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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 France and the Habsburgs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_and_the_Habsburgs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Marriages </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Marriages subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Marriages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Annulment_from_Catherine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annulment_from_Catherine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Annulment from Catherine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Annulment_from_Catherine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_to_Anne_Boleyn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_to_Anne_Boleyn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Marriage to Anne Boleyn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Anne_Boleyn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Execution_of_Anne_Boleyn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Execution_of_Anne_Boleyn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Execution of Anne Boleyn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Execution_of_Anne_Boleyn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_to_Jane_Seymour;_domestic_and_foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_to_Jane_Seymour;_domestic_and_foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Marriage to Jane Seymour; domestic and foreign affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Jane_Seymour;_domestic_and_foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_to_Anne_of_Cleves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_to_Anne_of_Cleves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Marriage to Anne of Cleves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Anne_of_Cleves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_to_Catherine_Howard_(and_fall_of_Thomas_Cromwell)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_to_Catherine_Howard_(and_fall_of_Thomas_Cromwell)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Marriage to Catherine Howard (and fall of Thomas Cromwell) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Catherine_Howard_(and_fall_of_Thomas_Cromwell)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_to_Catherine_Parr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_to_Catherine_Parr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Marriage to Catherine Parr </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_to_Catherine_Parr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shrines_destroyed_and_monasteries_dissolved" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shrines_destroyed_and_monasteries_dissolved"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Shrines destroyed and monasteries dissolved </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shrines_destroyed_and_monasteries_dissolved-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_invasion_of_France_and_the_"Rough_Wooing"_of_Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_invasion_of_France_and_the_"Rough_Wooing"_of_Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Second invasion of France and the "Rough Wooing" of Scotland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_invasion_of_France_and_the_"Rough_Wooing"_of_Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_decline_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_decline_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Physical decline and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_decline_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wives,_mistresses,_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wives,_mistresses,_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Wives, mistresses, and children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wives,_mistresses,_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_image" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_image"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Public image </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_image-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Finances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Reformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Style and arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genealogical_table" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genealogical_table"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Genealogical table </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genealogical_table-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.1 Biographical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.2 Scholarly studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.3 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18.4 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Henry VIII</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" > 104 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_VIII_van_Engeland" title="Hendrik VIII van Engeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hendrik VIII van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heanric_VIII_Engla_Cyning" title="Heanric VIII Engla Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Heanric VIII Engla Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="هنري الثامن ملك إنجلترا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هنري الثامن ملك إنجلترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_VIII_d%27Anglaterra" title="Henrique VIII d'Anglaterra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Henrique VIII d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_VIII_d%27Inglaterra" title="Enrique VIII d'Inglaterra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Enrique VIII d'Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII_Henri" title="VIII Henri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="VIII Henri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3)" title="سککیزینجی هنری (اینگیلیس) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سککیزینجی هنری (اینگیلیس)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="অষ্টম হেনরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অষ্টম হেনরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_8-s%C3%A8_(Eng-l%C3%A2n)" title="Henry 8-sè (Eng-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Henry 8-sè (Eng-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_VIII" title="Генрых VIII – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Генрых VIII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_VIII" title="Генрых VIII – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Генрых VIII" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeng_Enrique_VIII" title="Hadeng Enrique VIII – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hadeng Enrique VIII" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_VIII" title="Хенри VIII – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хенри VIII" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VIII,_kralj_Engleske" title="Henrik VIII, kralj Engleske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Henrik VIII, kralj Engleske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herri_VIII_(Bro-Saoz)" title="Herri VIII (Bro-Saoz) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Herri VIII (Bro-Saoz)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enric_VIII_d%27Anglaterra" title="Enric VIII d'Anglaterra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enric VIII d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_VIII" title="Генрих VIII – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Генрих VIII" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jind%C5%99ich_VIII._Tudor" title="Jindřich VIII. Tudor – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jindřich VIII. Tudor" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harri_VIII,_brenin_Lloegr" title="Harri VIII, brenin Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Harri VIII, brenin Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_8._af_England" title="Henrik 8. af England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Henrik 8. af England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_VIII._(England)" title="Heinrich VIII. (England) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heinrich VIII. (England)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Henry VIII" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%81%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%97%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ερρίκος Η΄ της Αγγλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ερρίκος Η΄ της Αγγλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_VIII_de_Inglaterra" title="Enrique VIII de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enrique VIII de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriko_la_8-a_(Anglio)" title="Henriko la 8-a (Anglio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Henriko la 8-a (Anglio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrike_VIII.a_Ingalaterrakoa" title="Henrike VIII.a Ingalaterrakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Henrike VIII.a Ingalaterrakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%85" title="هنری هشتم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هنری هشتم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_VIII" title="Henri VIII – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Henri VIII" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindrik_VIII_fan_Ingel%C3%A2n" title="Hindrik VIII fan Ingelân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hindrik VIII fan Ingelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anra%C3%AD_VIII_Shasana" title="Anraí VIII Shasana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Anraí VIII Shasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eanraig_VIII_Shasainn" title="Eanraig VIII Shasainn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eanraig VIII Shasainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_VIII_de_Inglaterra" title="Henrique VIII de Inglaterra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Henrique VIII de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%A8%EB%A6%AC_8%EC%84%B8" title="헨리 8세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헨리 8세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%AB_VIII" title="Հենրի VIII – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հենրի VIII" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AE" title="इंग्लैंड के हेनरी अष्टम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंग्लैंड के हेनरी अष्टम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VIII.,_kralj_Engleske" title="Henrik VIII., kralj Engleske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Henrik VIII., kralj Engleske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_la_8ma_di_Anglia" title="Henry la 8ma di Anglia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Henry la 8ma di Anglia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_dari_Inggris" title="Henry VIII dari Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Henry VIII dari Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrico_VIII_de_Anglaterra" title="Henrico VIII de Anglaterra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Henrico VIII de Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Henry VIII" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinrik_8." title="Hinrik 8. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hinrik 8." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_VIII_d%27Inghilterra" title="Enrico VIII d'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enrico VIII d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="הנרי השמיני, מלך אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הנרי השמיני, מלך אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_saking_Inggris" title="Henry VIII saking Inggris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Henry VIII saking Inggris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_8_(Angl%C9%A9t%C9%9B%C9%9Br%C9%A9_t%C9%9B_wiya%CA%8B)" title="Henry 8 (Anglɩtɛɛrɩ tɛ wiyaʋ) – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Henry 8 (Anglɩtɛɛrɩ tɛ wiyaʋ)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_VIII" title="ჰენრი VIII – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰენრი VIII" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_a_Bow_Sows" title="Henry VIII a Bow Sows – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Henry VIII a Bow Sows" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_wa_Uingereza" title="Henry VIII wa Uingereza – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Henry VIII wa Uingereza" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Henry VIII" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5_8_%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AB%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ພະເຈົ້າຮົງລີທີ 8 ແຫ່ງອັງກິດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພະເຈົ້າຮົງລີທີ 8 ແຫ່ງອັງກິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus_VIII_(rex_Angliae)" title="Henricus VIII (rex Angliae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Henricus VIII (rex Angliae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrijs_VIII_Tjudors" title="Henrijs VIII Tjudors – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Henrijs VIII Tjudors" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII._vun_England" title="Henry VIII. vun England – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Henry VIII. vun England" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrikas_VIII" title="Henrikas VIII – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Henrikas VIII" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_8" title="Henry 8 – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Henry 8" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII._Henrik_angol_kir%C3%A1ly" title="VIII. Henrik angol király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="VIII. Henrik angol király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_VIII" title="Хенри VIII – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хенри VIII" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII,_mpanjakan%27_i_Angletera" title="Henry VIII, mpanjakan' i Angletera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Henry VIII, mpanjakan' i Angletera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഹെൻ‌റി എട്ടാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹെൻ‌റി എട്ടാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enriku_VIII_tal-Ingilterra" title="Enriku VIII tal-Ingilterra – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Enriku VIII tal-Ingilterra" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="इंग्लंडचा आठवा हेन्री – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंग्लंडचा आठवा हेन्री" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_VIII" title="ჰენრი VIII – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰენრი VIII" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="هنرى التامن ملك انجلترا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هنرى التامن ملك انجلترا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%85" title="هنری هشتم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هنری هشتم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_dari_England" title="Henry VIII dari England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Henry VIII dari England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anrique_VIII_de_Anglaterra" title="Anrique VIII de Anglaterra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Anrique VIII de Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_VIII_van_Engeland" title="Hendrik VIII van Engeland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hendrik VIII van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC8%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="ヘンリー8世 (イングランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘンリー8世 (イングランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VIII_av_England" title="Henrik VIII av England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Henrik VIII av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VIII_av_England" title="Henrik VIII av England – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Henrik VIII av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enric_VIII_d%27Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Enric VIII d'Anglatèrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Enric VIII d'Anglatèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Henry VIII" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_(%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82)" title="ਇੰਗ੍ਲੈੰਡ ਦਾ ਰਾਜਾ ਹੈਨਰੀ (ਅੱਠਵਾਂ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇੰਗ੍ਲੈੰਡ ਦਾ ਰਾਜਾ ਹੈਨਰੀ (ਅੱਠਵਾਂ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="اتم هنري – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اتم هنري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9F%A8_%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%83%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%82%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F" title="ព្រះម្ចាស់ហេនរីទី៨ នៃអង់គ្លេស – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះម្ចាស់ហេនរីទី៨ នៃអង់គ្លេស" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_VIII_Tudor" title="Henryk VIII Tudor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Henryk VIII Tudor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrique_VIII_de_Inglaterra" title="Henrique VIII de Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Henrique VIII de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henric_al_VIII-lea_al_Angliei" title="Henric al VIII-lea al Angliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Henric al VIII-lea al Angliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85_VIII" title="Генрих VIII – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Генрих VIII" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A5%AE" title="हेनरी ८ – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हेनरी ८" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_o_Ingland" title="Henry VIII o Ingland – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Henry VIII o Ingland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_VIII" title="Henri VIII – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Henri VIII" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arricu_VIII_di_Inghilterra" title="Arricu VIII di Inghilterra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Arricu VIII di Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Henry VIII" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrich_VIII." title="Henrich VIII. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Henrich VIII." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VIII._Angle%C5%A1ki" title="Henrik VIII. Angleški – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Henrik VIII. Angleški" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ھێنریی ھەشتەمی ئینگلتەرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھێنریی ھەشتەمی ئینگلتەرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8_VIII_%D0%A2%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хенри VIII Тјудор – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хенри VIII Тјудор" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_od_Engleske" title="Henry VIII od Engleske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Henry VIII od Engleske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VIII" title="Henrik VIII – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henrik VIII" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_VIII_av_England" title="Henrik VIII av England – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Henrik VIII av England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_VIII_ng_Inglatera" title="Enrique VIII ng Inglatera – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Enrique VIII ng Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="இங்கிலாந்தின் எட்டாம் ஹென்றி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இங்கிலாந்தின் எட்டாம் ஹென்றி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_8_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="พระเจ้าเฮนรีที่ 8 แห่งอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเฮนรีที่ 8 แห่งอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIII._Henry" title="VIII. Henry – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="VIII. Henry" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D1%96%D1%85_VIII" title="Генріх VIII – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Генріх VIII" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DB%81%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ہنری ہشتم شاہ انگلستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہنری ہشتم شاہ انگلستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_c%E1%BB%A7a_Anh" title="Henry VIII của Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Henry VIII của Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_VIII_van_Iengeland" title="Hendrik VIII van Iengeland – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Hendrik VIII van Iengeland" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_han_Inglaterra" title="Henry VIII han Inglaterra – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Henry VIII han Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96" title="亨利八世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亨利八世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="הענרי דער אכטער פון ענגלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="הענרי דער אכטער פון ענגלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96" title="亨利八世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亨利八世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%96" title="亨利八世 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亨利八世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q38370#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Henry VIII</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full-length portrait of King Henry VIII" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-After_Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="3589" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Henry_VIII" title="Portrait of Henry VIII">Portrait of Henry VIII</a> after <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1540–1547</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord</a>/<a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_English_sovereigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Style of the English sovereigns">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">22 April 1509<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> – 28 January 1547</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Henry_VIII_and_Catherine" title="Coronation of Henry VIII and Catherine">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24 June 1509</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">28 June 1491 <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Placentia" title="Palace of Placentia">Palace of Placentia</a>, Greenwich, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 January 1547 (aged 55) <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a>, Westminster, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">16 February 1547 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>, Berkshire</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1509; <abbr title="annulled">ann.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1533)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1533; <abbr title="annulled">ann.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1536)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1536; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1537)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1540; <abbr title="annulled">ann.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1540)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard">Catherine Howard</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1540; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1542)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1543)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="#Wives,_mistresses,_and_children">more...</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Henry, Duke of Cornwall">Henry, Duke of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_FitzRoy,_Duke_of_Richmond_and_Somerset" title="Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset">Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset</a> (<abbr title="illegitimate">ill.</abbr>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> (1491–1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> (1534–1547)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryVIIISig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry VIII's signature"><img alt="Henry VIII's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HenryVIIISig.svg/125px-HenryVIIISig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HenryVIIISig.svg/188px-HenryVIIISig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/HenryVIIISig.svg/250px-HenryVIIISig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="56" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> from 22 April 1509 until his death. Henry is known for his <a href="/wiki/Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Wives of Henry VIII">six marriages</a> and his efforts to have his first marriage (to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>) <a href="/wiki/Annulled" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulled">annulled</a>. His disagreement with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> about such an annulment led Henry to initiate the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, separating the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> from papal authority. He appointed himself <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Head_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Head of the Church of England">Supreme Head of the Church of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolved convents and monasteries</a>, for which he was <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_excommunicated_by_the_Catholic_Church" title="List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church">excommunicated</a> by the pope. Henry brought radical changes to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of England">Constitution of England</a>, expanding royal power and ushering in the theory of the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a> in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal supremacy</a>. He frequently used charges of treason and heresy to quell dissent, and those accused were often executed without a formal trial using <a href="/wiki/Bills_of_attainder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bills of attainder">bills of attainder</a>. He achieved many of his political aims through his chief ministers, some of whom were banished or executed when they fell out of his favour. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> all figured prominently in his administration. Henry was an extravagant spender, using proceeds from the dissolution of the monasteries and acts of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation_Parliament" title="English Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a>. He converted money that was formerly paid to Rome into royal revenue. Despite the money from these sources, he was often on the verge of financial ruin due to personal extravagance and costly and largely unproductive wars, particularly with King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, King <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a>, and the Scottish regency under the <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_Duke_of_Ch%C3%A2tellerault" title="James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault">Earl of Arran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a>. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, oversaw the annexation of Wales to England with the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a>, and was the first English monarch to rule as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a>. Henry's contemporaries considered him an attractive, educated, and accomplished king. He has been described as "one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne" and his reign described as the "most important" in English history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy200041-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-StarkeyWives-5">[4]</a> He was an author and composer. As he aged, he became severely overweight and his health suffered. He is frequently characterised in his later life as a lustful, egotistical, paranoid, and tyrannical monarch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIves200628–36-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2008129-7">[6]</a> He was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:171px;max-width:171px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:233px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra,_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/169px-Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="169" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/254px-Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg/338px-Enrique_VII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_un_artista_an%C3%B3nimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="1288" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:233px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:British_School,_16th_century_-_Elizabeth_of_York_-_Haunted_Gallery,_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/British_School%2C_16th_century_-_Elizabeth_of_York_-_Haunted_Gallery%2C_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg/165px-British_School%2C_16th_century_-_Elizabeth_of_York_-_Haunted_Gallery%2C_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/British_School%2C_16th_century_-_Elizabeth_of_York_-_Haunted_Gallery%2C_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg/248px-British_School%2C_16th_century_-_Elizabeth_of_York_-_Haunted_Gallery%2C_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/British_School%2C_16th_century_-_Elizabeth_of_York_-_Haunted_Gallery%2C_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg/330px-British_School%2C_16th_century_-_Elizabeth_of_York_-_Haunted_Gallery%2C_Hampton_Court_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Henry VIII's parents, <a href="/wiki/King_Henry_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="King Henry VII">King Henry VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Queen Elizabeth</a></div></div></div></div> Born on 28 June 1491 at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Placentia" title="Palace of Placentia">Palace of Placentia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>, Kent, Henry Tudor was the third child and second son of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crofton2006-8">[7]</a> Of the young Henry's six (or seven) siblings, only three – his brother <a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur, Prince of Wales</a>, and sisters <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary</a> – survived infancy.<a href="#cite_note-Crofton2006a-9">[8]</a> He was baptised by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foxe" title="Richard Foxe">Richard Foxe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter" title="Bishop of Exeter">Bishop of Exeter</a>, at a church of the <a href="/wiki/Observant_Franciscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Observant Franciscans">Observant Franciscans</a> close to the palace.<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick3-10">[9]</a> In 1493, at the age of two, Henry was appointed <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_Dover_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Constable of Dover Castle">Constable of Dover Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a>. He was subsequently appointed <a href="/wiki/Earl_Marshal_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Marshal of England">Earl Marshal of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">Lord Lieutenant of Ireland</a> at age three and was made a <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Bath">Knight of the Bath</a> soon after. The day after the ceremony, he was created <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a> and a month or so later made <a href="/wiki/Warden_of_the_Scottish_Marches" class="mw-redirect" title="Warden of the Scottish Marches">Warden of the Scottish Marches</a>. In May 1495, he was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>. The reason for giving such appointments to a small child was to enable his father to retain personal control of lucrative positions and not share them with established families.<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick3-10">[9]</a> Not much is known about Henry's early life – save for his appointments – because he was not expected to become king,<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick3-10">[9]</a> but it is known that he received a first-rate education from leading tutors. He became fluent in Latin and French and learned at least some Italian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill196624-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199714–15-12">[11]</a> In November 1501, Henry played a considerable part in the ceremonies surrounding his brother Arthur's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine</a>, the youngest child of King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I of Castile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick19974-13">[12]</a> As duke of York, Henry used the arms of his father as king, differenced by a label of three points ermine. He was further honoured on 9 February 1506 by <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor_Maximilian_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I">Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I</a>, who made him a <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Golden_Fleece" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Golden Fleece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> In 1502, Arthur died at the age of 15, just 20 weeks after his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-crofton126-15">[14]</a> Arthur's death thrust all his duties upon his younger brother. The 10-year-old Henry became the new <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a>, and the new <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Chester" title="Earl of Chester">Earl of Chester</a> in February 1504.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick19974–5-16">[15]</a> Henry VII gave his second son few responsibilities even after the death of Arthur. Young Henry was strictly supervised and did not appear in public. As a result, he ascended the throne "untrained in the exacting art of kingship".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick19976-17">[16]</a> Henry VII renewed his efforts to seal a marital alliance between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and Spain, by offering his son Henry in marriage to the widowed Catherine.<a href="#cite_note-crofton126-15">[14]</a> Henry VII and Queen Isabella were both keen on the idea, which had arisen very shortly after Arthur's death.<a href="#cite_note-loades22-18">[17]</a> On 23 June 1503, a treaty was signed for their marriage, and they were betrothed two days later.<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick8-19">[18]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Papal_dispensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal dispensation">papal dispensation</a> was only needed for the "impediment of public honesty" if the marriage had not been <a href="/wiki/Consummated" class="mw-redirect" title="Consummated">consummated</a> as Catherine and her <a href="/wiki/Duenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Duenna">duenna</a> claimed, but Henry VII and the Spanish ambassador set out instead to obtain a dispensation for "<a href="/wiki/Affinity_(Catholic_canon_law)" title="Affinity (Catholic canon law)">affinity</a>", which took account of the possibility of consummation.<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick8-19">[18]</a> Cohabitation was not possible because Henry was too young.<a href="#cite_note-loades22-18">[17]</a> Isabella's death in 1504, and the ensuing problems of succession in <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a>, complicated matters. Ferdinand II preferred Catherine to stay in England, but Henry VII's relations with Ferdinand had deteriorated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200922–23-20">[19]</a> Catherine was therefore left in limbo for some time, culminating in Prince Henry's rejection of the marriage as soon he was able, at the age of 14. Ferdinand's solution was to make his daughter ambassador, allowing her to stay in England indefinitely. Devout, she began to believe that it was God's will that she marry the Prince despite his opposition.<a href="#cite_note-Loades2009-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_reign">Early reign</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HenryVIII_1509.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HenryVIII_1509.jpg/170px-HenryVIII_1509.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HenryVIII_1509.jpg/255px-HenryVIII_1509.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HenryVIII_1509.jpg/340px-HenryVIII_1509.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1762" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Meynnart_Wewyck" title="Meynnart Wewyck">Meynnart Wewyck</a>, 1509</figcaption></figure> Henry VII died in April 1509, and the 17-year-old Henry succeeded him as king.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Soon after his father's burial on 10 May, Henry suddenly declared that he would indeed marry Catherine, leaving unresolved several issues concerning the papal dispensation and a missing part of the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_portion" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage portion">marriage portion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick8-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-loades24-23">[22]</a> The new king maintained that it had been his father's dying wish that he marry Catherine.<a href="#cite_note-Loades2009-21">[20]</a> Whether or not this was true, it was convenient. Emperor Maximilian I had been attempting to marry his granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Austria" title="Eleanor of Austria">Eleanor</a>, Catherine's niece, to Henry; she had now been jilted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199712-24">[23]</a> Henry's wedding to Catherine was modest and was held at the friars' church in Greenwich on 11 June 1509.<a href="#cite_note-loades24-23">[22]</a> Henry claimed descent from <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> and saw himself as their successor.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> On 23 June 1509, Henry led the now 23-year-old Catherine from the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> to <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> for <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Henry_VIII_and_Catherine" title="Coronation of Henry VIII and Catherine">their coronation</a>, which took place the following day.<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick1819-26">[25]</a> It was a grand affair: the King's passage was lined with tapestries and laid with fine cloth.<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick1819-26">[25]</a> Following the ceremony, there was a grand banquet in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199719-27">[26]</a> As Catherine wrote to her father, "our time is spent in continuous festival".<a href="#cite_note-loades24-23">[22]</a> Two days after his coronation, Henry arrested his father's two most unpopular ministers, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Empson" title="Richard Empson">Richard Empson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Dudley" title="Edmund Dudley">Edmund Dudley</a>. They were charged with <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a> and were executed in 1510. Politically motivated executions would remain one of Henry's primary tactics for dealing with those who stood in his way.<a href="#cite_note-Crofton2006-8">[7]</a> Henry returned some of the money supposedly extorted by the two ministers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall190417-28">[27]</a> By contrast, Henry's view of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a> – potential rival claimants for the throne – was more moderate than his father's had been. Several who had been imprisoned by his father, including <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Grey,_2nd_Marquess_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset">Thomas Grey, 2nd Marquess of Dorset</a>, were pardoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey2008304–306-29">[28]</a> Others went unreconciled; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_de_la_Pole,_3rd_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk">Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk</a> was eventually beheaded in 1513, an execution prompted by his brother <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_la_Pole" title="Richard de la Pole">Richard</a> siding against the King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199731–32-30">[29]</a> Soon after marrying Henry, Catherine conceived. She gave birth to a <a href="/wiki/Stillborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Stillborn">stillborn</a> girl on 31 January 1510. About four months later, Catherine again became pregnant.<a href="#cite_note-loades26-31">[30]</a> On 1 January 1511, New Year's Day, a son <a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Henry, Duke of Cornwall">Henry</a> was born. After the grief of losing their first child, the couple were pleased to have a boy and festivities were held,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199718-32">[31]</a> including a two-day <a href="/wiki/Joust" class="mw-redirect" title="Joust">joust</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/1511_Westminster_Tournament_Roll" title="1511 Westminster Tournament Roll">Westminster Tournament</a>. However, the child died seven weeks later.<a href="#cite_note-loades26-31">[30]</a> Catherine had two stillborn sons in 1513 and 1515, but gave birth in February 1516 to a girl, <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary</a>. Relations between Henry and Catherine had been strained, but they eased slightly after Mary's birth.<a href="#cite_note-loades4849-33">[32]</a> Although Henry's marriage to Catherine has since been described as "unusually good",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977103-34">[33]</a> it is known that Henry took mistresses. It was revealed in 1510 that Henry had been conducting an affair with one of the sisters of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stafford,_3rd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham">Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham</a>, either Elizabeth or <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hastings,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon">Anne Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200927-35">[34]</a> The most significant mistress for about three years, starting in 1516, was <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blount" title="Elizabeth Blount">Elizabeth Blount</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loades4849-33">[32]</a> Blount is one of only two completely undisputed mistresses, considered by some to be few for a virile young king.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser1994-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-loades4748-37">[36]</a> Exactly how many Henry had is disputed: <a href="/wiki/David_Loades" title="David Loades">David Loades</a> believes Henry had mistresses "only to a very limited extent",<a href="#cite_note-loades4748-37">[36]</a> whilst <a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Alison Weir</a> believes there were numerous other affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Weir-38">[37]</a> Catherine is not known to have protested. In 1518, she fell pregnant again with another girl, who was also stillborn.<a href="#cite_note-loades4849-33">[32]</a> Blount gave birth in June 1519 to Henry's illegitimate son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_FitzRoy,_1st_Duke_of_Richmond_and_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset">Henry FitzRoy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loades4849-33">[32]</a> The young boy was made Duke of Richmond in June 1525 in what some thought was one step on the path to his eventual legitimisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton197798,_104-39">[38]</a> FitzRoy married <a href="/wiki/Mary_FitzRoy,_Duchess_of_Richmond_and_Somerset" title="Mary FitzRoy, Duchess of Richmond and Somerset">Mary Howard</a> in 1533, but died childless three years later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977255-40">[39]</a> At the time of his death in July 1536, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> was considering the <a href="/wiki/Second_Succession_Act" title="Second Succession Act">Second Succession Act</a>, which could have allowed him to become king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977255,_271-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="France_and_the_Habsburgs">France and the Habsburgs</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/280px-British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/420px-British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/560px-British_-_Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5089" data-file-height="2454" /></a><figcaption>The meeting of Francis I and Henry VIII at the <a href="/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold" title="Field of the Cloth of Gold">Field of the Cloth of Gold</a> in 1520</figcaption></figure> In 1510, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a>, with a fragile alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Cambrai" title="League of Cambrai">League of Cambrai</a>, was winning a war against <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>. Henry renewed his father's friendship with <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a>, an issue that divided his council. Certainly, war with the combined might of the two powers would have been exceedingly difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Loades27-42">[41]</a> Shortly thereafter, however, Henry also signed a pact with Ferdinand II of Aragon. After <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Pope Julius II</a> created the anti-French <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai#Holy_League" title="War of the League of Cambrai">Holy League</a> in October 1511,<a href="#cite_note-Loades27-42">[41]</a> Henry followed Ferdinand's lead and brought England into the new League. An initial joint Anglo-Spanish attack was planned for the spring to recover <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> for England, the start of making Henry's <a href="/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne" title="English claims to the French throne">dreams of ruling France</a> a reality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200927–28-43">[42]</a> The attack, however, following a formal declaration of war in April 1512, was not led by Henry personally<a href="#cite_note-Scarisbrick2831-44">[43]</a> and was a considerable failure; Ferdinand used it simply to further his own ends, and it strained the Anglo-Spanish alliance. Nevertheless, the French were pushed out of Italy soon after, and the alliance survived, with both parties keen to win further victories over the French.<a href="#cite_note-Scarisbrick2831-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200930–32-45">[44]</a> Henry then pulled off a diplomatic coup by convincing Emperor Maximilian to join the Holy League.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200962-46">[45]</a> Remarkably, Henry had secured the promised title of "<a href="/wiki/Most_Christian_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Most Christian King">Most Christian King</a> of France" from Julius and possibly coronation by the Pope himself in Paris, if only Louis could be defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199733–34-47">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_VIII_with_Charles_Quint_and_Pope_Leon_X_circa_1520.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Henry_VIII_with_Charles_Quint_and_Pope_Leon_X_circa_1520.jpg/220px-Henry_VIII_with_Charles_Quint_and_Pope_Leon_X_circa_1520.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Henry_VIII_with_Charles_Quint_and_Pope_Leon_X_circa_1520.jpg/330px-Henry_VIII_with_Charles_Quint_and_Pope_Leon_X_circa_1520.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Henry_VIII_with_Charles_Quint_and_Pope_Leon_X_circa_1520.jpg/440px-Henry_VIII_with_Charles_Quint_and_Pope_Leon_X_circa_1520.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2175" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Henry (left) with <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a> (centre) and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Charles_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Charles V">Emperor Charles V</a> (right); painting by unknown artist <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1520</figcaption></figure> On 30 June 1513, Henry invaded France, and his troops defeated a French army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs" title="Battle of the Spurs">Battle of the Spurs</a> – a relatively minor result, but one which was seized on by the English for propaganda purposes. Soon after, the English took <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9rouanne" title="Thérouanne">Thérouanne</a> and handed it over to Maximilian; <a href="/wiki/Tournai" title="Tournai">Tournai</a>, a more significant settlement, followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200962–63-48">[47]</a> Henry had led the army personally, complete with a large entourage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199735–36-49">[48]</a> His absence from the country, however, had prompted his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a> to invade England at the behest of Louis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini1968280-50">[49]</a> Nevertheless, the English army, overseen by Queen Catherine, decisively defeated the Scots at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Battle of Flodden">Battle of Flodden</a> on 9 September 1513.<a href="#cite_note-loades63-51">[50]</a> Among the dead was the Scottish king, thus ending <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>'s brief involvement in the war.<a href="#cite_note-loades63-51">[50]</a> These campaigns had given Henry a taste of the military success he so desired. However, despite initial indications, he decided not to pursue a 1514 campaign. He had been supporting Ferdinand and Maximilian financially during the campaign but had received little in return; England's coffers were now empty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200965–66-52">[51]</a> With the replacement of Julius by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>, who was inclined to negotiate for peace with France, Henry signed his own treaty with Louis: his sister <a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary</a> would become Louis's wife, having previously been pledged to the younger Charles, and peace was secured for eight years, a remarkably long time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200966–67-53">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flemish_School,_16th_century_-_The_Meeting_of_Henry_VIII_and_the_Emperor_Maximilian_I_-_RCIN_405800_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flemish_School%2C_16th_century_-_The_Meeting_of_Henry_VIII_and_the_Emperor_Maximilian_I_-_RCIN_405800_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/280px-Flemish_School%2C_16th_century_-_The_Meeting_of_Henry_VIII_and_the_Emperor_Maximilian_I_-_RCIN_405800_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flemish_School%2C_16th_century_-_The_Meeting_of_Henry_VIII_and_the_Emperor_Maximilian_I_-_RCIN_405800_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/420px-Flemish_School%2C_16th_century_-_The_Meeting_of_Henry_VIII_and_the_Emperor_Maximilian_I_-_RCIN_405800_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flemish_School%2C_16th_century_-_The_Meeting_of_Henry_VIII_and_the_Emperor_Maximilian_I_-_RCIN_405800_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/560px-Flemish_School%2C_16th_century_-_The_Meeting_of_Henry_VIII_and_the_Emperor_Maximilian_I_-_RCIN_405800_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption>Flemish painting showing the encounter between Henry and Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I</a> in 1513. In the background is depicted the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs" title="Battle of the Spurs">Battle of the Spurs</a> against <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a> of France.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, the nephew of Henry's wife Catherine, inherited a large empire in Europe, becoming <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">king of Spain</a> in 1516 and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> in 1519. When Louis XII of France died in 1515, he was succeeded by his cousin <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200967–68-54">[53]</a> These accessions left three relatively young rulers and an opportunity for a clean slate. The careful diplomacy of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a> had resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1518)" title="Treaty of London (1518)">Treaty of London (1518)</a>, aimed at uniting the kingdoms of western Europe in the wake of a new <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> threat, and it seemed that peace might be secured.<a href="#cite_note-loades6869-55">[54]</a> Henry met King Francis on 7 June 1520 at the <a href="/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold" title="Field of the Cloth of Gold">Field of the Cloth of Gold</a> near <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> for a fortnight of lavish entertainment. Both hoped for friendly relations in place of the wars of the previous decade. The strong air of competition laid to rest any hopes of a renewal of the Treaty of London, however, and conflict was inevitable.<a href="#cite_note-loades6869-55">[54]</a> Henry had more in common with Charles, whom he met once before and once after Francis. Charles brought his realms into war with France in 1521; Henry offered to mediate, but little was achieved and by the end of the year Henry had aligned England with Charles. He still clung to his previous aim of restoring English lands in France but sought to secure an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, then a territorial possession of Charles, and the continued support of the Emperor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200969-56">[55]</a> A small English attack in the north of France made up little ground. Charles <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">defeated and captured Francis at Pavia</a> and could dictate peace, but he believed he owed Henry nothing. Sensing this, Henry decided to take England out of the war before his ally, signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_More" title="Treaty of the More">Treaty of the More</a> on 30 August 1525.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200970–71-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriages">Marriages</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Wives of Henry VIII">Wives of Henry VIII</a></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:#CDF; color: black; width:auto"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:left"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Family_tree_of_the_Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Template:Family tree of the Wives of Henry VIII"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Family_tree_of_the_Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Template talk:Family tree of the Wives of Henry VIII"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Family_tree_of_the_Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Family tree of the Wives of Henry VIII"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Family tree of the <a href="/wiki/Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Wives of Henry VIII">wives of Henry VIII</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> King <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry VIII</a> and all six of his wives were related through a common ancestor, King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00">1239–1307 <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> King of England <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1272–1307</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1275 <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_England,_Duchess_of_Brabant" title="Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant">Margaret</a> Duchess of Brabant</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1282–1316 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Rhuddlan" title="Elizabeth of Rhuddlan">Elizabeth</a> Countess of Hereford</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00">1284–1327 <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a> King of England <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1307–1327</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1300–1355 <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="John III, Duke of Brabant">John III</a> Duke of Brabant</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1312–1360 <a href="/wiki/William_de_Bohun,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton">William de Bohun</a> Earl of Northampton</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00">1312–1377 <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> King of England <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1327–1377</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1323–1380 <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Brabant,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Margaret of Brabant, Countess of Flanders">Margaret of Brabant</a> Countess of Flanders</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1338–1368 <a href="/wiki/Lionel_of_Antwerp,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence">Lionel of Antwerp</a> Duke of Clarence</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1340–1399 <a href="/wiki/John_of_Gaunt" title="John of Gaunt">John of Gaunt</a> Duke of Lancaster</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1350–1405 <a href="/wiki/Margaret_III,_Countess_of_Flanders" title="Margaret III, Countess of Flanders">Margaret III</a> Countess of Flanders<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350–1385 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fitzalan,_Countess_of_Arundel" title="Elizabeth Fitzalan, Countess of Arundel">Elizabeth Fitzalan</a> Countess of Arundel</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1355–1382 <a href="/wiki/Philippa,_5th_Countess_of_Ulster" title="Philippa, 5th Countess of Ulster">Philippa</a> Countess of Ulster</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1371–1419 <a href="/wiki/John_the_Fearless" title="John the Fearless">John</a> Duke of Burgundy</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1366–1425 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Fitzalan,_Duchess_of_Norfolk" title="Elizabeth Fitzalan, Duchess of Norfolk">Elizabeth Fitzalan</a> Duchess of Norfolk</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1371–1417 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Mortimer" title="Elizabeth Mortimer">Elizabeth Mortimer</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1374–1398 <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mortimer,_4th_Earl_of_March" title="Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March">Roger Mortimer</a> Earl of March</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1371–1410 <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset">John Beaufort</a> Earl of Somerset</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1373–1418 <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Lancaster" title="Catherine of Lancaster">Catherine</a> Queen of Castile</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1379–1440 <a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Countess_of_Westmorland" title="Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland">Joan Beaufort</a> Countess of Westmorland</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1393–1466 <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Burgundy,_Duchess_of_Cleves" title="Mary of Burgundy, Duchess of Cleves">Mary</a> Duchess of Cleves</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1388 Margaret de Mowbray</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1395–1436 <a href="/wiki/John_Clifford,_7th_Baron_Clifford#Marriage_and_issue" title="John Clifford, 7th Baron Clifford">Elizabeth</a> Baroness de Clifford</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1388–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1411 <a href="/wiki/Anne_de_Mortimer" title="Anne de Mortimer">Anne de Mortimer</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1404–1444 <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">John Beaufort</a> Duke of Somerset</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1405–1454 <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_Castile" title="John II of Castile">John II</a> King of Castile</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1400–1460 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Neville,_5th_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury">Richard Neville</a> Earl of Salisbury</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1419–1481 <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="John I, Duke of Cleves">John I</a> Duke of Cleves</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1425–1485 <a href="/wiki/John_Howard,_1st_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk">John Howard</a> Duke of Norfolk</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Mary Clifford</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1411–1460 <a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard</a> Duke of York</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="born">b.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1430 <a href="/wiki/Alice_Neville" title="Alice Neville">Alice Neville</a> Baroness FitzHugh of Ravensworth</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1458–1521 <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="John II, Duke of Cleves">John II</a> Duke of Cleves</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1443–1524 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard</a> Duke of Norfolk</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1448–1499/1501 <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wentworth" title="Henry Wentworth">Henry Wentworth</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00">1442–1483 <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a> King of England <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1461–1470 <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1470–1483</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1441/43–1509 <a href="/wiki/Lady_Margaret_Beaufort" title="Lady Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1451–1504 <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella I</a> Queen of Castile</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1455/1465–bef. 1507 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_FitzHugh" title="Elizabeth FitzHugh">Elizabeth FitzHugh</a> Lady Parr of Kendal</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1490–1538/1539 <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Cleves" title="John III, Duke of Cleves">John III</a> Duke of Cleves<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1478–1539 <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edmund_Howard" title="Lord Edmund Howard">Edmund Howard</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1480–1538 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Boleyn,_Countess_of_Wiltshire" title="Elizabeth Boleyn, Countess of Wiltshire">Elizabeth Boleyn</a> Countess of Wiltshire</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1478–1550 <a href="/wiki/Margery_Wentworth" title="Margery Wentworth">Margery Wentworth</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">1466–1503 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00">1457–1509 <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> King of England <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1485–1509</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1483–1517 Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Parr_(courtier)" title="Thomas Parr (courtier)">Thomas Parr</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCFFFF; border:2px solid #00F">1515–1557 <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a> 4th wife: 1540</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCFFFF; border:2px solid #00F"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1524–1542 <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard">Catherine Howard</a> 5th wife: 1540–1542</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCFFFF; border:2px solid #00F"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1507–1536 <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a> 2nd wife: 1533–1536</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCFFFF; border:2px solid #00F"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1508–1537 <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a> 3rd wife: 1536–1537</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#FDC; border:2px solid #F00">1491–1547 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry VIII</a> King of England <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1509–1547</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCFFFF; border:2px solid #00F">1485–1536 <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> 1st wife: 1509–1533</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color:#CCFFFF; border:2px solid #00F">1512–1548 <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a> 6th wife: 1543–1547</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00">1533–1603 <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> Queen of England <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1558–1603</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00">1537–1553 <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> King of England <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1547–1553</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid #F00">1516–1558 <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> Queen of England <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1553–1558</td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annulment_from_Catherine">Annulment from Catherine</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n,_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg/170px-Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg/255px-Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg/340px-Catalina_de_Arag%C3%B3n%2C_palacio_de_Lambeth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1686" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, Henry's first queen, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1520</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1491_Henry_VIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1491_Henry_VIII.jpg/170px-1491_Henry_VIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1491_Henry_VIII.jpg/255px-1491_Henry_VIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1491_Henry_VIII.jpg/340px-1491_Henry_VIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1213" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Henry VIII by <a href="/wiki/Joos_van_Cleve" title="Joos van Cleve">Joos van Cleve</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1531</figcaption></figure> </div></div> During his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Henry conducted an affair with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Boleyn" title="Mary Boleyn">Mary Boleyn</a>, Catherine's <a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting" title="Lady-in-waiting">lady-in-waiting</a>. There has been speculation that Mary's two children, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Carey,_1st_Baron_Hunsdon" title="Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon">Henry Carey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Carey" title="Catherine Carey">Catherine Carey</a>, were fathered by Henry but this has never been proven. King Henry never acknowledged them as he did in the case of Henry FitzRoy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruzSuzuki2009132-61">[60]</a> In 1525, as Henry grew more impatient with Catherine's inability to produce the <a href="/wiki/Male_heir" title="Male heir">male heir</a> he desired,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith197170-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-crofton51-63">[62]</a> he became enamoured of Mary Boleyn's sister, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>, then a charismatic young woman of 25 in the Queen's entourage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997154-64">[63]</a> Anne, however, resisted his attempts to seduce her, and refused to become his mistress as her sister had.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2002160-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[b]</a> It was in this context that Henry considered his three options for finding a dynastic successor and hence resolving what came to be described at court as the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_%22great_matter%22" class="mw-redirect" title="King's "great matter"">King's "great matter"</a>. These options were legitimising Henry FitzRoy, which would need the involvement of the Pope and would be open to challenge; marrying off Mary, his daughter with Catherine, as soon as possible and hoping for a grandson to inherit directly, but Mary was considered unlikely to conceive before Henry's death, or somehow rejecting Catherine and marrying someone else of child-bearing age. Probably seeing the possibility of marrying Anne, the third was ultimately the most attractive possibility to the 34-year-old Henry,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200988–89-68">[66]</a> and it soon became the King's absorbing desire to annul his marriage to the now 40-year-old Catherine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigden2000114-69">[67]</a> Henry's precise motivations and intentions over the coming years are not widely agreed on.<a href="#cite_note-elton103-70">[68]</a> Henry himself, at least in the early part of his reign, was a devout and well-informed Catholic to the extent that his 1521 publication <a href="/wiki/Assertio_Septem_Sacramentorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Assertio Septem Sacramentorum">Assertio Septem Sacramentorum</a> ("Defence of the Seven Sacraments") earned him the title of <a href="/wiki/Fidei_Defensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidei Defensor">Fidei Defensor</a> (Defender of the Faith) from Pope Leo X.<a href="#cite_note-elton75-71">[69]</a> The work represented a staunch defence of papal supremacy, albeit one couched in somewhat contingent terms.<a href="#cite_note-elton75-71">[69]</a> It is not clear exactly when Henry changed his mind on the issue as he grew more intent on a second marriage. Certainly, by 1527, he had convinced himself that Catherine had produced no male heir because their union was "blighted in the eyes of God".<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Indeed, in marrying Catherine, his brother's wife, he had acted contrary to <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 20:21, a justification <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Thomas Cranmer</a> used to declare the marriage null.<a href="#cite_note-Cole2015-73">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, on the other hand, had initially argued against the annulment, stating that Henry VIII could take a second wife in accordance with his teaching that the Bible allowed for <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> but not <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cole2015-73">[71]</a> Henry now believed the Pope had lacked the authority to grant a dispensation from this impediment. It was this argument Henry took to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a> in 1527 in the hope of having his marriage to Catherine annulled, forgoing at least one less openly defiant line of attack.<a href="#cite_note-elton103-70">[68]</a> In going public, all hope of tempting Catherine to retire to a nunnery or otherwise stay quiet was lost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200991–92-75">[72]</a> Henry sent his secretary, <a href="/wiki/William_Knight_(bishop)" title="William Knight (bishop)">William Knight</a>, to appeal directly to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> by way of a deceptively worded draft papal bull. Knight was unsuccessful; the Pope could not be misled so easily,<a href="#cite_note-Elton109-76">[73]</a> and he did not want to antagonise Catherine's nephew, Charles V, whose troops had recently <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">sacked Rome</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other missions concentrated on arranging an ecclesiastical court to meet in England, with a representative from Clement VII. Although Clement agreed to the creation of such a court, he never had any intention of empowering his legate, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Campeggio" title="Lorenzo Campeggio">Lorenzo Campeggio</a>, to decide in Henry's favour.<a href="#cite_note-Elton109-76">[73]</a> This bias was perhaps the result of pressure from Emperor Charles V, but it is not clear how far this influenced either Campeggio or the Pope. After less than two months of hearing evidence, Clement called the case back to Rome in July 1529, from which it was clear that it would never re-emerge.<a href="#cite_note-Elton109-76">[73]</a> With the chance for an <a href="/wiki/Annulment" title="Annulment">annulment</a> lost, Cardinal Wolsey bore the blame. He was charged with <a href="/wiki/Praemunire" title="Praemunire">praemunire</a> in October 1529,<a href="#cite_note-Lockyer2014-77">[74]</a> and his fall from grace was "sudden and total".<a href="#cite_note-Elton109-76">[73]</a> Briefly reconciled with Henry (and officially pardoned) in the first half of 1530, he was charged once more in November 1530, this time for treason, but died while awaiting trial.<a href="#cite_note-Elton109-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh199392ff-78">[75]</a> After a short period in which Henry took government upon his own shoulders,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977116-79">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a> took on the role of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a> and chief minister. Intelligent and able, but a devout Catholic and opponent of the annulment,<a href="#cite_note-Losch2002-80">[77]</a> More initially cooperated with the King's new policy, denouncing Wolsey in Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977123-81">[78]</a> A year later, Catherine was banished from court, and her rooms were given to Anne Boleyn. Anne was an unusually educated and intellectual woman for her time and was keenly absorbed and engaged with the ideas of the Protestant Reformers, but the extent to which she herself was a committed Protestant is much debated.<a href="#cite_note-gunn-66">[65]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Warham" title="William Warham">William Warham</a> died, Anne's influence and the need to find a trustworthy supporter of the annulment had Thomas Cranmer appointed to the vacant position.<a href="#cite_note-Losch2002-80">[77]</a> This was approved by the Pope, unaware of the King's nascent plans for the Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977175–176-82">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_to_Anne_Boleyn">Marriage to Anne Boleyn</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Reformation">Henry VIII § Reformation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnneBoleynHever.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AnneBoleynHever.jpg/170px-AnneBoleynHever.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AnneBoleynHever.jpg/255px-AnneBoleynHever.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/AnneBoleynHever.jpg/340px-AnneBoleynHever.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1765" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a>, Henry's second queen; a copy of a lost original painted around 1534</figcaption></figure> In the winter of 1532, Henry met with Francis I at Calais and enlisted Francis's support for his new marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971123-83">[80]</a> Immediately upon returning to <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> in England, Henry, now 41, and Anne went through a secret wedding service.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey2003462–464-84">[81]</a> She soon became pregnant, and there was a second wedding service in London on 25 January 1533. On 23 May 1533, Cranmer, sitting in judgment at a special court convened at <a href="/wiki/Dunstable_Priory" title="Dunstable Priory">Dunstable Priory</a> to rule on the validity of the King's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, declared the marriage of Henry and Catherine null and void. Five days later, on 28 May 1533, Cranmer declared the marriage of Henry and Anne to be valid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971124-85">[82]</a> Catherine was formally stripped of her title as queen, becoming instead "princess dowager" as the widow of Arthur. In her place, <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Anne_Boleyn" title="Coronation of Anne Boleyn">Anne was crowned queen</a> on 1 June 1533.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977178-86">[83]</a> The Queen gave birth to a daughter slightly prematurely on 7 September 1533. The child was christened <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth</a>, in honour of Henry's mother, Elizabeth of York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971128–131-87">[84]</a> Following the marriage, there was a period of consolidation, taking the form of a series of statutes of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation_Parliament" title="English Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a> aimed at finding solutions to any remaining issues, whilst protecting the new reforms from challenge, convincing the public of their legitimacy, and exposing and dealing with opponents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard200568–71-88">[85]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> was dealt with at length by Cranmer and others, these acts were advanced by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Audley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Audley">Thomas Audley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk</a> and indeed by Henry himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard200568-89">[86]</a> With this process complete, in May 1532 More resigned as Lord Chancellor, leaving Cromwell as Henry's chief minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971136-90">[87]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Succession_1533" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Succession 1533">Act of Succession 1533</a>, Catherine's daughter, Mary, was declared illegitimate; Henry's marriage to Anne was declared legitimate; and Anne's <a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">issue</a> declared to be next in the line of succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard200569-91">[88]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Supremacy" title="Acts of Supremacy">Acts of Supremacy</a> in 1534, Parliament recognised the King's status as <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">head of the church in England</a> and, together with the <a href="/wiki/Act_in_Restraint_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Act in Restraint of Appeals">Act in Restraint of Appeals</a> in 1532, abolished the right of appeal to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard200569–71-92">[89]</a> It was only then that Pope Clement VII took the step of <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Excommunication in the Catholic Church">excommunicating</a> the King and Cranmer, although the excommunication was not made official until some time later.<a href="#cite_note-99">[d]</a> The King and Queen were not pleased with married life. They enjoyed periods of calm and affection, but Anne refused to play the submissive role expected of her. The vivacity and opinionated intellect that had made her so attractive as an illicit lover made her too independent for the largely ceremonial role of a royal wife and it made her many enemies. For his part, Henry disliked Anne's constant irritability and violent temper. After a <a href="/wiki/False_pregnancy" title="False pregnancy">false pregnancy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">miscarriage</a> in 1534, he saw her failure to give him a son as a betrayal. As early as Christmas 1534, Henry was discussing with Cranmer and Cromwell the chances of leaving Anne without having to return to Catherine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971138-100">[96]</a> Henry is traditionally believed to have had an affair with <a href="/wiki/Madge_Shelton" title="Madge Shelton">Madge Shelton</a> in 1535, although historian <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a> argues that Henry in fact had an affair with her sister <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelton" title="Mary Shelton">Mary Shelton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser1994-36">[35]</a> Opposition to Henry's religious policies was at first quickly suppressed in England. Some dissenting monks, including the first <a href="/wiki/Carthusian_Martyrs_of_London" title="Carthusian Martyrs of London">Carthusian Martyrs</a>, were executed and many more <a href="/wiki/Pilloried" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilloried">pilloried</a>. The most prominent resisters included <a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a>, Bishop of Rochester, and Thomas More, both of whom refused to take the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Supremacy" title="Oath of Supremacy">Oath of Supremacy</a> to the King.<a href="#cite_note-elton192-101">[97]</a> Neither Henry nor Cromwell sought at that stage to have the men executed; rather, they hoped that the two might change their minds and save themselves. Fisher openly rejected Henry as the Supreme Head of the Church, but More was careful to avoid openly breaking the <a href="/wiki/Treasons_Act_1534" title="Treasons Act 1534">Treasons Act 1534</a>, which (unlike later acts) did not forbid mere silence. Both men were subsequently convicted of high treason, however – More on the evidence of a single conversation with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rich" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rich">Richard Rich</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales" title="Solicitor General for England and Wales">Solicitor General</a> – and both were executed in the summer of 1535.<a href="#cite_note-elton192-101">[97]</a> These suppressions, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Religious_Houses_Act_1535" title="Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535">Suppression of Religious Houses Act 1535</a>, in turn, contributed to a more general resistance to Henry's reforms, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_Grace" title="Pilgrimage of Grace">Pilgrimage of Grace</a>, a large uprising in northern England in October 1536.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977262–263-102">[98]</a> Some 20,000 to 40,000 rebels were led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Aske_(political_leader)" title="Robert Aske (political leader)">Robert Aske</a>, together with parts of the northern nobility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977260-103">[99]</a> Henry VIII promised the rebels he would pardon them and thanked them for raising the issues. Aske told the rebels they had been successful and they could disperse and go home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977261-104">[100]</a> Henry saw the rebels as traitors and did not feel obliged to keep his promises to them, so when further violence occurred after Henry's offer of a pardon he was quick to break his promise of clemency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977261–262-105">[101]</a> The leaders, including Aske, were arrested and executed for treason. In total, about 200 rebels were executed, and the disturbances ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977262-106">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Execution_of_Anne_Boleyn">Execution of Anne Boleyn</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein,_the_Younger,_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Hans_Holbein%2C_the_Younger%2C_Around_1497-1543_-_Portrait_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="4203" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1537</figcaption></figure> On 8 January 1536, news reached the King and Queen that Catherine of Aragon had died. The following day, Henry dressed all in yellow, with a white feather in his bonnet.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> Queen Anne was pregnant again, and she was aware that there might be consequences if she failed to give birth to a son. Later that month, the King was thrown from his horse in a tournament and was badly injured; it seemed for a time that his life was in danger. When news of this accident reached the Queen, she was sent into shock and miscarried a male child at about 15 weeks' gestation, on the day of Catherine's funeral, 29 January 1536.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997348-108">[104]</a> For most observers, this personal loss was the beginning of the end of this royal marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971141-109">[105]</a> Although the Boleyn family still held important positions on the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a>, Anne had many enemies, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brandon,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk">Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk</a>. Even her own uncle, the Duke of Norfolk, had come to resent her attitude to her power. The Boleyns preferred France over the Emperor as a potential ally, but the King's favour had swung towards the latter (partly because of Cromwell), damaging the family's influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977250–251-110">[106]</a> Also opposed to Anne were supporters of reconciliation with Princess Mary (among them the former supporters of Catherine), who had reached maturity. A second annulment was now a real possibility, although it is commonly believed that it was Cromwell's anti-Boleyn influence that led opponents to look for a way of having her executed.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson2012-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977252–253-112">[108]</a> Anne's downfall came shortly after she had recovered from her final miscarriage. Whether it was primarily the result of allegations of conspiracy, adultery, or witchcraft remains a matter of debate among historians.<a href="#cite_note-gunn-66">[65]</a> Early signs of a fall from grace included the King's new mistress, the 28-year-old <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a>, being moved into new quarters,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971142-113">[109]</a> and Anne's brother, <a href="/wiki/George_Boleyn" class="mw-redirect" title="George Boleyn">George Boleyn</a>, being refused the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a>, which was instead given to <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Carew_(courtier)" title="Nicholas Carew (courtier)">Nicholas Carew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIves2005306-114">[110]</a> Between 30 April and 2 May, five men, including George Boleyn, were arrested on charges of treasonable adultery and accused of having sexual relationships with the Queen. Anne was arrested, accused of treasonous adultery and incest. Although the evidence against them was unconvincing, the accused were found guilty and condemned to death. On 17 May 1536, Henry and Anne's marriage was annulled by Archbishop Cranmer at <a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Palace" title="Lambeth Palace">Lambeth Palace</a> and the accused men were executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991332-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977253-116">[112]</a> Cranmer appears to have had difficulty finding grounds for an annulment and probably based it on the prior liaison between Henry and Anne's sister Mary, which in canon law meant that Henry's marriage to Anne was, like his first marriage, within a forbidden degree of affinity and therefore void.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991330-117">[113]</a> At 8 am on 19 May 1536, Anne was executed on <a href="/wiki/Tower_Green" title="Tower Green">Tower Green</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbertWeinrebKeayKeay201060-118">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_to_Jane_Seymour;_domestic_and_foreign_affairs">Marriage to Jane Seymour; domestic and foreign affairs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:366px;max-width:366px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour,_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour%2C_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/158px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour%2C_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour%2C_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/237px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour%2C_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour%2C_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/316px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Jane_Seymour%2C_Queen_of_England_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4241" data-file-height="6824" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Family_of_Henry_VIII_c_1545_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Family_of_Henry_VIII_c_1545_detail.jpg/200px-Family_of_Henry_VIII_c_1545_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Family_of_Henry_VIII_c_1545_detail.jpg/300px-Family_of_Henry_VIII_c_1545_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Family_of_Henry_VIII_c_1545_detail.jpg/400px-Family_of_Henry_VIII_c_1545_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1906" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a> (left) was Henry's third wife. She is pictured (right) with Henry and the young <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Prince Edward</a> in a painting by an unknown artist; by the time this painting was completed, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1545, Henry was already married to his sixth wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a>.</div></div></div></div> The day after Anne's execution the 45-year-old Henry became engaged to Seymour, who had been one of the Queen's <a href="/wiki/Ladies-in-waiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladies-in-waiting">ladies-in-waiting</a>. They were married ten days later<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997350-119">[115]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>, London, in Anne's closet, by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Winchester" title="Bishop of Winchester">Bishop of Winchester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2002344-120">[116]</a> With Charles V distracted by the internal politics of his many kingdoms and external threats, and Henry and Francis on relatively good terms, domestic and not foreign policy issues had been Henry's priority in the first half of the 1530s. In 1536, for example, Henry granted his assent to the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Act_1535" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Act 1535">Laws in Wales Act 1535</a>, which legally annexed <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, uniting England and Wales into a single nation. This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Succession_Act" title="Second Succession Act">Second Succession Act</a> (the Succession to the Crown Act 1536), which declared Henry's children by Jane to be next in the line of succession and declared both Mary and Elizabeth illegitimate, thus excluding them from the throne. The King was granted the power to further determine the line of succession in his will, should he have no further issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997350–351-121">[117]</a> On 12 October 1537, Jane gave birth to a son, Prince Edward, the future <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997353-122">[118]</a> The birth was difficult, and Queen Jane died on 24 October 1537 from an infection and was buried in Windsor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997355-123">[119]</a> The euphoria that had accompanied Edward's birth became sorrow, but it was only over time that Henry came to long for his wife. At the time, Henry recovered quickly from the shock.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977275-124">[120]</a> Measures were immediately put in place to find another wife for Henry, which, at the insistence of Cromwell and the Privy Council, were focused on the European continent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997355–256-125">[121]</a> In 1538, as part of the negotiation of a secret treaty by Cromwell with Charles V, a series of dynastic marriages were proposed: Mary would marry a son of King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>, Elizabeth would marry one of the sons of King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand I of Hungary">Ferdinand I of Hungary</a> and the infant Edward would marry one of Charles's daughters. It was suggested the widowed Henry might marry <a href="/wiki/Christina,_Dowager_Duchess_of_Milan" class="mw-redirect" title="Christina, Dowager Duchess of Milan">Christina, Dowager Duchess of Milan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> However, when Charles and Francis made peace in January 1539, Henry became increasingly paranoid, perhaps as a result of receiving a constant list of threats to the kingdom (real or imaginary, minor or serious) supplied by Cromwell in his role as spymaster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200972–73-127">[123]</a> Enriched by the dissolution of the monasteries, Henry used some of his financial reserves to build a <a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">series of coastal defences</a> and set some aside for use in the event of a Franco-German invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200974–75-128">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_to_Anne_of_Cleves">Marriage to Anne of Cleves</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein_le_Jeune_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_INV_1348_;_MR_756_-_version_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein_le_Jeune_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_INV_1348_%3B_MR_756_-_version_2.jpg/170px-Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein_le_Jeune_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_INV_1348_%3B_MR_756_-_version_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein_le_Jeune_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_INV_1348_%3B_MR_756_-_version_2.jpg/255px-Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein_le_Jeune_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_INV_1348_%3B_MR_756_-_version_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein_le_Jeune_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_INV_1348_%3B_MR_756_-_version_2.jpg/340px-Anne_de_Cl%C3%A8ves_-_Hans_Holbein_le_Jeune_-_Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_Peintures_INV_1348_%3B_MR_756_-_version_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7548" data-file-height="10398" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, 1539</figcaption></figure> Having considered the matter, Cromwell suggested <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne</a>, the 25-year-old sister of <a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_J%C3%BClich-Cleves-Berg" title="William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg">William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg</a>, who was seen as an important ally in case of a Roman Catholic attack on England, for the Duke fell between <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997368–369-129">[125]</a> Other potential brides included Christina of Denmark, <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Lorraine" title="Anna of Lorraine">Anna of Lorraine</a>, Louise of Guise and <a href="/wiki/Amalia_of_Cleves" title="Amalia of Cleves">Amalia of Cleves</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a> was dispatched to Cleves to paint a portrait of Anne for the King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997369–370-130">[126]</a> Despite speculation that Holbein painted her in an overly flattering light, it is more likely that the portrait was accurate; Holbein remained in favour at court.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997373–374-131">[127]</a> After seeing Holbein's portrait, and urged on by the complimentary description of Anne given by his courtiers, the 49-year-old King agreed to wed Anne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997373–375-132">[128]</a> When Henry met Anne, however, he was much displeased with her appearance. The King was reportedly taken aback and told his courtiers "I promise you, I see no such thing as hath been shown me of her, by pictures and report. I am ashamed that men have praised her as they have done, and I love her not!"<a href="#cite_note-Weir-38">[37]</a> Despite his protests, Henry knew that the situation was too far gone and he would have to wed his bride. The marriage took place in January 1540, but it was never consummated. The morning after their wedding night, Henry complained about his new wife to Cromwell, stating:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1991406-133">[129]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Surely, my lord, I liked her before not well, but now I like her much worse! She is nothing fair, and have very evil smells about her. I took her to be no maid by reason of the closeness of her breasts and other tokens, which, when I felt them, strake me so to the heart, that I had neither will nor courage to prove the rest. I can have none appetite for displeasant airs. I have left her as good a maid and I found her.</blockquote> Henry wished to annul the marriage as soon as possible so he could marry another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997370-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-elton289-135">[131]</a> Anne did not argue, and confirmed that the marriage had never been consummated.<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick373-136">[132]</a> Anne's previous betrothal to <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Francis I, Duke of Lorraine">Francis of Lorraine</a> provided further grounds for the annulment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997372–373-137">[133]</a> The marriage was subsequently dissolved in July 1540, and Anne received the title of "The King's Sister", two houses, and a generous allowance.<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick373-136">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_to_Catherine_Howard_(and_fall_of_Thomas_Cromwell)">Marriage to Catherine Howard (and fall of Thomas Cromwell)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady,_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_(Royal_Collection).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady%2C_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG/220px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady%2C_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady%2C_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG/330px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady%2C_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady%2C_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG/440px-Hans_Holbein_the_Younger_-_Portrait_of_a_Lady%2C_perhaps_Katherine_Howard_%28Royal_Collection%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of a woman believed to be <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard">Catherine Howard</a>, Henry's fifth wife, by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a>, 1540</figcaption></figure> It was soon clear that Henry had fallen for the 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard">Catherine Howard</a>, the Duke of Norfolk's niece. This worried Cromwell, for Norfolk was his political opponent.<a href="#cite_note-elton289291-138">[134]</a> Shortly after, the religious reformers (and protégés of Cromwell) <a href="/wiki/Robert_Barnes_(martyr)" title="Robert Barnes (martyr)">Robert Barnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jerome_(martyr)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Jerome (martyr)">William Jerome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Garret" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Garret">Thomas Garret</a> were burned as heretics.<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick373-136">[132]</a> Cromwell, meanwhile, fell out of favour although it is unclear exactly why, for there is little evidence of differences in domestic or foreign policy. Despite his role, he was never formally accused of being responsible for Henry's failed marriage.<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick367377-139">[135]</a> Cromwell was now surrounded by enemies at court, with Norfolk also able to draw on his niece Catherine's position.<a href="#cite_note-elton289291-138">[134]</a> Cromwell was charged with treason, selling export licences, granting passports, and drawing up commissions without permission, and may also have been blamed for the failure of the foreign policy that accompanied the attempted marriage to Anne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997378–379-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977290-141">[137]</a> He was subsequently <a href="/wiki/Attainted" class="mw-redirect" title="Attainted">attainted</a> and beheaded.<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick367377-139">[135]</a> On 28 July 1540 (the same day Cromwell was executed), Henry married the young Catherine Howard, a first cousin and lady-in-waiting of Anne Boleyn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarquhar200175-142">[138]</a> He was delighted with his new queen and awarded her the lands of Cromwell and a vast array of jewellery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997430-143">[139]</a> Soon after the marriage, however, Queen Catherine had an affair with the courtier <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Culpeper" title="Thomas Culpeper">Thomas Culpeper</a>. She also employed <a href="/wiki/Francis_Dereham" title="Francis Dereham">Francis Dereham</a>, who had previously been informally engaged to her and had an affair with her prior to her marriage, as her secretary. The Privy Council was informed of her affair with Dereham whilst Henry was away; Thomas Cranmer was dispatched to investigate, and he brought evidence of Queen Catherine's previous affair with Dereham to the King's notice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997430–431-144">[140]</a> Though Henry originally refused to believe the allegations, Dereham confessed. It took another meeting of the council, however, before Henry believed the accusations against Dereham and went into a rage, blaming the council before consoling himself in hunting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997431–432-145">[141]</a> When questioned, the Queen could have admitted a prior contract to marry Dereham, which would have made her subsequent marriage to Henry invalid, but she instead claimed that Dereham had forced her to enter into an adulterous relationship. Dereham, meanwhile, exposed Catherine's relationship with Culpeper. Culpeper and Dereham were both executed, and Catherine too was beheaded on 13 February 1542.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997432–433-146">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_to_Catherine_Parr">Marriage to Catherine Parr</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg/170px-Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg/255px-Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg/340px-Catherine_Parr_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3042" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a>, Henry's sixth and last wife</figcaption></figure> Henry married his last wife, the wealthy widow <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a>, in July 1543.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997456-147">[143]</a> A reformer at heart, she argued with Henry over religion. Henry remained committed to an idiosyncratic mixture of Catholicism and Protestantism; the reactionary mood that had gained ground after Cromwell's fall had neither eliminated his Protestant streak nor been overcome by it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977301-148">[144]</a> Parr helped reconcile Henry with his daughters, Mary and Elizabeth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997457-149">[145]</a> In 1543, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Succession_Act" title="Third Succession Act">Third Succession Act</a> put them back in the line of succession after Edward. The same act allowed Henry to determine further succession to the throne in his will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977331,_373-150">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shrines_destroyed_and_monasteries_dissolved">Shrines destroyed and monasteries dissolved</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the monasteries</a></div> In 1538, the chief minister Thomas Cromwell pursued an extensive campaign against what the government termed "idolatry" practised under the old religion, culminating in September with the dismantling of the shrine of St. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a> at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a>. As a consequence, the King was excommunicated by Pope Paul III on 17 December of the same year.<a href="#cite_note-Scarisbrick361-97">[94]</a> In 1540, Henry sanctioned the complete destruction of shrines to saints. In 1542, England's remaining monasteries were all dissolved, and their property transferred to the Crown. <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">priors</a> lost their seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. Consequently, the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a> – as members of the clergy with seats in the House of Lords were known – were for the first time outnumbered by the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">Lords Temporal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpalding189428–29-151">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_invasion_of_France_and_the_"Rough_Wooing"_of_Scotland">Second invasion of France and the "Rough Wooing" of Scotland</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rough_Wooing" title="Rough Wooing">Rough Wooing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrique_VIII_de_Inglaterra,_por_Hans_Holbein_el_Joven.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Enrique_VIII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_Hans_Holbein_el_Joven.jpg/170px-Enrique_VIII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_Hans_Holbein_el_Joven.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Enrique_VIII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_Hans_Holbein_el_Joven.jpg/255px-Enrique_VIII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_Hans_Holbein_el_Joven.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Enrique_VIII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_Hans_Holbein_el_Joven.jpg/340px-Enrique_VIII_de_Inglaterra%2C_por_Hans_Holbein_el_Joven.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2169" /></a><figcaption>Henry in 1540, by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein the Younger</a></figcaption></figure> The 1539 alliance between Francis and Charles had soured, eventually degenerating into renewed war. With Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn dead, relations between Charles and Henry improved considerably, and Henry concluded a secret alliance with the Emperor and decided to enter the <a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">Italian War</a> in favour of his new ally. An invasion of France was planned for 1543.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200975-152">[148]</a> In preparation for it, Henry moved to eliminate the potential threat of Scotland under his young nephew, <a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a>. The Scots were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solway_Moss" title="Battle of Solway Moss">Battle of Solway Moss</a> on 24 November 1542,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200975–76-153">[149]</a> and James died on 15 December. Henry now hoped to unite the crowns of England and Scotland by marrying his son Edward to James's successor, <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a>. The Scottish regent <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton,_Duke_of_Ch%C3%A2tellerault" title="James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault">Lord Arran</a> agreed to the marriage in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenwich" title="Treaty of Greenwich">Treaty of Greenwich</a> on 1 July 1543, but it was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> on 11 December. The result was eight years of war between England and Scotland, a campaign later dubbed "the <a href="/wiki/Rough_Wooing" title="Rough Wooing">Rough Wooing</a>". Despite several peace treaties, unrest continued in Scotland until Henry's death.<a href="#cite_note-Elton1977b-154">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Loades79-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy201613–51-156">[152]</a> Despite the early success with Scotland, Henry hesitated to invade France, annoying Charles. Henry finally went to France in June 1544 with a two-pronged attack. One force under Norfolk ineffectively besieged <a href="/wiki/Montreuil,_Pas-de-Calais" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreuil, Pas-de-Calais">Montreuil</a>. The other, under Suffolk, <a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Boulogne_(1544%E2%80%931546)#First_siege" title="Sieges of Boulogne (1544–1546)">laid siege</a> to <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a>. Henry later took personal command, and Boulogne fell on 18 September 1544.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200976–77-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-Elton1977b-154">[150]</a> However, Henry had refused Charles's request to march against Paris. Charles's own campaign fizzled, and he made peace with France that same day.<a href="#cite_note-Loades79-155">[151]</a> Henry was left alone against France, unable to make peace. Francis attempted to invade England in the summer of 1545 but his forces reached only the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> before being repulsed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Solent" title="Battle of the Solent">Battle of the Solent</a>. Financially exhausted, France and England signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ardres" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ardres">Treaty of Camp</a> on 7 June 1546. Henry secured Boulogne for eight years. The city was then to be returned to France for 2 million crowns (£750,000). Henry needed the money; the 1544 campaign had cost £650,000, and England was once again facing bankruptcy.<a href="#cite_note-Loades79-155">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_decline_and_death">Physical decline and death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coffins_in_the_vault_of_Henry_VIII_St_Georges_Chapel_Windsor.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coffins_in_the_vault_of_Henry_VIII_St_Georges_Chapel_Windsor.png/240px-Coffins_in_the_vault_of_Henry_VIII_St_Georges_Chapel_Windsor.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Coffins_in_the_vault_of_Henry_VIII_St_Georges_Chapel_Windsor.png/360px-Coffins_in_the_vault_of_Henry_VIII_St_Georges_Chapel_Windsor.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Coffins_in_the_vault_of_Henry_VIII_St_Georges_Chapel_Windsor.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Coffins of King Henry VIII (centre, damaged), Queen <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a> (right), King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> with a child of Queen <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> (left), contained in a vault under the choir at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>, marked by a stone slab in the floor; 1888 sketch by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Young_Nutt" title="Alfred Young Nutt">Alfred Young Nutt</a>, Surveyor to the Dean and Canons</figcaption></figure> Late in life, Henry became <a href="/wiki/Obese" class="mw-redirect" title="Obese">obese</a>, with a waist measurement of 54 inches (140 cm), and had to be moved about with the help of mechanical devices. He was covered with painful, <a href="/wiki/Pus" title="Pus">pus</a>-filled <a href="/wiki/Boils" class="mw-redirect" title="Boils">boils</a> and possibly had <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a>. His obesity and other medical problems can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a> accident on 24 January 1536 in which he suffered a leg wound. The accident reopened and aggravated an injury he had sustained years earlier, to the extent that his doctors found it difficult to treat. The <a href="/wiki/Chronic_wound" title="Chronic wound">chronic wound</a> festered for the remainder of his life and became <a href="/wiki/Ulcer_(dermatology)" title="Ulcer (dermatology)">ulcerated</a>, preventing him from maintaining the level of physical activity he had previously enjoyed. The jousting accident is also believed to have caused Henry's <a href="/wiki/Mood_swing" title="Mood swing">mood swings</a>, which may have had a dramatic effect on his personality and temperament.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-discovery-159">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Armor_of_King_Henry_VIII_of_England_(reigned_1509%E2%80%9347)_MET_268139.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Field_Armor_of_King_Henry_VIII_of_England_%28reigned_1509%E2%80%9347%29_MET_268139.jpg/180px-Field_Armor_of_King_Henry_VIII_of_England_%28reigned_1509%E2%80%9347%29_MET_268139.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Field_Armor_of_King_Henry_VIII_of_England_%28reigned_1509%E2%80%9347%29_MET_268139.jpg/270px-Field_Armor_of_King_Henry_VIII_of_England_%28reigned_1509%E2%80%9347%29_MET_268139.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Field_Armor_of_King_Henry_VIII_of_England_%28reigned_1509%E2%80%9347%29_MET_268139.jpg/360px-Field_Armor_of_King_Henry_VIII_of_England_%28reigned_1509%E2%80%9347%29_MET_268139.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="1808" /></a><figcaption>This suit of armour was commissioned <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1544 when Henry's midsection had a girth of 51 inches.</figcaption></figure> The theory that Henry had <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> has been dismissed by most historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHays201068-161">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> Historian Susan Maclean Kybett ascribes his demise to <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a>, which is caused by insufficient <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> most often due to a lack of fresh fruit and vegetables in one's diet.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> A 2010 study suggests that the king may have been of <a href="/wiki/Kell_antigen_system#History" title="Kell antigen system">Kell-positive blood type</a> to explain both his physical and mental deterioration, being consistent with some symptoms of the <a href="/wiki/McLeod_syndrome" title="McLeod syndrome">McLeod syndrome</a>, and the high mortality in the pregnancies attributed to him.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> Henry's obesity hastened his death at the age of 55, on 28 January 1547 in the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a>, on what would have been his father's 90th birthday. The tomb he had planned (with components taken from the tomb intended for Cardinal Wolsey) was only partly constructed and was never completed (the sarcophagus and its base were later removed and used for <a href="/wiki/Lord_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Nelson">Lord Nelson</a>'s tomb in the crypt of <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>).<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> Henry was interred in a vault at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>, next to Jane Seymour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2009207-167">[163]</a> Over 100 years later, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> (ruled 1625–1649) was buried in the same vault.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wives,_mistresses,_and_children">Wives, mistresses, and children</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Wives of Henry VIII">Wives of Henry VIII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Henry_VIII" title="Children of Henry VIII">Children of Henry VIII</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mistresses_of_Henry_VIII" title="Mistresses of Henry VIII">Mistresses of Henry VIII</a></div> English historian and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a> expert <a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">David Starkey</a> describes Henry VIII as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What is extraordinary is that Henry was usually a very good husband. And he liked women – that's why he married so many of them! He was very tender to them, we know that he addressed them as "sweetheart". He was a good lover, he was very generous: the wives were given huge settlements of land and jewels – they were loaded with jewels. He was immensely considerate when they were pregnant. But, once he had fallen out of love... he just cut them off. He just withdrew. He abandoned them. They didn't even know he'd left them.<a href="#cite_note-StarkeyWives-5">[4]</a></blockquote> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Known children of Henry VIII of England </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Birth </th> <th>Death </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a> (married <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Placentia" title="Palace of Placentia">Palace of Placentia</a> 11 June 1509; annulled 23 May 1533) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed daughter </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">31 January 1510 </td> <td>stillborn </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Henry, Duke of Cornwall">Henry, Duke of Cornwall</a> </td> <td>1 January 1511 </td> <td>22 February 1511 </td> <td>died aged almost two months </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed son </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">17 September 1513 </td> <td>died shortly after birth </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed son </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">November 1514<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> </td> <td>died shortly after birth </td></tr> <tr> <td>Queen <a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a> </td> <td>18 February 1516 </td> <td>17 November 1558 </td> <td>married <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> in 1554; no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed daughter </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">10 November 1518 </td> <td>stillborn in the 8th month of pregnancy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey2003160-170">[166]</a> or lived at least one week </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blount" title="Elizabeth Blount">Elizabeth Blount</a> (mistress; bore the only illegitimate child Henry VIII acknowledged as his son) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_FitzRoy,_1st_Duke_of_Richmond_and_Somerset" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset">Henry FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Richmond and Somerset</a> </td> <td>15 June 1519 </td> <td>23 July 1536 </td> <td>illegitimate; acknowledged by Henry VIII in 1525; no issue </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a> (married <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> 25 January 1533; annulled 17 May 1536) beheaded 19 May 1536 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> </td> <td>7 September 1533 </td> <td>24 March 1603 </td> <td>never married; no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed child </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Summer 1534<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter2007337-171">[167]</a> </td> <td>miscarriage or false pregnancy<a href="#cite_note-172">[e]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed child </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">1535 </td> <td>Possible miscarriage<a href="#cite_note-173">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed son </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">29 January 1536 </td> <td>miscarriage of a child, believed male,<a href="#cite_note-174">[g]</a> in the fourth month of pregnancy<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey2003553-175">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a> (married <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a> 30 May 1536) died 24 October 1537 </th></tr> <tr> <td>King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> </td> <td>12 October 1537 </td> <td>6 July 1553 </td> <td>died unmarried, age 15; no issue </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a> (married <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Placentia" title="Palace of Placentia">Palace of Placentia</a> 6 January 1540) annulled 9 July 1540 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center">no issue </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard">Catherine Howard</a> (married <a href="/wiki/Oatlands_Palace" title="Oatlands Palace">Oatlands Palace</a> 28 July 1540; annulled 23 November 1541) beheaded 13 February 1542 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center">no issue </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a> (married <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a> 12 July 1543) Henry VIII died 28 January 1547 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="text-align: center">no issue </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Succession">Succession</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Third_Succession_Act" title="Third Succession Act">Third Succession Act</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:412px;max-width:412px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">All of Henry's surviving children succeeded him as monarchs.</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Circle_of_William_Scrots_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Circle_of_William_Scrots_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg/138px-Circle_of_William_Scrots_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Circle_of_William_Scrots_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg/207px-Circle_of_William_Scrots_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Circle_of_William_Scrots_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg/276px-Circle_of_William_Scrots_Edward_VI_of_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1547–1553</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg/137px-Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg/206px-Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg/274px-Anthonis_Mor_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1426" data-file-height="1894" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1553–1558</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Darnley_stage_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/125px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/188px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darnley_stage_3.jpg/250px-Darnley_stage_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1581" data-file-height="2313" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> <abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1558–1603</div></div></div></div></div> Upon Henry's death, he was succeeded by his only surviving son, Edward VI. Since Edward was then only nine years old, he could not rule directly. Instead, Henry's will designated 16 <a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executors</a> to serve on a regency council until Edward reached 18. The executors chose <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford</a>, elder brother to Jane Seymour (Edward's mother), to be <a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a> of the Realm. Under provisions of the will, if Edward died childless, the throne was to pass to Mary, Henry VIII's daughter by Catherine of Aragon, and her heirs. If Mary's issue failed, the crown was to go to Elizabeth, Henry's daughter by Anne Boleyn, and her heirs. Finally, if Elizabeth's line became extinct, the crown was to be inherited by the descendants of Henry VIII's deceased younger sister, Mary, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Grey">Greys</a>. The descendants of Henry's sister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Stuarts" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuarts">Stuarts</a>, rulers of Scotland – were thereby excluded from the succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977332–333-176">[169]</a> This provision ultimately failed when <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI of Scotland</a>, Margaret's great-grandson, became king of England in 1603. Edward VI himself would disregard the will and name <a href="/wiki/Jane_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Grey">Jane Grey</a> his successor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_image">Public image</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pastime.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pastime.jpg/220px-Pastime.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pastime.jpg/330px-Pastime.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Pastime.jpg/440px-Pastime.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="1346" /></a><figcaption>Musical score of "<a href="/wiki/Pastime_with_Good_Company" title="Pastime with Good Company">Pastime with Good Company</a>", <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1513, composed by Henry</figcaption></figure> Henry cultivated the image of a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaissance man">Renaissance man</a>, and his court was a centre of scholarly and artistic innovation and glamorous excess, epitomised by the <a href="/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold" title="Field of the Cloth of Gold">Field of the Cloth of Gold</a>. He scouted the country for choirboys, taking some directly from Wolsey's choir, and introduced Renaissance music into court. Musicians included Benedict de Opitiis, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sampson" title="Richard Sampson">Richard Sampson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Lupo" title="Ambrose Lupo">Ambrose Lupo</a>, and Venetian organist Dionisio Memo,<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick1516-177">[170]</a> and Henry himself played and kept a considerable collection of flute instruments including <a href="/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)" title="Recorder (musical instrument)">recorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a> He was skilled on the <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lute</a> and played the organ, and was a talented player of the <a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">virginals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick1516-177">[170]</a> He could also sightread music and sing well.<a href="#cite_note-scarisbrick1516-177">[170]</a> He was an accomplished musician, author, and poet; his best-known piece of music is "<a href="/wiki/Pastime_with_Good_Company" title="Pastime with Good Company">Pastime with Good Company</a>" ("The Kynges Ballade"), and he is reputed to have written "<a href="/wiki/Greensleeves" title="Greensleeves">Greensleeves</a>" but probably did not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2002131-179">[172]</a> Henry was an avid gambler and dice player, and excelled at sports, especially jousting, hunting, and <a href="/wiki/Real_tennis" title="Real tennis">real tennis</a>. He was also known for his strong defence of conventional Christian piety.<a href="#cite_note-Crofton2006a-9">[8]</a> He was involved in the construction and improvement of several significant buildings, including <a href="/wiki/Nonsuch_Palace" title="Nonsuch Palace">Nonsuch Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College Chapel, Cambridge</a>, and Westminster Abbey in London. Many of the existing buildings which he improved were properties confiscated from Wolsey, such as <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Whitehall" title="Palace of Whitehall">Palace of Whitehall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>. Henry was an intellectual, the first English king with a modern <a href="/wiki/Humanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist">humanist</a> education. He read and wrote English, French, and Latin, and owned a large library. He annotated many books and published one of his own, and he had numerous pamphlets and lectures prepared to support the reformation of the church. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sampson" title="Richard Sampson">Richard Sampson</a>'s Oratio (1534), for example, was an argument for absolute obedience to the monarchy and claimed that the English church had always been independent of Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChibi1997543–560-180">[173]</a> At the popular level, theatre and <a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">minstrel</a> troupes funded by the crown travelled around the land to promote the new religious practices; the Pope and Catholic priests and monks were mocked as foreign devils, while Henry was hailed as the glorious king of England and as a brave and heroic defender of the true faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBetteridge200591–109-181">[174]</a> Henry worked hard to present an image of unchallengeable authority and irresistible power.<a href="#cite_note-hibbert-182">[175]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10._Westminster_Roll_selected_scenes_260814_005_A5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/10._Westminster_Roll_selected_scenes_260814_005_A5.jpg/280px-10._Westminster_Roll_selected_scenes_260814_005_A5.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/10._Westminster_Roll_selected_scenes_260814_005_A5.jpg/420px-10._Westminster_Roll_selected_scenes_260814_005_A5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/10._Westminster_Roll_selected_scenes_260814_005_A5.jpg/560px-10._Westminster_Roll_selected_scenes_260814_005_A5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="1318" /></a><figcaption>Catherine of Aragon watching Henry <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a> in her honour after she had given birth to a son</figcaption></figure> Henry was a large, well-built athlete, over 6 feet [1.8 m] tall, strong, and broad in proportion. His athletic activities were more than pastimes; they were political devices that served multiple goals, enhancing his image, impressing foreign emissaries and rulers, and conveying his ability to suppress any rebellion. He arranged a jousting tournament at Greenwich in 1517 where he wore gilded armour and gilded horse trappings, and outfits of velvet, satin, and cloth of gold with pearls and jewels. It suitably impressed foreign ambassadors, one of whom wrote home that "the wealth and civilisation of the world are here, and those who call the English barbarians appear to me to render themselves such".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHutchinson2012202-183">[176]</a> Henry finally retired from jousting in 1536 after a heavy fall from his horse left him unconscious for two hours, but he continued to sponsor two lavish tournaments a year. He then started gaining weight and lost the trim, athletic figure that had made him so handsome, and his courtiers began dressing in heavily padded clothes to emulate and flatter him. His health declined rapidly near the end of his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunn1991543–560-184">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200541–59-185">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipscomb2009-186">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2></div> The power of Tudor monarchs, including Henry, was 'whole' and 'entire', ruling, as they claimed, <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">by the grace of God</a> alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy199778-187">[180]</a> The crown could also rely on the exclusive use of those functions that constituted the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>. These included acts of diplomacy (including royal marriages), declarations of war, management of the coinage, the issue of royal pardons and the power to summon and dissolve Parliament as and when required.<a href="#cite_note-morris2-188">[181]</a> Nevertheless, as evident during Henry's break with Rome, the monarch stayed within established limits, whether legal or financial, that forced him to work closely with both the nobility and Parliament (representing the gentry).<a href="#cite_note-morris2-188">[181]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg/170px-Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg/255px-Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg/340px-Cardinal_Thomas_Wolsey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolsey" title="Thomas Wolsey">Thomas Wolsey</a></figcaption></figure> In practice, Tudor monarchs used <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patronage</a> to maintain a royal court that included formal institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a> as well as more informal advisers and confidants.<a href="#cite_note-morris19-189">[182]</a> Both the rise and fall of court nobles could be swift: Henry did undoubtedly execute at will, burning or beheading two of his wives, 20 peers, four leading public servants, six close attendants and friends, one cardinal (<a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a>) and numerous abbots.<a href="#cite_note-hibbert-182">[175]</a> Among those who were in favour at any given point in Henry's reign, one could usually be identified as a chief minister,<a href="#cite_note-morris19-189">[182]</a> though one of the enduring debates in the <a href="#Historiography">historiography of the period</a> has been the extent to which those chief ministers controlled Henry rather than vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-bandf1-190">[183]</a> In particular, historian <a href="/wiki/G._R._Elton" class="mw-redirect" title="G. R. Elton">G. R. Elton</a> has argued that one such minister, Thomas Cromwell, led a "Tudor revolution in government" independently of the King, whom Elton presented as an opportunistic, essentially lazy participant in the nitty-gritty of politics. Where Henry did intervene personally in the running of the country, Elton argued, he mostly did so to its detriment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977323-191">[184]</a> The prominence and influence of faction in Henry's court is similarly discussed in the context of at least five episodes of Henry's reign, including the downfall of Anne Boleyn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977407-192">[185]</a> From 1514 to 1529, Thomas Wolsey, a cardinal of the established Church, oversaw domestic and foreign policy for the King from his position as Lord Chancellor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton197748–49-193">[186]</a> Wolsey centralised the national government and extended the jurisdiction of the conciliar courts, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a>. The Star Chamber's overall structure remained unchanged, but Wolsey used it to provide much-needed reform of the criminal law. The power of the court itself did not outlive Wolsey, however, since no serious administrative reform was undertaken and its role eventually devolved to the localities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton197760–63-194">[187]</a> Wolsey helped fill the gap left by Henry's declining participation in government (particularly in comparison to his father) but did so mostly by imposing himself in the King's place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977212-195">[188]</a> His use of these courts to pursue personal grievances, and particularly to treat delinquents as mere examples of a whole class worthy of punishment, angered the rich, who were annoyed as well by his enormous wealth and ostentatious living.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton197764-196">[189]</a> Following <a href="#Annulment_from_Catherine">Wolsey's downfall</a>, Henry took full control of his government, although at court numerous complex factions continued to try to ruin and destroy each other.<a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cromwell,Thomas(1EEssex)01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg/170px-Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg/255px-Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg/340px-Cromwell%2CThomas%281EEssex%2901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="3312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a> in 1532 or 1533</figcaption></figure> Thomas Cromwell also came to define Henry's government. Returning to England from the continent in 1514 or 1515, Cromwell soon entered Wolsey's service. He turned to law, also picking up a good knowledge of the Bible, and was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn" title="Gray's Inn">Gray's Inn</a> in 1524. He became Wolsey's "man of all work".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977168–170-198">[191]</a> Driven in part by his religious beliefs, Cromwell attempted to reform the body politic of the English government through discussion and consent, and through the vehicle of continuity, not outward change.<a href="#cite_note-Elton1977-199">[192]</a> Many saw him as the man they wanted to bring about their shared aims, including Thomas Audley. By 1531, Cromwell and his associates were already responsible for the drafting of much legislation.<a href="#cite_note-Elton1977-199">[192]</a> Cromwell's first office was that of the master of the King's jewels in 1532, from which he began to invigorate the government finances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977174-200">[193]</a> By that point, Cromwell's power as an efficient administrator, in a Council full of politicians, exceeded what Wolsey had achieved.<a href="#cite_note-Elton1977a-201">[194]</a> Cromwell did much work through his many offices to remove the tasks of government from the Royal Household (and ideologically from the personal body of the King) and into a public state.<a href="#cite_note-Elton1977a-201">[194]</a> But he did so in a haphazard fashion that left several remnants, not least because he needed to retain Henry's support, his own power, and the possibility of actually achieving the plan he set out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977214-202">[195]</a> Cromwell made the various income streams Henry VII put in place more formal and assigned largely autonomous bodies for their administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977214–215-203">[196]</a> The role of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="King's Council">King's Council</a> was transferred to a reformed Privy Council, much smaller and more efficient than its predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977216–217-204">[197]</a> A difference emerged between the King's financial health and the country's, although Cromwell's fall undermined much of his bureaucracy, which required him to keep order among the many new bodies and prevent profligate spending that strained relations as well as finances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977215–216-205">[198]</a> Cromwell's reforms ground to a halt in 1539, the initiative lost, and he failed to secure the passage of an <a href="/wiki/Enabling_act" title="Enabling act">enabling act</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_by_the_Crown_Act_1539" title="Proclamation by the Crown Act 1539">Proclamation by the Crown Act 1539</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977284–286-206">[199]</a> He was executed on 28 July 1540.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977289–292-207">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_VIII_crown_763986.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Henry_VIII_crown_763986.jpg/220px-Henry_VIII_crown_763986.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Henry_VIII_crown_763986.jpg/330px-Henry_VIII_crown_763986.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Henry_VIII_crown_763986.jpg/440px-Henry_VIII_crown_763986.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>Gold <a href="/wiki/Crown_(British_coin)" title="Crown (British coin)">crown</a> of Henry VIII, minted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1544–1547. The reverse depicts the quartered arms of England and France.</figcaption></figure> Henry inherited a vast fortune and a prosperous economy from his father, who had been frugal. This fortune is estimated at £1,250,000 (the equivalent of £375 million today).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir200213-208">[201]</a> By comparison, Henry VIII's reign was a near disaster financially. He augmented the royal treasury by seizing church lands, but his heavy spending and long periods of mismanagement damaged the economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977215–216,_355–356-209">[202]</a> Henry spent much of his wealth on maintaining his court and household, including many of the building works he undertook on royal palaces. He hung 2,000 tapestries in his palaces; by comparison, James V of Scotland <a href="/wiki/Scottish_royal_tapestry_collection" title="Scottish royal tapestry collection">hung just 200</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a> Henry took pride in showing off his collection of weapons, which included exotic archery equipment, 2,250 pieces of land ordnance and 6,500 <a href="/wiki/Handgun#Single-shot_pistols" title="Handgun">handguns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200511–29-211">[204]</a> Tudor monarchs had to fund all government expenses out of their own income. This income came from the crown lands that Henry owned as well as from customs duties like <a href="/wiki/Tonnage_and_poundage" title="Tonnage and poundage">tonnage and poundage</a>, granted by Parliament to the King for life. During Henry's reign the revenues of the Crown remained constant (around £100,000),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir200264-212">[205]</a> but were eroded by inflation and rising prices brought about by war. Indeed, war and Henry's dynastic ambitions in Europe exhausted the surplus he had inherited from his father by the mid-1520s. Henry VII had not involved Parliament in his affairs very much, but Henry VIII had to turn to Parliament during his reign for money, in particular for grants of subsidies to fund his wars. The dissolution of the monasteries provided a means to replenish the treasury, and as a result, the Crown took possession of monastic lands worth £120,000 (£36 million) a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2002393-213">[206]</a> The Crown had profited by a small amount in 1526 when Wolsey put England onto a gold, rather than silver, standard, and had debased the currency slightly. Cromwell debased the currency more significantly, starting in <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Ireland</a> in 1540. The English pound halved in value against the Flemish pound between 1540 and 1551 as a result. The nominal profit made was significant, helping to bring income and expenditure together, but it had a catastrophic effect on the country's economy. In part, it helped to bring about a period of very high inflation from 1544 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977312–314-214">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation">Reformation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Henry_VIII_of_England_and_Pope_Clement_VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/King_Henry_VIII_of_England_and_Pope_Clement_VII.jpg/220px-King_Henry_VIII_of_England_and_Pope_Clement_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/King_Henry_VIII_of_England_and_Pope_Clement_VII.jpg/330px-King_Henry_VIII_of_England_and_Pope_Clement_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/King_Henry_VIII_of_England_and_Pope_Clement_VII.jpg/440px-King_Henry_VIII_of_England_and_Pope_Clement_VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3008" /></a><figcaption>King Henry VIII sitting with his feet upon Pope Clement VI, 1641</figcaption></figure> Henry is generally credited with initiating the English Reformation – the process of transforming England from a Catholic country to a Protestant one – though his progress at the elite and mass levels is disputed,<a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a> and the precise narrative not widely agreed upon.<a href="#cite_note-elton103-70">[68]</a> Certainly, in 1527, Henry, until then an observant and well-informed Catholic, appealed to the Pope for an annulment of his marriage to Catherine.<a href="#cite_note-elton103-70">[68]</a> No annulment was immediately forthcoming, since the papacy was now under the control of Charles V, Catherine's nephew.<a href="#cite_note-elton110-216">[209]</a> The traditional narrative gives this refusal as the trigger for Henry's rejection of <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal supremacy</a>, which he had previously defended. Yet as <a href="/wiki/Llewellyn_Woodward" title="Llewellyn Woodward">E. L. Woodward</a> put it, Henry's determination to annul his marriage with Catherine was the occasion rather than the cause of the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> so that "neither too much nor too little" should be made of the annulment.<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/A._F._Pollard" class="mw-redirect" title="A. F. Pollard">A. F. Pollard</a> has argued that even if Henry had not needed an annulment, he might have come to reject papal control over the governance of England purely for political reasons. Indeed, Henry needed a son to secure the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor Dynasty">Tudor Dynasty</a> and avert the risk of civil war over disputed succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPollard1905230–238-218">[211]</a> In any case, between 1532 and 1537, Henry instituted a number of statutes that dealt with the relationship between king and pope and hence the structure of the nascent <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard2005missing-219">[212]</a> These included the <a href="/wiki/Statute_in_Restraint_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute in Restraint of Appeals">Statute in Restraint of Appeals</a> (passed 1533), which extended the charge of <a href="/wiki/Praemunire" title="Praemunire">praemunire</a> against all who introduced papal bulls into England, potentially exposing them to the death penalty if found guilty.<a href="#cite_note-bernard71-220">[213]</a> Other acts included the <a href="/wiki/Supplication_against_the_Ordinaries" title="Supplication against the Ordinaries">Supplication against the Ordinaries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Submission_of_the_Clergy" title="Submission of the Clergy">Submission of the Clergy</a>, which recognised Royal Supremacy over the church. The <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Appointments_Act_1534" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical Appointments Act 1534">Ecclesiastical Appointments Act 1534</a> required the clergy to elect bishops nominated by the Sovereign. The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Supremacy">Act of Supremacy</a> in 1534 declared that the King was "the only Supreme Head on Earth of the Church of England" and the <a href="/wiki/Treasons_Act_1534" title="Treasons Act 1534">Treasons Act 1534</a> made it high treason, punishable by death, to refuse the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Supremacy" title="Oath of Supremacy">Oath of Supremacy</a> acknowledging the King as such. Similarly, following the passage of the Act of Succession 1533, all adults in the kingdom were required to acknowledge the Act's provisions (declaring Henry's marriage to Anne legitimate and his marriage to Catherine illegitimate) by oath;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977185-221">[214]</a> those who refused were subject to imprisonment for life, and any publisher or printer of any literature alleging that the marriage to Anne was invalid subject to the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-bernard2005-222">[215]</a> Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Act_Concerning_Peter%27s_Pence_and_Dispensations" class="mw-redirect" title="Act Concerning Peter's Pence and Dispensations">Peter's Pence Act</a> was passed, and it reiterated that England had "no superior under God, but only your <a href="/wiki/His_Grace" class="mw-redirect" title="His Grace">Grace</a>" and that Henry's "imperial crown" had been diminished by "the unreasonable and uncharitable usurpations and exactions" of the Pope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehmberg1970missing-223">[216]</a> The King had much support from the Church under Cranmer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard2005195-224">[217]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_VIII_in_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Henry_VIII_in_Parliament.jpg/190px-Henry_VIII_in_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Henry_VIII_in_Parliament.jpg/285px-Henry_VIII_in_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Henry_VIII_in_Parliament.jpg/380px-Henry_VIII_in_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="782" /></a><figcaption>A 16th-century depiction of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> of King Henry VIII</figcaption></figure> To Cromwell's annoyance, Henry insisted on parliamentary time to discuss questions of faith, which he achieved through the Duke of Norfolk. This led to the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Six_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Six Articles">Act of Six Articles</a>, whereby six major questions were all answered by asserting the religious orthodoxy, thus restraining the reform movement in England.<a href="#cite_note-elton289-135">[131]</a> It was followed by the beginnings of a reformed <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>, which would take until 1549 to complete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977291-225">[218]</a> But this victory for religious conservatives did not convert into much change in personnel, and Cranmer remained in his position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977297-226">[219]</a> Overall, the rest of Henry's reign saw a subtle movement away from religious orthodoxy, helped in part by the deaths of prominent figures from before the break with Rome, especially the executions of Thomas More and John Fisher in 1535 for refusing to renounce papal authority. Henry established a new <a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">political theology</a> of obedience to the crown that continued for the next decade. It reflected Martin Luther's new interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_commandments#Catholic_and_Lutheran_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten commandments">fourth commandment</a> ("Honour thy father and mother"), brought to England by <a href="/wiki/William_Tyndale" title="William Tyndale">William Tyndale</a>. The founding of royal authority on the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> was another important shift: reformers within the Church used the Commandments' emphasis on faith and the word of God, while conservatives emphasised the need for dedication to God and doing good. The reformers' efforts lay behind the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Bible" title="Great Bible">Great Bible</a> in 1539 in English.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERex1996863–894-227">[220]</a> Protestant Reformers still faced persecution, particularly over objections to Henry's annulment. Many fled abroad, including the influential Tyndale,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton19773177-228">[221]</a> who was eventually executed and his body burned at Henry's behest. When taxes once payable to Rome were transferred to the Crown, Cromwell saw the need to assess the taxable value of the Church's extensive holdings as they stood in 1535. The result was an extensive compendium, the <a href="/wiki/Valor_Ecclesiasticus" title="Valor Ecclesiasticus">Valor Ecclesiasticus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977232–233-229">[222]</a> In September 1535, Cromwell commissioned a more general visitation of religious institutions, to be undertaken by four appointee visitors. The visitation focused almost exclusively on the country's religious houses, with largely negative conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977233-230">[223]</a> In addition to reporting back to Cromwell, the visitors made the lives of the monks more difficult by enforcing strict behavioural standards. The result was to encourage self-dissolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977233–234-231">[224]</a> In any case, the evidence Cromwell gathered led swiftly to the beginning of the state-enforced <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">dissolution of the monasteries</a>, with all religious houses worth less than £200 vested by statute in the crown in January 1536.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977234–235-232">[225]</a> After a short pause, surviving religious houses were transferred one by one to the Crown and new owners, and the dissolution confirmed by a further statute in 1539. By January 1540 no such houses remained; 800 had been dissolved. The process had been efficient, with minimal resistance, and brought the crown some £90,000 a year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977235–236-233">[226]</a> The extent to which the dissolution of all houses was planned from the start is debated by historians; there is some evidence that major houses were originally intended only to be reformed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977236–237-234">[227]</a> Cromwell's actions transferred a fifth of England's landed wealth to new hands. The programme was designed primarily to create a landed gentry beholden to the crown, which would use the lands much more efficiently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStöber2007190-235">[228]</a> Although little opposition to the supremacy could be found in England's religious houses, they had links to the international church and were an obstacle to further religious reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977238-236">[229]</a> Response to the reforms was mixed. The religious houses had been the only support of the impoverished,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2010254–256-237">[230]</a> and the reforms alienated much of the populace outside London, helping to provoke the great northern rising of 1536–37, known as the Pilgrimage of Grace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer2010269–272-238">[231]</a> Elsewhere the changes were accepted and welcomed, and those who clung to Catholic rites kept quiet or moved in secrecy. They reemerged during the reign of Henry's daughter Mary (1553–58). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field_Armor_of_King_Henry_VIII_of_England_(reigned_1509%E2%80%9347)_MET_DT205963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Field_Armor_of_King_Henry_VIII_of_England_%28reigned_1509%E2%80%9347%29_MET_DT205963.jpg/170px-Field_Armor_of_King_Henry_VIII_of_England_%28reigned_1509%E2%80%9347%29_MET_DT205963.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Field_Armor_of_King_Henry_VIII_of_England_%28reigned_1509%E2%80%9347%29_MET_DT205963.jpg/255px-Field_Armor_of_King_Henry_VIII_of_England_%28reigned_1509%E2%80%9347%29_MET_DT205963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Field_Armor_of_King_Henry_VIII_of_England_%28reigned_1509%E2%80%9347%29_MET_DT205963.jpg/340px-Field_Armor_of_King_Henry_VIII_of_England_%28reigned_1509%E2%80%9347%29_MET_DT205963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2903" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption>Henry's Italian-made suit of armour, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1544</figcaption></figure> Apart from permanent garrisons at <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick</a>, Calais, and <a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a>, England's standing army numbered only a few hundred men. This was increased only slightly by Henry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton197732-239">[232]</a> Henry's invasion force of 1513, some 30,000 men, was composed of <a href="/wiki/Billmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Billmen">billmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longbowmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Longbowmen">longbowmen</a>, at a time when the other European nations were moving to <a href="/wiki/Arquebus" title="Arquebus">hand guns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pikemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pikemen">pikemen</a> but the difference in capability was at this stage not significant, and Henry's forces had new armour and weaponry. They were also supported by battlefield artillery and the <a href="/wiki/War_wagon" title="War wagon">war wagon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold200182-240">[233]</a> relatively new innovations, and several large and expensive siege guns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton197732–33-241">[234]</a> The invasion force of 1544 was similarly well-equipped and organised, although command on the battlefield was laid with the dukes of Suffolk and Norfolk, which in the latter case produced disastrous results at Montreuil.<a href="#cite_note-Elton1977b-154">[150]</a> Henry's break with Rome incurred the threat of a large-scale French or Spanish invasion.<a href="#cite_note-elton282-96">[93]</a> To guard against this, in 1538 he began to build a chain of expensive, state-of-the-art defences along Britain's southern and eastern coasts, from <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, largely built of material gained from the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">demolition of the monasteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977183,_281–283-242">[235]</a> These were known as Henry VIII's <a href="/wiki/Device_Forts" title="Device Forts">Device Forts</a>. He also strengthened existing coastal defence fortresses such as <a href="/wiki/Dover_Castle" title="Dover Castle">Dover Castle</a> and, at Dover, Moat Bulwark and <a href="/wiki/Archcliffe_Fort" title="Archcliffe Fort">Archcliffe Fort</a>, which he visited for a few months to supervise.<a href="#cite_note-elton282-96">[93]</a> Wolsey had many years before conducted the censuses required for an overhaul of the system of <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>, but no reform resulted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton197787–88-243">[236]</a> In 1538–39, Cromwell overhauled the <a href="/wiki/Muster_(military)" title="Muster (military)">shire musters</a>, but his work mainly served to demonstrate how inadequate they were in organisation.<a href="#cite_note-elton282-96">[93]</a> The building works, including that at Berwick, along with the reform of the militias and musters, were eventually finished under Queen Mary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977391-244">[237]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basire_Embarkation_of_Henry_VIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Basire_Embarkation_of_Henry_VIII.jpg/280px-Basire_Embarkation_of_Henry_VIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Basire_Embarkation_of_Henry_VIII.jpg/420px-Basire_Embarkation_of_Henry_VIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Basire_Embarkation_of_Henry_VIII.jpg/560px-Basire_Embarkation_of_Henry_VIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Henry embarking at <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>, c. 1520</figcaption></figure> Henry is traditionally cited as one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-loades83-245">[238]</a> Technologically, Henry invested in large cannon for his warships, an idea that had taken hold in other countries, to replace the smaller serpentines in use.<a href="#cite_note-loades83-245">[238]</a> He also flirted with designing ships personally. His contribution to larger vessels, if any, is unknown, but it is believed that he influenced the design of rowbarges and similar galleys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200982–83-246">[239]</a> Henry was also responsible for the creation of a permanent navy, with the supporting anchorages and dockyards.<a href="#cite_note-loades83-245">[238]</a> Tactically, Henry's reign saw the Navy move away from boarding tactics to employ gunnery instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200983–84-247">[240]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tudor_navy" title="Tudor navy">Tudor navy</a> was enlarged from seven ships to up to 50<a href="#cite_note-248">[241]</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose" title="Mary Rose">Mary Rose</a> among them), and Henry was responsible for the establishment of the "council for marine causes" to oversee the maintenance and operation of the Navy, becoming the basis for the later <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200984–85-249">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ireland_1450.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/220px-Ireland_1450.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/330px-Ireland_1450.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ireland_1450.png/440px-Ireland_1450.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>The division of Ireland in 1450</figcaption></figure> At the beginning of Henry's reign, Ireland was effectively divided into three zones: <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">the Pale</a>, where English rule was unchallenged; <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munster" title="Munster">Munster</a>, the so-called "obedient land" of Anglo-Irish peers; and the Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Connaught" class="mw-redirect" title="Connaught">Connaught</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, with merely nominal English rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2009180-250">[243]</a> Until 1513, Henry continued the policy of his father, to allow Irish lords to rule in the King's name and accept steep divisions between the communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2009181–182-251">[244]</a> However, upon the death of the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_FitzGerald,_8th_Earl_of_Kildare" title="Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare">Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland" title="Lord Deputy of Ireland">Lord Deputy of Ireland</a>, fractious Irish politics combined with a more ambitious Henry to cause trouble. When <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Butler,_7th_Earl_of_Ormond" title="Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond">Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond</a>, died, Henry recognised one successor for Ormond's English, Welsh and Scottish lands, whilst in Ireland another took control. Kildare's successor, the <a href="/wiki/Gerald_FitzGerald,_9th_Earl_of_Kildare" title="Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare">9th Earl</a>, was replaced as Lord Deputy of Ireland by the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk">Earl of Surrey</a> in 1520.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2009183–184-252">[245]</a> Surrey's ambitious aims were costly but ineffective; English rule became trapped between winning the Irish lords over with diplomacy, as favoured by Henry and Wolsey, and a sweeping military occupation as proposed by Surrey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2009181–185-253">[246]</a> Surrey was recalled in 1521, with <a href="/wiki/Piers_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="Piers Butler">Piers Butler</a> – one of the claimants to the Earldom of Ormond – appointed in his place. Butler proved unable to control opposition, including that of Kildare. Kildare was appointed lord deputy in 1524, resuming his dispute with Butler, which had before been in a lull. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/James_FitzGerald,_10th_Earl_of_Desmond" title="James FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Desmond">James FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Desmond</a>, an Anglo-Irish peer, had turned his support to <a href="/wiki/Richard_de_la_Pole" title="Richard de la Pole">Richard de la Pole</a> as pretender to the English throne; when in 1528 Kildare failed to take suitable actions against him, Kildare was once again removed from his post.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2009185–186-254">[247]</a> The Desmond situation was resolved on his death in 1529, which was followed by a period of uncertainty. This was effectively ended with the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Henry_FitzRoy,_Duke_of_Richmond_and_Somerset" title="Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset">Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset</a> and the King's son, as lord deputy. Richmond had never before visited Ireland, his appointment a break with past policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2009186–187-255">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977206–207-256">[249]</a> For a time it looked as if peace might be restored with the return of Kildare to Ireland to manage the tribes, but the effect was limited and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a> soon rendered ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-loades187-257">[250]</a> Ireland began to receive the attention of Cromwell, who had supporters of Ormond and Desmond promoted. Kildare, on the other hand, was summoned to London; after some hesitation, he departed for London in 1534, where he would face charges of treason.<a href="#cite_note-loades187-257">[250]</a> His son, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_FitzGerald,_10th_Earl_of_Kildare" title="Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare">Thomas, Lord Offaly</a>, was more forthright, denouncing the King and leading a "Catholic crusade" against Henry, who was by this time mired in marital problems. Offaly had the Archbishop of Dublin, <a href="/wiki/John_Alen" title="John Alen">John Alen</a>, murdered and besieged Dublin. Offaly led a mixture of Pale gentry and Irish tribes, although he failed to secure the support of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Darcy,_1st_Baron_Darcy_de_Darcy" title="Thomas Darcy, 1st Baron Darcy de Darcy">Lord Darcy</a>, a sympathiser, or Charles V. What was effectively a civil war was ended with the intervention of 2,000 English troops – a large army by Irish standards – and the execution of Offaly (his father was already dead) and his uncles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2009187–189-258">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977207–208-259">[252]</a> Although the Offaly revolt was followed by a determination to rule Ireland more closely, Henry was wary of drawn-out conflict with the tribes, and a royal commission recommended that the only relationship with the tribes was to be promises of peace, their land protected from English expansion. The man to lead this effort was <a href="/wiki/Anthony_St_Leger_(Lord_Deputy_of_Ireland)" title="Anthony St Leger (Lord Deputy of Ireland)">Antony St Leger</a>, as Lord Deputy of Ireland, who would remain in post past Henry's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2009191-260">[253]</a> Until the break with Rome, it was widely believed that Ireland was a Papal possession granted as a mere <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a> to the English king, so in 1542 Henry asserted England's claim to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> free from the Papal <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">overlordship</a>. This change did, however, also allow a policy of peaceful reconciliation and expansion: the Lords of Ireland would grant their lands to the King, before being returned as fiefdoms. The incentive to comply with Henry's request was an accompanying barony, and thus a right to sit in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Lords" title="Irish House of Lords">Irish House of Lords</a>, which was to run in parallel with England's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2009191–192-261">[254]</a> The Irish law of the tribes did not suit such an arrangement, because the chieftain did not have the required rights; this made progress tortuous, and the plan was abandoned in 1543, not to be replaced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades2009194–195-262">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2></div> The complexities and sheer scale of Henry's legacy ensured that, in the words of Betteridge and Freeman, "throughout the centuries, Henry has been praised and reviled, but he has never been ignored".<a href="#cite_note-bandf1-190">[183]</a> In the 1950s, historian <a href="/wiki/John_D._Mackie" class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Mackie">John D. Mackie</a> summed up Henry's personality and its impact on his achievements and popularity: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The respect, nay even the popularity, which he had from his people was not unmerited.... He kept the development of England in line with some of the most vigorous, though not the noblest forces of the day. His high courage – highest when things went ill – his commanding intellect, his appreciation of fact, and his instinct for rule carried his country through a perilous time of change, and his very arrogance saved his people from the wars which afflicted other lands. Dimly remembering the wars of the Roses, vaguely informed as to the slaughters and sufferings in Europe, the people of England knew that in Henry they had a great king.<a href="#cite_note-263">[256]</a></blockquote> A particular focus of modern historiography has been the extent to which the events of Henry's life (including his marriages, foreign policy and religious changes) were the result of his own initiative and, if they were, whether they were the result of opportunism or of a principled undertaking by Henry.<a href="#cite_note-bandf1-190">[183]</a> The traditional interpretation of those events was provided by historian <a href="/wiki/A._F._Pollard" class="mw-redirect" title="A. F. Pollard">A. F. Pollard</a>, who in 1902 presented his own, largely positive, view of the King, lauding him, "as the King and statesman who, whatever his personal failings, led England down the road to parliamentary democracy and empire".<a href="#cite_note-bandf1-190">[183]</a> Pollard's interpretation remained the dominant interpretation of Henry's life until the publication of the doctoral thesis of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Geoffrey Elton</a> in 1953. Elton's 1977 book on The Tudor Revolution in Government maintained Pollard's positive interpretation of the Henrician period as a whole, but reinterpreted Henry himself as a follower rather than a leader. For Elton, it was Cromwell and not Henry who undertook the changes in government – Henry was shrewd but lacked the vision to follow a complex plan through.<a href="#cite_note-bandf1-190">[183]</a> Henry was little more, in other words, than an "ego-centric monstrosity" whose reign "owed its successes and virtues to better and greater men about him; most of its horrors and failures sprang more directly from [the King]".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton197723,_332-264">[257]</a> Although the central tenets of Elton's thesis have since been questioned, it has consistently provided the starting point for much later work, including that of <a href="/wiki/J._J._Scarisbrick" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Scarisbrick">J. J. Scarisbrick</a>, his student. Scarisbrick largely kept Elton's regard for Cromwell's abilities but returned agency to Henry, who Scarisbrick considered to have ultimately directed and shaped policy.<a href="#cite_note-bandf1-190">[183]</a> For Scarisbrick, Henry was a formidable, captivating man who "wore regality with a splendid conviction".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick196817-265">[258]</a> The effect of endowing Henry with this ability, however, was largely negative in Scarisbrick's eyes: to Scarisbrick, the Henrician period was one of upheaval and destruction and those in charge worthy of blame more than praise.<a href="#cite_note-bandf1-190">[183]</a> Even among more recent biographers, including <a href="/wiki/David_Loades" title="David Loades">David Loades</a>, David Starkey, and <a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">John Guy</a>, there has ultimately been little consensus on the extent to which Henry was responsible for the changes he oversaw or the assessment of those he did bring about.<a href="#cite_note-bandf1-190">[183]</a> This lack of clarity about Henry's control over events has contributed to the variation in the qualities ascribed to him: religious conservative or dangerous radical; lover of beauty or brutal destroyer of priceless artefacts; friend and patron or betrayer of those around him; chivalry incarnate or ruthless chauvinist.<a href="#cite_note-bandf1-190">[183]</a> One traditional approach, favoured by Starkey and others, is to divide Henry's reign into two halves, the first Henry being dominated by positive qualities (politically inclusive, pious, athletic but also intellectual) who presided over a period of stability and calm, and the latter a "hulking tyrant" who presided over a period of dramatic, sometimes whimsical, change.<a href="#cite_note-morris19-189">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey20083–4-266">[259]</a> Other writers have tried to merge Henry's disparate personality into a single whole; <a href="/wiki/Lacey_Baldwin_Smith" title="Lacey Baldwin Smith">Lacey Baldwin Smith</a>, for example, considered him an egotistical borderline neurotic given to great fits of temper and deep and dangerous suspicions, with a mechanical and conventional, but deeply held piety, and having at best a mediocre intellect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1971passim-267">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style_and_arms">Style and arms</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_(1509-1547).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg/270px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg/360px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Henry_VIII_of_England_%281509-1547%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1509-1554).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281509-1554%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281509-1554%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281509-1554%29.svg/270px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281509-1554%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281509-1554%29.svg/360px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281509-1554%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Henry's armorial during his early reign (left) and later reign (right)</div></div></div></div> Many changes were made to the royal style during his reign. Henry originally used the style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of England">King of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Kings_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="English Kings of France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a>". In 1521, pursuant to a grant from Pope Leo X rewarding Henry for his Defence of the Seven Sacraments, the royal style became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a> and Lord of Ireland". Following Henry's excommunication, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_III" title="Pope Paul III">Pope Paul III</a> rescinded the grant of the title "Defender of the Faith", but an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">Act of Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/35_Hen._8" class="mw-redirect" title="35 Hen. 8">35 Hen. 8</a>. c. 3) declared that it remained valid; and it continues in royal usage to the present day, as evidenced by the letters FID DEF or F.D. on all British coinage. Henry's motto was "Coeur Loyal" ("true heart"), and he had this embroidered on his clothes in the form of a heart symbol and with the word "loyal". His emblem was the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_portcullis" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaufort portcullis">Beaufort portcullis</a>. As king, Henry's <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">arms</a> were the same as those used by his predecessors since <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a>: Quarterly, Azure three <a href="/wiki/Fleurs-de-lys" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleurs-de-lys">fleurs-de-lys</a> Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England). In 1535, Henry added the "supremacy phrase" to the royal style, which became "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England and France, Defender of the Faith, Lord of Ireland and of the Church of England in Earth Supreme Head". In 1536, the phrase "of the Church of England" changed to "of the Church of England and also of <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Ireland</a>". In 1541, Henry had the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a> change the title "Lord of Ireland" to "King of Ireland" with the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a>, after being advised that many Irish people regarded the Pope as the true head of their country, with the Lord acting as a mere representative. The reason the Irish regarded the Pope as their overlord was that Ireland had originally been given to King <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Adrian_IV" title="Pope Adrian IV">Pope Adrian IV</a> in the 12th century as a feudal territory under papal overlordship. The meeting of the Irish Parliament that proclaimed Henry VIII as king of Ireland was the first meeting attended by the Gaelic Irish chieftains as well as the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> aristocrats. The style "Henry the Eighth, by the Grace of God, King of England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith and of the Church of England and also of Ireland in Earth Supreme Head" remained in use until the end of Henry's reign. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genealogical_table">Genealogical table</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Henry VIII<a href="#cite_note-268">[261]</a></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Owen_Tudor" title="Owen Tudor">Owen Tudor</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset">John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beaufort" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beauchamp_of_Bletso" title="Margaret Beauchamp of Bletso">Margaret Beauchamp</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. Henry VIII of England</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Plantagenet,_3rd_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York">Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV of England</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Cecily_Neville" class="mw-redirect" title="Cecily Neville">Cecily Neville</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Woodville,_1st_Earl_Rivers" title="Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers">Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Jacquetta_of_Luxembourg" title="Jacquetta of Luxembourg">Jacquetta of Luxembourg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:60em; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Henry VIII's relatives (selective chart)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1968529-269">[262]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard,_Duke_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard, Duke of York">Richard, Duke of York</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_Earl_of_Richmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond">Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beaufort" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Beaufort">Margaret Beaufort</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/George_Plantagenet,_Duke_of_Clarence" title="George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence">George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard III">Richard III</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York,_Duchess_of_Suffolk" title="Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk">Elizabeth of York, Duchess of Suffolk</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_York" title="Margaret of York">Margaret of York</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard of Shrewsbury">Richard, Duke of York</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_York" title="Catherine of York">Catherine of York</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/William_Courtenay,_1st_Earl_of_Devon" title="William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon">William Courtenay, 1st Earl of Devon</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Plantagenet,_17th_Earl_of_Warwick" title="Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick">Edward Plantagenet, 17th Earl of Warwick</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Pole,_Countess_of_Salisbury" title="Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury">Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pole_(courtier)" title="Richard Pole (courtier)">Richard Pole</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/John_de_la_Pole,_Earl_of_Lincoln" title="John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln">John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_de_la_Pole,_3rd_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk">Edmund de la Pole, 3rd Duke of Suffolk</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_de_la_Pole" title="Richard de la Pole">Richard de la Pole</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur, Prince of Wales</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:2px solid">Henry VIII</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border:0px"><a href="#Wives,_mistresses,_and_children">other wives</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV of Scotland</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary Tudor, Queen of France</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Brandon,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" title="Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk">Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Courtenay,_1st_Marquess_of_Exeter" title="Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter">Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pole,_1st_Baron_Montagu" title="Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu">Henry Pole, 1st Baron Montagu</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Pole" title="Geoffrey Pole">Geoffrey Pole</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Brandon" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Brandon">Frances Brandon</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Grey,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk">Henry Grey, 1st Duke of Suffolk</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Grey">Jane Grey</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Grey" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Grey">Catherine Grey</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Mary_Grey" title="Lady Mary Grey">Mary Grey</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/45px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/60px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/48px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cestui_que" title="Cestui que">Cestui que</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Henry_VIII" title="Cultural depictions of Henry VIII">Cultural depictions of Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_English_monarchs" title="Family tree of English monarchs">Family tree of English monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom#Tudor_foreign_policy" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_of_Henry_VIII" title="Inventory of Henry VIII">Inventory of Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">List of English monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouldwarp" title="Mouldwarp">Mouldwarp</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Henry's <a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">regnal years</a> are dated from 22 April.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> For arguments in favour of the contrasting view – i.e. that Henry himself initiated the period of abstinence, potentially after a brief affair – see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBernard2010" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, G. W. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anneboleynfatala00bern">Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-6245-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-6245-5"><bdi>978-0-3001-6245-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anne+Boleyn%3A+Fatal+Attractions&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-6245-5&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanneboleynfatala00bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988">.<a href="#cite_note-gunn-66">[65]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> "And if a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an unclean thing: he hath uncovered his brother's nakedness; they shall be childless." </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> On 11 July 1533 Pope Clement VII 'pronounced sentence against the King, declaring him excommunicated unless he put away the woman he had taken to wife, and took back his Queen during the whole of October next.'<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Clement died on 25 September 1534. On 30 August 1535 the new pope, <a href="/wiki/Paul_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul III">Paul III</a>, drew up a bull of excommunication which began 'Eius qui immobilis'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill196651-94">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/G._R._Elton" class="mw-redirect" title="G. R. Elton">G. R. Elton</a> puts the date the bull was made official as November 1538.<a href="#cite_note-elton282-96">[93]</a> On 17 December 1538 Pope Paul III issued a further bull which began 'Cum redemptor noster', renewing the execution of the bull of 30 August 1535, which had been suspended in hope of his amendment.<a href="#cite_note-Scarisbrick361-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Both bulls are printed by Bishop Burnet, History of the Reformation of the Church of England, 1865 edition, Volume 4, pp. 318ff and in Bullarum, diplomatum et privilegiorum sanctorum Romanorum pontificum Taurinensis (1857) Volume VI, p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Eustace Chapuys wrote to Charles V on 28 January reporting that Anne was pregnant. A letter from George Taylor to Lady Lisle dated 27 April 1534 says "The queen hath a goodly belly, praying our Lord to send us a prince". In July, Anne's brother, Lord Rochford, was sent on a diplomatic mission to France to ask for the postponement of a meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I because of Anne's condition: "being so far gone with child she could not cross the sea with the king". Chapuys backs this up in a letter dated 27 July, where he refers to Anne's pregnancy. We do not know what happened with this pregnancy as there is no evidence of the outcome. Dewhurst writes of how the pregnancy could have resulted in a miscarriage or stillbirth, but there is no evidence to support this, he therefore wonders if it was a case of pseudocyesis, a false pregnancy, caused by the stress that Anne was under – the pressure to provide a son. Chapuys wrote on 27 September 1534 "Since the king began to doubt whether his lady was enceinte or not, he has renewed and increased the love he formerly had for a beautiful damsel of the court". Muriel St Clair Byrne, editor of the Lisle Letters, believes that this was a false pregnancy too. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> The only evidence for a miscarriage in 1535 is a sentence from a letter from William Kingston to Lord Lisle on 24 June 1535 when Kingston says "Her Grace has as fair a belly as I have ever seen". However, Dewhurst thinks that there is an error in the dating of this letter as the editor of the Lisle Letters states that this letter is actually from 1533 or 1534 because it also refers to Christopher Garneys, a man who died in October 1534. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Chapuys reported to Charles V on 10 February 1536 that Anne Boleyn had miscarried on the day of Catherine of Aragon's funeral: "On the day of the interment [of Catherine of Aragon] the concubine [Anne] had an abortion which seemed to be a male child which she had not borne 3 1/2 months". </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter Five: Table of regnal year of English Sovereigns". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.library.harvard.edu/ld.php?content_id=12548485">Sweet & Maxwell's Guide to Law Reports and Statutes</a> (Fourth ed.). London: Sweet & Maxwell's Guide. 1962. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Five%3A+Table+of+regnal+year+of+English+Sovereigns&rft.btitle=Sweet+%26+Maxwell%27s+Guide+to+Law+Reports+and+Statutes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Sweet+%26+Maxwell%27s+Guide&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.library.harvard.edu%2Fld.php%3Fcontent_id%3D12548485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheneyJones2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._R._Cheney" title="C. R. Cheney">Cheney, C. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jones_(historian)" title="Michael Jones (historian)">Jones, Michael</a>, eds. (2000). A Handbook of Dates for Students of British History. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society" title="Royal Historical Society">Royal Historical Society</a> Guides and Handbooks. Vol. 4 (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77095-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77095-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77095-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Dates+for+Students+of+British+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Royal+Historical+Society+Guides+and+Handbooks&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77095-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuy200041-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuy200041_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuy2000">Guy 2000</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-StarkeyWives-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StarkeyWives_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StarkeyWives_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey, David</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thirteen.org/wnet/sixwives/about/behind_int_starkey2.html">"The Six Wives of Henry VIII. About the Series. Behind the Scenes"</a>. Thirteen.org. PBS. Retrieved 17 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thirteen.org&rft.atitle=The+Six+Wives+of+Henry+VIII.+About+the+Series.+Behind+the+Scenes&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thirteen.org%2Fwnet%2Fsixwives%2Fabout%2Fbehind_int_starkey2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIves200628–36-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIves200628–36_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIves2006">Ives 2006</a>, pp. 28–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2008129-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontefiore2008129_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMontefiore2008">Montefiore 2008</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-Crofton2006-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crofton2006_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crofton2006_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrofton2006">Crofton 2006</a>, p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-Crofton2006a-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crofton2006a_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crofton2006a_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrofton2006">Crofton 2006</a>, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-scarisbrick3-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scarisbrick3_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarisbrick3_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarisbrick3_10-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill196624-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill196624_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChurchill1966">Churchill 1966</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199714–15-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199714–15_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick19974-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick19974_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbs1912" class="citation book cs1">Gibbs, Vicary, ed. (1912). The Complete Peerage, Volume III. St Catherine's Press. p. 443.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Peerage%2C+Volume+III&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=St+Catherine%27s+Press&rft.date=1912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> Under Duke of Cornwall, which was his title when he succeeded his brother as Prince of Wales. </li> <li id="cite_note-crofton126-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-crofton126_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-crofton126_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrofton2006">Crofton 2006</a>, p. 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick19974–5-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick19974–5_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, pp. 4–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick19976-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick19976_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-loades22-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loades22_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loades22_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-scarisbrick8-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scarisbrick8_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarisbrick8_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarisbrick8_19-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200922–23-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades200922–23_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-Loades2009-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loades2009_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loades2009_21-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, p. 17; <a href="#CITEREFPollard1905">Pollard 1905</a>, p. 43; <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1968">Scarisbrick 1968</a>, pp. 11–12 </li> <li id="cite_note-loades24-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loades24_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loades24_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loades24_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199712-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199712_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart2008" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, James Mottram (2008). Empire and Nation in Early English Renaissance Literature. Boydell & Brewer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGXVO8aOg1QC&pg=PA17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-4182-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-4182-1"><bdi>978-1-8438-4182-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/213307973">213307973</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23187213M">23187213M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Nation+in+Early+English+Renaissance+Literature&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F213307973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23187213M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-8438-4182-1&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=James+Mottram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scarisbrick1819-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scarisbrick1819_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scarisbrick1819_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, pp. 18–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199719-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199719_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHall190417-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHall190417_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall1904">Hall 1904</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey2008304–306-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey2008304–306_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarkey2008">Starkey 2008</a>, pp. 304–306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199731–32-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199731–32_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-loades26-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loades26_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loades26_31-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199718-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199718_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-loades4849-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loades4849_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loades4849_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loades4849_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loades4849_33-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, pp. 48–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977103-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1977103_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElton1977">Elton 1977</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200927-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart200927_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHart2009">Hart 2009</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser1994-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser1994_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser1994_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser1994">Fraser 1994</a>, p. 220 </li> <li id="cite_note-loades4748-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loades4748_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-loades4748_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, pp. 47–48 </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weir_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weir_38-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir1991">Weir 1991</a>, pp. 122–123 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton197798,_104-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton197798,_104_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElton1977">Elton 1977</a>, pp. 98, 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977255-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1977255_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElton1977">Elton 1977</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977255,_271-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1977255,_271_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElton1977">Elton 1977</a>, pp. 255, 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-Loades27-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loades27_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loades27_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, p. 27 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200927–28-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades200927–28_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-Scarisbrick2831-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scarisbrick2831_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scarisbrick2831_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, pp. 28–231 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200930–32-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades200930–32_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, pp. 30–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200962-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades200962_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199733–34-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199733–34_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200962–63-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades200962–63_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, pp. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199735–36-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick199735–36_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini1968280-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGuicciardini1968280_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGuicciardini1968">Guicciardini 1968</a>, p. 280. </li> <li id="cite_note-loades63-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-loades63_51-0">a</a> <a 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Vintage Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Anne+of+Cleves&rft.btitle=The+Wives+of+Henry+VIII&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECruzSuzuki2009132-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECruzSuzuki2009132_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCruzSuzuki2009">Cruz & Suzuki 2009</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith197170-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith197170_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1971">Smith 1971</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-crofton51-63"><a href="#cite_ref-crofton51_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrofton2006">Crofton 2006</a>, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997154-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1997154_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1997">Scarisbrick 1997</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir2002160-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir2002160_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeir2002">Weir 2002</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-gunn-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gunn_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunn_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunn_66-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunn2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Gunn_(historian)" title="Steven Gunn (historian)">Gunn, Steven</a> (September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/967">"Anne Boleyn: Fatal Attractions (review)"</a>. Reviews in History. Retrieved 5 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anne+Boleyn%3A+Fatal+Attractions+%28review%29&rft.pub=Reviews+in+History&rft.date=2010-09&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ac.uk%2Freviews%2Freview%2F967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200988–89-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades200988–89_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrigden2000114-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrigden2000114_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrigden2000">Brigden 2000</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-elton103-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elton103_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elton103_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elton103_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elton103_70-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFElton1977">Elton 1977</a>, pp. 103–107 </li> <li id="cite_note-elton75-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elton75_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elton75_71-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFElton1977">Elton 1977</a>, pp. 75–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1991" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Roderick (1991). Untying the Knot: A Short History of Divorce. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-2370-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5214-2370-0"><bdi>978-0-5214-2370-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untying+the+Knot%3A+A+Short+History+of+Divorce&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-5214-2370-0&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole2015-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cole2015_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cole2015_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2015" class="citation book cs1">Cole, William Graham (2015). Sex in Christianity and Psychoanalysis. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3173-5977-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3173-5977-7"><bdi>978-1-3173-5977-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+in+Christianity+and+Psychoanalysis&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-3173-5977-7&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=William+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200991–92-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades200991–92_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-Elton109-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elton109_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elton109_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elton109_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elton109_76-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elton109_76-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFElton1977">Elton 1977</a>, pp. 109–111 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lockyer2014-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Lockyer2014_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockyer2014" class="citation book cs1">Lockyer, Roger (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a22hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Tudor and Stuart Britain: 1485–1714</a>. Routledge. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-6882-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-3178-6882-8"><bdi>978-1-3178-6882-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 July 2014. <q>The king had no further use for Wolsey, who had failed to procure the annulment of his marriage, and he summoned Parliament in order that an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_attainder" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of attainder">act of attainder</a> should be passed against the cardinal. The act was not needed, however, for Wolsey had also been commanded to appear before the common-law judges and answer the charge that by publishing his bulls of appointment as papal legate he had infringed the Statute of Praemunire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+and+Stuart+Britain%3A+1485%E2%80%931714&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-3178-6882-8&rft.aulast=Lockyer&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da22hAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaigh199392ff-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaigh199392ff_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaigh1993">Haigh 1993</a>, pp. 92ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977116-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1977116_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElton1977">Elton 1977</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-Losch2002-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Losch2002_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Losch2002_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosch2002" class="citation book cs1">Losch, Richard R. (2002). The Many Faces of Faith: A Guide to World Religions and Christian Traditions. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0521-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0521-8"><bdi>978-0-8028-0521-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Many+Faces+of+Faith%3A+A+Guide+to+World+Religions+and+Christian+Traditions&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0521-8&rft.aulast=Losch&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977123-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1977123_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElton1977">Elton 1977</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977175–176-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1977175–176_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElton1977">Elton 1977</a>, pp. 175–176. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971123-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971123_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1971">Williams 1971</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStarkey2003462–464-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStarkey2003462–464_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarkey2003">Starkey 2003</a>, pp. 462–464. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971124-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971124_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1971">Williams 1971</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElton1977178-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElton1977178_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElton1977">Elton 1977</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971128–131-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971128–131_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1971">Williams 1971</a>, pp. 128–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard200568–71-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard200568–71_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBernard2005">Bernard 2005</a>, pp. 68–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard200568-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard200568_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBernard2005">Bernard 2005</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971136-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1971136_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1971">Williams 1971</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard200569-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard200569_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBernard2005">Bernard 2005</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernard200569–71-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernard200569–71_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBernard2005">Bernard 2005</a>, pp. 69–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGairdner1882" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Gairdner" title="James Gairdner">Gairdner, James</a>, ed. (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=77584">"Henry VIII: Appendix"</a>. Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 6: 1533. Institute of Historical Research. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200982–83-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades200982–83_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, pp. 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoades200983–84-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoades200983–84_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoades2009">Loades 2009</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> J.J. 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London: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099539735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099539735"><bdi>978-0099539735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Tudors&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families%3A+The+Complete+Genealogy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0099539735&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1968529-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScarisbrick1968529_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScarisbrick1968">Scarisbrick 1968</a>, pp. 529. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2001" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Thomas (2001). 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Endocrine. 42 (1): 218–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12020-011-9581-z">10.1007/s12020-011-9581-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22169966">22169966</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37447368">37447368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrine&rft.atitle=Henry+VIII%27s+Obesity+Following+Traumatic+Brain+Injury&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37447368%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22169966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12020-011-9581-z&rft.aulast=Ashrafian&rft.aufirst=Hutan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12020-011-9581-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bernard" title="George W. Bernard">Bernard, G. W.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2MOt53sCCgC">The King's Reformation: Henry VIII and the Remaking of the English Church</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-0908-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-0908-5"><bdi>978-0-3001-0908-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Reformation%3A+Henry+VIII+and+the+Remaking+of+the+English+Church&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-0908-5&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp2MOt53sCCgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetteridge2005" class="citation journal cs1">Betteridge, Thomas (2005). "The Henrician Reformation and Mid-Tudor Culture". Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies. 35 (1): 91–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10829636-35-1-91">10.1215/10829636-35-1-91</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Henrician+Reformation+and+Mid-Tudor+Culture&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E91-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F10829636-35-1-91&rft.aulast=Betteridge&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBetteridgeFreeman2012" class="citation book cs1">——; Freeman, Thomas S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ji_FpxQ4--QC">Henry VIII in History</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6113-5"><bdi>978-1-4094-6113-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII+in+History&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-6113-5&rft.aulast=Betteridge&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Thomas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJi_FpxQ4--QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrigden2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brigden" title="Susan Brigden">Brigden, Susan</a> (2000). New Worlds, Lost Worlds. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1401-4826-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1401-4826-8"><bdi>978-0-1401-4826-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Worlds%2C+Lost+Worlds&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-1401-4826-8&rft.aulast=Brigden&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChibi1997" class="citation journal cs1">Chibi, Andrew A. (1997). "Richard Sampson, His Oratio, and Henry VIII's Royal Supremacy". Journal of Church and State. 39 (3): 543–560. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjcs%2F39.3.543">10.1093/jcs/39.3.543</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-969X">0021-969X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Church+and+State&rft.atitle=Richard+Sampson%2C+His+Oratio%2C+and+Henry+VIII%27s+Royal+Supremacy&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E543-%3C%2Fspan%3E560&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjcs%2F39.3.543&rft.issn=0021-969X&rft.aulast=Chibi&rft.aufirst=Andrew+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a> (1966). The New World. History of the English Speaking Peoples. Vol. 2. Cassell and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+World&rft.series=History+of+the+English+Speaking+Peoples&rft.pub=Cassell+and+Company&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrofton2006" class="citation book cs1">Crofton, Ian (2006). The Kings and Queens of England. Quercus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8472-4141-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8472-4141-2"><bdi>978-1-8472-4141-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kings+and+Queens+of+England&rft.pub=Quercus+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-8472-4141-2&rft.aulast=Crofton&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruzSuzuki2009" class="citation book cs1">Cruz, Anne J.; Suzuki, Mihoko (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I2tCAjijsKQC">The Rule of Women in Early Modern Europe</a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2520-7616-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2520-7616-9"><bdi>978-0-2520-7616-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rule+of+Women+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-2520-7616-9&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Anne+J.&rft.au=Suzuki%2C+Mihoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2tCAjijsKQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2005" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Jonathan (2005). "'We Do Fynde in Our Countre Great Lack of Bowes and Arrows': Tudor Military Archery and the Inventory of King Henry VIII". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 83 (333): 11–29. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-9700">0037-9700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Army+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=%27We+Do+Fynde+in+Our+Countre+Great+Lack+of+Bowes+and+Arrows%27%3A+Tudor+Military+Archery+and+the+Inventory+of+King+Henry+VIII&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=333&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0037-9700&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElton1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Elton, Geoffrey R.</a> (1977). Reform and Reformation: England, 1509–1558. Edward Arnold. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-5952-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-5952-9"><bdi>0-7131-5952-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+and+Reformation%3A+England%2C+1509%E2%80%931558&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-7131-5952-9&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarquhar2001" class="citation book cs1">Farquhar, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treasuryofroyals00farq">A Treasure of Royal Scandals</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7394-2025-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7394-2025-9"><bdi>0-7394-2025-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treasure+of+Royal+Scandals&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7394-2025-9&rft.aulast=Farquhar&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftreasuryofroyals00farq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=24UKxUPB5goC">The Wives of Henry VIII</a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6797-3001-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6797-3001-9"><bdi>978-0-6797-3001-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wives+of+Henry+VIII&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-6797-3001-9&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D24UKxUPB5goC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuicciardini1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini, Francesco</a> (1968) [1561]. Alexander, Sidney (ed.). The History of Italy. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6910-0800-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6910-0800-4"><bdi>978-0-6910-0800-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Italy&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-6910-0800-4&rft.aulast=Guicciardini&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunn1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Gunn_(historian)" title="Steven Gunn (historian)">Gunn, Steven</a> (1991). "Tournaments and Early Tudor Chivalry". History Today. 41 (6): 543–560. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2753">0018-2753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Tournaments+and+Early+Tudor+Chivalry&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E543-%3C%2Fspan%3E560&rft.date=1991&rft.issn=0018-2753&rft.aulast=Gunn&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">Guy, John</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ySRvQgAACAAJ">The Tudor monarchy</a>. Arnold Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3406-5219-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3406-5219-0"><bdi>978-0-3406-5219-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tudor+monarchy&rft.pub=Arnold+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-3406-5219-0&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DySRvQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy2000" class="citation book cs1">—— (2000). The Tudors: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1916-0651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1916-0651-9"><bdi>978-0-1916-0651-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tudors%3A+a+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-1916-0651-9&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHays2010" class="citation book cs1">Hays, J. N. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJReBNnOoL8C">The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History</a>. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4613-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-4613-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-4613-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burdens+of+Disease%3A+Epidemics+and+Human+Response+in+Western+History&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-4613-1&rft.aulast=Hays&rft.aufirst=J.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJReBNnOoL8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2009" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Kelly (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mistressesofhenr0000hart">The Mistresses of Henry VIII</a>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4835-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-4835-0"><bdi>978-0-7524-4835-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mistresses+of+Henry+VIII&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-4835-0&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmistressesofhenr0000hart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hall" title="Edward Hall">Hall, Edward</a> (1904) [1548]. Charles Whibley (ed.). The Triumphant Reign of Henry VIII. T.C. & E.C. Jack. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644934802">644934802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumphant+Reign+of+Henry+VIII&rft.pub=T.C.+%26+E.C.+Jack&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644934802&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Haigh" title="Christopher Haigh">Haigh, Christopher</a> (1993). English Reformations: Religion, Politics, and Society under the Tudors. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-2162-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1982-2162-3"><bdi>978-0-1982-2162-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Reformations%3A+Religion%2C+Politics%2C+and+Society+under+the+Tudors&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-1982-2162-3&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbertWeinrebKeayKeay2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ben_Weinreb" title="Ben Weinreb">Weinreb, Ben</a>; Keay, Julia; <a href="/wiki/John_Keay" title="John Keay">Keay, John</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/The_London_Encyclopaedia" title="The London Encyclopaedia">The London Encyclopaedia</a> (3rd ed.). Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-4925-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-4925-2"><bdi>978-1-4050-4925-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+London+Encyclopaedia&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4050-4925-2&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Weinreb%2C+Ben&rft.au=Keay%2C+Julia&rft.au=Keay%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hutchinson_(historian)" title="Robert Hutchinson (historian)">Hutchinson, Robert</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2zR6WdBzyvEC">Young Henry: The Rise of Henry VIII</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-2500-1261-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-2500-1261-6"><bdi>978-1-2500-1261-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Young+Henry%3A+The+Rise+of+Henry+VIII&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-2500-1261-6&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2zR6WdBzyvEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIves2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Ives" title="Eric Ives">Ives, Eric</a> (2005). The Life and Death of Anne Boleyn: 'The Most Happy'. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3463-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3463-7"><bdi>978-1-4051-3463-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+Anne+Boleyn%3A+%27The+Most+Happy%27&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3463-7&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIves2006" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2006). "Will the Real Henry VIII Please Stand Up?". History Today. 56 (2): 28–36. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2753">0018-2753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Will+the+Real+Henry+VIII+Please+Stand+Up%3F&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0018-2753&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmberg1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Lehmberg" title="Stanford Lehmberg">Lehmberg, Stanford E.</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reformationparli0000lehm">The Reformation Parliament, 1529–1536</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-7655-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5210-7655-5"><bdi>978-0-5210-7655-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reformation+Parliament%2C+1529%E2%80%931536&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-5210-7655-5&rft.aulast=Lehmberg&rft.aufirst=Stanford+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freformationparli0000lehm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipscomb2009" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Suzannah_Lipscomb" title="Suzannah Lipscomb">Lipscomb, Suzannah</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/who-was-henry-viii">"Who was Henry?"</a>. History Today. 59 (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Who+was+Henry%3F&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lipscomb&rft.aufirst=Suzannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fwho-was-henry-viii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoades2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Loades" title="David Loades">Loades, David</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryviiicourtch0000load">Henry VIII: Court, Church and Conflict</a>. The National Archives. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9056-1542-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9056-1542-1"><bdi>978-1-9056-1542-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%3A+Court%2C+Church+and+Conflict&rft.pub=The+National+Archives&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-9056-1542-1&rft.aulast=Loades&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryviiicourtch0000load&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._J._Meyer" title="G. J. Meyer">Meyer, G. J.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tudorscompletest00meye">The Tudors: The Complete Story of England's Most Notorious Dynasty</a>. Presidio Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3853-4076-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3853-4076-2"><bdi>978-0-3853-4076-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tudors%3A+The+Complete+Story+of+England%27s+Most+Notorious+Dynasty&rft.pub=Presidio+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-3853-4076-2&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=G.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftudorscompletest00meye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Sebag_Montefiore" title="Simon Sebag Montefiore">Montefiore, Simon Sebag</a> (2008). History's Monsters: 101 Villains from Vlad the Impaler to Adolf Hitler. Querkus Publishing Plc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-0937-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-0937-7"><bdi>978-1-4351-0937-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%27s+Monsters%3A+101+Villains+from+Vlad+the+Impaler+to+Adolf+Hitler&rft.pub=Querkus+Publishing+Plc&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4351-0937-7&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon+Sebag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1999" class="citation book cs1">Morris, T.A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tudorgovernment0000morr">Tudor Government</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2039-8167-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2039-8167-2"><bdi>978-0-2039-8167-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tudor+Government&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-2039-8167-2&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=T.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftudorgovernment0000morr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2016" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Neil (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtw018">"Violence, Colonization and Henry VIII's Conquest of France, 1544–1546"</a>. Past and Present (233): 13–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtw018">10.1093/pastj/gtw018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Violence%2C+Colonization+and+Henry+VIII%27s+Conquest+of+France%2C+1544%E2%80%931546&rft.issue=233&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtw018&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fpastj%252Fgtw018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1905" class="citation book cs1">Pollard, A. F. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryviii00pollgoog">Henry VIII</a>. Longmans, Green & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Company&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=A.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryviii00pollgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Porter_(historian)" title="Linda Porter (historian)">Porter, Linda</a> (2007). Mary Tudor: The First Queen (2009 ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Judy_Piatkus" title="Judy Piatkus">Piatkus</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780749909826" title="Special:BookSources/9780749909826"><bdi>9780749909826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Tudor%3A+The+First+Queen&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2009&rft.pub=Piatkus&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780749909826&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRex1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rex" title="Richard Rex">Rex, Richard</a> (1996). "The Crisis of Obedience: God's Word and Henry's Reformation". The Historical Journal. 39 (4): 863–894. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X00024687">10.1017/S0018246X00024687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639860">2639860</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159649932">159649932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Crisis+of+Obedience%3A+God%27s+Word+and+Henry%27s+Reformation&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E863-%3C%2Fspan%3E894&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159649932%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2639860%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X00024687&rft.aulast=Rex&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarisbrick1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Scarisbrick" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Scarisbrick">Scarisbrick, J. J.</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryviii0000scar">Henry VIII</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-1130-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5200-1130-4"><bdi>978-0-5200-1130-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-5200-1130-4&rft.aulast=Scarisbrick&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryviii0000scar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScarisbrick1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Scarisbrick" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Scarisbrick">Scarisbrick, J. J.</a> (1997). Henry VIII (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3000-7158-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-3000-7158-2"><bdi>0-3000-7158-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-3000-7158-2&rft.aulast=Scarisbrick&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lacey_Baldwin_Smith" title="Lacey Baldwin Smith">Smith, Lacey Baldwin</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryviiimaskofr00smit">Henry VIII: the Mask of Royalty</a>. Academy Chicago. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8973-3056-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8973-3056-5"><bdi>978-0-8973-3056-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%3A+the+Mask+of+Royalty&rft.pub=Academy+Chicago&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8973-3056-5&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Lacey+Baldwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryviiimaskofr00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpalding1894" class="citation book cs1">Spalding, Thomas Alfred (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oNKsAAAAMAAJ&dq=lords+spiritual+outnumbered+by+lords+temporal&pg=PA28">The House of Lords</a>. T. F. Unwin. Retrieved 9 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Lords&rft.pub=T.+F.+Unwin&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Spalding&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoNKsAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3Dlords%2Bspiritual%2Boutnumbered%2Bby%2Blords%2Btemporal%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey, David</a> (2003). Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII. Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-7298-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7011-7298-5"><bdi>978-0-7011-7298-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Wives%3A+The+Queens+of+Henry+VIII&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7011-7298-5&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2008" class="citation book cs1">—— (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dNJZJP3ns-MC">Henry: Virtuous Prince</a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0072-8783-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0072-8783-3"><bdi>978-0-0072-8783-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry%3A+Virtuous+Prince&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-0072-8783-3&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdNJZJP3ns-MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStöber2007" class="citation book cs1">Stöber, Karen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rzanpUHWLQoC">Late Medieval Monasteries and Their Patrons: England and Wales, c. 1300–1540</a>. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-3284-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8438-3284-3"><bdi>978-1-8438-3284-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Medieval+Monasteries+and+Their+Patrons%3A+England+and+Wales%2C+c.+1300%E2%80%931540&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-8438-3284-3&rft.aulast=St%C3%B6ber&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrzanpUHWLQoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2005" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Andrea (2005). Princelie Majestie: The Court of James V of Scotland 1528–1542. John Donald Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8597-6611-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8597-6611-1"><bdi>978-0-8597-6611-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Princelie+Majestie%3A+The+Court+of+James+V+of+Scotland+1528%E2%80%931542&rft.pub=John+Donald+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8597-6611-1&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurley1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Thurley" title="Simon Thurley">Thurley, Simon</a> (1993). The Royal Palaces of Tudor England. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-5420-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3000-5420-0"><bdi>978-0-3000-5420-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Palaces+of+Tudor+England&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-3000-5420-0&rft.aulast=Thurley&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixwivesofhenryv00weir_1">The Six Wives of Henry VIII</a>. Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3683-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3683-4"><bdi>0-8021-3683-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Six+Wives+of+Henry+VIII&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-8021-3683-4&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixwivesofhenryv00weir_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir2002" class="citation book cs1">—— (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JW-seRfZ9toC">Henry VIII: The King and His Court</a>. Random House Digital, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3454-3708-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-3454-3708-X"><bdi>0-3454-3708-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%3A+The+King+and+His+Court&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-3454-3708-X&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJW-seRfZ9toC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2005" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, James (2005). "Hunting and the Royal Image of Henry VIII". Sport in History. 25 (1): 41–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17460260500073082">10.1080/17460260500073082</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1746-0263">1746-0263</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161663183">161663183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sport+in+History&rft.atitle=Hunting+and+the+Royal+Image+of+Henry+VIII&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161663183%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1746-0263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17460260500073082&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1971" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Neville (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryviiihiscour00will">Henry VIII and his Court</a>. Macmillan Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-0262-9100-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-0262-9100-2"><bdi>978-0-0262-9100-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII+and+his+Court&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-0262-9100-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Neville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryviiihiscour00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical">Biographical</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Mike (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofbr0000ashl_f1a2">A brief history of British kings & queens</a>. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/Running_Press" title="Running Press">Running Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1104-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1104-8"><bdi>978-0-7867-1104-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+British+kings+%26+queens&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Running+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1104-8&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofbr0000ashl_f1a2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowle1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Bowle" class="mw-redirect" title="John Edward Bowle">Bowle, John</a> (1964). Henry VIII: A Study of Power in Action. New York: <a href="/wiki/Little,_Brown_and_Company" title="Little, Brown and Company">Little, Brown and Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000OJX9RI">B000OJX9RI</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1154362697">1154362697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%3A+A+Study+of+Power+in+Action&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1154362697&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000OJX9RI%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Bowle&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson1984" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Carolly (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mistressanneexce0000caro">Mistress Anne</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Summit_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit Books">Summit Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-41747-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-41747-5"><bdi>978-0-671-41747-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mistress+Anne&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Summit+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-671-41747-5&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Carolly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmistressanneexce0000caro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCressy1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Cressy, David (October 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/spectacle-and-power-apollo-solomon-court-henry-viii">"Spectacle and Power: Apollo and Solomon at the Court of Henry VIII"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a>. Vol. 32, no. 10. pp. 16–22. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2753">0018-2753</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Spectacle+and+Power%3A+Apollo+and+Solomon+at+the+Court+of+Henry+VIII&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1982-10&rft.issn=0018-2753&rft.aulast=Cressy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fspectacle-and-power-apollo-solomon-court-henry-viii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner1903" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, James (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-mannheim.de/mateo/camenaref/cmh/cmh213.html">"Henry VIII"</a>. Cambridge Modern History. Vol. 2. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/219199693">219199693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+VIII&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F219199693&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-mannheim.de%2Fmateo%2Fcamenaref%2Fcmh%2Fcmh213.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraves2003" class="citation book cs1">Graves, Michael A. R. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryviiistudyin00grav">Henry VIII: a study in kingship</a>. Profiles in power. London: Pearson Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-38110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-38110-0"><bdi>978-0-582-38110-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%3A+a+study+in+kingship&rft.place=London&rft.series=Profiles+in+power&rft.pub=Pearson+Longman&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-582-38110-0&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryviiistudyin00grav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIves2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Ives" title="Eric Ives">Ives, E. W.</a> (2004). "Henry VIII (1491–1547)". The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12955">10.1093/ref:odnb/12955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F12955&rft.aulast=Ives&rft.aufirst=E.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollard1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Pollard" title="Albert Pollard">Pollard, Albert Frederick</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Henry_VIII._of_England">"Henry VIII. of England" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). pp. 287–290.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henry+VIII.+of+England&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E287-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Pollard&rft.aufirst=Albert+Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRex1993" class="citation book cs1">Rex, Richard (1993). Henry VIII and the English Reformation. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08665-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-08665-7"><bdi>978-0-312-08665-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII+and+the+English+Reformation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-312-08665-7&rft.aulast=Rex&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidley1985" class="citation book cs1">Ridley, Jasper Godwin (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryviii00ridl">Henry VIII</a>. New York, N.Y: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-80699-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-80699-7"><bdi>978-0-670-80699-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-670-80699-7&rft.aulast=Ridley&rft.aufirst=Jasper+Godwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryviii00ridl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkey2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey, David</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reignofhenryviii0000star_h2r4">The reign of Henry VIII: personalities and politics</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-944510-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-944510-4"><bdi>978-0-09-944510-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+reign+of+Henry+VIII%3A+personalities+and+politics&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-09-944510-4&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freignofhenryviii0000star_h2r4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkeyDoran2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Susan_Doran" title="Susan Doran">Doran, Susan</a> (2009). Henry VIII: Man and Monarch. London: British Library Publishing Division. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-5025-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7123-5025-9"><bdi>978-0-7123-5025-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII%3A+Man+and+Monarch&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Library+Publishing+Division&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7123-5025-9&rft.aulast=Starkey&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Doran%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTytler1837" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Fraser_Tytler" title="Patrick Fraser Tytler">Tytler, Patrick Fraser</a> (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifekinghenryei00tytlgoog">Life of King Henry the Eighth</a>. Edinburgh: <a href="/wiki/Oliver_%26_Boyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver & Boyd">Oliver & Boyd</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1985361">1985361</a>. Retrieved 17 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+King+Henry+the+Eighth&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Oliver+%26+Boyd&rft.date=1837&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1985361&rft.aulast=Tytler&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifekinghenryei00tytlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Josephine (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maryboleyntruest0000wilk">Mary Boleyn: the true story of Henry VIII's favourite mistress</a>. Stroud: <a href="/wiki/Amberley_Publishing" title="Amberley Publishing">Amberley Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84868-089-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84868-089-0"><bdi>978-1-84868-089-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/302077885">302077885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary+Boleyn%3A+the+true+story+of+Henry+VIII%27s+favourite+mistress&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F302077885&rft.isbn=978-1-84868-089-0&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Josephine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaryboleyntruest0000wilk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/childrenofhenryv0000weir">The children of Henry VIII</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-39118-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-39118-6"><bdi>978-0-345-39118-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+children+of+Henry+VIII&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-345-39118-6&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchildrenofhenryv0000weir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooding2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Wooding" title="Lucy Wooding">Wooding, Lucy E. C.</a> (2015). Henry VIII. Routledge historical biographies (2. ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83141-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-83141-4"><bdi>978-1-138-83141-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+historical+biographies&rft.edition=2.&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-138-83141-4&rft.aulast=Wooding&rft.aufirst=Lucy+E.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_studies">Scholarly studies</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bernard" title="George W. Bernard">Bernard, G. W.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wartaxationrebel0000bern">War, taxation and rebellion in early Tudor England: Henry VIII, Wolsey and the amicable Grant of 1525</a>. Brighton: Harvester Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7108-1126-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7108-1126-4"><bdi>978-0-7108-1126-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+taxation+and+rebellion+in+early+Tudor+England%3A+Henry+VIII%2C+Wolsey+and+the+amicable+Grant+of+1525&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pub=Harvester+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7108-1126-4&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwartaxationrebel0000bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard1998" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1998). "The Making of Religious Policy, 1533–1546: Henry VIII and the Search for the Middle Way". Historical Journal. 41 (2): 321–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X98007778">10.1017/S0018246X98007778</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-246X">0018-246X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2640109">2640109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159952187">159952187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+Religious+Policy%2C+1533%E2%80%931546%3A+Henry+VIII+and+the+Search+for+the+Middle+Way&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E349&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0018-246X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159952187%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2640109%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X98007778&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bush, M. L. (2007). "The Tudor Polity and the Pilgrimage of Grace". Historical Research. 80 (207): 47–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.2006.00351.x">10.1111/j.1468-2281.2006.00351.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-3471">0950-3471</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Tudor+Polity+and+the+Pilgrimage+of+Grace&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=207&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2281.2006.00351.x&rft.issn=0950-3471&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran2009" class="citation book cs1">Doran, Susan (2009). The Tudor Chronicles: 1485–1603. New York: Metro Books. pp. 78–203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-0939-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4351-0939-1"><bdi>978-1-4351-0939-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tudor+Chronicles%3A+1485%E2%80%931603&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=Metro+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4351-0939-1&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Elton" title="Geoffrey Elton">Elton, Geoffrey</a> (1974) [1953]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tudorrevolutioni0000elto">The Tudor revolution in government: administrative changes in the reign of Henry VIII</a> (Repr ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04892-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-04892-7"><bdi>978-0-521-04892-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tudor+revolution+in+government%3A+administrative+changes+in+the+reign+of+Henry+VIII&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-521-04892-7&rft.aulast=Elton&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftudorrevolutioni0000elto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">Guy, John</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utATDAAAQBAJ">The children of Henry VIII</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870087-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870087-6"><bdi>978-0-19-870087-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+children+of+Henry+VIII&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870087-6&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DutATDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead1982" class="citation journal cs1">Head, David M. (1982). "Henry VIII's Scottish Policy: a Reassessment". Scottish Historical Review. 61 (1): 1–24. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-9241">0036-9241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Henry+VIII%27s+Scottish+Policy%3A+a+Reassessment&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0036-9241&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoak2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hoak, Dale (21 December 2005). "Politics, Religion and the English Reformation, 1533–1547: Some Problems and Issues". <a href="/wiki/History_Compass" title="History Compass">History Compass</a>. 3 (1): **. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2005.00139.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00139.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-0542">1478-0542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Politics%2C+Religion+and+the+English+Reformation%2C+1533%E2%80%931547%3A+Some+Problems+and+Issues&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%2A%2A&rft.date=2005-12-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2005.00139.x&rft.issn=1478-0542&rft.aulast=Hoak&rft.aufirst=Dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsey1995" class="citation book cs1">Lindsey, Karen (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/divorcedbeheaded0000lind">Divorced, beheaded, survived : a feminist reinterpretation of the wives of Henry VIII</a>. Reading, Mass.: <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Books_Group" title="Perseus Books Group">Perseus Books Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-40823-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-40823-2"><bdi>978-0-201-40823-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divorced%2C+beheaded%2C+survived+%3A+a+feminist+reinterpretation+of+the+wives+of+Henry+VIII&rft.place=Reading%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Perseus+Books+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-201-40823-2&rft.aulast=Lindsey&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdivorcedbeheaded0000lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCulloch1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">MacCulloch, Diarmaid</a>, ed. (1995). The reign of Henry VIII: politics, policy and piety. New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12892-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12892-0"><bdi>978-0-312-12892-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+reign+of+Henry+VIII%3A+politics%2C+policy+and+piety&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-312-12892-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1991" class="citation book cs1">Mackie, John D. (1991) [1952]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earliertudors1480000mack_j0o2">The earlier Tudors, 1485-1558</a>. The Oxford history of England (Repr ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821706-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821706-0"><bdi>978-0-19-821706-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+earlier+Tudors%2C+1485-1558&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=The+Oxford+history+of+England&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-821706-0&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearliertudors1480000mack_j0o2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorhouse2003" class="citation book cs1">Moorhouse, Geoffrey (2003). The pilgrimage of grace: the rebellion that shook Henry VIII's throne. A Phoenix paperback. London: <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Press">Phoenix Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-666-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-666-0"><bdi>978-1-84212-666-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pilgrimage+of+grace%3A+the+rebellion+that+shook+Henry+VIII%27s+throne&rft.place=London&rft.series=A+Phoenix+paperback&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-666-0&rft.aulast=Moorhouse&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorhouse2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Moorhouse" title="Geoffrey Moorhouse">Moorhouse, Geoffrey</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatharrysnavyh0000moor_k8h2">Great Harry's navy: how Henry VIII gave England sea power</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Press">Phoenix Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2099-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2099-5"><bdi>978-0-7538-2099-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Harry%27s+navy%3A+how+Henry+VIII+gave+England+sea+power&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2099-5&rft.aulast=Moorhouse&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatharrysnavyh0000moor_k8h2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorhouse2009" class="citation book cs1">Moorhouse, Geoffrey (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lastdivineoffice0000moor">The last divine office: Henry VIII and the dissolution of the monasteries</a>. New York: BlueBridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933346-18-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933346-18-2"><bdi>978-1-933346-18-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/262886733">262886733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+last+divine+office%3A+Henry+VIII+and+the+dissolution+of+the+monasteries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=BlueBridge&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F262886733&rft.isbn=978-1-933346-18-2&rft.aulast=Moorhouse&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flastdivineoffice0000moor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlavin1968" class="citation book cs1">Slavin, Arthur J., ed. (1968). Henry VIII and the English Reformation. Lexington, Mass.: Heath. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/184548">184548</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII+and+the+English+Reformation&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Heath&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F184548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1948" class="citation book cs1">Smith, H. Maynard (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryviiireforma0000hmay">Henry VIII and the Reformation</a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1389078">1389078</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6047819M">6047819M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII+and+the+Reformation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1389078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6047819M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=H.+Maynard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryviiireforma0000hmay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStubbs,_William1886" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stubbs,_William" class="mw-redirect" title="Stubbs, William">Stubbs, William</a> (1886). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Seventeen_lectures_on_the_study_of_medieval_and_modern_history_and_kindred_subjects/The_Reign_of_Henry_VIII." class="extiw" title="s:Seventeen lectures on the study of medieval and modern history and kindred subjects/The Reign of Henry VIII.">The Reign of Henry VIII.: (June 7, 1881.)</a>". Seventeen lectures on the study of medieval and modern history and kindred subjects: 241–265. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107248000" class="extiw" title="d:Q107248000">Q107248000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seventeen+lectures+on+the+study+of+medieval+and+modern+history+and+kindred+subjects&rft.atitle=The+Reign+of+Henry+VIII.%3A+%28June+7%2C+1881.%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E265&rft.date=1886&rft.au=Stubbs%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Stubbs1886" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1886). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Seventeen_lectures_on_the_study_of_medieval_and_modern_history_and_kindred_subjects/Parliament_under_Henry_VIII." class="extiw" title="s:Seventeen lectures on the study of medieval and modern history and kindred subjects/Parliament under Henry VIII.">Parliament under Henry VIII.: (June 9, 1881.)</a>". Seventeen lectures on the study of medieval and modern history and kindred subjects: 266–291. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107248047" class="extiw" title="d:Q107248047">Q107248047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seventeen+lectures+on+the+study+of+medieval+and+modern+history+and+kindred+subjects&rft.atitle=Parliament+under+Henry+VIII.%3A+%28June+9%2C+1881.%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E266-%3C%2Fspan%3E291&rft.date=1886&rft.au=William+Stubbs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurley1991" class="citation magazine cs1">Thurley, Simon (June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/palaces-nouveau-riche-king">"Palaces for a Nouveau Riche King"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a>. Vol. 41, no. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Palaces+for+a+Nouveau+Riche+King&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1991-06&rft.aulast=Thurley&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Fpalaces-nouveau-riche-king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner2003" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, John A. (2003). Bosworth Field to Bloody Mary: an encyclopedia of the early Tudors. Westport, Conn.: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-540-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-540-0"><bdi>978-1-57356-540-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosworth+Field+to+Bloody+Mary%3A+an+encyclopedia+of+the+early+Tudors&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57356-540-0&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Greg_Walker_(academic)" title="Greg Walker (academic)">Walker, Greg</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingundertyra0000walk">Writing under tyranny: English literature and the Henrician Reformation</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928333-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928333-0"><bdi>978-0-19-928333-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/61129173">61129173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+under+tyranny%3A+English+literature+and+the+Henrician+Reformation&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Focm61129173&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928333-0&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritingundertyra0000walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernham1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._B._Wernham" title="R. B. Wernham">Wernham, R. B.</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/beforearmadagrow0000wern/">Before the Armada: the growth of English foreign policy, 1485-1588</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/530462">530462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+the+Armada%3A+the+growth+of+English+foreign+policy%2C+1485-1588&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F530462&rft.aulast=Wernham&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbeforearmadagrow0000wern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> History of foreign policy.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_2">Historiography</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColemanStarkey1986" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, Christopher; Starkey, David, eds. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionreasse0000unse">Revolution reassessed: revisions in the history of Tudor government and administration</a>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873064-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873064-4"><bdi>978-0-19-873064-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+reassessed%3A+revisions+in+the+history+of+Tudor+government+and+administration&rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873064-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutionreasse0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoxGuy1986" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Alistair; Guy, John (1986). Reassessing the Henrician Age: humanism, politics and reform 1500-1550. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-14614-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-14614-8"><bdi>978-0-631-14614-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reassessing+the+Henrician+Age%3A+humanism%2C+politics+and+reform+1500-1550&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-631-14614-8&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Alistair&rft.au=Guy%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead1997" class="citation journal cs1">Head, David M. (1997). "'If a Lion Knew His Own Strength': The Image of Henry VIII and His Historians". <a href="/wiki/International_Social_Science_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="International Social Science Review">International Social Science Review</a>. 72 (3/4): 94–109. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0278-2308">0278-2308</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41882241">41882241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Social+Science+Review&rft.atitle=%27If+a+Lion+Knew+His+Own+Strength%27%3A+The+Image+of+Henry+VIII+and+His+Historians&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E109&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41882241%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0278-2308&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2009" class="citation journal cs1">Marshall, Peter (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/97/1/WRAP_Marshall_redefining.pdf">"(Re)defining the English Reformation"</a> (PDF). Journal of British Studies. 48 (3): 564–585. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F600128">10.1086/600128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=%28Re%29defining+the+English+Reformation&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E564-%3C%2Fspan%3E585&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F600128&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwrap.warwick.ac.uk%2F97%2F1%2FWRAP_Marshall_redefining.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Day2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_O%27Day" title="Rosemary O'Day">O'Day, Rosemary</a> (2014). The debate on the English reformation. Issues in historiography (2nd ed.). Manchester (GB): <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-8661-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-8661-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-8661-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+debate+on+the+English+reformation&rft.place=Manchester+%28GB%29&rft.series=Issues+in+historiography&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-8661-8&rft.aulast=O%27Day&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Day2010" class="citation book cs1">O'Day, Rosemary (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rcyYum-HiQ4C">The Routledge companion to the Tudor age</a>. Routledge companions to history. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44565-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44565-8"><bdi>978-0-415-44565-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+companion+to+the+Tudor+age&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+companions+to+history&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44565-8&rft.aulast=O%27Day&rft.aufirst=Rosemary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrcyYum-HiQ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankinHighleyKing2009" class="citation book cs1">Rankin, Mark; Highley, Christopher; King, John N., eds. (2009). Henry VIII and his afterlives: literature, politics, and art. Cambridge (GB): <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51464-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51464-4"><bdi>978-0-521-51464-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/422765080">422765080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+VIII+and+his+afterlives%3A+literature%2C+politics%2C+and+art&rft.place=Cambridge+%28GB%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F422765080&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51464-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/series/letters-and-papers-henry-viii">"Letters and Papers, Henry VIII"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_History_Online" title="British History Online">British History Online</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+History+Online&rft.atitle=Letters+and+Papers%2C+Henry+VIII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fseries%2Fletters-and-papers-henry-viii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"> Multiple volumes, covers from 1509 to January 1547. Originally published by <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="His Majesty's Stationery Office">His Majesty's Stationery Office</a> (1864–1920).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglasWilliams1967" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/David_C._Douglas" title="David C. Douglas">Douglas, David Charles</a>; Williams, C. H., eds. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishhistorica0005davi">English Historical Documents</a>. Vol. 5: 1485-1558. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/247046009">247046009</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL47688798M">47688798M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Historical+Documents&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F247046009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL47688798M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishhistorica0005davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Harrison_(priest)" title="William Harrison (priest)">Harrison, William</a> (1994) [1557]. Edelen, Georges (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4qwDICPz6OoC">The description of England: the classic contemporary account of Tudor social life</a> (New ed.). Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Folger_Shakespeare_Library" title="Folger Shakespeare Library">Folger Shakespeare Library</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-28275-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-28275-6"><bdi>978-0-486-28275-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+description+of+England%3A+the+classic+contemporary+account+of+Tudor+social+life&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.edition=New&rft.pub=Folger+Shakespeare+Library+%3B+Dover+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-486-28275-6&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4qwDICPz6OoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther, Martin</a> (1918) [1 September 1525]. "1521–1530". In <a href="/wiki/Preserved_Smith" title="Preserved Smith">Smith, Preserved</a>; Jacobs, Charles M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oEy_3aDT61sC">Luther's Correspondence and Other Contemporary Letters</a>. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Lutheran Publication Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1521%E2%80%931530&rft.btitle=Luther%27s+Correspondence+and+Other+Contemporary+Letters&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lutheran+Publication+Society&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoEy_3aDT61sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolas1827" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Harris_Nicolas" title="Nicholas Harris Nicolas">Nicolas, Nicholas Harris</a>, ed. (1827). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/henryprivypurse00nicouoft">The privy purse expences of King Henry the Eighth: from November MDXXIX, to December MDXXXII - with introductory remarks and illustrative notes</a>. London: W. Pickering. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65270104">65270104</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL7167246M">7167246M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+privy+purse+expences+of+King+Henry+the+Eighth%3A+from+November+MDXXIX%2C+to+December+MDXXXII+-+with+introductory+remarks+and+illustrative+notes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+Pickering&rft.date=1827&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65270104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL7167246M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhenryprivypurse00nicouoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHenry+VIII" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Grene_growith_the_holy.ogg" title="File:Grene growith the holy.ogg">Grene growith the holy (0:31)</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Grene_growith_the_holy.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Grene_growith_the_holy.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/36/Grene_growith_the_holy.ogg/Grene_growith_the_holy.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">A <a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a> attributed to Henry VIII</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Henry_VIII" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Henry VIII">Author:Henry VIII</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Book_of_Martyrs/Chapter_XV" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Book of Martyrs/Chapter XV">"Persecutions of Protestants by Henry VIII", in Foxe's Book of Martyrs</a> at Wikisource</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/henry-viii">Henry VIII</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/henry-viii-king-of-england-1491-1547#/type/subject">Henry VIII</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Henry_VIII" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Henry VIII">Free scores by Henry VIII</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li> <li><a href="https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Henry_VIII" class="extiw" title="choralwiki:Henry VIII">Free scores by Henry VIII</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Choral_Public_Domain_Library" title="Choral Public Domain Library">Choral Public Domain Library</a> (ChoralWiki)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/35690">Works by Henry VIII</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28+%28%22Henry+VIII%22+OR+%22Henry+Eighth%22+OR+%22Henry+the+Eighth%22+OR+%22Henry+Tudor%22%29+AND+-creator%3AShakespeare+%29">Works by or about Henry VIII</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/9634">Works by Henry VIII</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02145">Portraits of King Henry VIII</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38370#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Henry VIII </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">House of Tudor</a></div>Born: 28 June 1491 Died: 28 January 1547 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Ireland">Lord of Ireland</a> 1509–1542 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Ireland_Act_1542" title="Crown of Ireland Act 1542">Crown of Ireland Act 1542</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> 1509–1547 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/Ruaidr%C3%AD_Ua_Conchobair" title="Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair">Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">King of Ireland</a> 1542–1547 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Scott_of_Scott%27s_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="William Scott of Scott's Hall">William Scott</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a> 1493–1509 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Poyning" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Poyning">Edward Poyning</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_de_Berkeley,_1st_Marquess_of_Berkeley" title="William de Berkeley, 1st Marquess of Berkeley">The Marquess of Berkeley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Marshal" title="Earl Marshal">Earl Marshal</a> 1494–1509 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_2nd_Duke_of_Norfolk" title="Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk">The Duke of Norfolk</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage of England</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> 1504–1509 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward (VI)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Duke of Cornwall</a> 1502–1509 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Henry, Duke of Cornwall">Henry</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Henry_VIII318" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Henry_VIII" title="Template:Henry VIII"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Henry_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Henry VIII"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Henry_VIII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Henry VIII"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Henry_VIII318" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry VIII</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish monarchs">Ireland</a> (1509–1547)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur, Prince of Wales</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset">Edmund Tudor, Duke of Somerset</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret, Queen of Scots</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Tudor,_Queen_of_France" title="Mary Tudor, Queen of France">Mary, Queen of France and Duchess of Suffolk</a> (sister)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wives_of_Henry_VIII" title="Wives of Henry VIII">Wives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard">Catherine Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Henry_VIII" title="Children of Henry VIII">Children</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Henry, Duke of Cornwall">Henry, Duke of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">England VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_FitzRoy,_Duke_of_Richmond_and_Somerset" title="Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset">Henry FitzRoy, Duke of Richmond and Somerset</a> (illegitimate)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Reign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Henry_VIII_and_Catherine" title="Coronation of Henry VIII and Catherine">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries" title="Dissolution of the monasteries">Dissolution of the Monestaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold" title="Field of the Cloth of Gold">Field of the Cloth of Gold</a> (1520)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation_Parliament" title="English Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a> (1529–1536)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bruges_(1521)" title="Treaty of Bruges (1521)">Treaty of Bruges</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perpetual_Peace" title="Treaty of Perpetual Peace">Treaty of Perpetual Peace</a> (1534)</li> <li>Acts of Succession <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Succession_Act" title="First Succession Act">First</a> (1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Succession_Act" title="Second Succession Act">Second</a> (1536)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Succession_Act" title="Third Succession Act">Third</a> (1543)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treason_Act_1540" title="Treason Act 1540">Treason Act</a> (1540)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Battles7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs" title="Battle of the Spurs">Battle of the Spurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solway_Moss" title="Battle of Solway Moss">Battle of Solway Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haddon_Rig" title="Battle of Haddon Rig">Battle of Haddon Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Wooing" title="Rough Wooing">Rough Wooing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Inventory_of_Henry_VIII" title="Inventory of Henry VIII">Inventory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Crown" title="Tudor Crown">Tudor Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII%27s_writing_desk" title="Henry VIII's writing desk">Writing desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_helmet_of_Henry_VIII" title="Horned helmet of Henry VIII">Horned helmet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Portraiture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Henry_VIII" title="Portrait of Henry VIII">Portrait of Henry VIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Henry_VIII" title="Cultural depictions of Henry VIII">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_the_Thousand_Days" title="Anne of the Thousand Days">Anne of the Thousand Days</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_and_His_Six_Wives" title="Henry VIII and His Six Wives">Henry VIII and His Six Wives</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarch_(film)" title="Monarch (film)">Monarch (film)</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Boleyn_Girl_(2008_film)" title="The Other Boleyn Girl (2008 film)">The Other Boleyn Girl (2008 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebrand_(2023_film)" title="Firebrand (2023 film)">Firebrand (2023 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Hall" title="Wolf Hall">Wolf Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bring_Up_the_Bodies" title="Bring Up the Bodies">Bring Up the Bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_%26_the_Light" title="The Mirror & the Light">The Mirror & the Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Constant_Princess" title="The Constant Princess">The Constant Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Curse" title="The King's Curse">The King's Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Taming_of_the_Queen" title="The Taming of the Queen">The Taming of the Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sixth_Wife" title="The Sixth Wife">The Sixth Wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Boleyn_Girl" title="The Other Boleyn Girl">The Other Boleyn Girl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Hall_(TV_series)" title="Wolf Hall (TV series)">Wolf Hall (TV series)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Hall:_The_Mirror_and_the_Light" title="Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light">Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Princess" title="The Spanish Princess">The Spanish Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tudors" title="The Tudors">The Tudors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Wives_of_Henry_VIII_(1970_TV_series)" title="The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1970 TV series)">The Six Wives of Henry VIII (1970 TV series)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Plays & musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_(play)" title="Henry VIII (play)">Henry VIII</a> (1613)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rose_Without_a_Thorn" title="The Rose Without a Thorn">The Rose Without a Thorn</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Man_for_All_Seasons_(play)" title="A Man for All Seasons (play)">A Man for All Seasons</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rex_(musical)" title="Rex (musical)">Rex (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Hall_Parts_One_%26_Two" title="Wolf Hall Parts One & Two">Wolf Hall (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_and_the_Light_(play)" title="The Mirror and the Light (play)">The Mirror and the Light</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mistresses_of_Henry_VIII" title="Mistresses of Henry VIII">Mistresses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">← Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VI of England">Edward VI →</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anglicanism_footer" title="Template:Anglicanism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anglicanism_footer" title="Template talk:Anglicanism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anglicanism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anglicanism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglicanism327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communion_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (religion)">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_realignment" title="Anglican realignment">Anglican realignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">Continuing Anglican movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_ordinariate" title="Personal ordinariate">Personal ordinariates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Compassrose_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/100px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/150px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Compassrose_Flag.svg/200px-Compassrose_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1726" data-file-height="1151" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">History of Christianity in Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianity in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelberht_of_Kent" title="Æthelberht of Kent">Æthelberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia" title="Offa of Mercia">Offa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_York" title="Paulinus of York">Paulinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygeberht" title="Hygeberht">Hygeberht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Medieval architecture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cranmer" title="Thomas Cranmer">Cranmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of Monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Parker" title="Matthew Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">Laud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Divines" title="Caroline Divines">Caroline Divines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonjuring_schism" title="Nonjuring schism">Nonjuring schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Church" title="Modern Church">Modern Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father#Christianity" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">The Books of Homilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago-Lambeth_Quadrilateral" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago-Lambeth Quadrilateral">Lambeth Quadrilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">Sacraments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_Anglicanism" title="Eucharist in Anglicanism">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Marian_theology" title="Anglican Marian theology">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Anglicanism" title="Saints in Anglicanism">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1549)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1549)">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1552)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1552)">1552</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1928,_United_States)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1928, United States)">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1962)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1962)">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1979)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1979)">1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican Use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Office_(Anglican)" title="Daily Office (Anglican)">Morning</a> / <a href="/wiki/Evensong" title="Evensong">Evening Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Anglican_Church_calendars" title="List of Anglican Church calendars">Liturgical year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Books_of_Homilies" title="The Books of Homilies">Books of Homilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High</a> / <a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low</a> / <a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_converted_to_Anglicanism" title="List of people who have converted to Anglicanism">Converts to Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Armorial of the Church of England">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_religious_order" title="Anglican religious order">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_church_music" title="Anglican church music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_prayer_beads" title="Anglican prayer beads">Anglican prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_churches_in_the_Americas" title="Anglican churches in the Americas">Anglicanism of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_England" title="Free Church of England">Free Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Episcopal_Church" title="Reformed Episcopal Church">Reformed Episcopal Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Template talk:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160384"> <ul><li>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170757"> <ul><li>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Cornwall79" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Cornwall" title="Template:Dukes of Cornwall"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Cornwall" title="Template talk:Dukes of Cornwall"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Cornwall" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Cornwall"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Cornwall79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">Dukes of Cornwall</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward</a> (1337–1376)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard</a> (1376–1377)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry</a> (1399–1413)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry</a> (1421–1422)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward</a> (1453–1471)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard</a> (1460; disputed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward</a> (1470–1483)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Middleham,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales">Edward</a> (1483–1484)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur</a> (1486–1502)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry</a> (1502–1509)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry,_Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Henry, Duke of Cornwall">Henry</a> (1511)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward</a> (1537–1547)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick</a> (1603–1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a> (1612–1625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles</a> (1630–1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James</a> (1688–1701/2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George</a> (1714–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick</a> (1727–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George</a> (1762–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Albert Edward</a> (1841–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George</a> (1901–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward</a> (1910–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a> (1952–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cornwall_%28Variant_1%29.svg/75px-Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cornwall_%28Variant_1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cornwall_%28Variant_1%29.svg/113px-Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cornwall_%28Variant_1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cornwall_%28Variant_1%29.svg/150px-Arms_of_the_Duchy_of_Cornwall_%28Variant_1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cornwall" title="Portal:Cornwall">Cornwall Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_Wales75" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Wales" title="Template:Princes of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Princes of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_Wales75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Princes of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward of Caernarfon</a> (1301–1307)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward the Black Prince</a> (1343–1376)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard of Bordeaux</a> (1376–1377)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry of Monmouth</a> (1399–1413)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Westminster,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales">Edward of Westminster</a> (1454–1471)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward</a> (1471–1483)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_of_Middleham,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales">Edward of Middleham</a> (1483–1484)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Arthur, Prince of Wales">Arthur</a> (1489–1502)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry</a> (1504–1509)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward</a> (1537–1547)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Henry Frederick</a> (1610–1612)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a> (1616–1625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles</a> (1641–1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James</a> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George</a> (1714–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick</a> (1728–1751)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George</a> (1751–1760)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George</a> (1762–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Albert Edward</a> (1841–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George</a> (1901–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward</a> (1910–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles</a> (1958–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William</a> (2022–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales's feathers"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/75px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/113px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg/150px-Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_York97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_York" title="Template:Dukes of York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_York" title="Template talk:Dukes of York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_York97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Dukes of York</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley,_1st_Duke_of_York" title="Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York">Edmund of Langley</a> (1385–1402)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward,_2nd_Duke_of_York" title="Edward, 2nd Duke of York">Edward of Norwich</a> (1402–1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard Plantagenet</a> (1415–1460)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward of York</a> (1460–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York">Richard of Shrewsbury</a> (1474–1483)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Henry</a> (1494–1509)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a> (1605–1625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James</a> (1633/1644–1685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany">Ernest Augustus</a> (1716–1728)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany">Edward</a> (1760–1767)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Frederick</a> (1784–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George</a> (1892–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">Albert</a> (1920–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Andrew</a> (1986–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>italics denote <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Duke of York and Albany">Dukes of York and Albany</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38370#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4481" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38370#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4481" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38370#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122586127">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/172419710">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43478/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwRQmQfdjfwd376Bk9xDq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118548204">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79113093">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11988809r">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11988809r">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00620812">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV131963">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35187905">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700820&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX999823">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070457999">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4094636">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000047642&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000074103&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000038249">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=156134">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmnfnr56xf7cs">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810681103705606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/75086">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007262400705171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000207507">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517583106706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14784853">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02175843?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500205051">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/78b3e75a-e409-4018-92f8-2ad8b9afede9">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/490218">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118548204">FID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/27688824">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/857339">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118548204.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118548204">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027303608">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sc4z4n">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6x66rjt">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/33012">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/30007104">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_VIII&oldid=1275827807">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_VIII&oldid=1275827807</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Henry_VIII" title="Category:Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1491_births" title="Category:1491 births">1491 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1547_deaths" title="Category:1547 deaths">1547 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_English_people" title="Category:15th-century English people">15th-century English 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