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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Paranormal subjects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paranormal_subjects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paranormal subjects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paranormal_subjects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ghost_hunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghost_hunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ghost hunting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghost_hunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ufology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ufology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ufology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ufology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cryptozoology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cryptozoology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cryptozoology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cryptozoology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paranormal_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paranormal_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Paranormal research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Paranormal_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Paranormal research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Paranormal_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anecdotal_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anecdotal_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Anecdotal approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anecdotal_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parapsychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parapsychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Parapsychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parapsychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participant-observer_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participant-observer_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Participant-observer approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participant-observer_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skeptical_scientific_investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeptical_scientific_investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Skeptical scientific investigation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Skeptical_scientific_investigation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Skeptical scientific investigation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Skeptical_scientific_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Psychology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neuroscience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuroscience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Neuroscience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuroscience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belief_polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belief_polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Belief polls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belief_polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paranormal_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paranormal_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Paranormal challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paranormal_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paranormal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paranormal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Paranormal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paranormal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>By location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Authors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skepticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skepticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Skepticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skepticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paranormal</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormaal" title="Paranormaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paranormaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82" title="خارق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خارق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paranormal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Паранормално явление – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Паранормално явление" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomen_paranormal" title="Fenomen paranormal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fenomen paranormal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranorm%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_jev" title="Paranormální jev – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paranormální jev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overnaturlig" title="Overnaturlig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Overnaturlig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paranormal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Παραφυσικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παραφυσικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paranormal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormaleco" title="Paranormaleco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paranormaleco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenomeno_paranormal" title="Fenomeno paranormal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fenomeno paranormal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="فراهنجار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فراهنجار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paranormal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%83%81%ED%98%84%EC%83%81" title="초상현상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초상현상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="असाधारण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="असाधारण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormalno" title="Paranormalno – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paranormalno" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paranormal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormale" title="Paranormale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paranormale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99" title="פאראנורמלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאראנורמלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ಅಧಿಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಧಿಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranorm%C4%81la_par%C4%81d%C4%ABba" title="Paranormāla parādība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Paranormāla parādība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormalus_rei%C5%A1kinys" title="Paranormalus reiškinys – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paranormalus reiškinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormaal" title="Paranormaal – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Paranormaal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Паранормално – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Паранормално" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BD" title="പാരനോർമൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാരനോർമൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paranormal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormaliteit" title="Paranormaliteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paranormaliteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B8%B8%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1" title="超常現象 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超常現象" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjawiska_paranormalne" title="Zjawiska paranormalne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zjawiska paranormalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paranormal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Paranormal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Паранормальное явление – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паранормальное явление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paranormal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Паранормално – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паранормално" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormalno" title="Paranormalno – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paranormalno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormaali_ilmi%C3%B6" title="Paranormaali ilmiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paranormaali ilmiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Paranormal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="นอกเหนือปรกติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นอกเหนือปรกติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paranormal" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0" 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about unexplained phenomena. For phenomena not subject to the laws of nature, see <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a>. For unexplained but presumed natural phenomena, see <a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">preternatural</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Paranormal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Paranormal (disambiguation)">Paranormal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Paranormal activity" redirects here. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Paranormal_Activity" title="Paranormal Activity"><i>Paranormal Activity</i></a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal" title="Category:Paranormal">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paranormal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Main articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">Breatharianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_spot_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold spot (paranormal)">Cold spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_gazing" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Conjuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Demonic possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">Forteana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">Haunted locations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(optics)#Paranormal_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (optics)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouija" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_fiction" title="Paranormal fiction">Paranormal fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_television" title="Paranormal television">Paranormal television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preternatural" title="Preternatural">Preternatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">Spirit photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tape">Stone Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">Table-turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">Pseudoskepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalous_experiences" title="Anomalous experiences">Anomalous experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empath" title="Empath">Empath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideomotor_phenomenon" title="Ideomotor phenomenon">Ideomotor phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#ebebeb;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomalistics" title="Anomalistics">Anomalistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argumentum_ad_populum" title="Argumentum ad populum">Argumentum ad populum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begging_the_question" title="Begging the question">Begging the question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupthink" title="Groupthink">Groupthink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoscience" title="Protoscience">Protoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">Scientific evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paranormal" title="Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paranormal" title="Template talk:Paranormal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paranormal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Paranormal</b> events are purported phenomena described in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">folk</a>, and other non-scientific bodies of knowledge, whose existence within these contexts is described as being beyond the scope of normal scientific understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-nsf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-def_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dictionary.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dictionary.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable paranormal beliefs include those that pertain to <a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">extrasensory perception</a> (for example, <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritualism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudosciences</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">ghost hunting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">cryptozoology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">ufology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proposals regarding the paranormal are different from <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">scientific hypotheses</a> or speculations extrapolated from scientific evidence because scientific ideas are grounded in <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empirical</a> observations and experimental data gained through the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>. In contrast, those who argue for the existence of the paranormal explicitly do not base their arguments on empirical evidence but rather on anecdote, testimony and suspicion. The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">standard scientific models</a> give the explanation that what appears to be paranormal phenomena is usually a misinterpretation, misunderstanding or anomalous variation of <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural phenomena</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_1988_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>paranormal</i> has existed in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> since at least 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word consists of two parts: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/para-" class="extiw" title="wikt:para-">para</a> and <a href="/wiki/Normality_(behavior)" title="Normality (behavior)">normal</a>. The definition implies that the scientific explanation of the world around us is <i>normal</i> and anything that is above, beyond, or contrary to that is <i>para</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paranormal_subjects">Paranormal subjects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paranormal subjects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the classification of paranormal subjects, psychologist <a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a> said in his book <i>Pseudoscience and the Paranormal</i> (2003): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The paranormal can best be thought of as a subset of <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>. What sets the paranormal apart from other pseudosciences is a reliance on explanations for alleged phenomena that are well outside the bounds of established science. Thus, paranormal phenomena include extrasensory perception (ESP), telekinesis, ghosts, poltergeists, life after death, reincarnation, faith healing, human auras, and so forth. The explanations for these allied phenomena are phrased in vague terms of "psychic forces", "human energy fields", and so on. This is in contrast to many pseudoscientific explanations for other nonparanormal phenomena, which, although very bad science, are still couched in acceptable scientific terms.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghost_hunting">Ghost hunting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ghost hunting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></div> <p>Ghost hunting is the investigation of <a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations" title="List of reportedly haunted locations">locations that are reportedly haunted</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">ghosts</a>. Typically, a ghost-hunting team will attempt to collect evidence supporting the existence of paranormal activity. </p><p>In traditional <a href="/wiki/Ghostlore" title="Ghostlore">ghostlore</a>, and fiction featuring ghosts, a ghost is a manifestation of the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(animating_force)" title="Spirit (animating force)">spirit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> of a person.<sup id="cite_ref-parasych_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parasych-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative theories expand on that idea and include belief in the ghosts of deceased animals. Sometimes the term "ghost" is used synonymously with any spirit or <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-thefreedictionary_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thefreedictionary-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, in popular usage the term typically refers to the spirit of a deceased person. </p><p>The belief in ghosts as souls of the departed is closely tied to the concept of <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>, an ancient belief that attributed souls to everything in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyOccult_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyOccult-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">George Frazer</a> explained in his classic work, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a></i> (1890), souls were seen as the 'creature within' which animated the body.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the human soul was sometimes symbolically or literally depicted in ancient cultures as a bird or other animal, it was widely held that the soul was an exact reproduction of the body in every feature, even down to the clothing worn by the person. This is depicted in artwork from various ancient cultures, including such works as the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1550 BCE</span>), which shows deceased people in the afterlife appearing much as they did before death, including the style of dress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ufology">Ufology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ufology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></div> <p>The possibility of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial life</a> is not, in itself, a paranormal subject. Many scientists are actively engaged in the search for unicellular life within the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, carrying out studies on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and examining <a href="/wiki/Meteors" class="mw-redirect" title="Meteors">meteors</a> that have fallen to <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Projects such as <a href="/wiki/SETI" class="mw-redirect" title="SETI">SETI</a> are conducting an astronomical search for <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> activity that would show evidence of intelligent life outside the Solar System.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Scientific theories</a> of how life developed on Earth allow for the possibility that life also developed on other <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>. The paranormal aspect of extraterrestrial life centers largely around the belief in <a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">unidentified flying objects</a> (UFOs) and the phenomena said to be associated with them. </p><p>Early in the history of UFO culture, believers divided themselves into two camps. The first held a rather conservative view of the phenomena, interpreting them as unexplained occurrences that merited serious study. They began calling themselves "<a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">ufologists</a>" in the 1950s and felt that logical analysis of sighting reports would validate the notion of extraterrestrial visitation.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyOccult_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyOccult-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Denzler2001_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denzler2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second camp held a view that coupled ideas of extraterrestrial visitation with beliefs from existing quasi-religious movements. Typically, these individuals were enthusiasts of <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a> and the paranormal. Many had backgrounds as active <a href="/wiki/Theosophists" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophists">Theosophists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualists</a>, or were followers of other <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esoteric</a> doctrines. In contemporary times, many of these beliefs have coalesced into <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> spiritual movements.<sup id="cite_ref-EncyOccult_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyOccult-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Denzler2001_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denzler2001-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> and spiritual believers describe UFOs as having abilities beyond what are considered possible according to known <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamic</a> constraints and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">physical laws</a>. The transitory events surrounding many UFO sightings preclude any opportunity for the repeat testing required by the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>. Acceptance of UFO theories by the larger <a href="/wiki/Scientific_community" title="Scientific community">scientific community</a> is further hindered by the many possible <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoaxes</a> associated with UFO culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Priest2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priest2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cryptozoology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></div> <p>Cryptozoology is a pseudoscience and subculture that aims to prove the existence of entities from the <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> record, such as <a href="/wiki/Bigfoot" title="Bigfoot">Bigfoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chupacabra" title="Chupacabra">chupacabras</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mokele-mbembe" title="Mokele-mbembe">Mokele-mbembe</a>. Cryptozoologists refer to these entities as <i>cryptids</i>, a term coined by the subculture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paranormal_research">Paranormal research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paranormal research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Approaching the paranormal from a research perspective is often difficult because of the lack of acceptable physical evidence from most of the purported phenomena. By definition, the paranormal (or supernatural) does not conform to conventional expectations of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>. Therefore, a phenomenon cannot be confirmed as paranormal using the scientific method because, if it could be, it would no longer fit the definition.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (However, confirmation would result in the phenomenon being reclassified as part of science.) Despite this problem, studies on the paranormal are periodically conducted by researchers from various disciplines. Some researchers simply study the <a href="/wiki/Beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Beliefs">beliefs</a> in the paranormal regardless of whether the phenomena are considered to objectively exist. This section deals with various approaches to the paranormal: <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal" class="mw-redirect" title="Anecdotal">anecdotal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experimental</a>, and participant-observer approaches and the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">skeptical investigation</a> approach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anecdotal_approach">Anecdotal approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Anecdotal approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_charles_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fort_charles_1920.jpg/180px-Fort_charles_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fort_charles_1920.jpg/270px-Fort_charles_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fort_charles_1920.jpg/360px-Fort_charles_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fort" title="Charles Fort">Charles Fort</a>, 1920. Fort is perhaps the most widely known collector of paranormal stories.</figcaption></figure> <p>An anecdotal approach to the paranormal involves the collection of <a href="/wiki/Anecdotal_evidence" title="Anecdotal evidence">stories</a> told about the paranormal. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fort" title="Charles Fort">Charles Fort</a> (1874–1932) is perhaps the best-known collector of paranormal anecdotes. Fort is said to have compiled as many as 40,000 notes on unexplained <a href="/wiki/Forteana" class="mw-redirect" title="Forteana">paranormal experiences</a>, though there were no doubt many more. These notes came from what he called "the orthodox conventionality of Science", which were odd events originally reported in magazines and newspapers such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_journal" title="Scientific journal">scientific journals</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. From this research Fort wrote seven books, though only four survive: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Damned" title="The Book of the Damned">The Book of the Damned</a></i> (1919), <i><a href="/wiki/New_Lands" title="New Lands">New Lands</a></i> (1923), <i><a href="/wiki/Lo!" title="Lo!">Lo!</a></i> (1931) and <i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Talents_(book)" title="Wild Talents (book)">Wild Talents</a></i> (1932); one book was written between <i>New Lands</i> and <i>Lo!</i>, but it was abandoned and absorbed into <i>Lo!</i> </p><p>Reported events that he collected include <a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">teleportation</a> (a term Fort is generally credited with coining); <a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">poltergeist</a> events; falls of frogs, fishes, and inorganic materials of an amazing range; <a href="/wiki/Crop_circles" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop circles">crop circles</a>; unaccountable noises and explosions; <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">spontaneous fires</a>; <a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">levitation</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ball_lightning" title="Ball lightning">ball lightning</a> (a term explicitly used by Fort); <a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">unidentified flying objects</a>; mysterious appearances and disappearances; giant wheels of light in the oceans; and animals found outside their normal ranges (see <a href="/wiki/Phantom_cat" title="Phantom cat">phantom cat</a>). He offered many reports of <a href="/wiki/Out-of-place_artefact" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-place artefact">OOPArts</a>, the abbreviation for "out of place" artifacts: strange items found in unlikely locations. He is perhaps the first person to explain strange human appearances and disappearances by the hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">alien abduction</a> and was an early proponent of the <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">extraterrestrial hypothesis</a>. </p><p>Fort is considered by many as the father of modern paranormalism, which is the study of the paranormal. </p><p>The magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></i> continues Charles Fort's approach, regularly reporting anecdotal accounts of the paranormal. </p><p>Such anecdotal collections, lacking the <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproducibility</a> of <a href="/wiki/Empirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Empirical">empirical evidence</a>, are not amenable to <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific investigation</a>. The anecdotal approach is not a scientific approach to the paranormal because it leaves verification dependent on the credibility of the party presenting the evidence. Nevertheless, it is a common approach to investigating paranormal phenomena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parapsychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganzfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Ganzfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="148" /></a><figcaption>Participant of a <a href="/wiki/Ganzfeld_experiment" title="Ganzfeld experiment">Ganzfeld experiment</a> which proponents say may show evidence of <a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Experimental investigation of the paranormal has been conducted by <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychologists</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks_Rhine" title="Joseph Banks Rhine">J. B. Rhine</a> popularized the now famous methodology of using card-guessing and dice-rolling experiments in a laboratory in the hopes of finding evidence of <a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">extrasensory perception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was revealed that Rhine's experiments contained methodological flaws and procedural errors.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1957, the <a href="/wiki/Parapsychological_Association" title="Parapsychological Association">Parapsychological Association</a> was formed as the preeminent society for parapsychologists. In 1969, they became affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criticisms of the field were focused in the creation (in 1976) of the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Scientific_Investigation_of_Claims_of_the_Paranormal" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal">Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal</a> (now called the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry) and its periodical, the <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, more mainstream scientists became critical of parapsychology as an endeavor, and statements by the National Academies of Science and the National Science Foundation cast a pall on the claims of evidence for parapsychology. Today, many cite parapsychology as an example of a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parapsychology has been criticized for continuing investigation despite being unable to provide convincing evidence for the existence of any psychic phenomena after more than a century of research.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 2000s, the status of paranormal research in the United States had greatly declined from its height in the 1970s, with the majority of work being privately funded and only a small amount of research being carried out in university laboratories. In 2007, Britain had a number of privately funded laboratories in university psychology departments.<sup id="cite_ref-Odling-Smee_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odling-Smee-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Publication remained limited to a small number of niche journals,<sup id="cite_ref-Odling-Smee_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odling-Smee-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to date there have been no experimental results that have gained wide acceptance in the scientific community as valid evidence of the paranormal.<sup id="cite_ref-Odling-Smee_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Odling-Smee-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Participant-observer_approach">Participant-observer approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Participant-observer approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nightshot2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nightshot2.png/220px-Nightshot2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nightshot2.png/330px-Nightshot2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Nightshot2.png/440px-Nightshot2.png 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">ghost hunter</a> taking an <a href="/wiki/EMF_measurement" title="EMF measurement">EMF reading</a>, which proponents claim may be connected to paranormal activity</figcaption></figure> <p>While parapsychologists look for <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantitative</a> evidence of the paranormal in laboratories, a great number of people immerse themselves in <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative research</a> through <a href="/wiki/Participant_observation" title="Participant observation">participant-observer</a> approaches to the paranormal. Participant-observer methodologies have overlaps with other essentially qualitative approaches, including <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(psychology)" title="Phenomenology (psychology)">phenomenological</a> research that seeks largely to describe subjects <i>as they are experienced</i>, rather than to explain them.<sup id="cite_ref-Husserl_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Husserl-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Participant observation suggests that by immersing oneself in the subject that is being studied, a researcher is presumed to gain understanding of the subject. Criticisms of participant observation as a data-gathering technique are similar to criticisms of other approaches to the paranormal, but also include an increased threat to the <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(science)" title="Objectivity (science)">scientific objectivity</a> of the researcher, unsystematic gathering of data, reliance on <a href="/wiki/Subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjectivity">subjective</a> measurement, and possible observer effects (i.e. observation may distort the observed behavior).<sup id="cite_ref-Becker_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Specific data-gathering methods, such as recording EMF (<a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_field" title="Electromagnetic field">electromagnetic field</a>) readings at haunted locations, have their own criticisms beyond those attributed to the participant-observer approach itself. </p><p>Participant observation, as an approach to the paranormal, has gained increased visibility and popularity through <a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">reality television</a> programs like <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Hunters_(TV_series)" title="Ghost Hunters (TV series)">Ghost Hunters</a></i>, and the formation of independent ghost hunting groups that advocate immersive research at alleged paranormal locations. One popular website for ghost hunting enthusiasts lists over 300 of these organizations throughout the United States and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-ghostgroups_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghostgroups-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skeptical_scientific_investigation">Skeptical scientific investigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Skeptical scientific investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Randi_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/James_Randi_crop.jpg/220px-James_Randi_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/James_Randi_crop.jpg/330px-James_Randi_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/James_Randi_crop.jpg/440px-James_Randi_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a> was a well-known investigator of paranormal claims.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skeptics</a> advocate critical investigation of claims of paranormal phenomena: applying the scientific method to reach a rational, scientific explanation of the phenomena to account for the paranormal claims, taking into account that alleged paranormal abilities and occurrences are sometimes hoaxes or misinterpretations of natural phenomena. A way of summarizing this method is by the application of <a href="/wiki/Occam%27s_razor" title="Occam's razor">Occam's razor</a>, which suggests that the simpler solution is usually the correct one.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a> (CSI), formerly the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP), is an organization that aims to publicize the scientific, skeptical approach. It carries out investigations aimed at understanding paranormal reports in terms of scientific understanding, and publishes its results in the <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i> magazine. </p><p>CSI's <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a> draws attention to possible alternative explanations for perceived paranormal activity in his article, <i>The Haunted Brain</i>. While he recognizes that approximately 15% of people believe they have experienced an encounter with a ghost, he reports that only 1% report seeing a full-fledged ghost while the rest report strange sensory stimuli, such as seeing fleeting shadows or wisps of smoke, or the sensation of hearing footsteps or feeling a presence. Wiseman makes the claim that, rather than experiencing paranormal activity, it is activity within our own brains that creates these strange sensations.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_2011_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Persinger" title="Michael Persinger">Michael Persinger</a> proposed that ghostly experiences could be explained by stimulating the brain with weak magnetic fields.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_2011_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swedish psychologist Pehr Granqvist and his team, attempting to replicate Persinger's research, determined that the paranormal sensations experienced by Persinger's subjects were merely the result of suggestion, and that brain stimulation with magnetic fields did not result in ghostly experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_2011_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oxford University Justin Barrett has theorized that "agency"—being able to figure out why people do what they do—is so important in everyday life, that it is natural for our brains to work too hard at it, thereby detecting human or ghost-like behavior in everyday meaningless stimuli.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman_2011_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a>, an investigator with a background in <a href="/wiki/Magic_(illusion)" title="Magic (illusion)">illusion</a>, felt that the simplest explanation for those claiming paranormal abilities is often trickery, illustrated by demonstrating that the <a href="/wiki/Spoon_bending" title="Spoon bending">spoon bending</a> abilities of psychic <a href="/wiki/Uri_Geller" title="Uri Geller">Uri Geller</a> can easily be duplicated by trained stage magicians.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also the founder of the <a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a> and its <a href="/wiki/US$_One_Million_Paranormal_Challenge" class="mw-redirect" title="US$ One Million Paranormal Challenge">million dollar challenge</a> that offered a prize of US$1,000,000 to anyone who could demonstrate evidence of any paranormal, <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> power or event, under test conditions agreed to by both parties.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite many declarations of supernatural ability, the prize was never claimed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anomalistic_psychology" title="Anomalistic psychology">Anomalistic psychology</a></div><p> In "anomalistic psychology", paranormal phenomena have naturalistic explanations resulting from <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physical</a> factors which have sometimes given the impression of paranormal activity to some people, in fact, where there have been none.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The psychologist <a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">David Marks</a> wrote that paranormal phenomena can be explained by <a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">magical thinking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">mental imagery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjective_validation" title="Subjective validation">subjective validation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coincidence" title="Coincidence">coincidence</a>, hidden causes, and fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-Marks_1988_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marks_1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to studies some people tend to hold paranormal beliefs because they possess psychological traits that make them more likely to misattribute paranormal causation to normal experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vanElk2003_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanElk2003-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has also discovered that <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive bias</a> is a factor underlying paranormal belief.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chris_French_World_Skeptics_Congress_Berlin_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chris_French_World_Skeptics_Congress_Berlin_2012.jpg/220px-Chris_French_World_Skeptics_Congress_Berlin_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chris_French_World_Skeptics_Congress_Berlin_2012.jpg/330px-Chris_French_World_Skeptics_Congress_Berlin_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Chris_French_World_Skeptics_Congress_Berlin_2012.jpg/440px-Chris_French_World_Skeptics_Congress_Berlin_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">Chris French</a> founder of the Anomalistic Psychology Research Unit.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many studies have found a link between <a href="/wiki/Personality" title="Personality">personality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychopathology" title="Psychopathology">psychopathology</a> variables correlating with paranormal belief.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies have also shown that <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_prone_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy prone personality">fantasy proneness</a> correlates positively with paranormal belief.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bainbridge (1978) and Wuthnow (1976) found that the most susceptible people to paranormal belief are those who are poorly educated, <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployed</a> or have roles that rank low among <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a> values. The alienation of these people due to their status in <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> is said to encourage them to appeal to paranormal or magical beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research has associated paranormal belief with low <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive ability</a>, low <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">IQ</a> and a lack of <a href="/wiki/Science_education" title="Science education">science education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligent</a> and highly educated participants involved in surveys have proven to have less paranormal belief.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tobacyk (1984) and Messer and Griggs (1989) discovered that college students with better <a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">grades</a> have less belief in the paranormal.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a case study (Gow, 2004) involving 167 participants the findings revealed that psychological <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(psychology)" title="Absorption (psychology)">absorption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">dissociation</a> were higher for believers in the paranormal.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study involving 100 students had revealed a positive correlation between paranormal belief and proneness to dissociation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study (Williams <i>et al</i>. 2007) discovered that "<a href="/wiki/Neuroticism" title="Neuroticism">neuroticism</a> is fundamental to individual differences in paranormal belief, while paranormal belief is independent of extraversion and <a href="/wiki/Psychoticism" title="Psychoticism">psychoticism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A correlation has been found between paranormal belief and <a href="/wiki/Irrationality" title="Irrationality">irrational thinking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an experiment Wierzbicki (1985) reported a significant correlation between paranormal belief and the number of errors made on a <a href="/wiki/Syllogism" title="Syllogism">syllogistic reasoning</a> task, suggesting that believers in the paranormal have lower <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive ability</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A relationship between <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissistic personality</a> and paranormal belief was discovered in a study involving the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Sheep-Goat_Scale" title="Australian Sheep-Goat Scale">Australian Sheep-Goat Scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Boer and Bierman wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In his article 'Creative or Defective' Radin (2005) asserts that many academics explain the belief in the paranormal by using one of the three following hypotheses: Ignorance, deprivation or deficiency. 'The ignorance hypothesis asserts that people believe in the paranormal because they're uneducated or stupid. The deprivation hypothesis proposes that these beliefs exist to provide a way to cope in the face of psychological uncertainties and physical stressors. The deficiency hypothesis asserts that such beliefs arise because people are mentally defective in some way, ranging from low intelligence or poor critical thinking ability to a full-blown psychosis' (Radin). The deficiency hypothesis gets some support from the fact that the belief in the paranormal is an aspect of a schizotypical personality (Pizzagalli, Lehman and Brugger, 2001).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A psychological study involving 174 members of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a> completed a delusional ideation questionnaire and a <a href="/wiki/Deductive_reasoning" title="Deductive reasoning">deductive reasoning</a> task. As predicted, the study showed that "individuals who reported a strong belief in the paranormal made more errors and displayed more delusional <a href="/wiki/Ideation_(idea_generation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideation (idea generation)">ideation</a> than skeptical individuals". There was also a reasoning bias which was limited to people who reported a belief in, rather than experience of, paranormal phenomena. The results suggested that reasoning abnormalities may have a causal role in the formation of paranormal belief.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Research has shown that people reporting contact with <a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">aliens</a> have higher levels of absorption, dissociativity, fantasy proneness and tendency to <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Findings have shown in specific cases that paranormal belief acts as a psychodynamic coping function and serves as a mechanism for coping with <a href="/wiki/Stress_(psychological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (psychological)">stress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Survivors from <a href="/wiki/Childhood_sexual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood sexual abuse">childhood sexual abuse</a>, violent and unsettled home environments have reported to have higher levels of paranormal belief.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of a random sample of 502 adults revealed paranormal experiences were common in the population which were linked to a history of <a href="/wiki/Childhood_trauma" title="Childhood trauma">childhood trauma</a> and dissociative symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research has also suggested that people who perceive themselves as having little control over their lives may develop paranormal beliefs to help provide an enhanced sense of control.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The similarities between paranormal events and descriptions of trauma have also been noted.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gender differences in surveys on paranormal belief have reported women scoring higher than men overall and men having greater belief in <a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">UFOs</a> and extraterrestrials.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surveys have also investigated the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnicity</a> and paranormal belief. In a sample of American university students (Tobacyk <i>et al</i>. 1988) it was found that <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">people of African descent</a> have a higher level of belief in <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstitions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> while belief in extraterrestrial life forms was stronger among <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">people of European descent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otis and Kuo (1984) surveyed Singapore university students and found <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malay</a> students to differ in their paranormal beliefs, with the Chinese students showing greater skepticism.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to American surveys analysed by Bader <i>et al</i>. (2011) <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African Americans</a> have the highest belief in the paranormal and while the findings are not uniform the "general trend is for whites to show lesser belief in most paranormal subjects".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polls show that about fifty percent of the United States population believe in the paranormal. <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Park" title="Robert L. Park">Robert L. Park</a> says a lot of people believe in it because they "want it to be so".<sup id="cite_ref-Ghang_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghang-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2013 study that utilized a biological motion perception task discovered a "relation between illusory pattern perception and supernatural and paranormal beliefs and suggest that paranormal beliefs are strongly related to agency detection biases".<sup id="cite_ref-vanElk2003_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanElk2003-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2014 study discovered that <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenic</a> patients have more belief in <a href="/wiki/Psi_(parapsychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi (parapsychology)">psi</a> than healthy adults.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Neuroscience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scientists have investigated possible <a href="/wiki/Neurocognitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurocognitive">neurocognitive</a> processes underlying the formation of paranormal beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study (Pizzagalli <i>et al</i>. 2000) data demonstrated that "subjects differing in their declared belief in and experience with paranormal phenomena as well as in their schizotypal ideation, as determined by a standardized instrument, displayed differential brain electric activity during resting periods."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study (Schulter and Papousek, 2008) wrote that paranormal belief can be explained by patterns of functional hemispheric asymmetry that may be related to perturbations during <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">fetal development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was also realized that people with higher dopamine levels have the ability to find patterns and meanings where there are not any. This is why scientists have connected high dopamine levels with paranormal belief.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scientists have criticized the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">media</a> for promoting paranormal claims. In a report by Singer and Benassi in 1981, they wrote that the media may account for much of the near universality of paranormal belief, as the public are constantly exposed to films, newspapers, documentaries and books endorsing paranormal claims while critical coverage is largely absent.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Paul Kurtz</a> "In regard to the many talk shows that constantly deal with paranormal topics, the skeptical viewpoint is rarely heard; and when it is permitted to be expressed, it is usually sandbagged by the host or other guests." Kurtz described the popularity of public belief in the paranormal as a "quasi-religious phenomenon", a manifestation of a transcendental temptation, a tendency for people to seek a <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">transcendental</a> reality that cannot be known by using the methods of science. Kurtz compared this to a primitive form of <a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">magical thinking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a> has written that on a personal level, paranormal claims could be considered a form of consumer fraud as people are "being induced through false claims to spend their money—often large sums—on paranormal claims that do not deliver what they promise" and uncritical acceptance of paranormal belief systems can be damaging to society.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belief_polls">Belief polls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Belief polls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>While the existence of paranormal phenomena is controversial and debated passionately by both proponents of the paranormal and by <a href="/wiki/Skeptics" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptics">skeptics</a>, surveys are useful in determining the <i>beliefs</i> of people in regards to paranormal phenomena. These opinions, while not constituting scientific evidence for or against, may give an indication of the mindset of a certain portion of the population (at least among those who answered the polls). The number of people worldwide who believe in parapsychological powers has been estimated to be 3 to 4 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A survey conducted in 2006 by researchers from Australia's <a href="/wiki/Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a><sup id="cite_ref-monashresults_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monashresults-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sought to determine the <i>types</i> of phenomena that people claim to have experienced and the effects these experiences have had on their lives. The study was conducted as an online survey with over 2,000 respondents from around the world participating. The results revealed that around 70% of the respondents believe to have had an unexplained paranormal event that changed their life, mostly in a positive way. About 70% also claimed to have seen, heard, or been touched by an animal or person that they knew was not there; 80% have reported having a <a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">premonition</a>, and almost 50% stated they recalled a previous life.<sup id="cite_ref-monashresults_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monashresults-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polls were conducted by Bryan Farha at <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_University" title="Oklahoma City University">Oklahoma City University</a> and Gary Steward of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Oklahoma" title="University of Central Oklahoma">University of Central Oklahoma</a> in 2006. They found fairly consistent results compared to the results of a <a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup poll</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-fate_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fate-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Percentage of U.S. citizens polled </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Phenomena </th> <th colspan="3">Farha-Steward (2006) </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Gallup_poll" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup poll">Gallup</a> (2001) </th> <th colspan="3">Gallup (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Belief </th> <th>Unsure </th> <th>Disbelief </th> <th>Belief </th> <th>Unsure </th> <th>Disbelief </th> <th>Belief </th> <th>Unsure </th> <th>Disbelief </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Spiritual healing</a> </td> <td>57 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>54 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>55<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>17 </td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">ESP</a> </td> <td>29 </td> <td>39 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haunted_house" title="Haunted house">Haunted houses</a> </td> <td>41 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>46 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Demonic_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonic possession">Demonic possession</a> </td> <td>41 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>16 </td> <td>41 </td> <td>42<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>44 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a> </td> <td>40 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>44 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a> </td> <td>25 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Extraterrestrials visited Earth in the past</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>34 </td> <td>49 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>27 </td> <td>38 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a> </td> <td>24 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>43 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>55 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>46 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>23 </td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a> </td> <td>17 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>57 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>52 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a> </td> <td>27 </td> <td>19 </td> <td>55 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>59 </td> <td>21 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>66 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>57 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>54 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>59 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A survey by Jeffrey S. Levin, associate professor at <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Virginia_Medical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Virginia Medical School">Eastern Virginia Medical School</a>, found that more than two thirds of the United States population reported having at least one mystical experience.<sup id="cite_ref-fate_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fate-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1996 Gallup poll estimated that 71% of the people in the U.S. believed that the government was covering up information about <a href="/wiki/UFO" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO">UFOs</a>. A 2002 <a href="/wiki/Roper_Center_for_Public_Opinion_Research" title="Roper Center for Public Opinion Research">Roper</a> poll conducted for the <a href="/wiki/Syfy" title="Syfy">Sci Fi channel</a> reported that 56% thought UFOs were real craft and 48% that <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">aliens</a> had visited the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fate_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fate-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2001 <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> survey found that 9% of people polled thought <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> was very <a href="/wiki/Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific">scientific</a>, and 31% thought it was somewhat scientific. About 32% of Americans surveyed stated that some numbers were lucky, while 46% of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europeans</a> agreed with that claim. About 60% of all people polled believed in some form of <a href="/wiki/Extra-sensory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-sensory perception">Extra-sensory perception</a> and 30% thought that "some of the unidentified flying objects that have been reported are really space vehicles from other civilizations."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017 the <a href="/wiki/Chapman_University" title="Chapman University">Chapman University</a> Survey of American Fears asked about seven paranormal beliefs and found that "the most common belief is that ancient advanced civilizations such as <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a> once existed (55%). Next was that places can be haunted by spirits (52%), aliens have visited Earth in our ancient past (35%), aliens have come to Earth in modern times (26%), some people can move objects with their minds (25%), fortune tellers and psychics can survey the future (19%), and <a href="/wiki/Bigfoot" title="Bigfoot">Bigfoot</a> is a real creature. Only one-fourth of respondents didn't hold at least one of these beliefs."<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paranormal_challenges">Paranormal challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Paranormal challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal</a></div> <p>In 1922, <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> offered two US$2,500 offers: (1) for the first authentic <a href="/wiki/Spirit_photography" title="Spirit photography">spirit photograph</a> made under test conditions, and (2) for the first psychic to produce a "visible <a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">psychic</a> manifestation". <a href="/wiki/Harry_Houdini" title="Harry Houdini">Harry Houdini</a> was a member of the investigating committee. The first <a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">medium</a> to be tested was <a href="/wiki/George_Valiantine" title="George Valiantine">George Valiantine</a>, who claimed that in his presence spirits would speak through a trumpet that floated around a darkened room. For the test, Valiantine was placed in a room, the lights were extinguished, but unbeknownst to him his chair had been rigged to light a signal in an adjoining room if he ever left his seat. Because the light signals were tripped during his performance, Valiantine did not collect the award.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last to be examined by Scientific American was <a href="/wiki/Mina_Crandon" title="Mina Crandon">Mina Crandon</a> in 1924. </p><p>Since then, many individuals and groups have offered similar monetary awards for proof of the paranormal in an observed setting. These prizes have a combined value of over $2.4 million.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a> offered a prize of a million dollars to a person who could prove that they had supernatural or paranormal abilities under appropriate test conditions. Several other skeptic groups also offer a monied prize for proof of the paranormal, including the largest group of paranormal investigators, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Investigations_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Investigations Group">Independent Investigations Group</a>, which has chapters in Hollywood; Atlanta; Denver; Washington, D.C.; Alberta, B.C.; and San Francisco. The IIG offers a $100,000 prize and a $5,000 finders fee if a claimant can prove a paranormal claim under 2 scientifically controlled tests. Founded in 2000 no claimant has passed the first (and lower odds) of the test.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paranormal">Paranormal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Paranormal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folie_%C3%A0_deux" title="Folie à deux">Folie à deux</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Stations" title="Ghost Stations">Ghost Stations</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paranormal_magazines" title="List of paranormal magazines">List of paranormal magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">List of reported UFO sightings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%ABrei" title="Yūrei">Yūrei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Paranormal_investigators" title="Category:Paranormal investigators">Category:Paranormal investigators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_location">By location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: By location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture#Alleged_haunted_places" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Canada" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_China" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Colombia" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_France" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_India" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Mexico" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Romania" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Scotland" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_United_States" title="List of reportedly haunted locations in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_California" title="Reportedly haunted locations in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Oregon" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_Pennsylvania" title="Reportedly haunted locations in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunted_places_in_Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Haunted places in Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth, Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reportedly_haunted_locations_in_the_District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportedly haunted locations in the District of Columbia">Washington, DC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authors">Authors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Authors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Evans" title="Hilary Evans">Hilary Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Barrymore_Halpenny" title="Bruce Barrymore Halpenny">Bruce Barrymore Halpenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Heuvelmans" title="Bernard Heuvelmans">Bernard Heuvelmans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keel" title="John Keel">John Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ripley" title="Robert Ripley">Robert Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Sanderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Sanderson">Ivan Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Sheldrake" title="Rupert Sheldrake">Rupert Sheldrake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Steiger" title="Brad Steiger">Brad Steiger</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skepticism">Skepticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Skepticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry_Investigations_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for Inquiry Investigations Group">Center for Inquiry Investigations Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_for_evidence_of_the_paranormal" title="List of prizes for evidence of the paranormal">Prizes for paranormal proof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizotypy" title="Schizotypy">Schizotypy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also includes the effect of <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a> through "power of the human mind to heal the body".<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some may have taken this metaphorically.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nsf-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nsf_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204041009/https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind00/access/c8/c8s5.htm">"Belief in the Paranormal or Pseudoscience"</a>. Nsf.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind00/access/c8/c8s5.htm">the original</a> on 4 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belief+in+the+Paranormal+or+Pseudoscience&rft.pub=Nsf.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fstatistics%2Fseind00%2Faccess%2Fc8%2Fc8s5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-def-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-def_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/paranormal">"Paranormal"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Paranormal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fparanormal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dictionary.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dictionary.com_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/paranormal">"Paranormal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Ask.com" title="Ask.com">Ask.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=Paranormal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fparanormal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paranormal">"Paranormal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Merriam-Webster Dictionary">Merriam-Webster Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Paranormal&rft.date=2023-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fparanormal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gordon_(Scottish_author)" title="Richard Gordon (Scottish author)">Gordon, Stuart</a> (1993). <i>The Paranormal: An Illustrated Encyclopedia</i>. Trafalgar Square. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-3603-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-3603-0"><bdi>978-0-7472-3603-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranormal%3A+An+Illustrated+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Trafalgar+Square&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7472-3603-0&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marks_1988-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marks_1988_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marks_1988_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1988" class="citation journal cs1">Marks, D.F. (April 1988). "The Psychology of Paranormal Beliefs". <i>Experientia</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 332–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01961272">10.1007/BF01961272</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3282908">3282908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20803932">20803932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experientia&rft.atitle=The+Psychology+of+Paranormal+Beliefs&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=332-337&rft.date=1988-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20803932%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3282908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01961272&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=D.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiseman_2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiseman_2011_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiseman_2011_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiseman_2011_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiseman_2011_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiseman_2011_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Wiseman2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_haunted_brain">"The Haunted Brain"</a>. <i>www.csicop.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.csicop.org&rft.atitle=The+Haunted+Brain&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Richard+Wiseman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fthe_haunted_brain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmaltzLilienfeld2014" class="citation journal cs1">Schmaltz, Rodney M.; Lilienfeld, Scott O. (17 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262378970">"Hauntings, Homeopathy, and the Hopkinsville Goblins: Using Pseudoscience to Teach Scientific Thinking"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Frontiers_in_Psychology" title="Frontiers in Psychology">Frontiers in Psychology</a></i>. <b>5</b>: 336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.00336">10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00336</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4028994">4028994</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24860520">24860520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Hauntings%2C+Homeopathy%2C+and+the+Hopkinsville+Goblins%3A+Using+Pseudoscience+to+Teach+Scientific+Thinking&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=336&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4028994%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24860520&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.00336&rft.aulast=Schmaltz&rft.aufirst=Rodney+M.&rft.au=Lilienfeld%2C+Scott+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F262378970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paranormal">"Paranormal"</a>. In odisha</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/paranormal">"Paranormal"</a>. In Dictionary.com.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHines2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Hines, Terence</a> (2003). <i>Pseudoscience and the Paranormal</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-979-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-979-0"><bdi>978-1-57392-979-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudoscience+and+the+Paranormal&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-979-0&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-parasych-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-parasych_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParapsychological_Association" class="citation news cs1">Parapsychological Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110111023207/http://parapsych.org/glossary_e_k.html#g">"Paranormal"</a>. <i>Glossary of key words frequently used in parapsychology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parapsych.org/glossary_e_k.html#g">the original</a> on 11 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glossary+of+key+words+frequently+used+in+parapsychology&rft.atitle=Paranormal&rft.au=Parapsychological+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parapsych.org%2Fglossary_e_k.html%23g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thefreedictionary-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thefreedictionary_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ghost">"Ghost"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Ghost&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fghost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncyOccult-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncyOccult_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyOccult_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncyOccult_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepardMelton1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Shepard" title="Leslie Shepard">Shepard, Leslie A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/J._Gordon_Melton" title="J. Gordon Melton">Melton, J. Gordon</a>, eds. (1996). "Animism". <i>Encyclopedia of Occultism & Parapsychology</i> (4th ed.). Gale Research & Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-5487-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-5487-6"><bdi>978-0-8103-5487-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Occultism+%26+Parapsychology&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Gale+Research+%26+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-5487-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">Frazer, James George</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FWLRXbPTC6oC&q=%22animal+inside%22"><i>The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion</i></a>. Herts: Wordsworth Editions Ltd. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-310-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85326-310-1"><bdi>978-1-85326-310-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Bough%3A+A+Study+in+Magic+and+Religion&rft.place=Herts&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Editions+Ltd&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85326-310-1&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=James+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFWLRXbPTC6oC%26q%3D%2522animal%2Binside%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/news/life-03zzt.html">"NASA Scientists To Discuss Search For Extraterrestrial Life"</a>. <i>SpaceDaily.com</i>. 11 December 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SpaceDaily.com&rft.atitle=NASA+Scientists+To+Discuss+Search+For+Extraterrestrial+Life&rft.date=2003-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedaily.com%2Fnews%2Flife-03zzt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreudenrich2001" class="citation web cs1">Freudenrich, Craig (8 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howstuffworks.com/seti.htm">"How SETI Works"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HowStuffWorks" title="HowStuffWorks">HowStuffWorks</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HowStuffWorks&rft.atitle=How+SETI+Works&rft.date=2001-05-08&rft.aulast=Freudenrich&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howstuffworks.com%2Fseti.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denzler2001-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Denzler2001_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Denzler2001_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenzler2001" class="citation book cs1">Denzler, Brenda (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LnUkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA67"><i>The Lure of the Edge: Scientific Passions, Religious Beliefs, and the Pursuit of UFOs</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 67–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22432-2"><bdi>978-0-520-22432-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lure+of+the+Edge%3A+Scientific+Passions%2C+Religious+Beliefs%2C+and+the+Pursuit+of+UFOs&rft.pages=67-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22432-2&rft.aulast=Denzler&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLnUkDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Priest2010-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Priest2010_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriest2010" class="citation book cs1">Priest, Susanna H. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F62I2b4G73UC&pg=PA918"><i>Encyclopedia of Science and Technology Communication</i></a>. Sage Publications. pp. 918–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5920-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-5920-9"><bdi>978-1-4129-5920-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Science+and+Technology+Communication&rft.pages=918-&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-5920-9&rft.aulast=Priest&rft.aufirst=Susanna+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF62I2b4G73UC%26pg%3DPA918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In fact, the paranormal is often discussed as essentially something that resides within the human psyche, inherently contingent on its time and place; Ármann Jakobsson, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32484922/The_Troll_Inside_You_Paranormal_Activity_in_the_Medieval_North_Punctum_Books_2017_">The Troll Inside You: Paranormal Activity in the Medieval North</a></i>. Earth, Milky Way: Punctum Books, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hines, Terence (2003). pp. 119–120. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulliksen1938" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Gulliksen" title="Harold Gulliksen">Gulliksen, Harold O.</a> (January 1938). "Extra-Sensory Perception: What Is It?". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a></i>. <b>43</b> (4): 623–634. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F217775">10.1086/217775</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145317132">145317132</a>. <q>Investigating Rhine's methods, we find that his mathematical methods are wrong and that the effect of this error would in some cases be negligible and in others very marked. We find that many of his experiments were set up in a manner which would tend to increase, instead of to diminish, the possibility of systematic clerical errors; and lastly, that the ESP cards can be read from the back.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Extra-Sensory+Perception%3A+What+Is+It%3F&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=623-634&rft.date=1938-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F217775&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145317132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gulliksen&rft.aufirst=Harold+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynnWiggins2001" class="citation book cs1">Wynn, Charles; Wiggins, Arthur (2001). <i>Quantum Leaps in the Wrong Direction: Where Real Science Ends... and Pseudoscience Begins</i>. Joseph Henry Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07309-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-07309-7"><bdi>978-0-309-07309-7</bdi></a>. <q>In 1940, Rhine coauthored a book, <i>Extrasensory Perception After Sixty Years</i> in which he suggested that something more than mere guess work was involved in his experiments. He was right! It is now known that the experiments conducted in his laboratory contained serious methodological flaws. Tests often took place with minimal or no screening between the subject and the person administering the test. Subjects could see the backs of cards that were later discovered to be so cheaply printed that a faint outline of the symbol could be seen. Furthermore, in face-to-face tests, subjects could see card faces reflected in the tester's eyeglasses or cornea. They were even able to (consciously or unconsciously) pick up clues from the tester's facial expression and voice inflection. In addition, an observant subject could identify the cards by certain irregularities like warped edges, spots on the backs, or design imperfections.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Leaps+in+the+Wrong+Direction%3A+Where+Real+Science+Ends...+and+Pseudoscience+Begins&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Joseph+Henry+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-309-07309-7&rft.aulast=Wynn&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Wiggins%2C+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hines, Terence (2003). p. 122. "The procedural errors in the Rhine experiments have been extremely damaging to his claims to have demonstrated the existence of ESP. Equally damaging has been the fact that the results have not replicated when the experiments have been conducted in other laboratories."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwinWatt2007" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, Harvey J.; Watt, Caroline A. (2007). <i>An Introduction to Parapsychology</i> (5th ed.). McFarland. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3059-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3059-8"><bdi>978-0-7864-3059-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Parapsychology&rft.pages=249&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3059-8&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Harvey+J.&rft.au=Watt%2C+Caroline+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kurtz, Paul (September–October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2006/09/summing-up-thirty-years-of-the-skeptical-inquirer/">"Summing Up Thirty Years of the Skeptical Inquirer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>. <b>30</b> (5): 13–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Summing+Up+Thirty+Years+of+the+Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=13-19&rft.date=2006-09%2F2006-10&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2F2006%2F09%2Fsumming-up-thirty-years-of-the-skeptical-inquirer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stenger, Victor J. (1990). p. 192. "Today, parapsychology is widely regarded as a pseudoscience.... Over a century it has been tainted by fraud, incompetence, and a general unwillingness to accept the verdict of conventional scientific method."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPigliucciBoudry2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Pigliucci" title="Massimo Pigliucci">Pigliucci, Massimo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Maarten_Boudry" title="Maarten Boudry">Boudry, Maarten</a> (2013). <i>Philosophy of Pseudoscience: Reconsidering the Demarcation Problem</i>. University Of Chicago Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-05196-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-05196-3"><bdi>978-0-226-05196-3</bdi></a>. <q>Many observers refer to the field as a 'pseudoscience'. When mainstream scientists say that the field of parapsychology is not scientific, they mean that no satisfying naturalistic cause-and-effect explanation for these supposed effects has yet been proposed and that the field's experiments cannot be consistently replicated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Pseudoscience%3A+Reconsidering+the+Demarcation+Problem&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=University+Of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-226-05196-3&rft.aulast=Pigliucci&rft.aufirst=Massimo&rft.au=Boudry%2C+Maarten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hines, Terence (2003). p. 144. "It is important to realize that, in one hundred years of parapsychological investigations, there has never been a single adequate demonstration of the reality of any psi phenomenon."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordón2005" class="citation book cs1">Cordón, Luis A. (2005). <i>Popular Psychology: An Encyclopedia</i>. Greenwood Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32457-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32457-4"><bdi>978-0-313-32457-4</bdi></a>. <q>The essential problem is that a large portion of the scientific community, including most research psychologists, regards parapsychology as a pseudoscience, due largely to its failure to move beyond null results in the way science usually does. Ordinarily, when experimental evidence fails repeatedly to support a hypothesis, that hypothesis is abandoned. Within parapsychology, however, more than a century of experimentation has failed even to conclusively demonstrate the mere existence of paranormal phenomenon, yet parapsychologists continue to pursue that elusive goal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Psychology%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32457-4&rft.aulast=Cord%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Luis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odling-Smee-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Odling-Smee_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odling-Smee_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Odling-Smee_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOling-Smee2007" class="citation journal cs1">Oling-Smee, L (1 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F446010a">"The lab that asked the wrong questions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i>. <b>446</b> (7131): 10–11. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.446...10O">2007Natur.446...10O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F446010a">10.1038/446010a</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17330012">17330012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+lab+that+asked+the+wrong+questions&rft.volume=446&rft.issue=7131&rft.pages=10-11&rft.date=2007-03-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17330012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F446010a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.446...10O&rft.aulast=Oling-Smee&rft.aufirst=L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F446010a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Husserl-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Husserl_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusserl1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl, Edmund</a> (1970). <i>Logical Investigations</i>. Routledge Kegan Paul Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-6618-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-6618-3"><bdi>978-0-7100-6618-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logical+Investigations&rft.pub=Routledge+Kegan+Paul+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-6618-3&rft.aulast=Husserl&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Becker-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Becker_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_S._Becker" title="Howard S. Becker">Becker, Howard S.</a> (1993). <i>Problems of Inference and Proof in Participant Observation</i> (Bobbs Merrill Reprint ed.). New York: Irvington. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8290-3493-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8290-3493-6"><bdi>978-0-8290-3493-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problems+of+Inference+and+Proof+in+Participant+Observation&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Bobbs+Merrill+Reprint&rft.pub=Irvington&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8290-3493-6&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Howard+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghostgroups-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghostgroups_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070102094816/http://www.ghostvillage.com/links/links_groups.shtml">"Paranormal Groups"</a>. Ghostvillage.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghostvillage.com/links/links_groups.shtml">the original</a> on 2 January 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paranormal+Groups&rft.pub=Ghostvillage.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghostvillage.com%2Flinks%2Flinks_groups.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaso2002" class="citation journal cs1">Caso, Alvaro (January–February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2002/01/three-skeptics-debate-tools-examined/">"Three Skeptics' Debate Tools Examined"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>. <b>26</b> (1): 37–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Three+Skeptics%27+Debate+Tools+Examined&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-41&rft.date=2002-01%2F2002-02&rft.aulast=Caso&rft.aufirst=Alvaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2F2002%2F01%2Fthree-skeptics-debate-tools-examined%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcock1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Alcock" title="James Alcock">Alcock, James E.</a> (1981). <i>Parapsychology – Science or Magic?: A Psychological Perspective</i>. Pergamon Press. pp. 139–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-025773-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-025773-0"><bdi>978-0-08-025773-0</bdi></a>. <q>It was through the diligent efforts of conjurer James ('The Amazing') Randi that Geller was finally, at least in most people's eyes, exposed. Randi demonstrated that he could by ordinary conjuring means duplicate Geller's feats. His perseverance in investigating and unveiling the circumstances of many of Geller's more spectacular performances (including the discovery of confederates who aided Geller when necessary) made it very difficult for anyone with any degree of critical thought to continue to accept Geller's claims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parapsychology+%E2%80%93+Science+or+Magic%3F%3A+A+Psychological+Perspective&rft.pages=139-140&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-08-025773-0&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurley2010" class="citation book cs1">Hurley, Patrick J. (2010). <i>A Concise Introduction to Logic</i> (11th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing. p. 626. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-3416-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-3416-8"><bdi>978-0-8400-3416-8</bdi></a>. <q>In fact Geller was just a clever trickster who duped his audiences. Geller's trickery was exposed in large measure by the magician James Randi. After watching videotapes of Geller's performances, Randi discovered how Geller performed his tricks, and in no time he was able to perform every one of them himself. Sometimes Geller would prepare a spoon or key beforehand by bending it back and forth several times to the point where it was nearly ready to break. Later, by merely stroking it gently, he could cause it to double over. On other occasions Geller, or his accomplices, would use sleight-of-hand maneuvers to substitute bent objects in the place of straight ones.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Introduction+to+Logic&rft.pages=626&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8400-3416-8&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.randi.org/the-million-dollar-challenge.html">"The Million Dollar Challenge"</a>. James Randi Education Foundation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoltSimmonds-MooreLukeFrench2012" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Nicola; Simmonds-Moore, Christine; Luke, David; <a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">French, Christopher C.</a> (2012). <i>Anomalistic Psychology (Palgrave Insights in Psychology)</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30150-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30150-4"><bdi>978-0-230-30150-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anomalistic+Psychology+%28Palgrave+Insights+in+Psychology%29&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-30150-4&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft.au=Simmonds-Moore%2C+Christine&rft.au=Luke%2C+David&rft.au=French%2C+Christopher+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisemanWatt2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Wiseman, Richard</a>; Watt, Caroline (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardwiseman.com/resources/review.pdf">"Belief in psychic ability and the misattribution hypothesis: A qualitative review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>British Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>97</b> (3): 323–338. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.537.3311">10.1.1.537.3311</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1348%2F000712605X72523">10.1348/000712605X72523</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16848946">16848946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Belief+in+psychic+ability+and+the+misattribution+hypothesis%3A+A+qualitative+review&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-338&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.537.3311%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16848946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1348%2F000712605X72523&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Watt%2C+Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardwiseman.com%2Fresources%2Freview.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanElk2003-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vanElk2003_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vanElk2003_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Elk2013" class="citation journal cs1">van Elk, Michiel (September 2013). "Paranormal believers are more prone to illusory agency detection than skeptics". <i><a href="/wiki/Consciousness_and_Cognition" title="Consciousness and Cognition">Consciousness and Cognition</a></i>. <b>22</b> (3): 1041–1046. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.concog.2013.07.004">10.1016/j.concog.2013.07.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23933505">23933505</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32087344">32087344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Consciousness+and+Cognition&rft.atitle=Paranormal+believers+are+more+prone+to+illusory+agency+detection+than+skeptics&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1041-1046&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32087344%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23933505&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.concog.2013.07.004&rft.aulast=van+Elk&rft.aufirst=Michiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrenchWilson2007" class="citation book cs1">French, C.C.; Wilson, K. (2007). "Chapter 1: Cognitive factors underlying paranormal beliefs and experiences". In Sala, S. Della (ed.). <i>Tall Tales About the Mind and Brain: Separating Fact From Fiction</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856877-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-856877-3"><bdi>978-0-19-856877-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Cognitive+factors+underlying+paranormal+beliefs+and+experiences&rft.btitle=Tall+Tales+About+the+Mind+and+Brain%3A+Separating+Fact+From+Fiction&rft.pages=3-22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-856877-3&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=C.C.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillardNorenzayan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Willard, Aiyana K.; Norenzayan, Ara (November 2013). "Cognitive biases explain religious belief, paranormal belief, and belief in life's purpose". <i><a href="/wiki/Cognition_(journal)" title="Cognition (journal)">Cognition</a></i>. <b>129</b> (2): 379–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2013.07.016">10.1016/j.cognition.2013.07.016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23974049">23974049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18869844">18869844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognition&rft.atitle=Cognitive+biases+explain+religious+belief%2C+paranormal+belief%2C+and+belief+in+life%27s+purpose&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=379-391&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18869844%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23974049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cognition.2013.07.016&rft.aulast=Willard&rft.aufirst=Aiyana+K.&rft.au=Norenzayan%2C+Ara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRattetBursik2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rattet, Shelley L.; Bursik, Krisanne (August 2001). 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"Brain electric correlates of strong belief in paranormal phenomena: intracerebral EEG source and regional Omega complexity analyses". <i><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry_Research:_Neuroimaging" title="Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging">Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging</a></i>. <b>100</b> (3): 139–154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0925-4927%2800%2900070-6">10.1016/S0925-4927(00)00070-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11120441">11120441</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3098128">3098128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychiatry+Research%3A+Neuroimaging&rft.atitle=Brain+electric+correlates+of+strong+belief+in+paranormal+phenomena%3A+intracerebral+EEG+source+and+regional+Omega+complexity+analyses&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=139-154&rft.date=2000-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3098128%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11120441&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0925-4927%2800%2900070-6&rft.aulast=Pizzagalli&rft.aufirst=Diego&rft.au=Lehmann%2C+Dietrich&rft.au=Gianotti%2C+Lorena&rft.au=Koenig%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Tanaka%2C+Hideaki&rft.au=Wackermann%2C+Jiri&rft.au=Brugger%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulterPapousek2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schulter, Günter; Papousek, Ilona (August 2008). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Paranormal+beliefs+linked+to+brain+chemistry&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn2589-paranormal-beliefs-linked-to-brain-chemistry.html%23.Uk4if4akoc8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingerBenassi1981" class="citation journal cs1">Singer, Barry; Benassi, Victor A. (January–February 1981). 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Transaction Publishers. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0051-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7658-0051-0"><bdi>978-0-7658-0051-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skepticism+and+Humanism%3A+The+New+Paradigm&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7658-0051-0&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq34zdaoq0xIC%26q%3D%2522primitive%2Bforms%2Bof%2Bmagical%2Bthinking%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hines, Terence (2003). p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pigliucci, Massimo; Boudry, Maarten (2013). p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monashresults-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monashresults_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-monashresults_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFABC_Science_Online2006" class="citation web cs1">ABC Science Online (17 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/2006/1791144.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Spooky survey' gets big response"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061124014302/http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/2006/1791144.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=%27Spooky+survey%27+gets+big+response&rft.date=2006-11-17&rft.au=ABC+Science+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fscience%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2006%2F1791144.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fate-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fate_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fate_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fate_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Smart People See Ghosts", Brad Steiger, <i>Fate Magazine</i>, April 2006, p. 52–56; the unusual thing found by Farha and Steward was that belief in the supernatural increased with education level, contrary to many other surveys. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Science+Board+%28National+Science+Foundation%29&rft.atitle=Science+and+Technology%3A+Public+Attitudes+and+Understanding+%E2%80%93+Public+Knowledge+About+S%26T%3B+Chapter+7+of+Science+and+Engineering+Indicators+2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fstatistics%2Fseind04%2Fc7%2Fc7s2.htm%23fn21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2018/01/chapman-survey-2017-advanced-ancient-civilizations-spirits-alien-visits-remain-top-paranormal-beliefs/">"Chapman Survey 2017: Advanced Ancient Civilizations, Spirits, Alien Visits Remain Top Paranormal Beliefs"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>. <b>42</b> (1): 5. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepticreport.com/skepticism/getrichquick.htm">the original</a> on 23 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Get+Rich+Quick+or+Save+the+World&rft.date=2003-09&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skepticreport.com%2Fskepticism%2Fgetrichquick.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIndependent_Investigations_Group" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Investigations_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Investigations Group">Independent Investigations Group</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iigwest.org/investigations/index.html">"Investigations"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Investigations&rft.au=Independent+Investigations+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iigwest.org%2Finvestigations%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>French, Chris. The Science of Weird Shit: Why Our Minds Conjure the Paranormal. United States, MIT Press, 2024.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaderMenckenBaker2017" class="citation book cs1">Bader, Christopher D.; Mencken, F. Carson; Baker, Joseph O. (2017). <i>Paranormal America: Ghost Encounters, UFO Sightings, Bigfoot Hunts, and Other Curiosities in Religion and Culture</i> (Second ed.). New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-1965-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-1965-2"><bdi>978-1-4798-1965-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paranormal+America%3A+Ghost+Encounters%2C+UFO+Sightings%2C+Bigfoot+Hunts%2C+and+Other+Curiosities+in+Religion+and+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-1965-2&rft.aulast=Bader&rft.aufirst=Christopher+D.&rft.au=Mencken%2C+F.+Carson&rft.au=Baker%2C+Joseph+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellHalligan2013" class="citation book cs1">Bell, V.; Halligan, P. W. (2013). "The Neural Basis of Abnormal Personal Belief". In Krueger, Frank; <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Grafman" title="Jordan Grafman">Grafman, Jordan</a> (eds.). <i>The Neural Basis of Human Belief Systems</i> (First ed.). Hove: Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-881-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-881-6"><bdi>978-1-84169-881-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Neural+Basis+of+Abnormal+Personal+Belief&rft.btitle=The+Neural+Basis+of+Human+Belief+Systems&rft.place=Hove&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84169-881-6&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Halligan%2C+P.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1989" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Daniel (1989). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Strange</i> (Hardcover ed.). New York: Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-451-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88029-451-5"><bdi>978-0-88029-451-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Strange&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Hardcover&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88029-451-5&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawley2001" class="citation journal cs1">Crawley, S.E. (2001). "Psychic or fantasy-prone?". <i>The Skeptic</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 11–12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Skeptic&rft.atitle=Psychic+or+fantasy-prone%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-12&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Crawley&rft.aufirst=S.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">French, Christopher C.</a> (March 1992). "Population stereotypes and belief in the paranormal: Is there a relationship?". <i>Australian Psychologist</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 57–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00050069208257576">10.1080/00050069208257576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Population+stereotypes+and+belief+in+the+paranormal%3A+Is+there+a+relationship%3F&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-58&rft.date=1992-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00050069208257576&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Christopher+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">French, Christopher C.</a> (January 1992). "Factors underlying belief in the paranormal: Do sheep and goats think differently?". <i>The Psychologist</i>. <b>5</b>: 295–299.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Factors+underlying+belief+in+the+paranormal%3A+Do+sheep+and+goats+think+differently%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=295-299&rft.date=1992-01&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Christopher+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatton2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hatton, K. (2001). "Developmental origins of magical beliefs". <i>The Skeptic</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 18–19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Skeptic&rft.atitle=Developmental+origins+of+magical+beliefs&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=18-19&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hatton&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHines2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terence_Hines" title="Terence Hines">Hines, Terence</a> (2003). <i>Pseudoscience and the Paranormal</i> (2nd Revised ed.). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-979-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-979-0"><bdi>978-1-57392-979-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudoscience+and+the+Paranormal&rft.place=Amherst%2C+NY&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-979-0&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=Terence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldenFrench2002" class="citation book cs1">Holden, K.J.; French, C.C. (2002). "Alien abduction experiences: Clues from neuropsychology and neuropsychiatry". In Spence, Sean A.; Halligan, Peter W. (eds.). <i>Pathologies of Body, Self and Space</i> (1st ed.). Hove: Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-933-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84169-933-2"><bdi>978-1-84169-933-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alien+abduction+experiences%3A+Clues+from+neuropsychology+and+neuropsychiatry&rft.btitle=Pathologies+of+Body%2C+Self+and+Space&rft.place=Hove&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84169-933-2&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=K.J.&rft.au=French%2C+C.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrwin2009" class="citation book cs1">Irwin, Harvey J. (2009). <i>The Psychology of Paranormal Belief: A Researcher's Handbook</i> (1st ed.). Hatfield, Herts: University of Hertfordshire Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-93-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902806-93-8"><bdi>978-1-902806-93-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychology+of+Paranormal+Belief%3A+A+Researcher%27s+Handbook&rft.place=Hatfield%2C+Herts&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-902806-93-8&rft.aulast=Irwin&rft.aufirst=Harvey+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJinks2011" class="citation book cs1">Jinks, Tony (2011). <i>An Introduction to the Psychology of Paranormal Belief and Experience</i> (Illustrated ed.). Jefferson, NC: Mcfarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6544-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-6544-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-6544-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Psychology+of+Paranormal+Belief+and+Experience&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Mcfarland&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-6544-6&rft.aulast=Jinks&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangeHouran1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lange, R.; Houran, J. (October 1998). "Delusions of the paranormal: A haunting question of perception". <i>Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</i>. <b>186</b> (10): 637–645. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00005053-199810000-00008">10.1097/00005053-199810000-00008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9788641">9788641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nervous+and+Mental+Disease&rft.atitle=Delusions+of+the+paranormal%3A+A+haunting+question+of+perception&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=637-645&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00005053-199810000-00008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9788641&rft.aulast=Lange&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Houran%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarks1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Marks_(psychologist)" title="David Marks (psychologist)">Marks, David F.</a> (April 1988). "The psychology of paranormal beliefs". <i>Experientia</i>. <b>44</b> (4): 332–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01961272">10.1007/BF01961272</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3282908">3282908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20803932">20803932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experientia&rft.atitle=The+psychology+of+paranormal+beliefs&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=332-337&rft.date=1988-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20803932%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3282908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01961272&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1996" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Gordon (1996). <i>The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal</i> (Illustrated ed.). Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-021-6"><bdi>978-1-57392-021-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Paranormal&rft.place=Amherst%2C+NY&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-021-6&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThalbourneFrench1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Thalbourne" title="Michael Thalbourne">Thalbourne, Michael A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">French, Christopher C.</a> (February 1995). "Paranormal belief, manic-depressiveness, and magical ideation: A replication". <i>Personality and Individual Differences</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 291–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0191-8869%2894%2900146-J">10.1016/0191-8869(94)00146-J</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=Paranormal+belief%2C+manic-depressiveness%2C+and+magical+ideation%3A+A+replication&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=291-292&rft.date=1995-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0191-8869%2894%2900146-J&rft.aulast=Thalbourne&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=French%2C+Christopher+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFrench2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Krissy; <a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">French, Christopher C.</a> (2006). "The relationship between susceptibility to false memories, dissociativity, and paranormal belief and experience". <i>Personality and Individual Differences</i>. <b>41</b> (8): 1493–1502. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2006.06.008">10.1016/j.paid.2006.06.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144569464">144569464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=The+relationship+between+susceptibility+to+false+memories%2C+dissociativity%2C+and+paranormal+belief+and+experience&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1493-1502&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.paid.2006.06.008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144569464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Krissy&rft.au=French%2C+Christopher+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisemanWatt2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Wiseman, Richard J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Watt" title="Caroline Watt">Watt, Caroline A.</a> (August 2006). "Belief in psychic ability and the misattribution hypothesis: A qualitative review". <i>British Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>97</b> (3): 323–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1348%2F000712605X72523">10.1348/000712605X72523</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16848946">16848946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Belief+in+psychic+ability+and+the+misattribution+hypothesis%3A+A+qualitative+review&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-338&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1348%2F000712605X72523&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16848946&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft.au=Watt%2C+Caroline+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParanormal" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paranormal&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parapsychology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parapsychology" title="Template:Parapsychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parapsychology" title="Template talk:Parapsychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parapsychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parapsychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Parapsychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_parapsychology" title="Outline of parapsychology">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apparitional_experience" title="Apparitional experience">Apparitional experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Auras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilocation" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deathbed_phenomena" title="Deathbed phenomena">Deathbed phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermo-optical_perception" title="Dermo-optical perception">Dermo-optical perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_telepathy" title="Dream telepathy">Dream telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzfeld_experiment" title="Ganzfeld experiment">Ganzfeld experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialization_(paranormal)" title="Materialization (paranormal)">Materialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-death_experience" title="Near-death experience">Near-death experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orb_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orb (paranormal)">Orb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-body_experience" title="Out-of-body experience">Out-of-body experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pam_Reynolds_case" title="Pam Reynolds case">Pam Reynolds case</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_research_at_SRI" title="Parapsychology research at SRI">Parapsychology research at SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_perception_(paranormal)" title="Plant perception (paranormal)">Plant perception (paranormal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precognition" title="Precognition">Precognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_detective" title="Psychic detective">Psychic detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">Psychic reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrokinesis" title="Pyrokinesis">Pyrokinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_viewing" title="Remote viewing">Remote viewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocognition" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Second sight">Second sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_leakage" title="Sensory leakage">Sensory leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoon_bending" title="Spoon bending">Spoon bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superconscious" title="Superconscious">Superconscious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telekinesis" title="Telekinesis">Telekinesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">Telepathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoughtography" title="Thoughtography">Thoughtography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoglossy" title="Xenoglossy">Xenoglossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zener_cards" title="Zener cards">Zener cards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="American Society for Psychical Research">American Society for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Scientific_Study_of_Anomalous_Phenomena" title="Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena">Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Psychic_Studies" title="College of Psychic Studies">College of Psychic Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_M%C3%A9tapsychique_International" title="Institut Métapsychique International">Institut Métapsychique International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Noetic_Sciences" title="Institute of Noetic Sciences">Institute of Noetic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_Near-Death_Studies" title="International Association for Near-Death Studies">International Association for Near-Death Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koestler_Parapsychology_Unit" title="Koestler Parapsychology Unit">Koestler Parapsychology Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychological_Association" title="Parapsychological Association">Parapsychological Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology_Foundation" title="Parapsychology Foundation">Parapsychology Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_Research_Center" title="Rhine Research Center">Rhine Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Club" title="The Ghost Club">The Ghost Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Psychical_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="American Psychical Institute">American Psychical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_College_of_Psychic_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British College of Psychic Science">British College of Psychic Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Ghost_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Ghost Society">Cambridge Ghost Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Psychical_Research" title="International Institute for Psychical Research">International Institute for Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Dialectical_Society" title="London Dialectical Society">London Dialectical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Psychical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Psychical Society">Metropolitan Psychical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Laboratory_of_Psychical_Research" title="National Laboratory of Psychical Research">National Laboratory of Psychical Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Phasmatological_Society" title="Oxford Phasmatological Society">Oxford Phasmatological Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Engineering_Anomalies_Research_Lab" title="Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab">Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Study_of_Supernormal_Pictures" title="Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures">Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parapsychologists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of parapsychologists">List of parapsychologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptics_of_parapsychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptics of parapsychology">Skeptics of parapsychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Experiment_with_Time" title="An Experiment with Time">An Experiment with Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_Perception_(book)" title="Extrasensory Perception (book)">Extrasensory Perception</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irreducible_Mind" title="Irreducible Mind">Irreducible Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near-Death_Studies" title="Journal of Near-Death Studies">Journal of Near-Death Studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Parapsychology" title="Journal of Parapsychology">Journal of Parapsychology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Scientific_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Scientific Exploration">Journal of Scientific Exploration</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_After_Life_(Moody_book)" title="Life After Life (Moody book)">Life After Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_Before_Life" title="Life Before Life">Life Before Life</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mental_Radio" title="Mental Radio">Mental Radio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Souls_(book)" title="Old Souls (book)">Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence for Past Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology:_Frontier_Science_of_the_Mind" title="Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind">Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Roots_of_Coincidence" title="The Roots of Coincidence">The Roots of Coincidence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty_Cases_Suggestive_of_Reincarnation" title="Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation">Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Anomalous_Experience" title="Varieties of Anomalous Experience">Varieties of Anomalous Experience</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Parapsychology" title="Category:Parapsychology">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parapsychology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parapsychology"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudoscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pseudoscience" title="Template talk:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudoscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics <br />characterized as <br />pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Koster%27s_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of<br />pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia,_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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