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Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">132 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedeksadiges" title="Bedeksadiges – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bedeksadiges" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%95%E1%89%A5_%E1%8B%98%E1%88%AD" title="ክንንብ ዘር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክንንብ ዘር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="फूल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फूल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B0%D9%88%D8%B1" title="كاسيات البذور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاسيات البذور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27avo_ipot%C3%BDva" title="Ka'avo ipotýva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ka'avo ipotýva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D3%80-%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хер – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ТӀогьолаб гъветӀ-хер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87i%C3%A7%C9%99kli_bitkil%C9%99r" title="Çiçəkli bitkilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çiçəkli bitkilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%DA%86%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="چیچکلی بیتکیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چیچکلی بیتکیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entikan_masekar" title="Entikan masekar – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Entikan masekar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6" title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সপুষ্পক উদ্ভিদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khui-hoe_si%CC%8Dt-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Khui-hoe si̍t-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Khui-hoe si̍t-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_ngembang" title="Tetanduran ngembang – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Tetanduran ngembang" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="Сәскәле үҫемлектәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәскәле үҫемлектәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кветкавыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кветкавыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Кветкавыя расьліны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кветкавыя расьліны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="फूलदार पौधा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फूलदार पौधा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinanom_na_namumurak" title="Tinanom na namumurak – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tinanom na namumurak" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Покритосеменни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Покритосеменни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedecktsama" title="Bedecktsama – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bedecktsama" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cvjetnica" title="Cvjetnica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Cvjetnica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermes" title="Angiospermes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Angiospermes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%C4%95_%D3%B3%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чечеклĕ ӳсентăран – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чечеклĕ ӳсентăран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosemenn%C3%A9" title="Krytosemenné – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krytosemenné" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planhigyn_blodeuol" title="Planhigyn blodeuol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Planhigyn blodeuol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A6kfr%C3%B8ede_planter" title="Dækfrøede planter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dækfrøede planter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedecktsamer" title="Bedecktsamer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bedecktsamer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3k%C5%A1yty_semjenjak" title="Pókšyty semjenjak – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pókšyty semjenjak" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katteseemnetaimed" title="Katteseemnetaimed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katteseemnetaimed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Αγγειόσπερμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αγγειόσπερμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Flowering plant" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermoj" title="Angiospermoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Angiospermoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landare_loredun" title="Landare loredun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Landare loredun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گیاهان گل‌دار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گیاهان گل‌دار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperme" title="Angiosperme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Angiosperme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiospermas" title="Anxiospermas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anxiospermas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Зиза хула баьцовгӀаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Зиза хула баьцовгӀаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8D%EC%94%A8%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC" title="속씨식물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="속씨식물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ծաղկավոր բույսեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծաղկավոր բույսեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE" title="सपुष्पक पौधा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सपुष्पक पौधा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosymjenjak" title="Krytosymjenjak – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Krytosymjenjak" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritosjemenja%C4%8De" title="Kritosjemenjače – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kritosjemenjače" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermi" title="Angiospermi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Angiospermi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mula_nga_agsabsabong" title="Mula nga agsabsabong – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mula nga agsabsabong" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga" title="Tumbuhan berbunga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumbuhan berbunga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B9%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Дидинæгджын зайæгойтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дидинæгджын зайæгойтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulfr%C3%A6vingar" title="Dulfrævingar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dulfrævingar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperme" title="Angiosperme – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Angiosperme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9D" title="בעלי פרחים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בעלי פרחים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetanduran_ngembang" title="Tetanduran ngembang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tetanduran ngembang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%9C_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಆವೃತಬೀಜ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆವೃತಬೀಜ ಸಸ್ಯಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ყვავილოვანი მცენარეები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყვავილოვანი მცენარეები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%96_%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Гүлді өсімдіктер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гүлді өсімдіктер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjyosp%C3%A8m" title="Anjyospèm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Anjyospèm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riwek%C3%AAn_kul%C3%AElkdar" title="Riwekên kulîlkdar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riwekên kulîlkdar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жабык уруктуулар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жабык уруктуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiospermae" title="Angiospermae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Angiospermae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segs%C4%93k%C4%BCi" title="Segsēkļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Segsēkļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%A9ieplanzen" title="Bléieplanzen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bléieplanzen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnolij%C5%ABnai" title="Magnolijūnai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magnolijūnai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C3%A8kz%C3%A4%C3%B6jige" title="Bedèkzäöjige – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bedèkzäöjige" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantas_florinte" title="Plantas florinte – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Plantas florinte" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1rvaterm%C5%91k" title="Zárvatermők – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Zárvatermők" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Скриеносеменици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Скриеносеменици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF" title="സപുഷ്പി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സപുഷ്പി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="आवृत्तबीजी वनस्पती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="आवृत्तबीजी वनस्पती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="პეულამი ჩანარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პეულამი ჩანარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga" title="Tumbuhan berbunga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tumbuhan berbunga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Цэцэгт ургамал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цэцэгт ургамал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ပန်းပွင့်သော အပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပန်းပွင့်သော အပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teconxinachtli" title="Teconxinachtli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teconxinachtli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedektzadigen" title="Bedektzadigen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bedektzadigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="फूल फुल्ने वनस्पति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="फूल फुल्ने वनस्पति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloosenplaanten" title="Bloosenplaanten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bloosenplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomsterplanter" title="Blomsterplanter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blomsterplanter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekkfr%C3%B8plantar" title="Dekkfrøplantar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dekkfrøplantar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A7%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Шылтымнӧшман кушкыл – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шылтымнӧшман кушкыл" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biqiltoota_Daraaraa" title="Biqiltoota Daraaraa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Biqiltoota Daraaraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulli_o%CA%BBsimliklar" title="Gulli oʻsimliklar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gulli oʻsimliklar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE" title="ਫੁੱਲਦਾਰ ਬੂਟਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫੁੱਲਦਾਰ ਬੂਟਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8F%DA%BE%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%B9%DB%92" title="پُھل دار بوٹے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پُھل دار بوٹے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%BC%DB%8C" title="ګل لرونکی بوټی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګل لرونکی بوټی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todecktsadige" title="Todecktsadige – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Todecktsadige" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okrytonasienne" title="Okrytonasienne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Okrytonasienne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperma" title="Angiosperma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Angiosperma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatasqa_muruyuq" title="Qatasqa muruyuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qatasqa muruyuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Цветковые растения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цветковые растения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flouerin_plant" title="Flouerin plant – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Flouerin plant" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bim%C3%ABt_me_lule" title="Bimët me lule – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bimët me lule" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnoliophyta" title="Magnoliophyta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Magnoliophyta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A" title="සපුෂ්ප ශාක – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සපුෂ්ප ශාක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%BD%D8%A7" title="گلن وارا ٻوٽا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گلن وارا ٻوٽا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krytosemenn%C3%A9_rastliny" title="Krytosemenné rastliny – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krytosemenné rastliny" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kritosemenke" title="Kritosemenke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kritosemenke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhirta_ubaxa" title="Dhirta ubaxa – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhirta ubaxa" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%DA%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ڕوەکی گوڵدار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕوەکی گوڵدار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Скривеносеменице – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Скривеносеменице" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrivenosjemenice" title="Skrivenosjemenice – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Skrivenosjemenice" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutuwuhan_kembangan" title="Tutuwuhan kembangan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tutuwuhan kembangan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppisiemeniset" title="Koppisiemeniset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koppisiemeniset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomv%C3%A4xter" title="Blomväxter – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blomväxter" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halamang_namumulaklak" title="Halamang namumulaklak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Halamang namumulaklak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பூக்கும் தாவரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூக்கும் தாவரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timesdurifsan" title="Timesdurifsan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Timesdurifsan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D3%99%D1%87%D3%99%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Чәчәкле үсемлекләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чәчәкле үсемлекләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%83%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఆవృతబీజాలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆవృతబీజాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="พืชดอก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พืชดอก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBakau_matala" title="ʻakau matala – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻakau matala" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapal%C4%B1_tohumlular" title="Kapalı tohumlular – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kapalı tohumlular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Покритонасінні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Покритонасінні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%92" title="پھولدار پودے – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھولدار پودے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katesemni%C5%BEed" title="Katesemnižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Katesemnižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_c%C3%B3_hoa" title="Thực vật có hoa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thực vật có hoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedektzoadign" title="Bedektzoadign – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bedektzoadign" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namumukad_nga_tanaman" title="Namumukad nga tanaman – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Namumukad nga tanaman" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%9F" title="בליענדיקע פלאנצן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בליענדיקע פלאנצן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BD%C4%97id%C4%97n%C4%93_augal%C4%81" title="Žėidėnē augalā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žėidėnē augalā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A2%AB%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="被子植物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="被子植物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperma" title="Angiosperma – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Angiosperma" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25314#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Diff" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink"><span class="mw-helplink-icon"></span>Help</a></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-revslider-container"><span style='width: 100%; text-align: center;' id='ooui-php-1' class='mw-revslider-toggle-button oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-indicatorElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ButtonWidget","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"indicator":"down","label":"Browse history interactively","title":"Open revision slider","classes":["mw-revslider-toggle-button"]}'><a role='button' title='Open revision slider' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-iconElement-noIcon'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Browse history interactively</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicator-down'></span></a></span><div class="mw-revslider-slider-wrapper" style="display: none;"><div class="mw-revslider-placeholder"><div class="mw-revslider-spinner"><div class="mw-revslider-bounce"></div></div></div></div></div><div class="mw-diff-revision-history-links"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&diff=prev&oldid=6669239" class="mw-diff-revision-history-link-previous" title="Flowering plant">← Earlier diff</a></div><div class="mw-diff-table-prefix" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-inline-legend oo-ui-element-hidden"><span class="mw-diff-inline-legend-del">Content deleted</span> <span class="mw-diff-inline-legend-ins">Content added</span></div><div class="ve-init-mw-diffPage-diffMode"><span class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonGroupWidget'><span aria-disabled='true' class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-disabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-framed oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget'><a role='button' tabindex='-1' aria-disabled='true' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-eye oo-ui-image-invert'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Visual</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator oo-ui-image-invert'></span></a></span><span class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-framed oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget oo-ui-buttonElement-active'><a role='button' tabindex='0' rel='nofollow' class='oo-ui-buttonElement-button'><span class='oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-wikiText oo-ui-image-invert'></span><span class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Wikitext</span><span class='oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator oo-ui-image-invert'></span></a></span></span></div><div class="mw-diffPage-inlineToggle-container"><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch-layout' class='oo-ui-layout oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-fieldLayout oo-ui-fieldLayout-align-left' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.FieldLayout","fieldWidget":{"tag":"mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch"},"$overlay":true,"label":"Inline","title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-body'><span class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-header'><label title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' id='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-labelElement-label'>Inline</label></span><div class='oo-ui-fieldLayout-field'><div id='mw-diffPage-inline-toggle-switch' title='Switches between inline format and two-column format' aria-checked='false' tabindex='0' role='switch' aria-labelledby='ooui-php-2' class='oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-toggleWidget oo-ui-toggleWidget-off oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget' data-ooui='{"_":"OO.ui.ToggleSwitchWidget","href":"\/w\/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&diff=9629900&oldid=6669239&diff-type=inline","value":false,"title":"Switches between inline format and two-column format"}'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-glow'></span><a href='/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&diff=9629900&oldid=6669239&diff-type=inline'><span class='oo-ui-toggleSwitchWidget-grip'></span></a></div></div></div></div></div></div><table class="diff diff-type-table diff-contentalign-left diff-editfont-monospace" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" class="diff-otitle diff-side-deleted"><div id="mw-diff-otitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&oldid=6669239" title="Flowering plant">Revision as of 01:48, 19 September 2019</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&oldid=6669239" title="Flowering plant">change</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2019-09-19T01:48:09Z"></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:ChenzwBot" class="mw-userlink" title="User:ChenzwBot" data-mw-revid="6669239"><bdi>ChenzwBot</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:ChenzwBot" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:ChenzwBot">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot">changes</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bots" title="Wikipedia:Bots">Bots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemptions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollback_feature" title="Wikipedia:Rollback feature">Rollbackers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>116,937</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses"><a href="/wiki/Help:Revert_a_page" title="Help:Revert a page">Reverted</a> edits by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/186.84.21.226" title="Special:Contributions/186.84.21.226">186.84.21.226</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:186.84.21.226" title="User talk:186.84.21.226">talk</a>) to last version by DannyS712</span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-rollback">Rollback</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-otitle4"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&diff=prev&oldid=6669239" title="Flowering plant" id="differences-prevlink">← Earlier diff</a></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-ntitle diff-side-added"><div id="mw-diff-ntitle1"><strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&oldid=9629900" title="Flowering plant">Latest revision as of 13:43, 4 July 2024</a> <span class="mw-diff-edit"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit" title="Flowering plant">change</a></span><span class="mw-diff-timestamp" data-timestamp="2024-07-04T13:43:29Z"></span> <span class="mw-diff-undo"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&undoafter=6669239&undo=9629900" title=""Undo" reverts this edit and opens the edit form in preview mode. It allows adding a reason in the summary.">undo</a></span></strong></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle2"><a href="/wiki/User:W%C3%BCstenspringmaus" class="mw-userlink" title="User:Wüstenspringmaus" data-mw-revid="9629900"><bdi>Wüstenspringmaus</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:W%C3%BCstenspringmaus" class="mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:Wüstenspringmaus">talk</a> | <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/W%C3%BCstenspringmaus" class="mw-usertoollinks-contribs" title="Special:Contributions/Wüstenspringmaus">changes</a>)</span><div class="mw-diff-usermetadata"><div class="mw-diff-userroles"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Rollback_feature" title="Wikipedia:Rollback feature">Rollbackers</a></div><div class="mw-diff-usereditcount"><span>390</span> edits</div></div></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle3"><abbr class="minoredit" title="This is a minor edit">m</abbr> <span class="comment comment--without-parentheses">Reverted 1 edit by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/171.33.196.252" title="Special:Contributions/171.33.196.252">171.33.196.252</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:171.33.196.252" title="User talk:171.33.196.252">talk</a>) identified as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VAND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VAND">vandalism</a> to last revision by PotsdamLamb. (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TW" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TW">TW</a>)</span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle5"><span class="mw-tag-markers"><a href="/wiki/Special:Tags" title="Special:Tags">Tag</a>: <span class="mw-tag-marker mw-tag-marker-mw-undo">Undo</span></span></div><div id="mw-diff-ntitle4"> </div></td> </tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="diff-multi" lang="en">(38 intermediate revisions by 17 users not shown)</td></tr><tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>{{Taxobox</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>{{Taxobox</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| name<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Flowering Plants</del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| name = <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Angiospermae</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| fossil_range<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = <br/>[[Lower Cretaceous]] – Recent</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| fossil_range = <br/>[[Lower Cretaceous]] – Recent</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = Galanthus nivalis.jpg</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image = Galanthus nivalis.jpg</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image_width<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = 240px</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image_width = 240px</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| image_caption<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = [[Snowdrop]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| image_caption = [[Snowdrop]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| regnum<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = [[Plant]]ae</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| regnum = [[Plant]]ae</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| subregnum<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = [[Embryophyte|Embryophyta]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| subregnum = [[Embryophyte|Embryophyta]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>| divisio<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> = '''Angiospermae'''</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>| divisio = '''Angiospermae'''</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| subdivision_ranks = [[Class (biology)|Classes]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| subdivision_ranks = [[Class (biology)|Classes]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>| subdivision = Traditional groups:<br/></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>| subdivision = Traditional groups:<br/></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Magnoliopsida]] – Dicots<br /></div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>[[Magnoliopsida]] – Dicots<br /></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]] – Monocots}}</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]] – Monocots</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>}}</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Amborella trichopoda.jpg|thumb|200px|''[[Amborella]]'': the oldest surviving Angiosperm]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>'''Flowering plants''' are [[Plant|plants]] that bear [[Flower|flowers]] and [[Fruit|fruits]]. Most land plants today are flowering plants ('''Angiosperm''' or '''Magnoliophyta'''). </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_8_1_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_7_0_lhs"></a><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''Flowering plants''' (also called '''Angiosperms''' or '''Magnoliophyta''') are the dominant land plants today. </del>Together with the [[Gymnosperm|gymnosperms]] they make up the [[seed plants]]. They <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are different</del> from the gymnosperms <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">because</del> angiosperms <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bear</del> [[flower]]s, and have enclosed [[ovule]]s. Gymnosperms <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bear</del> naked seeds on cones or open structures.</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_7_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_8_1_rhs"></a>Together with the [[Gymnosperm|gymnosperms]] they make up the [[seed plants]]. They <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">differ</ins> from the gymnosperms <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in that</ins> angiosperms <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have</ins> [[flower]]s, and have enclosed [[ovule]]s. Gymnosperms <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">have</ins> naked seeds on cones or open structures.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Typical adaptations ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Typical adaptations ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>[[File:Rose bud.jpg|thumb<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|right</del>|150px|[[Bud]] of a pink [[rose]]]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>[[File:Rose bud.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Bud]] of a pink [[rose]]]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>Angiosperms have a number of [[derived]] characters, which evolved as they split off from the gymnosperms.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>Angiosperms have a number of [[derived]] characters, which evolved as they split off from the gymnosperms.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Flower]]s</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Flower]]s</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Flowers, the [[reproductive organ]]s of flowering plants, are the most remarkable feature distinguishing them from other [[seed plant]]s. Flowers, with their colour and their [[nectar]],<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> act to</del> attract pollinators, which are mostly insects and birds. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Whereas</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">gymnosperms</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">almost</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">entirely</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wind-pollinated,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">early</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">flowers</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">were</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">probably</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">all</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">insect-pollinated.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Some</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present-day</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">flowering</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">plants</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wind-pollinated,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">secondary</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">feature</del>.<ref><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bakker</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Robert</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">T.</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1986</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>The <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dinosaur</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">heresies:</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">new</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">theories</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">unlocking</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mystery</del> of the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dinosaurs</del> and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">their</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">extinction''</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Morrow,</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">New</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">York</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"></ref><sup>p182</sup></del></div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Flowers, the [[reproductive organ]]s of flowering plants, are the most remarkable feature distinguishing them from other [[seed plant]]s. Flowers, with their colour and their [[nectar]], attract pollinators, which are mostly insects and birds. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">95%</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">flowering</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">plants</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">tropical</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lowlands</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">rely</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">on</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">animals</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">for</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pollination</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dispersal</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seeds.<ref>Thomson,</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">John</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">N.</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1994.</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''The</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">coevolutionary</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">process''.</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">University</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of Chicago Press, p7</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> ISBN 0-226-79760-0</ins><<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/</ins>ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> Although in general</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">this</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is true, it is not true of one great group of angiosperms: the</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Grass|grasses]]</ins>. The <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">reason</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">not</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">clear,</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">but</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">grasses</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">dominate several</ins> of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">largest land areas: in North America, Asia,</ins> and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">in</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Africa</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">They</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">all wind-pollinated</ins>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Gymnosperms were and are almost entirely wind-pollinated, but early flowers were probably all insect-pollinated.<ref>Crepet WL, Friis EM, Nixon KC 1991. Fossil evidence for the evolution of biotic pollination [and discussion]. ''Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences''. '''333''' (1267): 187–195. [https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.1991.0067]</ref> Some present-day flowering plants are wind-pollinated, but that is a secondary feature.<ref>Bakker, Robert T. 1986. ''The dinosaur heresies: new theories unlocking the mystery of the dinosaurs and their extinction''. Morrow, New York.</ref><sup>p182</sup></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Fruit]]s</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Fruit]]s</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>The fertilized angiosperm ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary develops into the fruit. The fruit is often a way to use animals to spread the seeds far and wide. The fruit is made out of the [[carpel]] and some tissue <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">round</del> it. The carpel <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hold</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">inside</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">itself the</del> [[ovule]]s.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The fertilized angiosperm ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary develops into the fruit. The fruit is often a way to use animals to spread the seeds far and wide. The fruit is made out of the [[carpel]] and some tissue <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">around</ins> it. The carpel <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">carries</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">structures</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">called</ins> [[ovule]]s<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, inside which egg cells form</ins>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* [[Endosperm]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* [[Endosperm]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>In general, endosperms form after fertilization and before the first division of the [[zygote]]. Endosperm is a highly nutritive tissue that can provide food for the developing [[embryo]], the [[cotyledon]]s, and sometimes the [[seedling]] when it first appears.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>In general, endosperms form after fertilization and before the first division of the [[zygote]]. Endosperm is a highly nutritive tissue that can provide food for the developing [[embryo]], the [[cotyledon]]s, and sometimes the [[seedling]] when it first appears.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* Sexual parts</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* Sexual parts</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Specialised</del> sexual parts have led to [[co-evolution]] in fertilization and seed dispersal. The [[stamen]]s, and the male and female [[gametophyte]]s, have been adapted in many ways to suit particular pollinators. The smaller [[pollen grain]] shortens the time between pollination and fertilization, which can be up to a year in gymnosperms. The small female gametophyte also allows rapid seed production, which led to annual [[herbaceous]] [[life-cycle]]s.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Specialized</ins> sexual parts have led to [[co-evolution]] in fertilization and seed dispersal. The [[stamen]]s, and the male and female [[gametophyte]]s, have been adapted in many ways to suit particular pollinators. The smaller [[pollen grain]] shortens the time between pollination and fertilization, which can be up to a year in gymnosperms. The small female gametophyte also allows rapid seed production, which led to annual [[herbaceous]] [[life-cycle]]s.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>Adaptations in these novelties allowed angiosperms to invade many [[habitat]]s. They now dominate everywhere except the [[boreal forest]] or taiga, which is still composed almost entirely of gymnosperms.</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Adaptations in these novelties allowed angiosperms to invade many [[habitat]]s. They now dominate everywhere except the [[boreal forest]] or <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>taiga<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, which is still composed almost entirely of gymnosperms<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, usually [[Pine|pines]]</ins>.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Phylogeny ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Phylogeny ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>Molecular evidence indicates that the ancestors of angiosperms diverged from the gymnosperms during the late [[Devonian]], about 365 million years ago. They did not appear in the fossil record until the Mesozoic, almost two hundred million years later.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Stull|first1=Gregory W.|last2=Qu|first2=Xiao-Jian|last3=Parins-Fukuchi|first3=Caroline|last4=Yang|first4=Ying-Ying|last5=Yang|first5=Jun-Bo|last6=Yang|first6=Zhi-Yun|last7=Hu|first7=Yi|last8=Ma|first8=Hong|last9=Soltis|first9=Pamela S.|last10=Soltis|first10=Douglas E.|last11=Li|first11=De-Zhu|date=July 19, 2021|title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4|journal=Nature Plants|language=en|volume=7|issue=8|pages=1015–1025|doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|pmid=34282286|s2cid=236141481|issn=2055-0278|access-date=10 January 2022|archive-date=10 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110174725/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Otto S.P. & Whitton J. 2000. Polyploid incidence and evolution. ''Annu. Rev. Genet''. '''34''', 401–437.</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_25_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_23_0_lhs"></a>A whole [[genome]] duplication (doubling) at 160 million years ago (mya) may have started the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Callaway, Ewen | title = Shrub genome reveals secrets of flower power | journal = Nature | issue = | pages = | year = 2013 | pmid = | doi = 10.1038/nature.2013.14426 | url = http://www.nature.com/news/shrub-genome-reveals-secrets-of-flower-power-1.14426?WT.mc_id=GPL_NatureNews | volume= |bibcode = }}</ref> That event was studied by [[sequence analysis|sequencing the genome]] of an ancient flowering plant, ''[[Amborella trichopoda]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Keith Adams | title = Genomic <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Clues</del> to the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Ancestral</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Flowering</del> <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Plant</del> | journal = Science | issue = 6165 | pages = 1456–1457 |date=December 2013 | pmid = | doi = 10.1126/science.1248709 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6165/1456.summary | volume= 342 |bibcode = }}</ref> ''Amborella'', found on the Pacific island of [[New Caledonia]], belongs to a [[sister group]] of the other flowering plants. Studies suggest that it has features that may have been characteristic of the earliest flowering plants.<ref>[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-05/uoca-spp051506.php South Pacific plant may be missing link in evolution of flowering plants] — Public release date: 17-May-2006</ref> </div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_23_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_25_0_rhs"></a>A whole [[genome]] duplication (doubling) at 160 million years ago (mya) may have started the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Callaway, Ewen | title = Shrub genome reveals secrets of flower power | journal = Nature | issue = | pages = | year = 2013 | pmid = | doi = 10.1038/nature.2013.14426 | url = http://www.nature.com/news/shrub-genome-reveals-secrets-of-flower-power-1.14426?WT.mc_id=GPL_NatureNews | volume= |bibcode =<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> | s2cid = 88293665</ins> }}</ref> That event was studied by [[sequence analysis|sequencing the genome]] of an ancient flowering plant, ''[[Amborella trichopoda]]''.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Keith Adams | title = Genomic <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">clues</ins> to the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ancestral</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">flowering</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">plant</ins> | journal = Science | issue = 6165 | pages = 1456–1457 |date=December 2013 | pmid = <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">24357306</ins>| doi = 10.1126/science.1248709 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6165/1456.summary | volume= 342 |bibcode =<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> 2013Sci...342.1456A| s2cid = 206553839</ins> }}</ref> ''Amborella'', found on the Pacific island of [[New Caledonia]], belongs to a [[sister group]] of the other flowering plants. Studies suggest that it has features that may have been characteristic of the earliest flowering plants.<ref>[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-05/uoca-spp051506.php South Pacific plant may be missing link in evolution of flowering plants] — Public release date: 17-May-2006</ref> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_28_0_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_26_0_lhs"></a>The earliest known [[fossil]] confidently identified as an angiosperm, ''[[Archaefructus]] liaoningensis'', is dated to about 125 mya in the [[Lower Cretaceous]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Sun G. ''et al'' 2002.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> Archaefructaceae, a new [[basal]] Angiosperm family | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/296/5569/899?ck=nck&siteid=sci&ijkey=8dZ6zTqF606ps&keytype=ref | journal = Science | volume = 296 | issue = 5569| pages = 899–904 | doi=10.1126/science.1069439 | pmid=11988572 | <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ref</del> = <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">harv</del>}}</ref> Pollen probably of angiosperm origin takes the [[fossil]] record back to about 130 mya.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del> </div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_26_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_28_0_rhs"></a>The earliest known [[fossil]] confidently identified as an angiosperm, ''[[Archaefructus]] liaoningensis'', is dated to about 125 mya in the [[Lower Cretaceous]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Sun G. ''et al'' 2002. Archaefructaceae, a new [[basal]] Angiosperm family <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|title = Archaefructaceae, a new basal Angiosperm family</ins>| url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/296/5569/899?ck=nck&siteid=sci&ijkey=8dZ6zTqF606ps&keytype=ref | journal = Science <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|year = 2002</ins>| volume = 296 | issue = 5569| pages = 899–904 | doi=10.1126/science.1069439 | pmid=11988572 |<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">bibcode</ins> <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">= 2002Sci...296..899S|s2cid</ins> = <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1910388</ins>}}</ref> Pollen probably of angiosperm origin takes the [[fossil]] record back to about 130 mya. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-left" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to new location." href="#movedpara_30_3_rhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div><a name="movedpara_29_0_lhs"></a>The [[phylogeny]] of Angiosperms is as follows: <ref>Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''141''': 399-436 [http://<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">www</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf</del>/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II - 2003 - Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society - Wiley Online Library]</ref><ref>Angiosperm phylogeny website [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/ Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] {{<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">WebCite</del>|url=https://www.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">webcitation</del>.org/<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">5FHAJSNUv</del>|date<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2006</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">04</del>-<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">19</del>}}</ref></div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>There are still some examples of Cretaceous angiosperms in the [[Daintree Rainforest]]: twelve primitive angiosperms (flowering plant) families: Cunoniaceae, Proteaceae (banksia and macadamia family), Winteraceae, Myrtaceae (eucalypt and Syzygium or lilly pilly), Monimiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Aquifoliaceae (holly family), Chloranthaceae, Trimeniaceae, Epacridaceae (heath family), Olacaceae. These families of angiosperms have the longest continuous history with the Gondwanan landmass.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker"><a class="mw-diff-movedpara-right" title="Paragraph was moved. Click to jump to old location." href="#movedpara_29_0_lhs">⚫</a></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><a name="movedpara_30_3_rhs"></a>The [[phylogeny]] of Angiosperms is as follows: <ref>Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. ''Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''141''': 399-436 [http://<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">doi</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">org</ins>/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II - 2003 - Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society - Wiley Online Library]</ref><ref>Angiosperm phylogeny website [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/ Angiosperm Phylogeny Website] {{<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Webarchive</ins>|url=https<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">://web.archive.org/web/20011202013209/http</ins>://www.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mobot</ins>.org/<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">MOBOT/research/APweb/ </ins>|date=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2001</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">12</ins>-<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">02 </ins>}}</ref></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>* Angiosperms (flowering plants)</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>* Angiosperms (flowering plants)</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>** [[Amborella]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>** [[Amborella]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: one species only, from [[New Guinea]].</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>** [[Nymphaeales]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>** [[Nymphaeales]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: 80 species, mainly water lilies.</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>** [[Austrobaileyales]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>** [[Austrobaileyales]]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: 100 species of woody plants from around the world.</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>** [[Magnoliids]]: about 9000 species, with trimerous (3-part) flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>** [[Magnoliids]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>** [[Monocot]]s about 7000 species, with trimerous flowers, a single cotyledon, pollen with one pore, and usually parallel-veined leaves—for example [[Grass|grasses]], [[Orchid|orchids]], and [[Palm tree|palms]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>** [[Monocot]]s</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>** ''[[Ceratophyllum]]'', about six species of [[aquatic plant]]s, familiar as [[aquarium]] plants;</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>** [[Eudicots]]</div></td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-added"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>** [[Eudicots]], about 175,000 species, 4- or 5-merous flowers, pollen with three pores, and usually branching-veined leaves—for example [[sunflower]]s, [[petunia]], [[buttercup]], [[apple]]s, and [[oak]]s.</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>The territory is pretty much covered by three groups: the [[Magnoliids]], the [[Monocots]], and the [[Eudicots]]. The Eudicots outnumber all other groups put together. However, grasses are the food of most herbivores today. Their spread in the later [[Miocene]] and the associated reduction in forests caused the extinction of most [[Browser|browsers]] and their replacement by [[Grazer|grazers]].</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== Related pages ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== Related pages ==</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td> <td class="diff-deletedline diff-side-deleted"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del>[[Template:Life timeline|Life timeline]]</div></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Flower]]</ins></div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*</ins>[[Template:Life timeline|Life timeline]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="diff-empty diff-side-deleted"></td> <td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td> <td class="diff-addedline diff-side-added"><div>*[[Daintree Rainforest]]</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><br /></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-deleted"><div>== References ==</div></td> <td class="diff-marker"></td> <td class="diff-context diff-side-added"><div>== References ==</div></td> </tr> </table><hr class='diff-hr' id='mw-oldid' /> <h2 class='diff-currentversion-title'>Latest revision as of 13:43, 4 July 2024</h2> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Angiospermae<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <br /><a href="/wiki/Lower_Cretaceous" title="Lower Cretaceous">Lower Cretaceous</a> – Recent</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galanthus_nivalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Galanthus_nivalis.jpg/240px-Galanthus_nivalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Galanthus_nivalis.jpg/360px-Galanthus_nivalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Galanthus_nivalis.jpg/480px-Galanthus_nivalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Snowdrop" title="Snowdrop">Snowdrop</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="kingdom"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subkingdom: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="subkingdom"><a href="/wiki/Embryophyte" title="Embryophyte">Embryophyta</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Division: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="division"><b>Angiospermae</b></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Classes</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Traditional groups:<br /> <a href="/wiki/Magnoliopsida" title="Magnoliopsida">Magnoliopsida</a> – Dicots<br /> <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Liliopsida</a> – Monocots </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amborella_trichopoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Amborella_trichopoda.jpg/200px-Amborella_trichopoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Amborella_trichopoda.jpg/300px-Amborella_trichopoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Amborella_trichopoda.jpg/400px-Amborella_trichopoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Amborella" title="Amborella">Amborella</a></i>: the oldest surviving Angiosperm</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Flowering plants</b> are <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> that bear <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>. Most land plants today are flowering plants (<b>Angiosperm</b> or <b>Magnoliophyta</b>). </p><p>Together with the <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> they make up the <a href="/wiki/Seed_plants" title="Seed plants">seed plants</a>. They differ from the gymnosperms in that angiosperms have <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>, and have enclosed <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a>. Gymnosperms have naked seeds on cones or open structures. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_adaptations">Typical adaptations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Typical adaptations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Typical adaptations"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_bud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rose_bud.jpg/150px-Rose_bud.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rose_bud.jpg/225px-Rose_bud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rose_bud.jpg/300px-Rose_bud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1642" data-file-height="2470" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a> of a pink <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Angiosperms have a number of <a href="/wiki/Derived" class="mw-redirect" title="Derived">derived</a> characters, which evolved as they split off from the gymnosperms. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flowers</a></li></ul> <p>Flowers, the <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive organ">reproductive organs</a> of flowering plants, are the most remarkable feature distinguishing them from other <a href="/wiki/Seed_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed plant">seed plants</a>. Flowers, with their colour and their <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>, attract pollinators, which are mostly insects and birds. 95% of flowering plants in tropical lowlands rely on animals for pollination or dispersal of seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although in general, this is true, it is not true of one great group of angiosperms: the <a href="/wiki/Grass" title="Grass">grasses</a>. The reason is not clear, but grasses dominate several of the largest land areas: in North America, Asia, and in Africa. They are all wind-pollinated. </p><p>Gymnosperms were and are almost entirely wind-pollinated, but early flowers were probably all insect-pollinated.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some present-day flowering plants are wind-pollinated, but that is a secondary feature.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p182</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruits</a></li></ul> <p>The fertilized angiosperm ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary develops into the fruit. The fruit is often a way to use animals to spread the seeds far and wide. The fruit is made out of the <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpel</a> and some tissue around it. The carpel carries structures called <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovules</a>, inside which egg cells form. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul> <p>In general, endosperms form after fertilization and before the first division of the <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>. Endosperm is a highly nutritive tissue that can provide food for the developing <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cotyledon" title="Cotyledon">cotyledons</a>, and sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedling</a> when it first appears. </p> <ul><li>Sexual parts</li></ul> <p>Specialized sexual parts have led to <a href="/wiki/Co-evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-evolution">co-evolution</a> in fertilization and seed dispersal. The <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>, and the male and female <a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Gametophyte">gametophytes</a>, have been adapted in many ways to suit particular pollinators. The smaller <a href="/wiki/Pollen_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollen grain">pollen grain</a> shortens the time between pollination and fertilization, which can be up to a year in gymnosperms. The small female gametophyte also allows rapid seed production, which led to annual <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">herbaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Life-cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-cycle">life-cycles</a>. </p><p>Adaptations in these novelties allowed angiosperms to invade many <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a>. They now dominate everywhere except the <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal forest</a> or <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, which is still composed almost entirely of gymnosperms, usually <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Phylogeny" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Phylogeny"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molecular evidence indicates that the ancestors of angiosperms diverged from the gymnosperms during the late <a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian</a>, about 365 million years ago. They did not appear in the fossil record until the Mesozoic, almost two hundred million years later.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A whole <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> duplication (doubling) at 160 million years ago (mya) may have started the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That event was studied by <a href="/wiki/Sequence_analysis" title="Sequence analysis">sequencing the genome</a> of an ancient flowering plant, <i><a href="/wiki/Amborella_trichopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborella trichopoda">Amborella trichopoda</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Amborella</i>, found on the Pacific island of <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, belongs to a <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister group</a> of the other flowering plants. Studies suggest that it has features that may have been characteristic of the earliest flowering plants.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> confidently identified as an angiosperm, <i><a href="/wiki/Archaefructus" title="Archaefructus">Archaefructus</a> liaoningensis</i>, is dated to about 125 mya in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Cretaceous" title="Lower Cretaceous">Lower Cretaceous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pollen probably of angiosperm origin takes the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> record back to about 130 mya. </p><p>There are still some examples of Cretaceous angiosperms in the <a href="/wiki/Daintree_Rainforest" title="Daintree Rainforest">Daintree Rainforest</a>: twelve primitive angiosperms (flowering plant) families: Cunoniaceae, Proteaceae (banksia and macadamia family), Winteraceae, Myrtaceae (eucalypt and Syzygium or lilly pilly), Monimiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Aquifoliaceae (holly family), Chloranthaceae, Trimeniaceae, Epacridaceae (heath family), Olacaceae. These families of angiosperms have the longest continuous history with the Gondwanan landmass. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> of Angiosperms is as follows: <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Angiosperms (flowering plants) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amborella" title="Amborella">Amborella</a>: one species only, from <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a>: 80 species, mainly water lilies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a>: 100 species of woody plants from around the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a>: about 9000 species, with trimerous (3-part) flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocot">Monocots</a> about 7000 species, with trimerous flowers, a single cotyledon, pollen with one pore, and usually parallel-veined leaves—for example <a href="/wiki/Grass" title="Grass">grasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palm_tree" title="Palm tree">palms</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllum" title="Ceratophyllum">Ceratophyllum</a></i>, about six species of <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a>, familiar as <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquarium</a> plants;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a>, about 175,000 species, 4- or 5-merous flowers, pollen with three pores, and usually branching-veined leaves—for example <a href="/wiki/Sunflower" title="Sunflower">sunflowers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petunia" title="Petunia">petunia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buttercup" title="Buttercup">buttercup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a>.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The territory is pretty much covered by three groups: the <a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a>. The Eudicots outnumber all other groups put together. However, grasses are the food of most herbivores today. Their spread in the later <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> and the associated reduction in forests caused the extinction of most <a href="/wiki/Browser" title="Browser">browsers</a> and their replacement by <a href="/wiki/Grazer" title="Grazer">grazers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_timeline" title="Template:Life timeline">Life timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daintree_Rainforest" title="Daintree Rainforest">Daintree Rainforest</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flowering_plant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, John N. 1994. <i>The coevolutionary process</i>. University of Chicago Press, p7. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226797600" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-226-79760-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crepet WL, Friis EM, Nixon KC 1991. Fossil evidence for the evolution of biotic pollination [and discussion]. <i>Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>333</b> (1267): 187–195. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.1991.0067">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bakker, Robert T. 1986. <i>The dinosaur heresies: new theories unlocking the mystery of the dinosaurs and their extinction</i>. Morrow, New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStullQuParins-FukuchiYang2021" class="citation journal cs1">Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu (July 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4">"Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms"</a>. <i>Nature Plants</i>. <b>7</b> (8): 1015–1025. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41477-021-00964-4">10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2055-0278">2055-0278</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34282286">34282286</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236141481">236141481</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110174725/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Plants&rft.atitle=Gene+duplications+and+phylogenomic+conflict+underlie+major+pulses+of+phenotypic+evolution+in+gymnosperms&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1015-1025&rft.date=2021-07-19&rft.issn=2055-0278&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236141481%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34282286&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41477-021-00964-4&rft.aulast=Stull&rft.aufirst=Gregory+W.&rft.au=Qu%2C+Xiao-Jian&rft.au=Parins-Fukuchi%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Yang%2C+Ying-Ying&rft.au=Yang%2C+Jun-Bo&rft.au=Yang%2C+Zhi-Yun&rft.au=Hu%2C+Yi&rft.au=Ma%2C+Hong&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Pamela+S.&rft.au=Soltis%2C+Douglas+E.&rft.au=Li%2C+De-Zhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41477-021-00964-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Otto S.P. & Whitton J. 2000. Polyploid incidence and evolution. <i>Annu. Rev. Genet</i>. <b>34</b>, 401–437.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCallaway,_Ewen2013" class="citation journal cs1">Callaway, Ewen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/shrub-genome-reveals-secrets-of-flower-power-1.14426?WT.mc_id=GPL_NatureNews">"Shrub genome reveals secrets of flower power"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature.2013.14426">10.1038/nature.2013.14426</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88293665">88293665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Shrub+genome+reveals+secrets+of+flower+power&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature.2013.14426&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A88293665%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Callaway%2C+Ewen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2Fshrub-genome-reveals-secrets-of-flower-power-1.14426%3FWT.mc_id%3DGPL_NatureNews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_Adams2013" class="citation journal cs1">Keith Adams (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6165/1456.summary">"Genomic clues to the ancestral flowering plant"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>342</b> (6165): 1456–1457. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...342.1456A">2013Sci...342.1456A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1248709">10.1126/science.1248709</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24357306">24357306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206553839">206553839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Genomic+clues+to+the+ancestral+flowering+plant&rft.volume=342&rft.issue=6165&rft.pages=1456-1457&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1248709&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206553839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24357306&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...342.1456A&rft.au=Keith+Adams&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F342%2F6165%2F1456.summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-05/uoca-spp051506.php">South Pacific plant may be missing link in evolution of flowering plants</a> — Public release date: 17-May-2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFSun_G._et_al_2002._Archaefructaceae,_a_new_basal_Angiosperm_family2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sun G. <i>et al</i> 2002. Archaefructaceae, a new <a href="/wiki/Basal" title="Basal">basal</a> Angiosperm family (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/296/5569/899?ck=nck&siteid=sci&ijkey=8dZ6zTqF606ps&keytype=ref">"Archaefructaceae, a new basal Angiosperm family"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>296</b> (5569): 899–904. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...296..899S">2002Sci...296..899S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1069439">10.1126/science.1069439</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11988572">11988572</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1910388">1910388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Archaefructaceae%2C+a+new+basal+Angiosperm+family&rft.volume=296&rft.issue=5569&rft.pages=899-904&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1069439&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1910388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11988572&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...296..899S&rft.au=Sun+G.+%27%27et+al%27%27+2002.+Archaefructaceae%2C+a+new+basal+Angiosperm+family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F296%2F5569%2F899%3Fck%3Dnck%26siteid%3Dsci%26ijkey%3D8dZ6zTqF606ps%26keytype%3Dref&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3AFlowering+plant" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2003. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II. <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i> <b>141</b>: 399-436 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x">An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II - 2003 - Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society - Wiley Online Library</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Angiosperm phylogeny website <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/">Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011202013209/http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/">Archived</a> 2001-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information on: <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Angiosperms">Angiosperms</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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