization</i>, The World Bank. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821344705" title="Special:BookSources/9780821344705">9780821344705</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elibrary.worldbank.org/content/book/9780821344705">Description.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alesina-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alesina_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Alesina" title="Alberto Alesina">Alesina, Alberto F.</a> (2007:3) "Political Economy," <i>NBER Reporter</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/reporter/2007number3/2007number3.pdf">pp. 1–5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611132147/http://www.nber.org/reporter/2007number3/2007number3.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Abstract-linked-footnotes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/reporter/2007number3/">version.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170206200620/http://nber.org/reporter/2007number3/2007number3.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-02-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drazen, Allan (2000). <i>Political Economy in Macroeconomics</i>, Princeton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6819.html">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101022150718/http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6819.html">Archived</a> 2010-10-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> & ch. 1-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s6819.html">link.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101207135934/http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/s6819.html">Archived</a> 2010-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and review <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2698665">extract.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Dietz, Simon, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Michie" title="Jonathan Michie">Jonathan Michie</a>, and Christine Oughton (2011). <i>Political Economy of the Environment An Interdisciplinary Approach</i>, Routledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415437530/">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130623022014/http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415437530/">Archived</a> 2013-06-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewidgetsonline.net/dxreader/Reader.aspx?token=0ca43e7ab5694e34864d5105653e3c73&rand=367513239&buyNowLink=&page=&chapter=">preview.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723083755/http://www.ewidgetsonline.net/dxreader/Reader.aspx?token=0ca43e7ab5694e34864d5105653e3c73&rand=367513239&buyNowLink=&page=&chapter=">Archived</a> 2013-07-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Banzhaf, H. Spencer, ed. (2012). <i>The Political Economy of Environmental Justice</i> Stanford U.P. Description and contents <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/book.cgi?id=20260">links.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119130312/http://sup.org/book.cgi?id=20260">Archived</a> 2013-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Gleeson, Brendan, and Nicholas Low (1998). <i>Justice, Society and Nature An Exploration of Political Ecology</i>, Routledge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psypress.com/books/details/9780415145176/">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510060252/http://www.psypress.com/books/details/9780415145176/">Archived</a> 2013-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzd10izMg78C&pg=PA1">preview.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412085428/https://books.google.com/books?id=kzd10izMg78C&pg=PA1">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/John_S._Dryzek" class="mw-redirect" title="John S. Dryzek">John S. Dryzek</a>, 2000. <i>Rational Ecology: Environment and Political Economy</i>, Blackburn Press. B&N <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/rational-ecology-john-s-dryzek/1004079160?ean=9781930665095">description.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517070636/http://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/rational-ecology-john-s-dryzek/1004079160?ean=9781930665095">Archived</a> 2013-05-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Barry, John 2001. "Justice, Nature and Political Economy," <i>Economy and Society</i>, 30(3), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/172734/Justice_nature_and_political_economy">381–394.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171112000822/http://www.academia.edu/172734/Justice_nature_and_political_economy">Archived</a> 2017-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <br />   • Boyce, James K. (2002). <i>The Political Economy of the Environment</i>, Edward Elgar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/bookentry_main.lasso?id=2080">Description.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522214634/http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/bookentry_main.lasso?id=2080">Archived</a> 2013-05-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• Zajac, Edward E. (1996). <i>Political Economy of Fairness</i>, MIT Press <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/political-economy-fairness">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140306140740/http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/political-economy-fairness">Archived</a> 2014-03-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DBoWY7r-F3sC&pg=PR7">links.</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Lester_C._Thurow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester C. Thurow">Thurow, Lester C.</a> (1980). <i>The Zero-sum Society: Distribution and the Possibilities For Economic Change</i>, Penguin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5uBbTOzYOAC&pg=PA233">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430080731/https://books.google.com/books?id=V5uBbTOzYOAC&pg=PA233">Archived</a> 2023-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V5uBbTOzYOAC&pg=PP4=ONEPAGE">preview.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412085428/https://books.google.com/books?id=V5uBbTOzYOAC&pg=PP4=onepage">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">• <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Persson" title="Torsten Persson">Persson, Torsten</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guido_Tabellini" title="Guido Tabellini">Guido Tabellini</a> (2000). <i>Political Economics: Explaining Economic Policy</i>, MIT Press. Review <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2698665">extract</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060911000631/http://mitpress.mit.edu/catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=8754">description</a> and chapter-preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3h_M3QI7OYC&pg=PR7=GBS_ATB">links.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412085427/https://books.google.com/books?id=q3h_M3QI7OYC&pg=PR7=gbs_atb">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Laffont" title="Jean-Jacques Laffont">Laffont, Jean-Jacques</a> (2000). <i>Incentives and Political Economy</i>, Oxford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0199248680.001.0001/acprof-9780199248681">Description.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510210708/http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/0199248680.001.0001/acprof-9780199248681">Archived</a> 2013-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><br />   • Acemoglu, Daron (2003). "Why Not a Political Coase Theorem? Social Conflict, Commitment, and Politics," <i>Journal of Comparative Economics</i>, 31(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econ-www.mit.edu/files/4461">620–652.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304202617/http://econ-www.mit.edu/files/4461">Archived</a> 2012-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Persson, Torsten, and Guido Tabellini (2003). <i>The Economic Effects Of Constitutions</i>, Munich Lectures in Economics. MIT Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/economic-effects-constitutions">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115104111/http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/economic-effects-constitutions">Archived</a> 2013-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NjCw9eSvNPMC&pg=PR11">preview</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412083003/https://books.google.com/books?id=NjCw9eSvNPMC&pg=PR11">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and review <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2698665">extract.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayer, Charles S. (1987). <i>In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy</i>, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 3–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1135479/?site_locale=en_GB">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309165722/http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item1135479/?site_locale=en_GB">Archived</a> 2013-03-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and scrollable <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nKOHoyAMnugC&dq=false&pg=PR7">preview.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230430080739/https://books.google.com/books?id=nKOHoyAMnugC&dq=false&pg=PR7">Archived</a> 2023-04-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Cambridge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf: Baker, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidlewisbaker.net/baker_political_economy_of_fascism">"The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110623033918/http://davidlewisbaker.net/baker_political_economy_of_fascism">Archived</a> 2011-06-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>New Political Economy</i>, 11(2), pp. 227–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Chris (July 1999). "Susan Strange—a critical appreciation". <i>Review of International Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (3): 531–535. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0260210599005318">10.1017/S0260210599005318</a></span> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-9044">1469-9044</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Susan+Strange%E2%80%94a+critical+appreciation&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=531-535&rft.date=1999-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0260210599005318&rft.issn=1469-9044&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, Benjamin J. "The transatlantic divide: Why are American and British IPE so different?", <i>Review of International Political Economy</i>, Vol. 14, No. 2, May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCoy, Drew R. "The Elusive Republic: Political Economy in Jeffersonian America", Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, David (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/dkennedy/publications/PoliticalEconomy.pdf">"Law and the Political Economy of the World"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Leiden Journal of International Law</i>. <b>26</b>: 7–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0922156512000635">10.1017/S0922156512000635</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153363066">153363066</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193957/http://www.law.harvard.edu/faculty/dkennedy/publications/PoliticalEconomy.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leiden+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Law+and+the+Political+Economy+of+the+World&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=7-48&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0922156512000635&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153363066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.harvard.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fdkennedy%2Fpublications%2FPoliticalEconomy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaskell2015" class="citation book cs1">Haskell, John D. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Political+Economy+%26%23124%3B+Department+of+Political+Economy+%26%23124%3B+King%27s+College+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcl.ac.uk%2Fpolitical-economy%2Fabout%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speri.dept.shef.ac.uk/2012/11/05/political-economy/">"Why Political Economy?"</a>. <i>SPERI</i>. 2012-11-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816215312/http://speri.dept.shef.ac.uk/2012/11/05/political-economy/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SPERI&rft.atitle=Why+Political+Economy%3F&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsperi.dept.shef.ac.uk%2F2012%2F11%2F05%2Fpolitical-economy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poleconuk.net/">"Home"</a>. <i>The Political Economy UK Group</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044246/https://www.poleconuk.net/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-03-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Political+Economy+UK+Group&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poleconuk.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-economy">"political economy"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=political+economy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fpolitical-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hirth, Kenneth G. 1996. Political Economy and Archaeology: Perspectives on Exchange and Production. <i>Journal of Archaeological Research</i>, 4(3):203–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayLevinSugihara2008" class="citation journal cs1">May, Robert M.; Levin, Simon A.; Sugihara, George (February 21, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F451893a">"Ecology for bankers"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>451</b> (7181): 893–895. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F451893a">10.1038/451893a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18288170">18288170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Ecology+for+bankers&rft.volume=451&rft.issue=7181&rft.pages=893-895&rft.date=2008-02-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F451893a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18288170&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Levin%2C+Simon+A.&rft.au=Sugihara%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F451893a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolitical+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_economy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Baran" title="Paul A. Baran">Baran, Paul A.</a> (1957). <i>The Political Economy of Growth</i>. Monthly Review Press, New York. Review <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/guild19&div=12&id=&page=">extrract.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150501031626/http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/guild19&div=12&id=&page=">Archived</a> 2015-05-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Commons" title="John R. Commons">Commons, John R.</a> (1934 [1986]). <i>Institutional Economics: Its Place in Political Economy</i>, Macmillan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transactionpub.com/title/Institutional-Economics-978-0-88738-797-5.html">Description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510011622/http://www.transactionpub.com/title/Institutional-Economics-978-0-88738-797-5.html">Archived</a> 2011-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wFHlGU70ZAC&pg=PR11">preview.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412085427/https://books.google.com/books?id=1wFHlGU70ZAC&pg=PR11">Archived</a> 2023-04-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>David, F., "Utopia and the Critique of Political Economy." <i>Journal of Australian Political Economy, Australian Political Economy Movement</i>, 1 Jan. 2017</li> <li>Komls, John (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eResEAAAQBAJ&q=John+Komlos,+Foundations"><i>Foundations of Real-World Economics; What Every Economics Student Needs To Know (3rd edition)</i></a> Routledge.</li> <li>Leroux, Robert (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KlpmswEACAAJ"><i>Political Economy and Liberalism in France : The Contributions of Frédéric Bastiat</i></a>, London, Routledge.</li> <li>Maggi, Giovanni, and Andrés Rodríguez-Clare (2007). "A Political-Economy Theory of Trade Agreements," <i>American Economic Review</i>, 97(4), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/30034097">1374</a>–1406.</li> <li>O'Hara, Phillip Anthony, ed. (1999). <i>Encyclopedia of Political Economy</i>, 2 v. Routledge. 2003 review <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513195120/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5437/is_4_37/ai_n29053295/">links.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pressman_(economist)" title="Steven Pressman (economist)">Pressman, Steven</a>, <i>Interactions in Political Economy: Malvern After Ten Years</i> Routledge, 1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Rausser" title="Gordon Rausser">Rausser, Gordon</a>, Swinnen, Johan, and Zusman, Pinhas (2011). <i>Political Power and Economic Policy.</i> Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Winch, Donald (1996). <i>Riches and Poverty : An Intellectual History of Political Economy in Britain, 1750–1834</i> Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_economy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Political_Economy" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Political Economy">Political Economy</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Political_Economy" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Political Economy">Political Economy</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Political economy</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Political+economy">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Political+economy&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="National Bureau of Economic Research">NBER</a> (U.S.) "Political Economy" <a href="/wiki/Working_paper" title="Working paper">working-paper</a> abstract <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papersbyprog/POL.html">links.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Economic_Policy_Research#VoxEU.org" title="Centre for Economic Policy Research">VoxEU.org</a> (Europe) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/315">"Politics and economics"</a> article links.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/50951">An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Oeconomy</a>, by <a href="/wiki/James_Steuart_(economist)" title="James Steuart (economist)">James Steuart</a> (1712-1780), two volumes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Harriet Martineau</a> 1802-1876, a writer on political economy, some books at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/25319">Project Gutenberg</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Macroeconomics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Macroeconomics" title="Template:Macroeconomics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Macroeconomics" title="Template talk:Macroeconomics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Macroeconomics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Macroeconomics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Macroeconomics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">Macroeconomics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_demand" title="Aggregate demand">Aggregate demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_supply" title="Aggregate supply">Aggregate supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_annual_growth_rate" title="Compound annual growth rate">CAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">Deflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_shock" title="Demand shock">Demand shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinflation" title="Disinflation">Disinflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_demand" title="Effective demand">Effective demand</a></li> <li>Expectations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_expectations" title="Adaptive expectations">Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_expectations" title="Rational expectations">Rational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand-pull_inflation" title="Demand-pull inflation">Demand-pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost-push_inflation" title="Cost-push inflation">Cost-push</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interest_rate" title="Interest rate">Interest rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_(macroeconomics)" title="Investment (macroeconomics)">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_trap" title="Liquidity trap">Liquidity trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measures_of_national_income_and_output" title="Measures of national income and output">Measures of national income and output</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">GNI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_national_income" title="Net national income">NNI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfoundations" title="Microfoundations">Microfoundations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_money" title="Endogenous money">Endogenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_creation" title="Money creation">Money creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_for_money" title="Demand for money">Demand for money</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_preference" title="Liquidity preference">Liquidity preference</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">Money supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">National accounts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/System_of_National_Accounts" title="System of National Accounts">SNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_rigidity" title="Nominal rigidity">Nominal rigidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_level" title="Price level">Price level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinkflation" title="Shrinkflation">Shrinkflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">Stagflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_shock" title="Supply shock">Supply shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_saving" title="National saving">Saving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy" title="Fiscal policy">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_policy" title="Commercial policy">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/IS%E2%80%93LM_model" title="IS–LM model">IS–LM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AD%E2%80%93AS_model" title="AD–AS model">AD–AS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_cross" title="Keynesian cross">Keynesian cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplier_(economics)" title="Multiplier (economics)">Multiplier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accelerator_effect" title="Accelerator effect">Accelerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_curve" title="Phillips curve">Phillips curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow%E2%80%93Debreu_model" title="Arrow–Debreu model">Arrow–Debreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrod%E2%80%93Domar_model" title="Harrod–Domar model">Harrod–Domar</a>Нмиф</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solow%E2%80%93Swan_model" title="Solow–Swan model">Solow–Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey%E2%80%93Cass%E2%80%93Koopmans_model" title="Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans model">Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlapping_generations_model" title="Overlapping generations model">Overlapping generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">General equilibrium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_stochastic_general_equilibrium" title="Dynamic stochastic general equilibrium">DSGE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_growth_theory" title="Endogenous growth theory">Endogenous growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matching_theory_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matching theory (economics)">Matching theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundell%E2%80%93Fleming_model" title="Mundell–Fleming model">Mundell–Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshooting_model" title="Overshooting model">Overshooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAIRU" title="NAIRU">NAIRU</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_statistics" title="Economic statistics">Economic statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_economics" title="Monetary economics">Monetary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_economics" title="International economics">International economics</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_macroeconomic_thought" title="History of macroeconomic thought">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainstream</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Keynesian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Keynesian economics">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics" title="New Keynesian economics">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics" title="New classical macroeconomics">New classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_business-cycle_theory" title="Real business-cycle theory">Real business-cycle theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm_school_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockholm school (economics)">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_neoclassical_synthesis" title="New neoclassical synthesis">New neoclassical synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_and_freshwater_economics" title="Saltwater and freshwater economics">Saltwater and freshwater</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heterodox</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian School">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_monetary_theory" title="Modern monetary theory">Modern monetary theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_circuit_theory" title="Monetary circuit theory">Circuitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disequilibrium_macroeconomics" title="Disequilibrium macroeconomics">Disequilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_economics" title="Marxian economics">Marxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/wiki/Category:Macroeconomists" title="Category:Macroeconomists">macroeconomists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Quesnay" title="François Quesnay">François Quesnay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus">Thomas Robert Malthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Walras" title="Léon Walras">Léon Walras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Wicksell" title="Knut Wicksell">Knut Wicksell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Fisher" title="Irving Fisher">Irving Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Clair_Mitchell" title="Wesley Clair Mitchell">Wesley Clair Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Hansen" title="Alvin Hansen">Alvin Hansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Michał Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Kuznets" title="Simon Kuznets">Simon Kuznets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Robinson" title="Joan Robinson">Joan Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hicks" title="John Hicks">John Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stone" title="Richard Stone">Richard Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyman_Minsky" title="Hyman Minsky">Hyman Minsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Klein" title="Lawrence Klein">Lawrence Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Phelps" title="Edmund Phelps">Edmund Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_Jr." title="Robert Lucas Jr.">Robert Lucas Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Prescott" title="Edward C. Prescott">Edward C. Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Diamond" title="Peter Diamond">Peter Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nordhaus" title="William Nordhaus">William Nordhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Sargent" title="Thomas J. Sargent">Thomas J. Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krugman" title="Paul Krugman">Paul Krugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Mankiw" title="Greg Mankiw">N. Gregory Mankiw</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic_model" title="Macroeconomic model">Macroeconomic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_economics#Macroeconomics" title="List of important publications in economics">Publications in macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_economics" title="Applied economics">Applied</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></li> <li>Political economy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">Mathematical economics</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Macroeconomics" title="Category:Macroeconomics">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_trade" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_trade" title="Template:International trade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_trade" title="Template talk:International trade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_trade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International trade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">International trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_advantage" title="Absolute advantage">Absolute advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_payments" title="Balance of payments">Balance of payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">Balance of trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_account" title="Capital account">Capital account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">Comparative advantage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_account_(balance_of_payments)" title="Current account (balance of payments)">Current account</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">Export-oriented industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">Foreign exchange reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_substitution_industrialization" title="Import substitution industrialization">Import substitution industrialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_capital_outflow" title="Net capital outflow">Net capital outflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">Tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_justice" title="Trade justice">Trade justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_war" title="Trade war">Trade war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trading_nation" title="Trading nation">Trading nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations<br />and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Conference on Trade and Development">UN Conference on Trade and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_investment_treaty" title="Bilateral investment treaty">Bilateral investment treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incoterms" title="Incoterms">Incoterms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATA_Carnet" title="ATA Carnet">ATA Carnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_agreement" title="Trade agreement">Trade agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_barrier" title="Trade barrier">Trade barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_bloc" title="Trade bloc">Trade bloc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Political economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Repeal_of_the_Corn_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Repeal of the Corn Laws">Repeal of the Corn Laws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Autarky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedollarisation" title="Dedollarisation">Dedollarisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia-Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe, Central Asia, and North Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_Belarus,_Kazakhstan,_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia">Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">European Union Customs Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East and North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Customs_Union" title="Arab Customs Union">Arab Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Council_for_the_Arab_States_of_the_Gulf" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsaharan Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Community_of_Central_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa">Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Customs_Union" title="Southern African Customs Union">Southern African Customs Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_Economic_and_Monetary_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Economic and Monetary Union">West African Economic and Monetary Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_top_exporting_countries_by_product_category" title="List of top exporting countries by product category">Exports by product</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aircraft_and_spacecraft_exports" title="List of countries by aircraft and spacecraft exports">Aircraft & Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aircraft_component_exports" title="List of countries by aircraft component exports">Aircraft parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_aluminium_exports" title="List of countries by aluminium exports">Aluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_automotive_component_exports" title="List of countries by automotive component exports">Car parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal#Major_exporters" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coffee_exports" title="List of countries by coffee exports">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_computer_exports" title="List of countries by computer exports">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_copper_exports" title="List of countries by copper exports">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_maize_exports" title="List of countries by maize exports">Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_cotton_exports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by cotton exports">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_diamond_exports" title="List of countries by diamond exports">Diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_exports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by electricity exports">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electronics_exports" title="List of countries by electronics exports">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_engine_exports" title="List of countries by engine exports">Engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gas_turbine_exports" title="List of countries by gas turbine exports">Gas turbines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_gold_exports" title="List of countries by gold exports">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_integrated_circuit_exports" title="List of countries by integrated circuit exports">Integrated circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-ore_exports_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron-ore exports by country">Iron ore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_live_animal_exports" title="List of countries by live animal exports">Live animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_refined_petroleum_exports" title="List of countries by refined petroleum exports">Petrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_pharmaceutical_exports" title="List of countries by pharmaceutical exports">Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_photovoltaics_exports" title="List of countries by photovoltaics exports">Photovoltaics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_ship_exports" title="List of countries by ship exports">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_steel_production#Exports" title="List of countries by steel production">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_telecommunications_equipment_exports" title="List of countries by telecommunications equipment exports">Telecommunications equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_telephone_exports" title="List of countries by telephone exports">Telephones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_textile_exports" title="List of countries by textile exports">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_truck_exports" title="List of countries by truck exports">Trucks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicle_exports" title="List of countries by vehicle exports">Vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wheat_exports" title="List of countries by wheat exports">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine#Exporting_countries" title="Wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:International_trade" title="Category:International trade">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:International_trade" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:International trade">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_sciences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_sciences" title="Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_sciences" title="Template talk:Social sciences"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_sciences" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social sciences"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_sciences" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social sciences</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_social_science" title="Outline of social science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_social_sciences" title="History of the social sciences">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">physical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">mathematical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">integrated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">auxiliary sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" 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