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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>How the Commission worked</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_the_Commission_worked-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obstacles_and_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obstacles_and_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Obstacles and challenges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obstacles_and_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flour_sacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flour_sacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flour sacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flour_sacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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organization</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Commission for Relief in Belgium</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Committee_for_Relief_in_Belgium_in_Lille,_France.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Committee_for_Relief_in_Belgium_in_Lille%2C_France.jpg/220px-The_Committee_for_Relief_in_Belgium_in_Lille%2C_France.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Committee_for_Relief_in_Belgium_in_Lille%2C_France.jpg/330px-The_Committee_for_Relief_in_Belgium_in_Lille%2C_France.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_Committee_for_Relief_in_Belgium_in_Lille%2C_France.jpg/440px-The_Committee_for_Relief_in_Belgium_in_Lille%2C_France.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1589" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Committee for Relief in Belgium in <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, France, a local group</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1914<span class="noprint">; 110 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1914</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">1919<span class="noprint">; 105 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1919</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data">Dissolved</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Region served </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibitions/world-war-i-american-experiences/about-this-exhibition/arguing-over-war/humanitarian-aid/commission-for-relief-in-belgium/">Further Details</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Commission for Relief in Belgium</b> (<b>CRB</b>, or simply <b>Belgian Relief</b>) was an international, predominantly American, organization that arranged for the supply of food to <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">German-occupied Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">northern France</a> during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>. </p><p>Its leading figure was chairman, and future President of the United States, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the Great War broke out, Hoover was a mining engineer and financier living in London. When hostilities erupted, he found himself surrounded by tens of thousands of American tourists trying to get home. Their paper securities and travelers' checks were not being recognized and very few of them had enough hard currency to buy passage home, even if any ships had been sailing; most voyages had been canceled. Hoover set up and organized an "American committee" to "get the busted Yankee home," making loans and cashing checks as needed. By October 1914 the American Committee had sent some 120,000 Americans home, and in the end lost just $300 in unpaid debt.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This episode brought Hoover and his organizational talents to the attention of the American ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hines_Page" title="Walter Hines Page">Walter Hines Page</a>, and several other key people in London, who came to him in late October with a request for his help with a much larger problem: </p><p>In 1914, after being invaded by <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, Belgium suffered a food shortage. The tiny nation, at the time among the most urbanized countries in Europe, only grew enough food to meet 20–25% of its needs. Nonetheless, the German occupiers were requisitioning what was there to help feed their army. The civilian population, in addition to the demoralizing effect of being occupied by Germany, faced imminent starvation unless a large quantity of food was quickly brought in.<sup id="cite_ref-nash_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nash-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, buying and transporting food to Belgium was no simple matter, as American expatriate mining engineer Millard Shaler found out when he tried to do just that. Great Britain had imposed an economic blockade on Germany and its occupied countries. If Shaler brought food in, the British recognized, the Germans would just requisition it. </p><p>Seeking a solution to this dilemma, Shaler contacted ambassador Page, and Page contacted Hoover. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="How_the_Commission_worked">How the Commission worked</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: How the Commission worked"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Wanted_Immediately._2,000,000_Garments_for_destitute_Men,_Women,_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg/220px-%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg/330px-%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg/440px-%22Wanted_Immediately._2%2C000%2C000_Garments_for_destitute_Men%2C_Women%2C_and_children_in_occupied_Northern_France_and..._-_NARA_-_512616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2131" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Poster requesting clothing for occupied France and Belgium</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Architect_and_engineer_of_California_and_the_Pacific_Coast_(1917)_(14782409195).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Architect_and_engineer_of_California_and_the_Pacific_Coast_%281917%29_%2814782409195%29.jpg/220px-The_Architect_and_engineer_of_California_and_the_Pacific_Coast_%281917%29_%2814782409195%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Architect_and_engineer_of_California_and_the_Pacific_Coast_%281917%29_%2814782409195%29.jpg/330px-The_Architect_and_engineer_of_California_and_the_Pacific_Coast_%281917%29_%2814782409195%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/The_Architect_and_engineer_of_California_and_the_Pacific_Coast_%281917%29_%2814782409195%29.jpg/440px-The_Architect_and_engineer_of_California_and_the_Pacific_Coast_%281917%29_%2814782409195%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1965" data-file-height="2815" /></a><figcaption>1917 poster for Belgian relief</figcaption></figure> <p>The commission's task was to obtain foodstuffs from abroad and ship them into Belgium, where CRB monitors supervised distribution by members of the <i><a href="/wiki/Comit%C3%A9_National_de_Secours_et_d%27Alimentation" title="Comité National de Secours et d'Alimentation">Comité National de Secours et d'Alimentation</a></i> (CNSA), the Belgian organization headed by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Francqui" title="Émile Francqui">Émile Francqui</a>. This was necessary because CNSA employees, living under the German occupation, were legally required to obey the orders of German soldiers, whereas CRB people were not. The food imported by the CRB remained the property of the American ambassador to Belgium, <a href="/wiki/Brand_Whitlock" title="Brand Whitlock">Brand Whitlock</a>, throughout the distribution process and right up to the point of being placed on a plate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obstacles_and_challenges">Obstacles and challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Obstacles and challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CRB had to operate in the face of resentment from both of the warring sides. The Germans resented the presence of the Americans in the country and were bitter about the British blockade, which they saw as the reason for Belgium requiring foreign aid in the first place. Many influential British policymakers, notably <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, felt that Germany needed to either feed the Belgians themselves or deal with the resulting riots right behind their lines, and that international help to relieve that pressure was helping the Germans and thereby lengthening the war. At several points both sides tried to shut down the relief, and throughout the war there was a constant problem of German submarines sinking relief ships, especially at times when tensions with the U.S. were highest.<sup id="cite_ref-nash_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nash-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the end, the CRB bought and shipped 11.4 billion pounds (5.7 million tons) of food to 9.5 million civilian victims of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee chartered ships to carry the food to Belgian ports under <a href="/wiki/Safe_conduct" title="Safe conduct">safe conduct</a> terms arranged by Hoover in meetings with the British and German authorities. </p><p>Notwithstanding the special CRB flags flown by ships and enormous banners covering them, there were losses: the <i>Harpalyce</i> returning from <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a> after delivering a shipment was torpedoed by the German submarine <a href="/wiki/SM_UB-4" title="SM UB-4">SM <i>UB-4</i></a> in April 1915 with the loss of 15 lives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flour_sacks">Flour sacks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flour sacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1914 and 1919, the CRB operated entirely with voluntary efforts and was able to feed close to 10 millions people in occupied Belgium and northern France<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by raising the necessary money, obtaining voluntary contributions of food, shipping the food past the German submarine blockades and army occupied areas, and controlling the food distribution in Belgium. </p><p>The CRB shipped 697,116,000 pounds of flour to Belgium and evidence indicates that sugar and grains were also sent. The flour was packaged in cotton <a href="/wiki/Flour_sack" title="Flour sack">flour sacks</a> by American mills.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement of these bags throughout Belgium was carefully controlled by the CRB since cotton was in great demand for the manufacture of German ammunition and also because the CRB feared that the flour sacks would be taken out of Belgium, refilled with inferior flour, and resold as relief flour. As a result, the empty flour sacks were carefully accounted for and distributed to professional schools, sewing workrooms, convents, and individual artists.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Separate from the trade schools of Belgium, the professional schools specialized in training girls to sew, embroider, and make lace, and the sewing workrooms were large centers established in the major Belgian cities during the war to provide work for the thousands of unemployed. Girls and women made famous Belgian lace, embroidered textiles and repaired and remade clothing in these workrooms. </p><p>The flour sacks were used by these various Belgian groups to make new clothing, accessories, pillows, bags, and other functional items. Many women chose to embroider over the mill logo and the brand name of flour, but entirely original designs were sometimes created on the sacks and then embroidered, painted, or stenciled on the fabric. Frequent additions to the flour sacks were Belgian messages of gratitude to the Americans; embellishments of lace; the Belgian and American flags; the Belgian lion; the Gallic cock; the American eagle; symbols of peace, strength, and courage; the Belgian colors of red, yellow, and black; and the American colors of red, white, and blue. Artists, in particular, used the flour sacks as the canvas background for creating original oil paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Differences appear in the designs and messages of the embroidered and painted flour sacks, due to the fact that Belgium is composed of two distinct groups of people: the Walloons or French speaking people in the south and the Flemish or Dutch speaking population in the north. </p><p>The completed flour sacks were carefully controlled and distributed to shops and organizations in Belgium, England, and the United States for the purpose of raising funds for food relief and to aid the prisoners of war. Many were also given as gifts to the member of the Commission for Relief in Belgium out of gratitude for the aid given the Belgian people. </p><p>Herbert Hoover was given several hundred of these flour sacks as gifts and the Herbert Hoover Presidential Library-Museum has one of the largest collections of World War I flour sacks in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium in World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAEF" class="mw-redirect" title="BAEF">Belgian American Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Foundation" title="University Foundation">University Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Chew" title="Oswald Chew">Oswald Chew</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kittredge, Tracy B. <i>The History of the Commission for Relief in Belgium</i>. Privately published, circa 1917.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nash-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nash_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nash_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nash, George H. <i>The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Humanitarian, 1914-1917</i>. New York: Norton, 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gay, George I. _Public Relations of the Commission for Relief in Belgium_, vol. 2 Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1929.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DE SCHAEPDRIJVER Sophie, La Belgique et la Première Guerre mondiale, Bruxelles, Archives et musée de la littérature, 2004 (Documents pour l’Histoire des Francophonies, 4), p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meelzak.annelienvankempen.nl/blog/sperry-mills-american-indian-california/">"Sperry Mills – American Indian – California – Versierde meelzakken in WO I / Sacs à farine décorés pendant la GG / Decorated Flour Sacks from WW I"</a> (in Dutch). 31 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sperry+Mills+%E2%80%93+American+Indian+%E2%80%93+California+%E2%80%93+Versierde+meelzakken+in+WO+I+%2F+Sacs+%C3%A0+farine+d%C3%A9cor%C3%A9s+pendant+la+GG+%2F+Decorated+Flour+Sacks+from+WW+I&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeelzak.annelienvankempen.nl%2Fblog%2Fsperry-mills-american-indian-california%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+for+Relief+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thank you, America: Flour Sacks from Belgium," <i>Reflections</i> (Kansas State Historical Society). (2014) 8#2 pp 2–3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kshs.org/publicat/reflections/pdfs/2014spring.pdf">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meelzak.annelienvankempen.nl/">"Versierde meelzakken in WO I / Sacs à farine décorés pendant la GG / Decorated Flour Sacks from WW I – Zakken vol herinneringen"</a> (in Dutch). 26 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Versierde+meelzakken+in+WO+I+%2F+Sacs+%C3%A0+farine+d%C3%A9cor%C3%A9s+pendant+la+GG+%2F+Decorated+Flour+Sacks+from+WW+I+%E2%80%93+Zakken+vol+herinneringen&rft.date=2023-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmeelzak.annelienvankempen.nl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+for+Relief+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130215083032/http://www.hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/collections/flour%20sacks/index.html">"The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hoover.archives.gov/exhibits/collections/flour%20sacks/index.html">the original</a> on 15 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Herbert+Hoover+Presidential+Library+and+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhoover.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcollections%2Fflour%2520sacks%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+for+Relief+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burner, David. <i>Herbert Hoover: A Public Life</i> (1979) pp 72–95</li> <li>Gay, George I. <i>Statistical review of relief operations</i> (Stanford, 1925) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sEs8AAAAMAAJ">in Google</a></li> <li>den Hertog, Johan. "The Commission for Relief in Belgium and the Political Diplomatic History of the First World War," <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i> (2010) 21#4 pp593–613, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09592296.2010.529339?journalCode=fdps20">abstract</a> 3.</li> <li>Jeansonne, Glen S. "Hoover goes to Belgium" <i>History Today</i> (2015) 65#1 pp 19–24.</li> <li>Little, Branden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/commission_for_relief_in_belgium_crb/">Commission for Relief in Belgium (CRB)</a>, in: <i>International Encyclopedia of the First World War</i>.</li> <li>Little, Branden. "The humanitarian mobilization of American cities for Belgian Relief, 1914–1918," <i>Les Cahiers bruxellois</i> 46 (August 2014) pp 121–38.</li> <li>Little, Branden. "Humanitarian relief in Europe and the analogue of war, 1914-1918," in Michael S. Neiberg, and Jennifer D. Keene, eds. <i>Finding common ground. New directions in First World War Studies</i> (Brill, 2010) pp. 139–158.</li> <li>Miller, Jeffrey B. <i>Yanks Behind the Lines: How the Commission for Relief in Belgium Saved Millions from Starvation During World War I</i> (Rowman & Littlefield, 2020).</li> <li>Nash, George H. <i>The Life of Herbert Hoover: The Humanitarian, 1914–1917</i> (1988), 498pp, comprehensive scholarly history</li> <li>Nash, George H. "An American Epic": Herbert Hoover and Belgian Relief in World War I," <i>Prologue</i> (1989) 21#1 pp 75–86. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/1989/spring/hoover-belgium.html">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertrams2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bertrams, Kenneth (2015). "The domestic uses of Belgian–American 'mutual understanding': the commission for relief in Belgium educational foundation, 1920–1940". <i>Journal of Transatlantic Studies</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 326–343. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14794012.2015.1088325">10.1080/14794012.2015.1088325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Transatlantic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+domestic+uses+of+Belgian%E2%80%93American+%E2%80%98mutual+understanding%E2%80%99%3A+the+commission+for+relief+in+Belgium+educational+foundation%2C+1920%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=326-343&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14794012.2015.1088325&rft.aulast=Bertrams&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+for+Relief+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDruelle-Korn2019" class="citation book cs1">Druelle-Korn, Clotilde (2019). <i>Feeding Occupied France during World War I: Herbert Hoover and the Blockade</i>. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-05562-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-05562-2"><bdi>978-3-030-05562-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feeding+Occupied+France+during+World+War+I%3A+Herbert+Hoover+and+the+Blockade&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-05562-2&rft.aulast=Druelle-Korn&rft.aufirst=Clotilde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommission+for+Relief+in+Belgium" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gay, George I. <i>The Commission for Relief in Belgium. Statistical review of relief operations. Five years, November 1, 1914, to August 31, 1919 and to final liquidation</i> (Stanford University Press, 1925)</li> <li>Gay, George I., ed. <i>Public Relations of the Commission for Relief in Belgium: Documents</i> (2 vol 1929) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/CRB/CRB1-TC.htm">online</a></li> <li>Gibson, Hugh. <i>A Journal from Our Legation in Belgium</i> (1917) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9QUpAAAAYAAJ">online</a></li> <li>Hoover, Herbert. <i>An American Epic: Vol. I: The Relief of Belgium and Northern France, 1914–1930</i> (1959) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j70NAQAAMAAJ">text search</a></li> <li>Hoover, Herbert. <i>The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover: Years of Adventure, 1874–1920</i> (1951) pp 152–237</li> <li>Hunt, Edward Eyre. <i>War Bread: A Personal Narrative of the War and Relief in Belgium</i> (New York: Holt, 1916.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QK84AAAAMAAJ">online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829191024/http://www.ecommcode.com/hoover/hooveronline/HooverCRB/CRBIntro.html">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a> (Hoover Presidential Library)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Herbert_Hoover" title="Template:Herbert Hoover"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Herbert_Hoover" title="Template talk:Herbert Hoover"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Herbert_Hoover" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Herbert Hoover"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Herbert_Hoover" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">31st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1929–1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">3rd <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> (1921–1928)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidential transition of Herbert Hoover">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Inauguration of Herbert Hoover">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Foreign policy of Herbert Hoover">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_Marketing_Act_of_1929" title="Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929">Agricultural Marketing Act of 1929</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Farm_Board" title="Federal Farm Board">Federal Farm Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reapportionment_Act_of_1929" title="Reapportionment Act of 1929">Reapportionment Act of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoot%E2%80%93Hawley_Tariff_Act" title="Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act">Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Funds_Act" title="Cooperative Funds Act">Economy Act of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1932" title="Revenue Act of 1932">Revenue Act of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Bank_Act" title="Federal Home Loan Bank Act">Federal Home Loan Bank Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Bank_Board" title="Federal Home Loan Bank Board">Federal Home Loan Bank Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Home_Loan_Banks" title="Federal Home Loan Banks">Federal Home Loan Banks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooverville" title="Hooverville">Hooverville</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonus_Army" title="Bonus Army">Bonus Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation of Haiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Moratorium" title="Hoover Moratorium">Hoover Moratorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Administration_and_cabinet" title="Herbert Hoover">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_Ball_Cabinet" title="Medicine Ball Cabinet">Medicine Ball Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooverball" title="Hooverball">Hooverball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1929 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1930 State of the Union Address">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Herbert_Hoover" title="List of federal judges appointed by Herbert Hoover">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Herbert Hoover Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_executive_actions_by_Herbert_Hoover" title="List of executive actions by Herbert Hoover">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_desk" title="Hoover desk">Hoover desk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Gwalia#History" title="Sons of Gwalia">Sons of Gwalia mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Zinc" title="Consolidated Zinc">Zinc Corporation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_Foundation" title="University Foundation">University Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_American_Educational_Foundation" title="Belgian American Educational Foundation">Belgian American Educational Foundation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Relief_Administration" title="American Relief Administration">American Relief Administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Famine_Relief_Act" title="Russian Famine Relief Act">Russian Famine Relief Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Food_Administration" title="United States Food Administration">U.S. Food Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Polish_Relief" title="Commission for Polish Relief">Commission for Polish Relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Relief_Fund" title="Finnish Relief Fund">Finnish Relief Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Commission" title="Hoover Commission">Hoover Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover#Family_background_and_early_life" title="Herbert Hoover">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_National_Historic_Site" title="Herbert Hoover National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover%E2%80%93Minthorn_House" title="Hoover–Minthorn House">Hoover–Minthorn House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover_House" title="Lou Henry Hoover House">Lou Henry Hoover House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidan_Camp" title="Rapidan Camp">Rapidan Camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Bibliography of Herbert Hoover">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Library_and_Archives" title="Hoover Institution Library and Archives">Hoover Institution Library and Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Tower" title="Hoover Tower">Hoover Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Medal" title="Hoover Medal">Hoover Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Chair" title="Hoover Chair">Hoover Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Field" title="Hoover Field">Hoover Field</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House">Backstairs at the White House</a></i> (1979 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Angel_of_Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue">The Angel of Pennsylvania Avenue</a></i> (1996 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Freedom Betrayed</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_metallica" title="De re metallica">English translation of <i>De re metallica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Electoral history of Herbert Hoover">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention, 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Henry Hoover</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Jr." title="Herbert Hoover Jr.">Herbert Hoover Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hoover" title="Allan Hoover">Allan Hoover</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Margaret Hoover</a> (great-granddaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">← Calvin Coolidge</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Herbert_Hoover" title="Category:Herbert Hoover">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780279#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780279#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780279#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110137324">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/312592461">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/5004777-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88222385">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20141209002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007592455605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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