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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Gemara_and_Mishnah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gemara_and_Mishnah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Gemara and Mishnah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gemara_and_Mishnah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_word" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_word"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origins of the word</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_word-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Sugya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sugya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The <i>Sugya</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sugya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Argumentation_and_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argumentation_and_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Argumentation and debate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Argumentation_and_debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Argumentation and debate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Argumentation_and_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prooftexts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prooftexts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Prooftexts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prooftexts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Questions_addressed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Questions_addressed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Questions addressed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Questions_addressed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Logic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Legal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biblical_exposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biblical_exposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Biblical exposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biblical_exposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghemara" title="Ghemara – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ghemara" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gemara" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="الجمارا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجمارا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guemar%C3%A0" title="Guemarà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guemarà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gemara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guemar%C3%A1" title="Guemará – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guemará" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemarao" title="Gemarao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gemarao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gemara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9mara" title="Gémara – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gémara" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gemara" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gemara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghemara" title="Ghemara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ghemara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90" title="גמרא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גמרא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Gemara" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gemara" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemar%C3%A0" title="Gemarà – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gemarà" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="الجمارا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجمارا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gemara" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC" title="ゲマーラー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲマーラー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gemara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="گمارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گمارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ګومارا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګومارا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gemara" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guemar%C3%A1" title="Guemará – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guemará" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghemara" title="Ghemara – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ghemara" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гемара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гемара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gemara" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gemara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gemara" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гемара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гемара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="گمارا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گمارا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/250px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/375px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg/500px-Adolf_Behrman_-_Talmudysci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="485" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-style:italic"><i>Talmud Readers</i> by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Behrman" title="Adolf Behrman">Adolf Behrman</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> Talmudic literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaitic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraic</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gemara</a>)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Later</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_tractate" title="Minor tractate">Minor Tractates</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Midrash_halakha" title="Midrash halakha">Halakhic Midrash</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Exodus</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Ishmael" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael">Mekhilta of Rabbi Ishmael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_of_Rabbi_Shimon_bar_Yochai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai">Mekhilta of Rabbi Shimon bar Yochai</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Leviticus</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifra" title="Sifra">Sifra (Torat Kohanim)</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Numbers and Deuteronomy</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifre" title="Sifre">Sifre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sifri_Zutta" title="Sifri Zutta">Sifrei Zutta on Numbers</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Mekhilta_le-Sefer_Devarim" title="Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim">Mekhilta le-Sefer Devarim</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadic Midrash</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Tannaitic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Rabbah" title="Seder Olam Rabbah">Seder Olam Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Rabbi_Akiva" title="Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva">Alphabet of Rabbi Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_of_the_Forty-nine_Rules" title="Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules">Baraita of the Forty-nine Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_on_the_Thirty-two_Rules" title="Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules">Baraita on the Thirty-two Rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_on_the_Erection_of_the_Tabernacle" title="Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle">Baraita on the Erection of the Tabernacle</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 400–600 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabbah" title="Genesis Rabbah">Genesis Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamentations_Rabbah" title="Lamentations Rabbah">Lamentations Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesikta_de-Rav_Kahana" title="Pesikta de-Rav Kahana">Pesikta de-Rav Kahana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Rabbah" title="Esther Rabbah">Esther Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Iyyob" title="Midrash Iyyob">Midrash Iyyob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviticus_Rabbah" title="Leviticus Rabbah">Leviticus Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder_Olam_Zutta" title="Seder Olam Zutta">Seder Olam Zutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanhuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanhuma">Tanhuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megillat_Antiochus" title="Megillat Antiochus">Megillat Antiochus</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 650–900 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avot_de-Rabbi_Natan" title="Avot de-Rabbi Natan">Avot de-Rabbi Natan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirkei_De-Rabbi_Eliezer" title="Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer">Pirkei De-Rabbi Eliezer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanna_Devei_Eliyahu" title="Tanna Devei Eliyahu">Tanna Devei Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_of_Sirach" title="Alphabet of Sirach">Alphabet of Sirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes_Rabbah" title="Ecclesiastes Rabbah">Ecclesiastes Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir_HaShirim_Rabbah" title="Shir HaShirim Rabbah">Shir HaShirim Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy_Rabbah" title="Deuteronomy Rabbah">Deuteronomy Rabbah</a></li> <li>Devarim Zutta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesikta_Rabbati" title="Pesikta Rabbati">Pesikta Rabbati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Shmuel_(aggadah)" title="Midrash Shmuel (aggadah)">Midrash Shmuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Proverbs" title="Midrash Proverbs">Midrash Proverbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Rabbah" title="Ruth Rabbah">Ruth Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baraita_of_Samuel" title="Baraita of Samuel">Baraita of Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 900–1000 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li>Ruth Zuta</li> <li>Eichah Zuta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tehillim" title="Midrash Tehillim">Midrash Tehillim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Hashkem" title="Midrash Hashkem">Midrash Hashkem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir_ha-Shirim_Zutta" title="Shir ha-Shirim Zutta">Shir ha-Shirim Zutta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggeret_of_Rabbi_Sherira_Gaon" title="Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon">Iggeret of Rabbi Sherira Gaon</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> 1000–1200 CE</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Tadshe" title="Midrash Tadshe">Midrash Tadshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_haYashar_(midrash)" title="Sefer haYashar (midrash)">Sefer haYashar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> Later</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_Shimoni" title="Yalkut Shimoni">Yalkut Shimoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalkut_haMachiri" title="Yalkut haMachiri">Yalkut haMachiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_Jonah" title="Midrash Jonah">Midrash Jonah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Yaakov" title="Ein Yaakov">Ein Yaakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash_HaGadol" title="Midrash HaGadol">Midrash HaGadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_Rabbah" title="Numbers Rabbah">Numbers Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smaller_midrashim" title="Smaller midrashim">Smaller midrashim</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#9BB4EB"> <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Targum Onkelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Targum Pseudo-Jonathan</a></li> <li>Fragment Targum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Neofiti" title="Targum Neofiti">Targum Neofiti</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Jonathan" title="Targum Jonathan">Targum Jonathan</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#becce8"> <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li>Targum Tehillim</li> <li>Targum Mishlei</li> <li>Targum Iyyov</li> <li>Targum to the Five Megillot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a> to Esther</li> <li>Targum to Chronicles</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rabbinic_Literature" title="Template:Rabbinic Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rabbinic_Literature" title="Template talk:Rabbinic Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rabbinic_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rabbinic Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemara-rosh-hashana-2a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gemara-rosh-hashana-2a.jpg/220px-Gemara-rosh-hashana-2a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gemara-rosh-hashana-2a.jpg/330px-Gemara-rosh-hashana-2a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Gemara-rosh-hashana-2a.jpg/440px-Gemara-rosh-hashana-2a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1091" /></a><figcaption>The first text page of <a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_(tractate)" title="Rosh Hashanah (tractate)">tractate Rosh Hashanah</a>. The center column contains the Talmud text, beginning with a section of <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>. The Gemara begins 8 lines down with the abbreviation '<b>גמ</b> (gimmel-mem). Mishnah and Gemara sections alternate throughout the Talmud text. The large blocks of text on either side are the <a href="/wiki/Tosafot" title="Tosafot">Tosafot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> commentaries. Other notes and cross references are in the margins.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Gemara</b> (also <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> <b>Gemarah</b>, or in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <b>Gemore</b>) is an essential component of the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, comprising a collection of rabbinical analyses and commentaries on the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and presented in 63 books. The term is derived from the Aramaic word <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גמרא</span>‎ and rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:גמר">ג-מ-ר</a> (gamar), which means "to finish" or "complete". Initially, the Gemara was transmitted orally and not permitted to be written down. However, after <a href="/wiki/Judah_the_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah the Prince">Judah the Prince</a> compiled the Mishnah around 200 CE, rabbis from <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Babylonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Babylonia">Babylonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> extensively studied the work.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their discussions were eventually documented in a series of books, which would come to be known as the Gemara. The Gemara, when combined with the Mishnah, forms the full Talmud. </p><p>There are two versions of the Gemara: the <a href="/wiki/Talmud#Talmud_Bavli" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (Talmud Bavli) and the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> (Talmud Yerushalmi). The Babylonian Talmud, compiled by scholars in Babylonia around 500 CE and primarily from the academies of <a href="/wiki/Sura_(city)" title="Sura (city)">Sura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumbedita" title="Pumbedita">Pumbedita</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nehardea" title="Nehardea">Nehardea</a>, is the more commonly cited version when referring to the "Gemara" or "Talmud" without further qualification. The main compilers of the Babylonian Talmud were <a href="/wiki/Ravina_II" title="Ravina II">Ravina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rav_Ashi" title="Rav Ashi">Rav Ashi</a>. </p><p>The Jerusalem Talmud, also known as the Palestinian Talmud, was compiled by Jewish scholars in the Land of Israel, primarily from the academies of <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, around 350–400 CE. </p><p>The Talmud is organized into six <i>sedarim</i>, or "orders," which include Zeraim, Moed, Nashim, Nezikin, Kodshim, and Taharot.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1923, Polish Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Meir_Shapiro" title="Meir Shapiro">Meir Shapiro</a> introduced a contemporary practice called "<a href="/wiki/Daf_Yomi" title="Daf Yomi">Daf Yomi</a>," or "daily page," wherein participants study one page of the Talmud daily in cycles lasting seven and a half years each. This initiative ensures that both scholars and laypeople across the globe engage in the comprehensive study of the entire Talmud.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gemara_and_Mishnah">Gemara and Mishnah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemara&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Gemara and Mishnah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MEMBERS_OF_%22KVUTZAT_RODGES%22_STUDYING_THE_%22GEMARA%22._%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%92%D7%A1.D29-022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MEMBERS_OF_%22KVUTZAT_RODGES%22_STUDYING_THE_%22GEMARA%22._%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%92%D7%A1.D29-022.jpg/220px-MEMBERS_OF_%22KVUTZAT_RODGES%22_STUDYING_THE_%22GEMARA%22._%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%92%D7%A1.D29-022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MEMBERS_OF_%22KVUTZAT_RODGES%22_STUDYING_THE_%22GEMARA%22._%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%92%D7%A1.D29-022.jpg/330px-MEMBERS_OF_%22KVUTZAT_RODGES%22_STUDYING_THE_%22GEMARA%22._%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%92%D7%A1.D29-022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/MEMBERS_OF_%22KVUTZAT_RODGES%22_STUDYING_THE_%22GEMARA%22._%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%92%D7%A1.D29-022.jpg/440px-MEMBERS_OF_%22KVUTZAT_RODGES%22_STUDYING_THE_%22GEMARA%22._%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%92%D7%A1.D29-022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Members of <a href="/wiki/Kvutzat_Yavne" title="Kvutzat Yavne">Kvutzat Rodges</a> studying the Gemara (June 1, 1935)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Gemara and the Mishnah together make up the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>. The Talmud thus comprises two components: the Mishnah – the core text; and the Gemara – analysis and commentary which "completes" the Talmud (see <a href="/wiki/Talmud#Structure" title="Talmud">Structure of the Talmud</a>). <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> describes the Gemara component as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>understanding and conceptualizing the ultimate derivation of a concept from its roots, inferring one concept from another and comparing concepts, understanding [the Law] based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Halakha#Rules_by_which_early_Jewish_law_was_derived" title="Halakha">Torah exegesis</a>, until one appreciates the essence of those principles and how the prohibitions and the other decisions which one received according to the oral tradition (i.e. Mishnah) can be derived using them....<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The rabbis of the Mishnah are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></i> (sing. <i>Tanna</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תנא</span>‎). The rabbis of the Gemara are referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></i> (sing. <i>Amora</i> אמורא). The analysis of the Amoraim, recorded as <i>gemara</i>, is thus focused on clarifying the positions, views, and word choice of the Tannaim. </p><p>Because there are two Gemaras, as mentioned above, there are in fact two Talmuds: the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> (Hebrew: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תלמוד ירושלמי</span>‎, "Talmud Yerushalmi"), and the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> (Hebrew: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">תלמוד בבלי</span>‎, "Talmud Bavli"), corresponding to the Jerusalem Gemara and the Babylonian Gemara; both share the same Mishnah. The Gemara is mostly written in <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, the Jerusalem Gemara in <a href="/wiki/Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Western Aramaic</a> and the Babylonian in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic</a>, but both contain portions in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. Sometimes the language changes in the middle of a story. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_word">Origins of the word</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemara&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins of the word"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a narrow sense, the word <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">gemara</i></span> refers to the mastery and transmission of existing tradition, as opposed to <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">sevara</i></span>, which means the deriving of new results by logic.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both activities are represented in the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Gemara</i></span> as one literary work. </p><p>The Aramaic noun <i>gemar</i> (and <i>gemara</i>) was formed from the verb that means "learn." This substantive noun thus designates what was learned, and the learning transmitted to scholars by tradition, though it connotes in a more limited sense to exposition of the Mishnah. The word therefore gained currency as a designation of the Talmud.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the modern editions, the term <i>gemara</i> occurs frequently in this sense—but in nearly every case it was substituted at a later time for the objectionable word <i>talmud</i>, which was <a href="/wiki/Talmud#Middle_Ages" title="Talmud">prohibited by the Christian censors</a>. The only passage in which <i>gemara</i> occurs with the meaning of "Talmud" in the strict sense, and not censored, is <a href="/wiki/Eruvin_(Talmud)" title="Eruvin (Talmud)"><i>Eruvin</i></a> 32b, where it is used by <a href="/wiki/Rav_Nachman" title="Rav Nachman">Rav Nahman</a>, a Babylonian amora (3rd C.).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later editions of the Talmud frequently substitute for the word "Gemara" the Aramaic abbreviation for "the six orders of the Mishnah," pronounced as "Shas," which has become a popular designation for the Babylonian Talmud.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Sugya">The <i>Sugya</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemara&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Sugya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg/220px-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg/330px-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg/440px-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_-_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90_-_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%90.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><i>Gemara</i> students in <i><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">chavrusa</a></i> recording their summary of each <i>sugya</i> alongside its <i>Mishnah</i> (using the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah#Commentaries" title="Mishnah"><i>Mishnah Sdura</i></a> edition)</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sugya" title="Sugya">Sugya</a></div> <p>The building block of gemara is known as a sugya, "a self-contained basic unit of Talmudic discussion" (p. 203) that often centers on a statement from the mishnah, the amoraic rabbis (memra), or simply independent of these. They vary in size and complexity and, though self-contained, may mention or assume knowledge of other sugiyot.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The analysis of the <i>Amoraim</i> is generally focused on clarifying the positions, words and views of the <i>Tannaim</i>. These debates and exchanges form the "building-blocks" of the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Gemara</i></span>; the name for such a passage of Gemara is a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">sugya</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" /><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">סוגיא</span>‎; plural <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">sugyot</i></span>). A <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">sugya</i></span> will typically comprise a detailed <a href="/wiki/Logical_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical argument">proof-based</a> elaboration of the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishna</i></span>. Every aspect of the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishnaic</i></span> text is treated as a subject of close investigation. This analysis is aimed at an exhaustive understanding of the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishna's</i></span> full meaning. </p><p>In the Talmud, a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">sugya</i></span> is presented as a series of responsive <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypotheses</a> and questions – with the Talmudic text as a record of each step in the process of reasoning and derivation. The <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Gemara</i></span> thus takes the form of a <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectical exchange</a> (by contrast, the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishnah</i></span> states <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">concluded legal opinions</a> – and often differences in opinion between the <i>Tannaim</i>. There is little dialogue). The disputants here are termed the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">makshan</i></span> (questioner, "one who raises a difficulty") and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">tartzan</i></span> (answerer, "one who puts straight"). </p><p>The <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Gemara</i></span> records the <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantic disagreements</a> between <i>Tannaim</i> and <i>Amoraim</i>. Some of these debates were actually conducted by the <i>Amoraim</i>, though many of them are hypothetically reconstructed by the Talmud's redactors. (Often imputing a view to an earlier authority as to how he may have answered a question: "This is what Rabbi X could have argued ...") Only rarely are debates formally closed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Argumentation_and_debate">Argumentation and debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemara&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Argumentation and debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfort,_Theologisch_debat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Frankfort%2C_Theologisch_debat.jpg/220px-Frankfort%2C_Theologisch_debat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Frankfort%2C_Theologisch_debat.jpg/330px-Frankfort%2C_Theologisch_debat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Frankfort%2C_Theologisch_debat.jpg/440px-Frankfort%2C_Theologisch_debat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>"Theologisch debat" (<a href="/wiki/Eduard_Frankfort" title="Eduard Frankfort">Eduard Frankfort</a>, c. 1900), depicting a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">chavrusa</a></i></span> debating a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">sugya</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>The distinctive character of the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">gemara</i></span> derives largely from the intricate use of argumentation and debate, described above; these "back and forth" analytics are characterized by the Talmudic phrase <i>shakla v'tarya</i> (שקלא וטריא; lit. "taking and throwing"). In each <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">sugya</i></span>, either participant may cite scriptural, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishnaic</i></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Amoraic</i></span> proof to build a <a href="/wiki/Logical_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical argument">logical support</a> for their respective opinions. The process of deduction required to derive a conclusion from a prooftext is often logically complex and indirect. "Confronted with a statement on any subject, the Talmudic student will proceed to raise a series of questions before he satisfies himself of having understood its full meaning."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This analysis has been described as "mathematical" in approach; <a href="/wiki/Adin_Steinsaltz" title="Adin Steinsaltz">Adin Steinsaltz</a> makes the analogy of the <i>Amoraim</i> as <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a> investigating the <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halakhic_Midrash" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhic Midrash">midrash</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomena">phenomena</a> studied. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prooftexts">Prooftexts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemara&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prooftexts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prooftexts quoted to corroborate or disprove the respective opinions and <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theories</a> will include: </p> <ul><li>verses from the Tanakh: the exact language employed is regarded as significant;</li> <li>other <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mishnayot</i></span>: cross-references to analogous cases, or to parallel reasoning by the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Tanna</i></span> in question;</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beraita" class="mw-redirect" title="Beraita">Beraitot</a></i> (ברייתות) – uncodified <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mishnayot</i></span> which are also sources of halakha (lit. outside material; sing. <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">beraita</i></span> ברייתא); <ul><li>references to opinions and cases in the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></i></span> (תוספתא);</li> <li>references to the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Halakhic_Midrash" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhic Midrash">Halakhic Midrash</a></i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Midrash#Tannaitic" title="Midrash">Mekhilta, Sifra and Sifre</a></i></span>);</li></ul></li> <li>cross-references to other <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">sugyot</i></span>: again to analogous cases or logic.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Questions_addressed">Questions addressed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemara&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Questions addressed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The actual debate will usually centre on the following categories: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Language">Language</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemara&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Why does the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishna</i></span> use one word rather than another? If a statement is not clear enough, the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Gemara</i></span> seeks to clarify the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishna's</i></span> intention. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Logic">Logic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemara&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Logic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exploring the logical principles underlying the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishnah's</i></span> statements, and showing how different understandings of the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishnah's</i></span> reasons could lead to differences in their practical application. What underlying principle is entailed in a statement of fact or in a specific instance brought as an illustration? If a statement appears obvious, the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Gemara</i></span> seeks the logical reason for its necessity. It seeks to answer under which circumstances a statement is true, and what qualifications are permissible. All statements are examined for internal consistency. See: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Talmudic_principles" title="List of Talmudic principles">List of Talmudic principles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Talmud_concepts_and_terminology" title="Category:Talmud concepts and terminology">Category:Talmud concepts and terminology</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legal">Legal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemara&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Resolving contradictions, perceived or actual, between different statements in the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishnah</i></span>, or between the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishnah</i></span> and other traditions; e.g., by stating that: two conflicting sources are dealing with differing circumstances; or that they represent the views of different rabbis. Do certain authorities differ or not? If they do, why do they differ? If a principle is presented as a generalization, the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Gemara</i></span> clarifies how much is included; if an exception, how much is excluded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biblical_exposition">Biblical exposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemara&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biblical exposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Demonstrating how the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishnah's</i></span> rulings or disputes derive from interpretations of Biblical texts, the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Gemara</i></span> will often ask where in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishnah</i></span> derives a particular law. See <a href="/wiki/Talmudic_hermeneutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic hermeneutics">Talmudic hermeneutics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah#The_interplay_of_the_Oral_and_Written_Law" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah § The interplay of the Oral and Written Law</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemara&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Daf_Yomi" title="Daf Yomi">Daf Yomi</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadran_(Talmud)" title="Hadran (Talmud)">Hadran (Talmud)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_masechtot,_chapters,_mishnahs_and_pages_in_the_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="List of masechtot, chapters, mishnahs and pages in the Talmud">List of masechtot, chapters, mishnahs and pages in the Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_Torah" title="Oral Torah">Oral Torah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Siyum_HaShas" title="Siyum HaShas">Siyum HaShas</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Geonim#Yarchei_Kallah" title="Geonim">Yarchei Kallah</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva#Talmud_study" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva § Talmud study</a></li> <li>Rabbinic works elaborating the analytical methods employed in <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Gemara</i></span>: <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shev_Shema%27tata" title="Shev Shema'tata">Shev Shema'tata</a></i></span> - R. <a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Leib_HaCohen_Heller" class="mw-redirect" title="Aryeh Leib HaCohen Heller">Aryeh Leib HaCohen Heller</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Derech Tevunot</i></span> and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Sefer HaHigayon</i></span> - R. <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Chaim_Luzzatto" title="Moshe Chaim Luzzatto">Moshe Chaim Luzzatto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daf-yomi.com/Data/UploadedFiles/Forums/20897.pdf"><i>Mevo haTalmud</i></a> - <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Naghrillah" title="Samuel ibn Naghrillah">Shmuel HaNagid</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemara&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=32&letter=T#117">Gemara</a>", <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/~elsegal/TalmudMap/Gemara.html">Gemara</a>", Prof. Eliezer Segal</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> introduction to the <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a>" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/e/e0000.htm">English translation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034621/https://mechon-mamre.org/e/e0000.htm">Archived</a> 2023-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.judaismo-iberico.org/darke_noam/00.htm">Mevo ha-Talmud</a>", <a href="/wiki/Samuel_ibn_Naghrela" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel ibn Naghrela">Samuel ha-Nagid</a></li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohr.edu/judaism/articles/talmud.htm">Talmudic Method</a>", <a href="/wiki/Harry_Austryn_Wolfson" title="Harry Austryn Wolfson">Harry Austryn Wolfson</a></li> <li><i>The Essential Talmud: Thirtieth Anniversary Edition</i>, <a href="/wiki/Adin_Steinsaltz" title="Adin Steinsaltz">Adin Steinsaltz</a> (Basic Books, 2006). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-08273-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-08273-4">0-465-08273-4</a> Read more <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steinsaltz.org/dynamic/book_details.asp?id=22">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060829004122/http://www.steinsaltz.org/dynamic/book_details.asp?id%3D22">Archived</a> 2006-08-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steinsaltz.org/dynamic/essay_details.asp?id=6&sub=1">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060525191901/http://www.steinsaltz.org/dynamic/essay_details.asp?id=6&sub=1">Archived</a> 2006-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><i>The Talmud: A Reference Guide</i>, Adin Steinsaltz (Random House, 1996). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-77367-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-77367-3">0-679-77367-3</a> Read more <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steinsaltz.org/dynamic/book_details.asp?id=4&sub=1">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408032645/http://www.steinsaltz.org/dynamic/book_details.asp?id=4&sub=1">Archived</a> 2009-04-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><i>Introduction to The Talmud and Midrash</i>, H.L. Strack and G. Stemberger (Fortress Press, 1992). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-09509-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-09509-6">0-567-09509-6</a></li> <li><i>The Infinite Chain: Torah, Masorah, and Man</i>, Nathan T. Lopes Cardozo (Targum Press Distributed by Philipp Feldheim, 1989). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-944070-15-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-944070-15-4">978-0-944070-15-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemara&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia/Talmud" class="extiw" title="s:Jewish Encyclopedia/Talmud">Talmud</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Talmud&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemara" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style></p><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/talmud-history">"The History of the Talmud - What is the Talmud? What is Gemora? What is the Oral Tradition? Why Learn Torah?"</a>. <i>www.simpletoremember.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.simpletoremember.com&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Talmud+-+What+is+the+Talmud%3F+What+is+Gemora%3F+What+is+the+Oral+Tradition%3F+Why+Learn+Torah%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.simpletoremember.com%2Farticles%2Fa%2Ftalmud-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFthecjnadmin2012" class="citation web cs1">thecjnadmin (August 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cjnews.com/perspectives/opinions/daf-day">"A daf a day"</a>. <i>The Canadian Jewish News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Jewish+News&rft.atitle=A+daf+a+day&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft.au=thecjnadmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cjnews.com%2Fperspectives%2Fopinions%2Fdaf-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Mishne_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mishne Torah">Mishne Torah</a></i>, <i>Sefer Madda</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/i/1301.htm">Laws of Torah Study</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/910973/jewish/Chapter-One.htm">1:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://benyehuda.org/dict/24412/40175">"גְּמָרָה"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%92%D6%B0%D6%BC%D7%9E%D6%B8%D7%A8%D6%B8%D7%94&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbenyehuda.org%2Fdict%2F24412%2F40175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBacher1906" class="citation web cs1">Bacher, Wilhelm (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14213-talmud">"Talmud"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. <q>For further details see Bacher, "Gemara," in "Hebrew Union College Annual," pp. 26-36, Cincinnati, 1904, where the word is shown to have been used for "Talmud" from the geonic period (see also idem, "Die Terminologie der Amoräer," pp. 31 et seq., Leipsic, 1905).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Talmud&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Bacher&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F14213-talmud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemara" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStrackStembergerBockmuehl1996" class="citation book cs1">Strack, Hermann L.; Stemberger, Günter; Bockmuehl, Markus N. A. (1996). <i>Introduction to the Talmud and Midrash</i> (2nd ed.). Minneapolis (Minn.): Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2524-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2524-5"><bdi>978-0-8006-2524-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Talmud+and+Midrash&rft.place=Minneapolis+%28Minn.%29&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2524-5&rft.aulast=Strack&rft.aufirst=Hermann+L.&rft.au=Stemberger%2C+G%C3%BCnter&rft.au=Bockmuehl%2C+Markus+N.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohr.edu/judaism/articles/talmud.htm">"Talmudic Method"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Talmudic+Method&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fohr.edu%2Fjudaism%2Farticles%2Ftalmud.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemara&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dafyomi.co.il/index.htm">Point by point summary and discussion of the Gemara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gemaramarkings.com/">Gemara Marking System: Keys to Structure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202220725/http://gemaramarkings.com/">Archived</a> 2021-12-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedafmap.com/">The Daf Map System: Innovative method that uses geometric shapes to structure the Gemara</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dafaweek.com/">Daf-A-Week: A project to study a daf per week</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-daf.com/">The Complete Babylonian Talmud</a> (Aramaic/Hebrew) as scanned images of the pages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060826034101/http://books.chabadlibrary.org/sifrey_yesod/bavli/index.php">The Complete Babylonian Talmud</a> (Aramaic/Hebrew) as text. (Also available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/b/l/l0.htm">other sites</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20131011213928/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/b/l/l0.htm">Archived</a> 2013-10-11 at <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://torahtools.sourceforge.net/gemarahcharts/">A printable chart with listings of all Dappim from each Mesechta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220507014047/http://torahtools.sourceforge.net/gemarahcharts/">Archived</a> 2022-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201172004/http://kollelbokerbeachwood.com/">Gemara Brochos:"Shema, Tefillah and Brochos"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailygemara.com/">Daily Gemara by Rabbi Eli Mansour</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Gemara"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Gemara">"Gemara" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gemara&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGemara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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