CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="cy" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Twrci - Wicipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )cywikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy" ,"wgMonthNames":["","Ionawr","Chwefror","Mawrth","Ebrill","Mai","Mehefin","Gorffennaf","Awst","Medi","Hydref","Tachwedd","Rhagfyr"],"wgRequestId":"86f9b021-f502-41b3-9725-837b5bf8a6b6","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Twrci","wgTitle":"Twrci","wgCurRevisionId":13043979,"wgRevisionId":13043979,"wgArticleId":2837,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion","Pages using the JsonConfig extension","Nodyn","CS1 Saesneg-language sources (en)","Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen lle Wicidata","Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Tyrceg","Webarchive template wayback links","Pages using the Kartographer extension","CS1 Tyrceg-language sources (tr)","Twrci","Gwledydd Ewrop","Gwledydd Asia","Gweriniaethau","Gwledydd y Dwyrain Canol","Aelod-wladwriaethau'r Cenhedloedd Unedig","Aelod-wladwriaethau Cyngor Ewrop", "Aelod-wladwriaethau NATO","Aelod-wladwriaethau'r G20"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"cy","wgPageContentLanguage":"cy","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Twrci","wgRelevantArticleId":2837,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"cy","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"cy"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q43", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.tmh.player", "mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=cy&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=cy&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=cy&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/800px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/640px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Twrci - Wicipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//cy.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twrci"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Golygu" href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wicipedia (cy)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//cy.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twrci"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.cy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Ffrwd Atom Wicipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Twrci rootpage-Twrci skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Neidio i'r cynnwys</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prif ddewislen" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Prif ddewislen </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Prif ddewislen</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Panel llywio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hafan" title="Ymweld â'r Hafan [z]" accesskey="z">Hafan</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Porth_y_Gymuned" title="Pethau i'w gwneud, adnoddau a thudalennau'r gymuned">Porth y Gymuned</a></li><li id="n-cafe" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Y_Caffi">Y Caffi</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categori:Materion_cyfoes" title="Gwybodaeth yn gysylltiedig â materion cyfoes">Materion cyfoes</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChanges" title="Rhestr y newidiadau diweddar ar y wici. [r]" accesskey="r">Newidiadau diweddar</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Random" title="Llwytho tudalen ar hap [x]" accesskey="x">Erthygl ar hap</a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Cymorth" title="Tudalennau cymorth">Cymorth</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hafan" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wicipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cy.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cy.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Chwilio </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Chwilio Wicipedia" aria-label="Chwilio Wicipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Chwilio Wicipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Arbennig:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Chwilio</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Offer personol"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Newidiwch ymddangosiad maint ffont, lled a lliw y dudalen" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gwedd" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Gwedd </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy" class="">Rhoi</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Twrci" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol" class="">Creu cyfrif</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Twrci" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Mewngofnodi</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Offer personol" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Offer personol </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dewislen defnyddiwr" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cy.wikipedia.org&uselang=cy">Rhoi</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CreateAccount&returnto=Twrci" title="Rydym yn argymell eich bod yn creu cyfri ac yn menwgofnodi. Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"> Creu cyfrif</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Twrci" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"> Mewngofnodi</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu">dysgu mwy</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyContributions" title="Rhestr golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [y]" accesskey="y">Cyfraniadau</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n">Sgwrs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Daearyddiaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daearyddiaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Daearyddiaeth </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Daearyddiaeth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toglo is-adran Daearyddiaeth </button> <ul id="toc-Daearyddiaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bioamrywiaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioamrywiaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Bioamrywiaeth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioamrywiaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinsawdd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinsawdd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Hinsawdd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinsawdd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mynyddoedd_uchaf_Twrci" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mynyddoedd_uchaf_Twrci"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Mynyddoedd uchaf Twrci </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mynyddoedd_uchaf_Twrci-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afonydd_pwysicaf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afonydd_pwysicaf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 Afonydd pwysicaf </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afonydd_pwysicaf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Llynnoedd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Llynnoedd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 Llynnoedd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Llynnoedd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ynysoedd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ynysoedd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 Ynysoedd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ynysoedd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demograffeg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demograffeg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Demograffeg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demograffeg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Hanes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iaith_a_diwylliant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iaith_a_diwylliant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Iaith a diwylliant </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iaith_a_diwylliant-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toglo is-adran Iaith a diwylliant </button> <ul id="toc-Iaith_a_diwylliant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ieithoedd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ieithoedd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ieithoedd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ieithoedd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economi </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toglo is-adran Economi </button> <ul id="toc-Economi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twristiaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twristiaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Twristiaeth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twristiaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iechyd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iechyd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Iechyd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iechyd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diwylliant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diwylliant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Diwylliant </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diwylliant-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toglo is-adran Diwylliant </button> <ul id="toc-Diwylliant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Y_celfyddydau_gweledol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Y_celfyddydau_gweledol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Y celfyddydau gweledol </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Y_celfyddydau_gweledol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bwyd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bwyd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Bwyd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bwyd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gweler_hefyd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gweler_hefyd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Gweler hefyd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gweler_hefyd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeiriadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeiriadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cyfeiriadau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfeiriadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dolenni_allanol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dolenni_allanol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Dolenni allanol </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dolenni_allanol-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toglo is-adran Dolenni allanol </button> <ul id="toc-Dolenni_allanol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sefydliadau_cyhoeddus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sefydliadau_cyhoeddus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Sefydliadau cyhoeddus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sefydliadau_cyhoeddus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proffeiliau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proffeiliau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Proffeiliau </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proffeiliau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toglo'r tabl cynnwys </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Twrci</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 330 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-330" aria-hidden="true" > 330 iaith </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AC%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%9B%D3%99%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Ҭырқәтәыла - Abchaseg" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Ҭырқәтәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abchaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuki" title="Turuki - Acehneg" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Turuki" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B5" title="Тыркуе - Circaseg Gorllewinol" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Тыркуе" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Circaseg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Turkye" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-alt mw-list-item"><a href="https://alt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Altäeg Deheuol" lang="alt" hreflang="alt" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Алтай тил" data-language-local-name="Altäeg Deheuol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Алтай тил</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AD" title="ቱርክ - Amhareg" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቱርክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrcland" title="Tyrcland - Hen Saesneg" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tyrcland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Hen Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की - Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تركيا - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تركيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%A9%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܛܘܪܩܝܐ - Aramaeg" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܘܪܩܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تركيا - Arabeg Moroco" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تركيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arabeg Moroco" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="توركيا - Arabeg yr Aifft" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توركيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arabeg yr Aifft" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="তুৰস্ক - Asameg" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তুৰস্ক" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asameg" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia - Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия - Afareg" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Afareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turka" title="Turka - Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Turka" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की - Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya - Aymareg" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiy%C9%99" title="Türkiyə - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Türkiyə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="تورکیه - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تورکیه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D3%99" title="Төркиә - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Төркиә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Balïeg" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balïeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiakei" title="Tiakei - Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tiakei" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tork%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Torkėjė - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Torkėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Турцыя - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Турцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Турэччына - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Турэччына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teki" title="Teki - Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Teki" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="တူရကီခမ်းထီ - Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="တူရကီခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Bambareg" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="তুরস্ক - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুরস্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཏུར་ཀི། - Tibeteg" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཏུར་ཀི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibeteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="তুরস্ক - Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তুরস্ক" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska" title="Turska - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Turska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%97" title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨗ - Bwginaeg" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨈᨘᨑᨀᨗ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Bwginaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Түрэг Улас - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Түрэг Улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía - Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%AB-%C4%AB-g%C3%AC" title="Tū-ī-gì - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tū-ī-gì" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Туркойчоь - Tsietsieneg" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Туркойчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsietsieneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeya" title="Turkeya - Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Turkeya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Tsiamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Tsiamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AC%E1%8F%83" title="ᎬᏃ - Tsierocî" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎬᏃ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Tsierocî" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="تورکیا - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تورکیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia - Corseg" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cr mw-list-item"><a href="https://cr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%90%E1%95%92%E1%91%AD" title="ᑐᕒᑭ - Cri" lang="cr" hreflang="cr" data-title="ᑐᕒᑭ" data-language-autonym="Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ" data-language-local-name="Cri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Tyrceg y Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg y Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turecko" title="Turecko - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Turecko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ABreck%C3%B4" title="Tëreckô - Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Tëreckô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%B7%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тѷрци - Hen Slafoneg" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Тѷрци" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Hen Slafoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Турци - Tshwfasheg" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Турци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tshwfasheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkiet" title="Tyrkiet - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tyrkiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia - Dinca" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinca" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1rkiya" title="Tırkiya - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tırkiya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkojska" title="Turkojska - Sorbeg Isaf" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Turkojska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Isaf" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%A9%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%B0" title="ތުރުކީވިލާތް - Difehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތުރުކީވިލާތް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Difehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="བྱའི་རིགས་ཅིག - Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བྱའི་རིགས་ཅིག" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%94k%C9%94" title="Dɔkɔ - Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Dɔkɔ" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τουρκία - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%AE" title="Turchî - Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Turchî" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkio" title="Turkio - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Turkio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrgi" title="Türgi - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Türgi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia - Extremadureg" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadureg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="ترکیه - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترکیه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya - Ffwla" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Ffwla" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkki" title="Turkki - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Turkki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrg%C3%BC" title="Türgü - Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Türgü" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Ffijïeg" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Ffijïeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkaland" title="Turkaland - Ffaröeg" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Turkaland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Ffaröeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Turquie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia - Arpitaneg" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei - Ffriseg Gogleddol" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchie" title="Turchie - Ffriwleg" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Turchie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Ffriwleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije - Ffriseg y Gorllewin" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg y Gorllewin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuirc" title="An Tuirc - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tuirc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 - Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirki" title="Tirki - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tirki" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tuirc" title="An Tuirc - Gaeleg yr Alban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Tuirc" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeleg yr Alban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqu%C3%ADa" title="Turquía - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Turquía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8A%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="تۊرکيه - Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="تۊرکيه" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turyk%C3%ADa" title="Turykía - Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Turykía" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की - Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍄𐍅𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰 - Gotheg" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍄𐍅𐍂𐌺𐌾𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gotheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="તુર્કસ્તાન - Gwjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તુર્કસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gwjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Turkee" title="Yn Turkee - Manaweg" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Turkee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiyya" title="Turkiyya - Hawsa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turkiyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hawsa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%BA-ng%C3%AD-kh%C3%AC" title="Thú-ngí-khì - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thú-ngí-khì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuleke" title="Kuleke - Hawäieg" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kuleke" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawäieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%94" title="טורקיה - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טורקיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska" title="Turska - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Turska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkowska" title="Turkowska - Sorbeg Uchaf" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Turkowska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Uchaf" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiki" title="Tiki - Creol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tiki" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6korsz%C3%A1g" title="Törökország - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Törökország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Թուրքիա - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թուրքիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Թուրքիա - Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թուրքիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Ibaneg" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia - Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%A9y" title="Turkéy - Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Turkéy" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-igl mw-list-item"><a href="https://igl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Igala" lang="igl" hreflang="igl" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Igala" data-language-local-name="Igala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkii" title="Turkii - Inwpiaceg" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Turkii" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inwpiaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BA" title="Туркий мохк - Ingwsieg" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Туркий мохк" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingwsieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkland" title="Tyrkland - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tyrkland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%91%E1%95%90%E1%91%AD" title="ᑑᕐᑭ - Inwctitwt" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑑᕐᑭ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inwctitwt" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3" title="トルコ - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トルコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toerki" title="Toerki - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Toerki" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/turk" title="turk - Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="turk" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქეთი - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თურქეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BArkiya" title="Túrkiya - Cara-Calpaceg" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Túrkiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Cara-Calpaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tturk" title="Tturk - Cabileg" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tturk" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Cabileg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Тыркуей - Cabardieg" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тыркуей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Cabardieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuurkii" title="Tuurkii - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tuurkii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukya" title="Turukya - Tyapeg" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Turukya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyapeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Congo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Congo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C4%A9" title="Takĩ - Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Takĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Түркия - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Түркия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BD%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8" title="តួកគី - Chmereg" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តួកគី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Chmereg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಟರ್ಕಿ - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟರ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EC%98%88" title="튀르키예 - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="튀르키예" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тюркия - Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Тюркия" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Тюрк - Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тюрк" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8F%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تُرکی - Cashmireg" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تُرکی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Cashmireg" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei - Cwleneg" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Cwleneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirkiye" title="Tirkiye - Cwrdeg" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tirkiye" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция - Comi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Comi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Түркия - Cirgiseg" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түркия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgiseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia - Iddew-Sbaeneg" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierkei" title="Tierkei - Lwcsembwrgeg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tierkei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lwcsembwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия - Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция - Lezgheg" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buturuki" title="Buturuki - Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Buturuki" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije - Limbwrgeg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limbwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia - Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrchia" title="Türchia - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Türchia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%AD" title="Turkí - Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Turkí" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດຕຸຣກີ - Laoeg" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຕຸຣກີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkija" title="Turkija - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Turkija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turceja" title="Turceja - Latgaleg" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Turceja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcija" title="Turcija - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Turcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Madwreg" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madwreg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की - Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия - Mocsia" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Mocsia" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkia" title="Torkia - Malagaseg" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Torkia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Турций - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Турций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81kei" title="Tākei - Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tākei" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Турција - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Турција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF" title="തുർക്കി - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുർക്കി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Турк - Mongoleg" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Турк" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯇꯔꯀꯤ - Manipwri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯔꯀꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipwri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Mosi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mosi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Moore</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="तुर्कस्तान - Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तुर्कस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Турци - Mari Gorllewinol" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Турци" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Mari Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkija" title="Turkija - Malteg" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Turkija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquie" title="Turquie - Mirandeg" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Turquie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9B%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တူရကီနိုင်ငံ - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တူရကီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Турция Мастор - Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Турция Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%87" title="تورکیه - Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تورکیه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia - Naplieg" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Naplieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rkie" title="Törkie - Almaeneg Isel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Törkie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije - Sacsoneg Isel" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Sacsoneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="टर्की - Newaeg" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टर्की" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ng mw-list-item"><a href="https://ng.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Ndonga" lang="ng" hreflang="ng" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Oshiwambo" data-language-local-name="Ndonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oshiwambo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tyrkia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkia" title="Tyrkia - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tyrkia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia - Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%8A%DF%95%DF%8D%DF%AB_%DF%A3%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%96%DF%8C%DF%AB" title="ߓߊߕߍ߫ ߣߝߊ߬ߖߌ߫ - N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߓߊߕߍ߫ ߣߝߊ߬ߖߌ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Ndebele Deheuol" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="Ndebele Deheuol" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiNdebele seSewula</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtchie" title="Turtchie - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Turtchie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Sotho Gogleddol" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sotho Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bich%CA%BCah_%C5%81ich%C3%ADi%CA%BCii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Bichʼah Łichíiʼii Bikéyah - Nafaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bichʼah Łichíiʼii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Nafaho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Nianja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nianja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtsii" title="Turtsii - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Turtsii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkii" title="Tarkii - Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tarkii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%80" title="ତୁର୍କୀ - Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତୁର୍କୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA" title="Турк - Oseteg" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Турк" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Oseteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਤੁਰਕੀ - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੁਰਕੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya - Pangasineg" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasineg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya - Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia - Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkie" title="Turkie - Picardeg" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Turkie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkie" title="Turkie - Almaeneg Pensylfania" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Turkie" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Pensylfania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkei" title="Türkei - Almaeneg Palatin" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Türkei" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Palatin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87" title="तुर्किये - Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="तुर्किये" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkii" title="Turkii - Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Turkii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcja" title="Turcja - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Turcja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa" title="Turchìa - Piedmonteg" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Turchìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmonteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ترکی - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترکی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τουρκία - Ponteg" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Τουρκία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Ponteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%87" title="تورکيه - Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تورکيه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirchia" title="Tirchia - Románsh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tirchia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Románsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya - Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukiya" title="Turukiya - Rwndi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Turukiya" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rwndi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcia" title="Turcia - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Turcia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchia" title="Turchia - Aromaneg" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Turchia" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turchie" title="Turchie - Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Turchie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Турція - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Турція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turukiya" title="Turukiya - Ciniarŵandeg" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Turukiya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Ciniarŵandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="तुर्की - Sansgrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तुर्की" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sansgrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="Түүркүйэ - Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түүркүйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ - Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱩᱨᱠᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia - Sardeg" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa" title="Turchìa - Sisileg" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Turchìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisileg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%AA%D9%8A" title="ترڪي - Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ترڪي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durka" title="Durka - Sami Gogleddol" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Durka" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuk%C3%AFi" title="Turukïi - Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Turukïi" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turska" title="Turska - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Turska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkya" title="Turkya - Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Turkya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းတိူဝ်ႇၵီႇ - Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းတိူဝ်ႇၵီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="තුර්කිය - Sinhaleg" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තුර්කිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turecko" title="Turecko - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Turecko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ترکی - Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ترکی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tur%C4%8Dija" title="Turčija - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Turčija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Take" title="Take - Samöeg" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Take" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samöeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkki" title="Turkki - Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Turkki" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuki" title="Turuki - Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Turuki" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiga" title="Turkiga - Somaleg" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Turkiga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turqia" title="Turqia - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Turqia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Турска - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Турска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiyakondre" title="Turkiyakondre - Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Turkiyakondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThekhi" title="IThekhi - Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IThekhi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Sesotheg Deheuol" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Sesotheg Deheuol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turk%C3%A4i" title="Turkäi - Ffriseg Saterland" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Turkäi" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Saterland" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turki" title="Turki - Swndaneg" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Turki" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Swndaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiet" title="Turkiet - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Turkiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uturuki" title="Uturuki - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uturuki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcyjo" title="Turcyjo - Silesieg" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Turcyjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="துருக்கி - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துருக்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಟರ್ಕಿ - Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಟರ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%80" title="టర్కీ - Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టర్కీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkia" title="Turkia - Tetumeg" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Turkia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetumeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Туркия - Tajiceg" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Туркия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajiceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5" title="ประเทศตุรกี - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศตุรกี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AA" title="ቱርኪ - Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቱርኪ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrki%C3%BDe" title="Türkiýe - Tyrcmeneg" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Türkiýe" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Tyrcmeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrkij%C9%99" title="Tyrkijə - Talysheg" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Tyrkijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysheg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Tswana" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="Tswana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Setswana</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toake" title="Toake - Tongeg" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Toake" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teki" title="Teki - Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Teki" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Tsongaeg" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsongaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dda"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Төркия - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Төркия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Twmbwca" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Twmbwca" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turiti" title="Turiti - Tahitïeg" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Turiti" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitïeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция - Twfwnieg" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Twfwnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Турция - Fotiaceg" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Турция" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Fotiaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%D9%89%D8%AA%D9%89" title="تۈركىيە جۇمھۇرىيىتى - Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تۈركىيە جۇمھۇرىيىتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Туреччина - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Туреччина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%81" title="ترکیہ - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترکیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiya" title="Turkiya - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Turkiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Fendeg" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Fendeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turch%C3%ACa" title="Turchìa - Feniseg" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Turchìa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Feniseg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkanma" title="Turkanma - Feps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Turkanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Feps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C4%A9_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeye" title="Turkeye - Fflemeg Gorllewinol" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Turkeye" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="Fflemeg Gorllewinol" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk%C3%A4n" title="Türkän - Folapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Türkän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Folapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourkeye" title="Tourkeye - Walwneg" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tourkeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walwneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkeya" title="Turkeya - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Turkeya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirki" title="Tirki - Woloff" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Tirki" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Woloff" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" title="Türkiye - Calmyceg" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Türkiye" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Calmyceg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITurkiya" title="ITurkiya - Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="ITurkiya" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="თურქეთი - Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თურქეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%99" title="טערקיי - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טערקיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey - Iorwba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Turkey" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Iorwba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dujwjgiz" title="Dujwjgiz - Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dujwjgiz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije - Zêlandeg" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Turkije" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zêlandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ - Tamaseit Moroco Safonol" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵔⴽⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamaseit Moroco Safonol" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 - Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B3%CD%98-n%C3%AD-k%C3%AE" title="Thó͘-ní-kî - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thó͘-ní-kî" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6" title="土耳其 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土耳其" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITheki" title="ITheki - Swlw" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITheki" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Swlw" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Twrci" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c">Erthygl</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sgwrs:Twrci" rel="discussion" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen [t]" accesskey="t">Sgwrs</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Cymraeg </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Twrci">Darllen</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v">Golygu</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e">Golygu cod</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. [h]" accesskey="h">Gweld hanes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Blwch offer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Blwch offer </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Twrci">Darllen</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v">Golygu</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e">Golygu cod</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=history">Gweld hanes</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Twrci" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j">Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Twrci" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k">Newidiadau perthnasol</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:SpecialPages" title="Rhestr o'r holl dudalennau arbennig [q]" accesskey="q">Tudalennau arbennig</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&oldid=13043979" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon">Dolen barhaol</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon">Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Twrci&id=13043979&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon">Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTwrci">Cael URL byr</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTwrci">Lawrlwytho cod QR</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Twrci">Llunio llyfr</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Twrci&action=show-download-screen">Lawrlwytho fel PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p">Fersiwn argraffu</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye" hreflang="en">Comin Wikimedia</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g">Eitem Wicidata</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>Twrci</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Emblem_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><big>Türkiye Cumhuriyeti</big></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/170px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/255px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/340px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Arwyddair</th><td>Heddwch gartref, heddwch yn y byd <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P1451" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Math</th><td>Gwlad</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div class="center"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="Lb-Tierkei.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Lb-Tierkei.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/Lb-Tierkei.ogg/Lb-Tierkei.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Prifddinas</th><td><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P36" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Poblogaeth</th><td>85,372,377 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P1082" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Sefydlwyd</th><td><div class="plainlist"><ul style=""><li style="">29 Hydref 1923 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P571" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Anthem</th><td>İstiklâl Marşı <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P85" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Pennaeth llywodraeth</th><td><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P6" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cylchfa amser</th><td>UTC+03:00, Europe/Istanbul, Asia/Istanbul <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P421" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Iaith/Ieithoedd   swyddogol</th><td><a href="/wiki/Tyrceg" title="Tyrceg">Tyrceg</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P37" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ddf;">Daearyddiaeth</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Rhan o'r canlynol</th><td><a href="/wiki/Balcanau" title="Balcanau">Balcanau</a>, <a href="/wiki/De-orllewin_Asia" title="De-orllewin Asia">De-orllewin Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y_Dwyrain_Canol" title="Y Dwyrain Canol">Y Dwyrain Canol</a>, Mediterranean Basin, Black Sea Basin, <a href="/wiki/Ewrasia" title="Ewrasia">Ewrasia</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P361" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Gwlad</th><td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twrci</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P17" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Arwynebedd</th><td>783,562 km² <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P2046" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Gerllaw</th><td><a href="/wiki/Y_M%C3%B4r_Canoldir" title="Y Môr Canoldir">Y Môr Canoldir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y_M%C3%B4r_Du" title="Y Môr Du">Y Môr Du</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Aegeaidd" title="Môr Aegeaidd">Môr Aegeaidd</a>, Môr y Lefant <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P206" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Yn ffinio gyda</th><td><a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Groeg" title="Gwlad Groeg">Gwlad Groeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bwlgaria" title="Bwlgaria">Bwlgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irac" title="Irac">Irac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aserbaijan" title="Aserbaijan">Aserbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Y_Cynghrair_Arabaidd" title="Y Cynghrair Arabaidd">Y Cynghrair Arabaidd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yr_Undeb_Ewropeaidd" title="Yr Undeb Ewropeaidd">yr Undeb Ewropeaidd</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P47" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cyfesurynnau</th><td>39°N 36°E <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P625" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ddf;">Gwleidyddiaeth</th></tr><tr><th scope="row">Corff gweithredol</th><td>Llywodraeth Twrci <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P208" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Corff deddfwriaethol</th><td><a href="/wiki/Cynulliad_Cenedlaethol_Mawr_Twrci" title="Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Mawr Twrci">Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Mawr Twrci</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P194" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Swydd pennaeth   y wladwriaeth</th><td>Arlywydd Twrci <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P1906" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Pennaeth y wladwriaeth</th><td><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P35" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Swydd pennaeth   y Llywodraeth</th><td>Arlywydd Twrci <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P1313" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Pennaeth y Llywodraeth</th><td><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P6" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="250" data-zoom="8" data-lat="39" data-lon="36" data-overlays="["_efba194fc07266a01c896133bbbacc5fbea0b51e"]" href="/wiki/Arbennig:Map/8/39/36/cy"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,39,36,280x250.png?lang=cy&domain=cy.wikipedia.org&title=Twrci&revid=13043979&groups=_efba194fc07266a01c896133bbbacc5fbea0b51e" width="280" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,39,36,280x250@2x.png?lang=cy&domain=cy.wikipedia.org&title=Twrci&revid=13043979&groups=_efba194fc07266a01c896133bbbacc5fbea0b51e 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:LocationTurkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/LocationTurkey.svg/270px-LocationTurkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/LocationTurkey.svg/405px-LocationTurkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/LocationTurkey.svg/540px-LocationTurkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#ddf;">Ariannol</th></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Cynnyrch_mewnwladol_crynswth" title="Cynnyrch mewnwladol crynswth">Cyfanswm CMC (GDP)</a></th><td>$819,034 million, $905,988 million <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P2131" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Arian</th><td><a href="/wiki/Lira_Twrcaidd" title="Lira Twrcaidd">Lira Twrcaidd</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P38" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Canran y diwaith</th><td>9 ±1 canran <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P1198" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Cyfartaledd plant</th><td>2.07 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P4841" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Mynegai_Datblygiad_Dynol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mynegai Datblygiad Dynol">Mynegai Datblygiad Dynol</a></th><td>0.838 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43?uselang=cy#P1081" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Tudalen Comin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Turkey" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Turkey">Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Comin</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><div class="metadata" style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43" class="extiw" title="d:Q43">golygwch ar Wicidata</a>]</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>Pwnc yr erthygl hon yw'r wlad ar lan ddwyreiniol y Môr Canoldir. Gweler <a href="/wiki/Twrci_(aderyn)" title="Twrci (aderyn)">Twrci (aderyn)</a> am wybodaeth ar yr aderyn.</dd></dl> Gweriniaeth yn <a href="/wiki/Ewrop" title="Ewrop">Ewrop</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> yw Gweriniaeth Twrci neu Twrci (<a href="/wiki/Twrceg" class="mw-redirect" title="Twrceg">Twrceg</a>: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, <a href="/wiki/Cwrdeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Cwrdeg">Cwrdeg</a>: Komara Tirkiyê). Cyn <a href="/wiki/1922" title="1922">1922</a> yr oedd y wlad yn gartref i <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_yr_Otomaniaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ymerodraeth yr Otomaniaid">Ymerodraeth yr Otomaniaid</a>. Mae Twrci wedi'i lleoli rhwng y <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Du" class="mw-redirect" title="Môr Du">Môr Du</a> a <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_y_Canoldir" class="mw-redirect" title="Môr y Canoldir">Môr y Canoldir</a>. Y gwledydd cyfagos yw <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aserbaijan" title="Aserbaijan">Aserbaijan</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> i'r dwyrain, <a href="/wiki/Irac" title="Irac">Irac</a> a <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> i'r de a <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Groeg" title="Gwlad Groeg">Gwlad Groeg</a> a <a href="/wiki/Bwlgaria" title="Bwlgaria">Bwlgaria</a> i'r gorllewin. Poblogaeth Twrci, yn ôl y cyfrfiad diwethaf oedd 85,372,377 (31 Rhagfyr 2023)<a href="#cite_note-wikidata-0d6ab24141f00cf20ec9c17867f96c86dde9a988-v7-1">[1]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> yw prifddinas y wlad. Roedd yr ardal a adnabyddir fel Twrci heddiw yn un o ranbarthau cynharafa mwyaf sefydlog y byd, wedi <a href="/wiki/Oes_Newydd_y_Cerrig" title="Oes Newydd y Cerrig">cartrefu</a> safleoedd <a href="/wiki/Oes_Newydd_y_Cerrig" title="Oes Newydd y Cerrig">Oes Newydd y Cerrig</a> (Neolithig) pwysig fel <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>, ac roedd gwareiddiadau hynafol fel yr <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hattiaid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hattiaid (dim tudalen ar gael)">Hattiaid</a>, pobloedd Anatolaidd eraill a <a href="/wiki/Gwareiddiad_Myceneaidd" title="Gwareiddiad Myceneaidd">Groegiaid Mycenaeaidd</a> yn byw ynddo.<a href="#cite_note-Howard2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-SteadmanMcMahon20112-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-MET-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Goresgynnodd <a href="/wiki/Alecsander_Fawr" title="Alecsander Fawr">Alecsander Fawr</a> yr ardal, cyfnod a ystyrir fel dechrau'r <a href="/wiki/Oes_Helenistaidd" title="Oes Helenistaidd">cyfnod Helenistaidd</a>, mae'r rhan fwyaf o'r rhanbarthau hynafol yn Nhwrci fodern o'r diwylliant hwn, a oedd yn parhau yn ystod y <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd">cyfnod Bysantaidd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SteadmanMcMahon20112-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FreedmanMyers20002-6">[6]</a> Dechreuodd y Twrciaid Seljuk fudo yn yr <a href="/wiki/11g" class="mw-redirect" title="11g">11g</a>, a bu Sultaniaeth Rum yn rheoli <a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Anatolia</a> tan oresgyniad y Mongol ym 1243, pan holltodd yn nifer o dywysogaethau Twrcaidd bychan.<a href="#cite_note-mfk&gl2-7">[7]</a> Mae Twrci yn bwer rhanbarthol ac yn wlad sydd newydd ei diwydiannu,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> gyda lleoliad strategol geopolitaidd.<a href="#cite_note-giga-hamburg.de1-9">[9]</a> Disgrifir ei heconomi fel un sy'n dod i'r amlwg ac sy'n arwain twf, a hi yw'r ugeinfed fwyaf yn y byd yn ôl <a href="/wiki/CMC" class="mw-redirect" title="CMC">CMC</a> enwol, a'r 11fed mwyaf gan <a href="/wiki/Paredd_gallu_prynu" title="Paredd gallu prynu">PPP</a>. Mae'n aelod siarter o'r <a href="/wiki/Y_Cenhedloedd_Unedig" title="Y Cenhedloedd Unedig">Cenhedloedd Unedig</a>, yn aelod cynnar o <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a>, yr <a href="/wiki/Cronfa_Ariannol_Ryngwladol" title="Cronfa Ariannol Ryngwladol">IMF</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Banc_y_Byd" title="Banc y Byd">Banc y Byd</a>, ac yn aelod sefydlol o'r OECD, <a href="/wiki/Sefydliad_Diogelwch_a_Chydweithrediad_Ewrop" title="Sefydliad Diogelwch a Chydweithrediad Ewrop">OSCE</a>, BSEC, <a href="/wiki/Sefydliad_dros_Gydweithio_Islamaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefydliad dros Gydweithio Islamaidd">OIC</a>, a'r G20. Ar ôl dod yn un o aelodau cynnar <a href="/wiki/Cyngor_Ewrop" title="Cyngor Ewrop">Cyngor Ewrop</a> ym 1950, daeth Twrci yn aelod cyswllt o'r <a href="/wiki/Y_Gymuned_Ewropeaidd" title="Y Gymuned Ewropeaidd">EEC</a> ym 1963, ymunodd ag <a href="/wiki/Undeb_Tollau%27r_Undeb_Ewropeaidd" title="Undeb Tollau'r Undeb Ewropeaidd">Undeb Tollau'r UE</a> ym 1995, a dechrau trafodaethau derbyn gyda'r <a href="/wiki/Yr_Undeb_Ewropeaidd" title="Yr Undeb Ewropeaidd">Undeb Ewropeaidd</a> yn 2005. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Daearyddiaeth">Daearyddiaeth</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Daearyddiaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Daearyddiaeth">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div style="margin-bottom:0.01em; padding: 0.01px; text-align: left; font-size: 100%;"> <dl><dd>Prif: <a href="/wiki/Daearyddiaeth_Twrci" title="Daearyddiaeth Twrci">Daearyddiaeth Twrci</a></dd></dl></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Turkey_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Turkey_topo.jpg/220px-Turkey_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Turkey_topo.jpg/330px-Turkey_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Turkey_topo.jpg/440px-Turkey_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="752" /></a><figcaption>Map topograffig o Dwrci</figcaption></figure> Mae Twrci yn <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_drawsgyfandirol" title="Gwlad drawsgyfandirol">wlad drawsgyfandirol</a> sy'n pontio <a href="/wiki/De_Ddwyrain_Ewrop" title="De Ddwyrain Ewrop">De-ddwyrain Ewrop</a> a <a href="/wiki/De-orllewin_Asia" title="De-orllewin Asia">Gorllewin Asia</a>, gyda Thwrci Asiaidd yn cynnwys 97 y cant o diriogaeth y wlad, ac wedi'i wahanu oddi wrth Dwrci Ewropeaidd gan y <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Marmara" title="Môr Marmara">Môr Marmara</a>, a'r <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>. Dim ond 3 y cant o diriogaeth y wlad yw Twrci Ewropeaidd.<a href="#cite_note-turkeygeoth-10">[10]</a> Mae Twrci'n cwmpasu ardal o 783,562 cilometr sgwâr (302,535 mi sg),<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-USLC_TRGeo-12">[12]</a> Mae'r wlad wedi'i hamgylchynu gan foroedd ar dair ochr: y <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Aegeaidd" title="Môr Aegeaidd">Môr Aegeaidd</a> i'r gorllewin, y <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Du" class="mw-redirect" title="Môr Du">Môr Du</a> i'r gogledd a <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_y_Canoldir" class="mw-redirect" title="Môr y Canoldir">Môr y Canoldir</a> i'r de. Mae Twrci hefyd yn cynnwys <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Marmara" title="Môr Marmara">Môr Marmara</a> yn y gogledd-orllewin.<a href="#cite_note-TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism-13">[13]</a> Rhennir Twrci yn saith rhanbarth daearyddol: Marmara, Aegean, Môr Du, Anatolia Canolog, Dwyrain Anatolia, De-ddwyrain Anatolia a rhanbarth Môr y Canoldir. Mae tir anwastad gogledd Anatolia sy'n rhedeg ar hyd y Môr Du yn debyg i wregys hir, cul. Mae'r rhanbarth hwn yn cynnwys oddeutu un rhan o chwech o gyfanswm arwynebedd tir Twrci. Fel tuedd gyffredinol, mae'r llwyfandir Anatolian mewndirol yn dod yn fwyfwy garw wrth iddo fynd i'r dwyrain.<a href="#cite_note-TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Balloons_At_Cappadocia_(58997524).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Balloons_At_Cappadocia_%2858997524%29.jpeg/220px-Balloons_At_Cappadocia_%2858997524%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Balloons_At_Cappadocia_%2858997524%29.jpeg/330px-Balloons_At_Cappadocia_%2858997524%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Balloons_At_Cappadocia_%2858997524%29.jpeg/440px-Balloons_At_Cappadocia_%2858997524%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Mae Cappadocia</a> yn rhanbarth a grëwyd gan erydiad carreg folcanig feddal gan y gwynt a'r glaw am ganrifoedd.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bioamrywiaeth">Bioamrywiaeth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Bioamrywiaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Bioamrywiaeth">golygu cod</a>]</div> Mae <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> a chynefinoedd anghyffredin Twrci wedi cynhyrchu cryn amrywiaeth o rywogaethau.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Anatolia yw mamwlad llawer o blanhigion sydd wedi cael eu tyfu ar gyfer bwyd ers dyfodiad <a href="/wiki/Amaeth" title="Amaeth">amaethyddiaeth</a>, ac mae cyndeidiau gwyllt llawer o blanhigion sydd bellach yn darparu bwyd ar gyfer y ddynoliaeth yn dal i dyfu yn Nhwrci. Credir bod ffawna Twrci hyd yn oed yn fwy nag amrywiaeth ei fflora. Mae nifer y rhywogaethau anifeiliaid yn Ewrop gyfan oddeutu 60,000, tra yn Nhwrci mae dros 80,000 (dros 100,000 yn cyfrif yr isrywogaeth).<a href="#cite_note-allaboutturkey-15">[15]</a> Ceir 40 parc cenedlaethol, 189 parc natur, 31 ardal gwarchod natur, 80 ardal amddiffyn bywyd gwyllt a 109 heneb natur yn Nhwrci fel Parc Cenedlaethol Hanesyddol Penrhyn Gallipoli, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parc_Cenedlaethol_Mynydd_Nemrut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parc Cenedlaethol Mynydd Nemrut (dim tudalen ar gael)">Parc Cenedlaethol Mynydd Nemrut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caerdroea" title="Caerdroea">Parc Cenedlaethol Hynafol Troy</a>, Parc Natur Ölüdeniz a Pharc Natur Polonezköy.<a href="#cite_note-ministryofforest-16">[16]</a> Yn yr <a href="/wiki/21g" class="mw-redirect" title="21g">21g</a> mae bygythiadau i fioamrywiaeth yn cynnwys tiroedd yn troi'n anialwch oherwydd <a href="/wiki/Newid_hinsawdd" title="Newid hinsawdd">newid hinsawdd yn Nhwrci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Mae'r llewpard Anatolian i'w gael o hyd mewn niferoedd bach iawn yn rhanbarthau gogledd-ddwyreiniol a de-ddwyreiniol Twrci.<a href="#cite_note-O.E.Can-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Mae'r lyncs Ewrasiaidd a'r <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cath_wyllt_Ewropeaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cath wyllt Ewropeaidd (dim tudalen ar gael)">gath wyllt Ewropeaidd</a> i'w cael ar hyn o bryd yng nghoedwigoedd Twrci. Roedd y teigr Caspia, sydd bellach wedi diflannu, yn byw yn rhanbarthau mwyaf dwyreiniol Twrci tan hanner olaf yr <a href="/wiki/20g" class="mw-redirect" title="20g">20g</a>.<a href="#cite_note-O.E.Can-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Üstay-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinsawdd">Hinsawdd</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Hinsawdd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Hinsawdd">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg/250px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg/375px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg/500px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TUR_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Dosbarthiad hinsawdd Köppen yn Nhwrci</figcaption></figure> Mae gan ardaloedd arfordirol Twrci sy'n ffinio â Moroedd Aegean a Môr y <a href="/wiki/Hinsawdd_dymherus" title="Hinsawdd dymherus">Canoldir hinsawdd dymherus</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinsawdd_y_Canoldir" title="Hinsawdd y Canoldir">Môr y Canoldir</a>, gyda hafau poeth, sych a gaeafau ysgafn i oer, gwlyb.<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-21">[21]</a> Mae'r ardaloedd arfordirol sy'n ffinio â'r Môr Du yn cael hinsawdd dymherus gefnforol gyda hafau gwlyb cynnes a gaeafau cŵl-oer a gwlyb.<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-21">[21]</a> Arfordir Môr Du Twrci sy'n derbyn y swm mwyaf o <a href="/wiki/Dyodiad" title="Dyodiad">wlybaniaeth</a> a dyma'r unig ranbarth o Dwrci sy'n derbyn dyodiad uchel trwy gydol y flwyddyn.<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-21">[21]</a> Mae rhan ddwyreiniol yr arfordir hwnnw yn derbyn cyfartaledd o 2,200 mm (87 modfedd) yn flynyddol sef y dyodiad uchaf yn y wlad. Mewn cymhariaeth, mae'r ardal yng Nghymru sy'n derbyn y cyfartaledd uchaf o law mewn blwyddyn (<a href="/wiki/Y_Grib_Goch" title="Y Grib Goch">y Grib Goch</a>) yn derbyn 4,473 mm (176 modfedd).<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Mae'r ardaloedd arfordirol ffinio â'r Môr Marmara, sy'n cysylltu Môr Aegean a'r Môr Du, yn cael hinsawdd trosiannol rhwng hinsawdd dymherus y Canoldir a hinsawdd gefnforol dymherus gyda hafau cynnes i boeth, cymedrol sych a gaeafau gwlyb, oer.<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-21">[21]</a> Disgyna'r eira ar ardaloedd arfordirol Môr Marmara a'r Môr Du bron bob gaeaf, ond fel rheol mae'n dadmer ychydig ddyddiau.<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-21">[21]</a> Fodd bynnag, mae eira'n brin yn ardaloedd arfordirol Môr Aegean ac yn brin iawn yn ardaloedd arfordirol Môr y Canoldir.<a href="#cite_note-Meteo-21">[21]</a> Mae Twrci yn ymestyn ar draws dau gyfandir. Yn <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> y mae'r darn mwyaf, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, sy'n ffurfio tua 97% o arwynebedd y wlad (tua 760.000 km²). Y 3% arall yw'r rhan sydd yn <a href="/wiki/Ewrop" title="Ewrop">Ewrop</a>, dwyrain <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a> (23.623 km²). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mynyddoedd_uchaf_Twrci">Mynyddoedd uchaf Twrci</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Mynyddoedd uchaf Twrci" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Mynyddoedd uchaf Twrci">golygu cod</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mynydd_Ararat" title="Mynydd Ararat">Mynydd Ararat</a> (Büyük Ağrı Dağı) – 5.137 m</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buzul_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buzul Dağı (dim tudalen ar gael)">Buzul Dağı</a> – 4.135 m</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%BCphan_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Süphan Dağı (dim tudalen ar gael)">Süphan Dağı</a> – 4.058 m</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ararat_Lleiaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ararat Lleiaf (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ararat Lleiaf</a> (Küçük Ağrı Dağı) – 3.896 m</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ka%C3%A7kar_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaçkar Dağı (dim tudalen ar gael)">Kaçkar Dağı</a> – 3.932 m</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erciyes_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erciyes Dağı (dim tudalen ar gael)">Erciyes Dağı</a> – 3.891 m</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afonydd_pwysicaf">Afonydd pwysicaf</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Afonydd pwysicaf" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Afonydd pwysicaf">golygu cod</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afon_K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afon Kızılırmak (dim tudalen ar gael)">Kızılırmak</a> – 1.355 km</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afon_Ewffrates" title="Afon Ewffrates">Ewffrates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afon_Sakarya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afon Sakarya (dim tudalen ar gael)">Sakarya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afon_Murat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afon Murat (dim tudalen ar gael)">Murat</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afon_Karasu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afon Karasu (dim tudalen ar gael)">Karasu</a>, sy'n uno i ffrifio'r Ewffrates</li> <li>Dicle (<a href="/wiki/Afon_Tigris" title="Afon Tigris">Tigris</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Llynnoedd">Llynnoedd</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Llynnoedd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Llynnoedd">golygu cod</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llyn_Van" title="Llyn Van">Van Gölü</a> – 3.713 km²</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuz_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuz Gölü (dim tudalen ar gael)">Tuz Gölü</a> – 1.500 km² (Salzsee)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bey%C5%9Fehir_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beyşehir Gölü (dim tudalen ar gael)">Beyşehir Gölü</a> – 656 km²</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E%C4%9Fridir_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eğridir Gölü (dim tudalen ar gael)">Eğridir Gölü</a> – 468 km²</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ak%C5%9Fehir_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akşehir Gölü (dim tudalen ar gael)">Akşehir Gölü</a> – 353 km²</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%B0znik_G%C3%B6l%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="İznik Gölü (dim tudalen ar gael)">İznik Gölü</a> – 298 km²</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ynysoedd">Ynysoedd</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Ynysoedd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Ynysoedd">golygu cod</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6k%C3%A7eada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gökçeada (dim tudalen ar gael)">Gökçeada</a> – 279 km²</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ynys_Marmara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ynys Marmara (dim tudalen ar gael)">Marmara Adası</a> – 117 km²</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bozcaada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bozcaada (dim tudalen ar gael)">Bozcaada</a> – 36 km²</li> <li>Uzunada – 25 km²</li> <li>Alibey – 23 km²</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demograffeg">Demograffeg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Demograffeg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Demograffeg">golygu cod</a>]</div> <table class="toccolours" style="width:15em;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="padding:0.25em;font-size:110%">Y boblogaeth hanesyddol</th></tr><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;width:3em">Blwyddyn</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Poblogaeth">Pobl.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Newid (mewn canran)">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1927</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,554,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1930</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">14,440,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1940</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">17,728,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,807,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">27,506,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+32.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">35,321,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+28.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">44,439,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+25.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">55,120,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">64,252,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">73,142,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+13.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2019</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">82,579,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.9%</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Kurdistan_of_Turkey_(CIA).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kurdistan_of_Turkey_%28CIA%29.png/220px-Kurdistan_of_Turkey_%28CIA%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kurdistan_of_Turkey_%28CIA%29.png/330px-Kurdistan_of_Turkey_%28CIA%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Kurdistan_of_Turkey_%28CIA%29.png/440px-Kurdistan_of_Turkey_%28CIA%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="977" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/CIA" title="CIA">Map CIA</a> o ardaloedd â mwyafrif Cwrdaidd <a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></figcaption></figure> Yn ôl System Cofnodi Poblogaeth Seiliedig ar Gyfeiriadau Twrci, poblogaeth y wlad oedd 74.7 miliwn o bobl yn 2011,<a href="#cite_note-2011stat-24">[24]</a> bron i dri chwarter ohonynt yn byw mewn <a href="/wiki/Ardal_drefol" title="Ardal drefol">trefi a dinasoedd</a>. Yn ôl amcangyfrif 2011, mae'r boblogaeth yn cynyddu 1.35% bob blwyddyn. Dwysedd poblogaeth cyfartalog y wlad yw tua 97 o bobl fesul km². Mae pobl o fewn y grŵp oedran 15-64 yn cyfrif am 67.4% o gyfanswm y boblogaeth ac mae'r grŵp oedran 0-14 yn cyfateb i 25.3%; tra bod henoed 65 oed neu'n hŷn yn cyfrif am 7.3%.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Mae Erthygl 66 o Gyfansoddiad Twrci yn diffinio "Twrc" fel "unrhyw un sy'n rhwym i wladwriaeth Twrci trwy ddinasyddiaeth"; felly, mae'r defnydd cyfreithiol o'r term "Twrceg" fel <a href="/wiki/Dinasyddiaeth" title="Dinasyddiaeth">dinesydd</a> Twrci'n wahanol i'r diffiniad <a href="/wiki/Gr%C5%B5p_ethnig" title="Grŵp ethnig">ethnig.</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-26">[26]</a> Fodd bynnag, mae tua 70 i 80 y cant o ddinasyddion y wlad yn Dwrciaid ethnig.<a href="#cite_note-konda2-27">[27]</a> Amcangyfrifir bod o leiaf 47 o grwpiau ethnig yn cael eu cynrychioli yn Nhwrci.<a href="#cite_note-mutlu-28">[28]</a> Nid oes data dibynadwy ar gymysgedd ethnig y boblogaeth ar gael, oherwydd nid yw ffigurau cyfrifiad Twrci yn cynnwys ystadegau ar ethnigrwydd.<a href="#cite_note-Turkey_Ethnic_groups-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanes">Hanes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Hanes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Hanes">golygu cod</a>]</div> <dl><dd>Prif erthygl: <a href="/wiki/Hanes_Twrci" title="Hanes Twrci">Hanes Twrci</a></dd></dl> Mae gan Dwrci hanes hir a chyfoethog iawn. Mae'r wlad a elwir Twrci heddiw wedi gweld sawl cenedl ac ymerodraeth yn ei meddiannu neu yn ei phreswylio. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Sphinx_Gate,_Hattusa_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg/220px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg/330px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg/440px-Sphinx_Gate%2C_Hattusa_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption> Gat y Sffincs Gate yn Hattusa (<a href="/wiki/Hetheg" title="Hetheg">Hethiad</a>: 𒌷𒄩𒀜𒌅𒊭 Ḫattuša), prifddinas yr <a href="/wiki/Hethiaid" title="Hethiaid">Ymerodraeth Hethiad</a>. Mae hanes y ddinas yn dyddio'n ôl i'r 6ed mileniwm CC.<a href="#cite_note-whcunesco-30">[30]</a></figcaption></figure> Yn y mileniau cyn <a href="/wiki/Crist" title="Crist">Crist</a> bu'n gartref i ymerodraeth yr <a href="/wiki/Hitiaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitiaid">Hitiaid</a>. Ceir tystiolaeth bod rhai o lwythi'r <a href="/wiki/Celtiaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtiaid">Celtiaid</a> wedi treulio amser yn <a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Asia Leiaf</a> hefyd. Yna daeth y <a href="/wiki/Groeg_yr_Henfyd" title="Groeg yr Henfyd">Groegiaid</a> i wladychu ardaloedd eang ar arfordiroedd y <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Canoldir" class="mw-redirect" title="Môr Canoldir">Môr Canoldir</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Aegea" class="mw-redirect" title="Môr Aegea">Môr Aegea</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Du" class="mw-redirect" title="Môr Du">Môr Du</a>. O blith y dinasoedd enwog a sefydlwyd ganddynt gellid enwi <a href="/wiki/Caergystennin" title="Caergystennin">Caergystennin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caerdroea" title="Caerdroea">Caerdroea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effesus" title="Effesus">Effesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Halicarnassus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halicarnassus (dim tudalen ar gael)">Halicarnassus</a>. Rheolwyd y wlad gan <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Bersiaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Bersiaidd">yr Ymerodraeth Bersiaidd</a> am gyfnod yn ystod y rhyfela a gwrthdaro rhwng <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a> a gwladwriaethau annibynnol <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Groeg" title="Gwlad Groeg">Gwlad Groeg</a>, dan arweinyddiaeth <a href="/wiki/Athen" title="Athen">Athen</a>. Gwelwyd <a href="/wiki/Alecsander_Fawr" title="Alecsander Fawr">Alecsander Fawr</a> yn teithio trwyddi ar ei ffordd i orchfygu <a href="/wiki/Babilon" title="Babilon">Babilon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrus" title="Tyrus">Tyrus</a>, y <a href="/wiki/Lefant" title="Lefant">Lefant</a> ac <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. O'r 2g CC ymlaen daeth yn raddol i feddiant y <a href="/wiki/Rhufeiniaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhufeiniaid">Rhufeiniaid</a> a chreuwyd talaith <a href="/wiki/Asia_(talaith_Rufeinig)" title="Asia (talaith Rufeinig)">Asia</a> ganddynt ac ychwanegwyd at gyfoeth ac ysblander yr hen ddinasoedd Groegaidd. Am fil o flynyddoedd bron bu'r <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_Fysantaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd">Ymerodraeth Fysantaidd</a> yn dwyn mantell <a href="/wiki/Rhufain" title="Rhufain">Rhufain</a> yn <a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Asia Leiaf</a> a'r <a href="/wiki/Dwyrain_Canol" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwyrain Canol">Dwyrain Canol</a> ond ildio tir fu ei hanes; yn gyntaf rhag <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>, wedyn yr <a href="/wiki/Arabiaid" title="Arabiaid">Arabiaid</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Mwslemaidd</a> ac yn olaf y <a href="/wiki/Tyrciaid" title="Tyrciaid">Tyrciaid</a> eu hunain. Yn y diwedd dim ond <a href="/wiki/Caergystennin" title="Caergystennin">Caergystennin</a> ei hun oedd yn aros, er gwaethaf (neu efallai oherwydd) sawl <a href="/wiki/Croesgad" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Croesgad">Croesgad</a> aneffeithiol o <a href="/wiki/Ewrop" title="Ewrop">Ewrop</a>. Gan ddechrau ar ddiwedd y 13g, unodd yr Otomaniaid y tywysogaethau a goresgyn y Balcanau, a chynyddodd y broses o Dwrceiddio Anatolia yn ystod y <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd">cyfnod Otomanaidd</a>. Ar ôl i Mehmed II orchfygu <a href="/wiki/Caergystennin" title="Caergystennin">Caergystennin</a> (bellach 'Istanbul') ym 1453, parhaodd yr ehangu Otomanaidd o dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Selim_I.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Selim I. (dim tudalen ar gael)">Selim I.</a> Yn ystod teyrnasiad <a href="/wiki/Swleiman_I" title="Swleiman I">Suleiman</a> y Godidog (neu <a href="/wiki/Swleiman_I" title="Swleiman I">Swleiman I</a>), daeth yr <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd">Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd</a> yn bwer byd -eang.<a href="#cite_note-Howard2-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-masters-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Cwympodd <a href="/wiki/Caergystennin" title="Caergystennin">Caergystennin</a> yn y flwyddyn <a href="/wiki/1453" title="1453">1453</a>; trobwynt mawr yn hanes y Gorllewin a'r Dwyrain fel ei gilydd. O hynny ymlaen am dros bedair canrif roedd Constantinople yn brifddinas <a href="/wiki/Ymerodraeth_yr_Otomaniaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ymerodraeth yr Otomaniaid">Ymerodraeth yr Otomaniaid</a> a ymestynnai o'r ffin ag <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> yn y dwyrain i ganolbarth <a href="/wiki/Ewrop" title="Ewrop">Ewrop</a> a pyrth <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> a <a href="/wiki/Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> yn y gorllewin, ac o lannau'r <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Du" class="mw-redirect" title="Môr Du">Môr Du</a> yn y gogledd i arfordir <a href="/wiki/Gogledd_Affrica" title="Gogledd Affrica">Gogledd Affrica</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_(2216460729).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/220px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/330px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg/440px-Turkey-3019_-_Hagia_Sophia_%282216460729%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3329" data-file-height="2534" /></a><figcaption>Yn wreiddiol yn eglwys, yna mosg, yn ddiweddarach yn amgueddfa, ac yn awr yn fosg eto, adeiladwyd yr <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> yn <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> gan yr ymerawdwr Bysantaidd <a href="/wiki/Iwstinian_I" title="Iwstinian I">Iwstinian I</a> yn 532-537 OC.</figcaption></figure> O ddiwedd y <a href="/wiki/18g" class="mw-redirect" title="18g">18g</a> ymlaen, dirywiodd pŵer yr ymerodraeth gyda cholli tiriogaethau'n raddol.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Dechreuodd Mahmud II gyfnod o foderneiddio ar ddechrau'r <a href="/wiki/19g" class="mw-redirect" title="19g">19g</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Cyfyngodd Chwyldro'r Twrc Ifanc yn 1908 awdurdod y Swltan ac adfer Senedd yr Otomaniaid ar ôl ataliad o 30 mlynedd, a chafwyd cyfnod aml-bleidiol.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Rhoddodd <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> 1913 y wlad dan reolaeth y Tri Pashas, a oedd wrth y llyw yn ystod y <a href="/wiki/Y_Rhyfel_Byd_Cyntaf" title="Y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf">Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf</a>, fel rhan o'r <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pwerau_Canolog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pwerau Canolog (dim tudalen ar gael)">Pwerau Canolog</a> (neu'r 'Ymerodraeth Ganolog) ym 1914. Yn ystod y rhyfel, cyflawnodd llywodraeth yr Otomaniaid hil-laddiad yn erbyn yr <a href="/wiki/Hil-laddiad_Armenia" title="Hil-laddiad Armenia">Armeniaid</a>, yr Assyriaidd a'r Groegiaid Pontig.<a href="#cite_note-SchallerZimmerer-37">[37]</a> Ar ôl cael ei threchu yn y rhyfel, rhannwyd yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Diddymwyd y Swltaniaeth ar 1 Tachwedd 1922, llofnodwyd <a href="/wiki/Cytundeb_Lausanne" title="Cytundeb Lausanne">Cytundeb Lausanne</a> ar 24 Gorffennaf 1923 a chyhoeddwyd Gweriniaeth ar 29 Hydref 1923. Gyda'r diwygiadau a gychwynnwyd gan arlywydd cyntaf y wlad, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>, daeth Twrci yn weriniaeth seciwlar, unedol a seneddol. Chwaraeodd ran amlwg yn <a href="/wiki/Rhyfel_Corea" title="Rhyfel Corea">Rhyfel Corea</a> ac ymunodd â <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> ym 1952. Dioddefodd y wlad sawl coup milwrol yn hanner olaf yr <a href="/wiki/20g" class="mw-redirect" title="20g">20g</a>. Yna, cafwyd twf economaidd cryfach a sefydlogrwydd gwleidyddol. Disodlwyd y weriniaeth seneddol â system arlywyddol gan refferendwm yn 2017. Ers hynny, mae system lywodraethol newydd Twrci o dan yr arlywydd <a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a> a'i blaid, yr <a href="/wiki/Plaid_Cyfiawnder_a_Datblygu" title="Plaid Cyfiawnder a Datblygu">AKP</a>, wedi cael ei disgrifio'n aml fel un <a href="/wiki/Islamiaeth" title="Islamiaeth">Islamaidd</a> ac awdurdodol.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Yn sgil <a href="/wiki/Y_Rhyfel_Byd_Cyntaf" title="Y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf">y Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf</a>, pan ochrodd Twrci â'r <a href="/wiki/Almaen" class="mw-redirect" title="Almaen">Almaen</a>, cafwyd chwyldro yn Nhwrci a sefydlwyd gweriniaeth seciwlar gan <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk">Atatürk</a>, "Tad y Twrci fodern". Symleiddiwyd yr iaith a throes y wlad ei golygon tua'r gorllewin. Erbyn heddiw mae Twrci yn aelod o <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> ac yn gobeithio ymuno a'r <a href="/wiki/Undeb_Ewropeaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Undeb Ewropeaidd">Undeb Ewropeaidd</a> fel aelod llawn ohoni. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iaith_a_diwylliant">Iaith a diwylliant</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Golygu'r adran: Iaith a diwylliant" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Iaith a diwylliant">golygu cod</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Twrceg" class="mw-redirect" title="Twrceg">Twrceg</a> yw prif iaith y wlad a siaredir gan bawb, ond yn y dwyrain ceir nifer o siaradwyr <a href="/wiki/Cwrdeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Cwrdeg">Cwrdeg</a> a rhyw faint o siaradwyr <a href="/wiki/Arabeg" title="Arabeg">Arabeg</a> yn y de-ddwyrain yn ogystal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ieithoedd">Ieithoedd</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Golygu'r adran: Ieithoedd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Ieithoedd">golygu cod</a>]</div> Yr <a href="/wiki/Iaith_swyddogol" title="Iaith swyddogol">iaith swyddogol</a> yw <a href="/wiki/Tyrceg" title="Tyrceg">Twrceg</a>, un o'r <a href="/wiki/Ieithoedd_Tyrcaidd" title="Ieithoedd Tyrcaidd">ieithoedd Tyrcig.</a><a href="#cite_note-katzner-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-minorityrights.org-43">[43]</a> Fe'i siaredir gan 85.54% o'r boblogaeth fel iaith gyntaf.<a href="#cite_note-milliyet-languages-44">[44]</a> 11.97% o'r boblogaeth yn siarad tafodiaith <a href="/wiki/Cyrdeg" title="Cyrdeg">Cwrdeg</a> Kurmanji fel eu mamiaith.<a href="#cite_note-milliyet-languages-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabeg" title="Arabeg">Arabeg</a> a Zaza yw mamiaith 2.39% o'r boblogaeth.<a href="#cite_note-milliyet-languages-44">[44]</a> Siaredir Megleno-Rwmaneg hefyd.<a href="#cite_note-megl-45">[45]</a> Ymhlith yr ieithoedd sydd mewn perygl yn Nhwrci mae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iaith_Abaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iaith Abaza (dim tudalen ar gael)">Abaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abchaseg" title="Abchaseg">Abkhaz</a>, Adyghe, Groeg Cappadocian, Gagauz, Hértevin, Homshetsma, Kabard-Cherkes, <a href="/wiki/Iddew-Sbaeneg" title="Iddew-Sbaeneg">Ladino (Judesmo)</a>, Laz, Mlahso, Groeg Pontic, <a href="/wiki/Romani_(iaith)" title="Romani (iaith)">Romani</a>, Suret, Turoyo, Ubykh, ac Armenieg Gorllewinol.<a href="#cite_note-www.unesco.org_index-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economi">Economi</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Golygu'r adran: Economi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Economi">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Levent_business_district_in_Istanbul_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Levent_business_district_in_Istanbul_at_night.jpg/220px-Levent_business_district_in_Istanbul_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Levent_business_district_in_Istanbul_at_night.jpg/330px-Levent_business_district_in_Istanbul_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Levent_business_district_in_Istanbul_at_night.jpg/440px-Levent_business_district_in_Istanbul_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3384" data-file-height="2513" /></a><figcaption> Skyscrapers yn chwarter Levant o Beşiktaş ar ochr Ewropeaidd <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, y ddinas a'r ganolfan ariannol fwyaf yn Nhwrci.</figcaption></figure> Mae Twrci yn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwlad_newydd_ddiwydiannol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwlad newydd ddiwydiannol (dim tudalen ar gael)">wlad sydd newydd ei diwydiannu</a>, gydag economi incwm canolig-uwch, a'r ugeinfed fwyaf yn y byd yn ôl <a href="/wiki/Cynnyrch_mewnwladol_crynswth" title="Cynnyrch mewnwladol crynswth">CMC enwol</a>, a'r 11fed gan <a href="/wiki/Paredd_gallu_prynu" title="Paredd gallu prynu">Paredd gallu prynu</a> (PPP). Yn ôl <a href="/wiki/Banc_y_Byd" title="Banc y Byd">amcangyfrifon Banc y Byd</a>, roedd CMC y pen Twrci gan PPP yn 2021 yn $32,278, ac roedd tua 11.7% o Dwrciaid mewn perygl o dlodi ariannol neu dlodi-cymdeithasol yn 2019.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Roedd diweithdra yn Nhwrci yn 13.6% yn 2019,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> a chododd y boblogaeth dosbarth canol yn Nhwrci o 18% i 41% rhwng 1993 a 2010 yn ôl Banc y Byd.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Mae cronfeydd tramor y wlad yn werth $51 biliwn.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Arweiniodd Undeb Tollau’r UE-Twrci ym 1995 at ryddfrydoli cyfraddau tariff yn helaeth, ac mae bellach yn ffurfio un o golofnau pwysicaf polisi masnach dramor Twrci.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Mae'r diwydiant modurol yn Nhwrci yn sylweddol, gan gynhyrchu dros 1.3 miliwn o gerbydau yn 2015, gan eu rhestru fel y 14eg cynhyrchydd cerbydau mwyaf yn y byd.<a href="#cite_note-oica-52">[52]</a> Ceir iardiau llongau eitha modern, lle caiff <a href="/wiki/Tancer_olew" title="Tancer olew">tanceri</a> cemegol ac olew eu cynhyrchu.<a href="#cite_note-ship-oecd-53">[53]</a> Mae brandiau Twrcaidd fel Beko a Vestel ymhlith y cynhyrchwyr electroneg ac offer cartref mwyaf yn Ewrop, ac maent yn buddsoddi swm sylweddol o arian ar gyfer ymchwil a datblygu mewn technolegau newydd sy'n gysylltiedig â'r meysydd hyn.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Otokar_Territo_U_IAA_2016_(1)_Travelarz.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Otokar_Territo_U_IAA_2016_%281%29_Travelarz.JPG/220px-Otokar_Territo_U_IAA_2016_%281%29_Travelarz.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Otokar_Territo_U_IAA_2016_%281%29_Travelarz.JPG/330px-Otokar_Territo_U_IAA_2016_%281%29_Travelarz.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Otokar_Territo_U_IAA_2016_%281%29_Travelarz.JPG/440px-Otokar_Territo_U_IAA_2016_%281%29_Travelarz.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption> Mae cwmnïau modurol Twrcaidd fel TEMSA, Otokar a BMC ymhlith gwneuthurwyr faniau, bysiau a thryciau mwya'r byd.</figcaption></figure> Sector allweddol eraill o fewn economi Twrci yw bancio, adeiladu, offer cartref, electroneg, tecstilau, mireinio olew, cynhyrchion petrocemegol, bwyd, mwyngloddio, haearn a dur, a diwydiant peiriannau.  Fodd bynnag, mae <a href="/wiki/Amaethyddiaeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaethyddiaeth">amaethyddiaeth</a> yn dal i gyflogi 25% o'r gweithlu.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twristiaeth">Twristiaeth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Golygu'r adran: Twristiaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Twristiaeth">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Marmaris_harbor_(aerial_view),_Mu%C4%9Fla_Province,_southwest_Turkey,_Mediterranean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marmaris_harbor_%28aerial_view%29%2C_Mu%C4%9Fla_Province%2C_southwest_Turkey%2C_Mediterranean.jpg/220px-Marmaris_harbor_%28aerial_view%29%2C_Mu%C4%9Fla_Province%2C_southwest_Turkey%2C_Mediterranean.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marmaris_harbor_%28aerial_view%29%2C_Mu%C4%9Fla_Province%2C_southwest_Turkey%2C_Mediterranean.jpg/330px-Marmaris_harbor_%28aerial_view%29%2C_Mu%C4%9Fla_Province%2C_southwest_Turkey%2C_Mediterranean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Marmaris_harbor_%28aerial_view%29%2C_Mu%C4%9Fla_Province%2C_southwest_Turkey%2C_Mediterranean.jpg/440px-Marmaris_harbor_%28aerial_view%29%2C_Mu%C4%9Fla_Province%2C_southwest_Turkey%2C_Mediterranean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>Marmaris yn Rifiera Twrci</figcaption></figure> Mae <a href="/wiki/Twristiaeth" title="Twristiaeth">twristiaeth</a> yn Nhwrci wedi cynyddu bron bob blwyddyn yn yr <a href="/wiki/21g" class="mw-redirect" title="21g">21g</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TourismStats2018-58">[58]</a> ac mae'n rhan bwysig o'r economi. Twrci yw un o ddeg cyrchfan orau'r byd o ran nifer y twristiaid, gyda'r ganran uchaf o ymwelwyr tramor yn cyrraedd o Ewrop; yn arbennig yr Almaen a Rwsia yn ystod y blynyddoedd diwethaf.<a href="#cite_note-TourismStats2018-58">[58]</a> Yn 2019, roedd Twrci yn chweched yn y byd o ran nifer y twristiaid rhyngwladol a oedd yn cyrraedd, gyda 51.2 miliwn o dwristiaid tramor yn ymweld â'r wlad.<a href="#cite_note-WTO_Tourism_Highlights_2019_Edition-59">[59]</a> Mae gan Dwrci <a href="/wiki/Safleoedd_Treftadaeth_y_Byd_yn_Nhwrci" title="Safleoedd Treftadaeth y Byd yn Nhwrci">19 o Safleoedd Treftadaeth y Byd UNESCO</a>, ac 84 o Safleoedd Treftadaeth y Byd ar y rhestr safleoedd bregus. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iechyd">Iechyd</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Golygu'r adran: Iechyd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Iechyd">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Ac%C4%B1bademHospitalAltunizade_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ac%C4%B1bademHospitalAltunizade_%281%29.jpg/220px-Ac%C4%B1bademHospitalAltunizade_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ac%C4%B1bademHospitalAltunizade_%281%29.jpg/330px-Ac%C4%B1bademHospitalAltunizade_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Ac%C4%B1bademHospitalAltunizade_%281%29.jpg/440px-Ac%C4%B1bademHospitalAltunizade_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4898" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption> Ysbyty Acıbadem yng nghymdogaeth Altunizade yn Üsküdar, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">İstanbul</a></figcaption></figure> Mae'r Weinyddiaeth Iechyd wedi rhedeg system gofal iechyd cyhoeddus gyffredinol er 2003.<a href="#cite_note-njm-60">[60]</a> Fe'i gelwir yn Yswiriant Iechyd Cyffredinol (Genel Sağlık Sigortası), mae'n cael ei ariannu gan ordaliad treth ar gyflogwyr, a oedd yn y 2020au tua 5%.<a href="#cite_note-njm-60">[60]</a> Mae cyllid y sector cyhoeddus oddeutu 75.2% o wariant ar iechyd.<a href="#cite_note-njm-60">[60]</a> Er gwaethaf y gofal iechyd cyffredinol, cyfanswm y gwariant ar iechyd fel cyfran o CMC yn 2018 oedd yr isaf ymhlith gwledydd yr OECD ar 6.3% o CMC, o'i gymharu â chyfartaledd yr OECD o 9.3%.<a href="#cite_note-njm-60">[60]</a> Y disgwyliad oes ar gyfartaledd yw 78.6 mlynedd (75.9 ar gyfer dynion ac 81.3 ar gyfer menywod), o'i gymharu â chyfartaledd yr UE o 81 mlynedd.<a href="#cite_note-njm-60">[60]</a> Mae gan Dwrci un o'r cyfraddau <a href="/wiki/Gordewdra" title="Gordewdra">gordewdra</a> uchaf yn y byd, gyda bron i draean (29.5%) o'i phoblogaeth oedolion â <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mynegai_m%C3%A0s_y_corff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mynegai màs y corff (dim tudalen ar gael)">gwerth mynegai màs y corff</a> (BMI) sy'n 30 neu'n uwch.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Mean_Body_Mass_Index_BMI-61">[61]</a> Mae llygredd aer yn Nhwrci yn un o brif achosion marwolaethau cynnar.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Mae yna lawer o ysbytai preifat yn y wlad, ac mae hi'n elwa o dwristiaeth feddygol yn ystod y blynyddoedd diwethaf. Daeth incwm twristiaeth iechydo dros $1B i Dwrci yn 2019. Ceir tua 60% o'r incwm o lawdriniaethau plastig a derbyniodd gyfanswm o 662,087 o dwristiaid wasanaeth yn y wlad yn yr un flwyddyn.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diwylliant">Diwylliant</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Golygu'r adran: Diwylliant" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Diwylliant">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Whirlingdervishes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Whirlingdervishes.JPG/220px-Whirlingdervishes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Whirlingdervishes.JPG/330px-Whirlingdervishes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Whirlingdervishes.JPG/440px-Whirlingdervishes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption> Y <a href="/wiki/Swff%C3%AFaeth" title="Swffïaeth">Swffi</a> - Urdd Mevlevi, a sefydlwyd gan ddilynwyr y cyfrinydd a'r bardd <a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Muhammad_Rumi" title="Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi">Rumi</a> yn y <a href="/wiki/13g" class="mw-redirect" title="13g">13g</a>, yn ystod SEMA. Mae'r seremoni yn un o 11 elfen Twrci ar Restrau Treftadaeth Ddiwylliannol Anniriaethol UNESCO.<a href="#cite_note-unesco1-64">[64]</a></figcaption></figure> Mae gan Dwrci ddiwylliant amrywiol iawn sy'n gyfuniad o wahanol elfennau o'r <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pobl_Twrcaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pobl Twrcaidd (dim tudalen ar gael)">Tyrcig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Anatolian</a>, Otomanaidd (a oedd ei hun yn barhad o ddiwylliannau Greco-Rufeinig ac Islamaidd) a diwylliant a thraddodiadau'r Gorllewin, a ddechreuodd gyda Gorllewinoli'r Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd. ac sy'n dal i barhau heddiw.<a href="#cite_note-TR_culture-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Dechreuodd y gymysgedd hon o ganlyniad i gyfarfyddiad y Twrciaid a'u diwylliant â diwylliant y bobloedd a oedd yn eu llwybr yn ystod eu hymfudiad o Ganol Asia i'r Gorllewin.<a href="#cite_note-TR_culture-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Mae diwylliant Twrcaidd yn ymdrech i fod yn wladwriaeth Orllewinol "fodern", tra'n parhau i gynnal gwerthoedd crefyddol a hanesyddol traddodiadol.<a href="#cite_note-TR_culture-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Y_celfyddydau_gweledol">Y celfyddydau gweledol</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Golygu'r adran: Y celfyddydau gweledol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Y celfyddydau gweledol">golygu cod</a>]</div> Datblygodd paentio Twrcaidd yn weithredol gan ddechrau o ganol y <a href="/wiki/19g" class="mw-redirect" title="19g">19g</a>. Trefnwyd y gwersi paentio cyntaf yn yr hyn sydd bellach yn Brifysgol Dechnegol Istanbul (yr Ysgol Peirianneg Filwrol Imperial ar y pryd) ym 1793, at ddibenion technegol yn bennaf.<a href="#cite_note-HarriOhta1999-68">[68]</a> Ar ddiwedd y <a href="/wiki/19g" class="mw-redirect" title="19g">19g</a>, roedd ffigwr dynol yn cael ei sefydlu fel astudiaeth o fewn paentio Twrcaidd, yn enwedig gydag Osman Hamdi Bey (1842–1910). Ymddangosodd <a href="/wiki/Argraffiadaeth" title="Argraffiadaeth">Argraffiadaeth</a> (Impressionism) yn nes ymlaen gyda Halil Pasha (c.1857–1939). Arlunwyr Twrcaidd pwysig eraill yn y 19g yw Ferik İbrahim Paşa (1815-1891), Osman Nuri Paşa (c.1839-1906), Şeker Ahmet Paşa (1841-1907), a Hoca Ali Riza (1864–1939). Ymhlith y cerflunwyr Twrcaidd o fri rhyngwladol yn yr 20fed ganrif mae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ali_Hadi_Bara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ali Hadi Bara (dim tudalen ar gael)">Ali Hadi Bara</a>, Zühtü Müridoğlu, İlhan Koman, Kuzgun Acar ac Ali Teoman Germaner . Ffurfiau nodedig o fewn celfyddyd Twrcaidd traddodiadol yw gwehyddu Carpedi a thapestri, gyda'u gwreiddiau yn y cyfnod cyn-Islamaidd. Yn ystod ei hanes hir, mae celf a chrefft gwehyddu carpedi a thapestrïau yn Nhwrci wedi integreiddio nifer o draddodiadau diwylliannol. Ar wahân i'r patrymau dylunio Tyrcig sy'n gyffredin, gellir canfod olion patrymau Persia a Bysantaidd hefyd. Mae tebygrwydd hefyd gyda'r patrymau a ddefnyddir mewn dyluniadau carpedi Armenaidd, Cawcasaidd a Chwrdaidd. Dylanwadodd dyfodiad Islam yng Nghanol Asia a datblygiad <a href="/wiki/Celf_Islamaidd" title="Celf Islamaidd">celf Islamaidd</a> hefyd ar batrymau Tyrcig yn y cyfnod canoloesol. Mae hanes y dyluniadau, y motiffau a'r addurniadau a ddefnyddir mewn carpedi a thapestrïau Twrcaidd felly'n adlewyrchu hanes gwleidyddol ac ethnig y Twrciaid ac amrywiaeth ddiwylliannol <a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bwyd">Bwyd</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Golygu'r adran: Bwyd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Bwyd">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg/220px-Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg/330px-Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg/440px-Turkish_coffee_in_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2510" data-file-height="1719" /></a><figcaption> Coffi Twrcaidd gyda <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_delight" class="extiw" title="en:Turkish delight">Turkish delight</a>. Mae Coffi Twrcaidd yn dreftadaeth ddiwylliannol anniriaethol UNESCO.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></figcaption></figure> Treftadaeth bwyd <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd">Otomanaidd</a> yw bwyd Twrcaidd i raddau helaeth. Ym mlynyddoedd cynnar y Weriniaeth, cyhoeddwyd ychydig o astudiaethau am seigiau Anatolaidd rhanbarthol ond nid oedd bwyd yn rhan helaeth o astudiaethau gwerin Twrcaidd tan yr <a href="/wiki/1980au" title="1980au">1980au</a>, pan anogodd y diwydiant twristiaeth newydd wladwriaeth Twrci i noddi dau symposia bwyd. Roedd y papurau a gyflwynwyd yn y symposia yn cyflwyno hanes bwyd Twrcaidd ar "gontinwwm hanesyddol" a oedd yn dyddio'n ôl i darddiad Tyrcig yng Nghanol Asia ac yn parhau trwy'r cyfnodau Seljuk ac Otomanaidd.<a href="#cite_note-berg-72">[72]</a> Roedd bwyd Twrcaidd wedi'i hen sefydlu erbyn canol y 1400au, sef dechrau teyrnasiad chwe chan mlynedd <a href="/wiki/Yr_Ymerodraeth_Otomanaidd" title="Yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd">yr Ymerodraeth Otomanaidd</a>. Daeth saladau <a href="/wiki/Iogwrt" title="Iogwrt">iogwrt</a>, pysgod mewn olew olewydd, siarbet a llysiau wedi'u stwffio a'u lapio yn eitha cyffredin. Defnyddiodd yr ymerodraeth ei llwybrau tir a dŵr i fewnforio cynhwysion egsotig o bob cwr o'r byd. Erbyn diwedd yr <a href="/wiki/16g" class="mw-redirect" title="16g">16g</a>, roedd gan y llys Otomanaidd dros 1,400 o gogyddion yn byw yn y llys, ac yn pasio deddfau yn rheoleiddio ffresni bwyd. Ers cwymp yr ymerodraeth yn y <a href="/wiki/Rhyfel_Byd_Cyntaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf">Rhyfel Byd Cyntaf</a> (1914–1918) a sefydlu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gweriniaeth_Twrci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gweriniaeth Twrci (dim tudalen ar gael)">Gweriniaeth Twrci</a> ym 1923, mae bwyd tramor fel saws hollandaise Ffrengig a bwyd cyflym y Gorllewin hefyd wedi gwneud eu ffordd i mewn i ddeiet modern Twrci.<a href="#cite_note-foodbycountry.com-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Golygu'r adran: Gallery" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Gallery">golygu cod</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Kocatepe_Mosque_Ankara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kocatepe_Mosque_Ankara.jpg/90px-Kocatepe_Mosque_Ankara.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kocatepe_Mosque_Ankara.jpg/135px-Kocatepe_Mosque_Ankara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kocatepe_Mosque_Ankara.jpg/180px-Kocatepe_Mosque_Ankara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:State_Painting_and_Sculpture_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/State_Painting_and_Sculpture_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg/120px-State_Painting_and_Sculpture_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/State_Painting_and_Sculpture_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg/180px-State_Painting_and_Sculpture_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/State_Painting_and_Sculpture_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg/240px-State_Painting_and_Sculpture_Museum_of_Ankara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="499" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:DolmabahceMainGate.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DolmabahceMainGate.JPG/120px-DolmabahceMainGate.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DolmabahceMainGate.JPG/180px-DolmabahceMainGate.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/DolmabahceMainGate.JPG/240px-DolmabahceMainGate.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1178" data-file-height="947" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:%C4%B0zmir_clock_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%C4%B0zmir_clock_tower.jpg/120px-%C4%B0zmir_clock_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%C4%B0zmir_clock_tower.jpg/180px-%C4%B0zmir_clock_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%C4%B0zmir_clock_tower.jpg/240px-%C4%B0zmir_clock_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Pamukkale00.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pamukkale00.JPG/120px-Pamukkale00.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pamukkale00.JPG/180px-Pamukkale00.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Pamukkale00.JPG/240px-Pamukkale00.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2968" data-file-height="2052" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Eski%C5%9Fehir-Aycan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eski%C5%9Fehir-Aycan.jpg/120px-Eski%C5%9Fehir-Aycan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eski%C5%9Fehir-Aycan.jpg/180px-Eski%C5%9Fehir-Aycan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Eski%C5%9Fehir-Aycan.jpg/240px-Eski%C5%9Fehir-Aycan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="691" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Antalya_falezler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Antalya_falezler.jpg/120px-Antalya_falezler.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Antalya_falezler.jpg/180px-Antalya_falezler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Antalya_falezler.jpg/240px-Antalya_falezler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="1952" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Alanya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alanya.jpg/120px-Alanya.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alanya.jpg/180px-Alanya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Alanya.jpg/240px-Alanya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1795" data-file-height="1197" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Bluemosquefront.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bluemosquefront.jpg/90px-Bluemosquefront.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bluemosquefront.jpg/135px-Bluemosquefront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bluemosquefront.jpg/180px-Bluemosquefront.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Diyarbakir_P1050751_20080427135832.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Diyarbakir_P1050751_20080427135832.JPG/120px-Diyarbakir_P1050751_20080427135832.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Diyarbakir_P1050751_20080427135832.JPG/180px-Diyarbakir_P1050751_20080427135832.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Diyarbakir_P1050751_20080427135832.JPG/240px-Diyarbakir_P1050751_20080427135832.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gweler_hefyd">Gweler hefyd</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Golygu'r adran: Gweler hefyd" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Gweler hefyd">golygu cod</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Leiaf" title="Asia Leiaf">Asia Leiaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhestr_mynyddoedd_Twrci" title="Rhestr mynyddoedd Twrci">Rhestr mynyddoedd Twrci</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeiriadau">Cyfeiriadau</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeiriadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeiriadau">golygu cod</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-0d6ab24141f00cf20ec9c17867f96c86dde9a988-v7-1"><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-0d6ab24141f00cf20ec9c17867f96c86dde9a988-v7_1-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2023-49684&dil=1">https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2023-49684&dil=1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Howard2-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Howard2_2-0">2.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howard2_2-1">2.1</a> <cite id="CITEREFHoward2001" class="citation book">Howard, Douglas Arthur (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofturkey00doug">The History of Turkey</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. t. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofturkey00doug/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-313-30708-9" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-313-30708-9"><bdi>978-0-313-30708-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Turkey&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30708-9&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofturkey00doug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8312344">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style> </li> <li id="cite_note-SteadmanMcMahon20112-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-SteadmanMcMahon20112_3-0">3.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SteadmanMcMahon20112_3-1">3.1</a> <cite id="CITEREFSharon_R._SteadmanGregory_McMahon2011" class="citation book">Sharon R. Steadman; Gregory McMahon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=7ND_CE9If3kC">The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia: (10,000–323 BC)</a>. Oxford University Press. tt. 3–11, 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-537614-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-19-537614-2"><bdi>978-0-19-537614-2</bdi></a>. Cyrchwyd 23 Mawrth 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Ancient+Anatolia%3A+%2810%2C000%E2%80%93323+BC%29&rft.pages=3-11%2C+37&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537614-2&rft.au=Sharon+R.+Steadman&rft.au=Gregory+McMahon&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ND_CE9If3kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MET-4"><a href="#cite_ref-MET_4-0">↑</a> Casson, Lionel (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258667.pdf.bannered.pdf">"The Thracians"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 35 (1): 2–6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F3258667">10.2307/3258667</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-1521">0026-1521</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3258667">3258667</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258667.pdf.bannered.pdf">http://www.metmuseum.org/pubs/bulletins/1/pdf/3258667.pdf.bannered.pdf</a>. Adalwyd 2021-10-26. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFEdwards1977" class="citation book">Edwards, Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C">The Cambridge Ancient History</a> (yn Saesneg). Cambridge University Press. tt. 184, 787. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-08691-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-521-08691-2"><bdi>978-0-521-08691-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=184%2C+787&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08691-2&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Iorwerth+Eiddon+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn1TmVvMwmo4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FreedmanMyers20002-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FreedmanMyers20002_6-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFDavid_Noel_FreedmanAllen_C._MyersAstrid_Biles_Beck2000" class="citation book">David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers; Astrid Biles Beck (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC&pg=PA61">Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. t. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8028-2400-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-2400-4</bdi></a>. Cyrchwyd 24 Mawrth 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4&rft.au=David+Noel+Freedman&rft.au=Allen+C.+Myers&rft.au=Astrid+Biles+Beck&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9sYIRXZZ2MC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mfk&gl2-7"><a href="#cite_ref-mfk&gl2_7-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFMehmet_Fuat_Köprülü&Gary_Leiser" class="citation book">Mehmet Fuat Köprülü&Gary Leiser. The origins of the Ottoman Empire. t. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+origins+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=33&rft.au=Mehmet+Fuat+K%C3%B6pr%C3%BCl%C3%BC%26Gary+Leiser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.gov.tr/sc_-114_-turkiye-nin-uluslararasi-iklim-degisikligiyle-mucadele-rejimi-hk-sc.en.mfa">"QA-114, 22 November 2020, Statement of the Spokesperson of Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Hami Aksoy, in Response to a Question Regarding Turkey's Putting on the Record its Determination to Obtain a Fair Position Under the International Climate Change Regime in the G20 Leaders' Declaration"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QA-114%2C+22+November+2020%2C+Statement+of+the+Spokesperson+of+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+Mr.+Hami+Aksoy%2C+in+Response+to+a+Question+Regarding+Turkey%27s+Putting+on+the+Record+its+Determination+to+Obtain+a+Fair+Position+Under+the+International+Climate+Change+Regime+in+the+G20+Leaders%27+Declaration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.tr%2Fsc_-114_-turkiye-nin-uluslararasi-iklim-degisikligiyle-mucadele-rejimi-hk-sc.en.mfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-giga-hamburg.de1-9"><a href="#cite_ref-giga-hamburg.de1_9-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210210237/http://www.giga-hamburg.de/de/system/files/publications/wp204_bank-karadag.pdf">"The Political Economy of Regional Power: Turkey"</a> (PDF). giga-hamburg.de. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giga-hamburg.de/de/system/files/publications/wp204_bank-karadag.pdf">gwreiddiol</a> (PDF) ar 2014-02-10. Cyrchwyd 18 Chwefror 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=giga-hamburg.de&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Regional+Power%3A+Turkey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.giga-hamburg.de%2Fde%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fwp204_bank-karadag.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-turkeygeoth-10"><a href="#cite_ref-turkeygeoth_10-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFMetz1996" class="citation book">Metz, Helen Chapin, gol. (1996). "Geography". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turkeycountrystu00metz">Turkey: A Country Study</a>. Area handbook series (arg. fifth). Washington, DC: US GPO for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Research_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Research Division (dim tudalen ar gael)">Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8444-0864-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-8444-0864-4"><bdi>978-0-8444-0864-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=LCCN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LCCN (identifier) (dim tudalen ar gael)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//lccn.loc.gov/95049612">95049612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geography&rft.btitle=Turkey%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=Area+handbook+series&rft.edition=fifth&rft.pub=US+GPO+for+the+Federal+Research+Division+of+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F95049612&rft.isbn=978-0-8444-0864-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturkeycountrystu00metz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2004/Table03.pdf">"UN Demographic Yearbook"</a> (PDF). Cyrchwyd 1 Tachwedd 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UN+Demographic+Yearbook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2FDYB2004%2FTable03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USLC_TRGeo-12"><a href="#cite_ref-USLC_TRGeo_12-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFUS_Library_of_Congress" class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=US_Library_of_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="US Library of Congress (dim tudalen ar gael)">US Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/turkey/18.htm">"Geography of Turkey"</a>. US Library of Congress. Cyrchwyd 13 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+of+Turkey&rft.pub=US+Library+of+Congress&rft.au=US+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fturkey%2F18.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism_13-0">13.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TRGeo_TRMinistryTourism_13-1">13.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turizm.net/turkey/info/geography.html">"Geography of Turkey"</a>. Turkish Ministry of Tourism. 2005. Cyrchwyd 13 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+of+Turkey&rft.pub=Turkish+Ministry+of+Tourism&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turizm.net%2Fturkey%2Finfo%2Fgeography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407201045/http://iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/europe/?9778%2FBiodiversity-in-Turkey">"Biodiversity in Turkey"</a>. 6 Mai 2012. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iucn.org/about/union/secretariat/offices/europe/?9778/Biodiversity-in-Turkey">gwreiddiol</a> ar 7 April 2016. Cyrchwyd 9 Awst 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+in+Turkey&rft.date=2012-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiucn.org%2Fabout%2Funion%2Fsecretariat%2Foffices%2Feurope%2F%3F9778%2FBiodiversity-in-Turkey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-allaboutturkey-15"><a href="#cite_ref-allaboutturkey_15-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutturkey.com/turkfauna.htm">"Turkey's flora and fauna"</a>. allaboutturkey.com. Cyrchwyd 12 Mehefin 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allaboutturkey.com&rft.atitle=Turkey%27s+flora+and+fauna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutturkey.com%2Fturkfauna.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ministryofforest-16"><a href="#cite_ref-ministryofforest_16-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milliparklar.gov.tr/Anasayfa/istatistik.aspx?sflang=tr">"Statistics"</a>. milliparklar.gov.tr. Ministry of Forest and Water – General Directorare of Nature Conservation and National Parks. Cyrchwyd 12 Mehefin 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=milliparklar.gov.tr&rft.atitle=Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milliparklar.gov.tr%2FAnasayfa%2Fistatistik.aspx%3Fsflang%3Dtr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> Kazancı, Nizamettin; Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine (2019), Kuzucuoğlu, Catherine; Çiner, Attila; Kazancı, Nizamettin, eds., "Threats and Conservation of Landscapes in Turkey" (yn en), Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey, World Geomorphological Landscapes (Springer International Publishing): 603–632, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-03515-0_36">10.1007/978-3-030-03515-0_36</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-3-030-03515-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-3-030-03515-0">978-3-030-03515-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-O.E.Can-18">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-O.E.Can_18-0">18.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-O.E.Can_18-1">18.1</a> Can, O.E. (2004). </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161023123101/http://www.trthaber.com/haber/bilim-teknik/diyarbakirda-oldurulen-leopar-iran-parsi-cikti-109086.html">"Diyarbakır'da öldürülen leopar İran Parsı çıktı"</a>. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trthaber.com/haber/bilim-teknik/diyarbakirda-oldurulen-leopar-iran-parsi-cikti-109086.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 23 Hydref 2016. Cyrchwyd 21 Gorffennaf 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diyarbak%C4%B1r%27da+%C3%B6ld%C3%BCr%C3%BClen+leopar+%C4%B0ran+Pars%C4%B1+%C3%A7%C4%B1kt%C4%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trthaber.com%2Fhaber%2Fbilim-teknik%2Fdiyarbakirda-oldurulen-leopar-iran-parsi-cikti-109086.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Üstay-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Üstay_20-0">↑</a> Üstay, A.H. (1990). </li> <li id="cite_note-Meteo-21">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Meteo_21-0">21.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meteo_21-1">21.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meteo_21-2">21.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meteo_21-3">21.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meteo_21-4">21.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meteo_21-5">21.5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meteo_21-6">21.6</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328192740/http://www.dmi.gov.tr/files/en-US/climateofturkey.pdf">"Climate of Turkey"</a> (PDF). General Directorate of Meteorology. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmi.gov.tr/files/en-US/climateofturkey.pdf">gwreiddiol</a> (PDF) ar 28 Mawrth 2014. Cyrchwyd 24 Ionawr 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+of+Turkey&rft.pub=General+Directorate+of+Meteorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmi.gov.tr%2Ffiles%2Fen-US%2Fclimateofturkey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFClark2006" class="citation news">Clark, Ross (28 Hydref 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128075059/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/3354276/The-wetter-the-better.html">"The wetter, the better"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/3354276/The-wetter-the-better.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 28 Ionawr 2012. Cyrchwyd 2 Medi 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+wetter%2C+the+better&rft.date=2006-10-28&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fproperty%2F3354276%2FThe-wetter-the-better.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFEdgecombAhmedÖzel2007" class="citation book">Edgecomb, Diane; Ahmed, Mohammed M.A.; Özel, Çeto (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7-0SAQAAIAAJ">A fire in my heart: Kurdish tales</a>. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited. t. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-59158-437-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-59158-437-7"><bdi>978-1-59158-437-7</bdi></a>. <q>The outlines of the map of Kurdistan were taken from two sources: first, a map produced by the CIA in 1992 depicting areas with a Kurdish majority [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+fire+in+my+heart%3A+Kurdish+tales&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-59158-437-7&rft.aulast=Edgecomb&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.au=Ahmed%2C+Mohammed+M.A.&rft.au=%C3%96zel%2C+%C3%87eto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7-0SAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2011stat-24"><a href="#cite_ref-2011stat_24-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170410132123/http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=10736">"The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2011"</a>. Turkish Statistical Institute. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=10736">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2017-04-10. Cyrchwyd 15 Chwefror 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Results+of+Address+Based+Population+Registration+System%2C+2011&rft.pub=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkstat.gov.tr%2FPreHaberBultenleri.do%3Fid%3D10736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFTurkish_Statistical_Institute2010" class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turkish_Statistical_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turkish Statistical Institute (dim tudalen ar gael)">Turkish Statistical Institute</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5uiefc4Sh?url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=6178">"Population statistics in 2009"</a>. Turkish Statistical Institute. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=6178">gwreiddiol</a> ar 2010-12-04. Cyrchwyd 28 Ionawr 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+statistics+in+2009&rft.pub=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Turkish+Statistical+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turkstat.gov.tr%2FPreHaberBultenleri.do%3Fid%3D6178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-26"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_26-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFBayir2016" class="citation book">Bayir, Derya (22 April 2016). Minorities and Nationalism in Turkish Law (yn Saesneg). Routledge. tt. 144–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-317-09579-8" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-317-09579-8"><bdi>978-1-317-09579-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minorities+and+Nationalism+in+Turkish+Law&rft.pages=144-145&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-04-22&rft.isbn=978-1-317-09579-8&rft.aulast=Bayir&rft.aufirst=Derya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-konda2-27"><a href="#cite_ref-konda2_27-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215004933/http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf">"Toplumsal Yapı Araştırması 2006"</a> (PDF). <a href="/w/index.php?title=KONDA_Research_and_Consultancy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KONDA Research and Consultancy (dim tudalen ar gael)">KONDA Research and Consultancy</a>. 2006. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf">gwreiddiol</a> (PDF) ar 15 Chwefror 2017. Cyrchwyd 21 Chwefror 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toplumsal+Yap%C4%B1+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmas%C4%B1+2006&rft.pub=KONDA+Research+and+Consultancy&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.konda.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fraporlar%2F2006_09_KONDA_Toplumsal_Yapi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mutlu-28"><a href="#cite_ref-mutlu_28-0">↑</a> Mutlu, Servet (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1996-11_28_4/page/517">"Ethnic Kurds in Turkey: A Demographic Study"</a>. International Journal of Middle East Studies 28 (4): 517–541. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800063819">10.1017/S0020743800063819</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1996-11_28_4/page/517">https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_1996-11_28_4/page/517</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turkey_Ethnic_groups-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Turkey_Ethnic_groups_29-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFExtraGorter,_Durk2001" class="citation book">Extra, Guus; Gorter, Durk (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=hvmy_skUPNYC&pg=PARA1-PA422">The other languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives</a>. Multilingual Matters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-85359-509-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-85359-509-7"><bdi>978-1-85359-509-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+other+languages+of+Europe%3A+Demographic%2C+Sociolinguistic+and+Educational+Perspectives&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-509-7&rft.aulast=Extra&rft.aufirst=Guus&rft.au=Gorter%2C+Durk&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhvmy_skUPNYC%26pg%3DPARA1-PA422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-whcunesco-30"><a href="#cite_ref-whcunesco_30-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/377">"Hattusha: the Hittite Capital"</a>. whc.unesco.org. Cyrchwyd 12 Mehefin 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Hattusha%3A+the+Hittite+Capital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-masters-31"><a href="#cite_ref-masters_31-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFMasters2013" class="citation book">Masters, Bruce (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4x09OvMBMmgC&q=%22ottoman+empire%22+%22world+power%22&pg=PA17">The Arabs of the Ottoman Empire, 1516–1918: A Social and Cultural History</a> (yn Saesneg). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-107-03363-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-107-03363-4"><bdi>978-1-107-03363-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+of+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1516%E2%80%931918%3A+A+Social+and+Cultural+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03363-4&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4x09OvMBMmgC%26q%3D%2522ottoman%2Bempire%2522%2B%2522world%2Bpower%2522%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFSomel2010" class="citation book">Somel, Selcuk Aksin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UU8iCY0OZmcC&q=Ottoman+empire+world+power+suleyman&pg=PR97">The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire</a> (yn Saesneg). Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4617-3176-4" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-4617-3176-4"><bdi>978-1-4617-3176-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-3176-4&rft.aulast=Somel&rft.aufirst=Selcuk+Aksin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUU8iCY0OZmcC%26q%3DOttoman%2Bempire%2Bworld%2Bpower%2Bsuleyman%26pg%3DPR97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarushiakovaPopovPopovDescartes)2001" class="citation book">Marushiakova, Elena; Popov, Veselin Zakhariev; Popov, Veselin; Descartes), Centre de recherches tsiganes (Université René (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VDm769--fZQC&q=the+ottoman+empire+started+to+decline&pg=PA51">Gypsies in the Ottoman Empire: A Contribution to the History of the Balkans</a> (yn Saesneg). Univ of Hertfordshire Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-902806-02-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-1-902806-02-0"><bdi>978-1-902806-02-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsies+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+History+of+the+Balkans&rft.pub=Univ+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-902806-02-0&rft.aulast=Marushiakova&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Popov%2C+Veselin+Zakhariev&rft.au=Popov%2C+Veselin&rft.au=Descartes%29%2C+Centre+de+recherches+tsiganes+%28Universit%C3%A9+Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVDm769--fZQC%26q%3Dthe%2Bottoman%2Bempire%2Bstarted%2Bto%2Bdecline%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> Roderic. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFZürcher2004" class="citation book">Zürcher, Erik Jan (2004). Turkey: A Modern History. London: I. B. Tauris. tt. 93–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=93-5&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Erik+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFShaw_and_Shaw1977" class="citation book">Shaw and Shaw, Stanford J. and Ezel Kural (1977). History of The Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. tt. 274–9, 282–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+The+Ottoman+Empire+and+Modern+Turkey+Vol.+II.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=274-9%2C+282-7&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Shaw+and+Shaw&rft.aufirst=Stanford+J.+and+Ezel+Kural&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchallerZimmerer-37"><a href="#cite_ref-SchallerZimmerer_37-0">↑</a> Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies—introduction". Journal of Genocide Research 10 (1): 7–14. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520801950820">10.1080/14623520801950820</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1462-3528">1462-3528</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roderic_H._Davison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roderic H. Davison (dim tudalen ar gael)">Roderic H. Davison</a>; Review "From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920" by Paul C. Helmreich in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavic_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavic Review (dim tudalen ar gael)">Slavic Review</a>, Vol. 34, No. 1 (March 1975), pp. 186–187 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFPeter_S._Goodman2018" class="citation web">Peter S. Goodman (18 Awst 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/18/business/west-democracy-turkey-erdogan-financial-crisis.html">"The West Hoped for Democracy in Turkey. Erdogan Had Other Ideas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Cyrchwyd 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+West+Hoped+for+Democracy+in+Turkey.+Erdogan+Had+Other+Ideas.&rft.date=2018-08-18&rft.au=Peter+S.+Goodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F08%2F18%2Fbusiness%2Fwest-democracy-turkey-erdogan-financial-crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-13746679">"Recep Tayyip Erdogan: Turkey's pugnacious president"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=BBC_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BBC News (dim tudalen ar gael)">BBC News</a>. 27 Hydref 2020. Cyrchwyd 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Recep+Tayyip+Erdogan%3A+Turkey%27s+pugnacious+president&rft.date=2020-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-13746679&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFSteven_A._Cook2016" class="citation web">Steven A. Cook (21 Gorffennaf 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/07/how-erdogan-made-turkey-authoritarian-again/492374/">"How Erdogan Made Turkey Authoritarian Again"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Atlantic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Atlantic (dim tudalen ar gael)">The Atlantic</a>. Cyrchwyd 18 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+Erdogan+Made+Turkey+Authoritarian+Again&rft.date=2016-07-21&rft.au=Steven+A.+Cook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2016%2F07%2Fhow-erdogan-made-turkey-authoritarian-again%2F492374%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-katzner-42"><a href="#cite_ref-katzner_42-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFKatzner2002" class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_Katzner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kenneth Katzner (dim tudalen ar gael)">Katzner, Kenneth</a> (2002). Languages of the World, Third Edition. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-25004-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-415-25004-7"><bdi>978-0-415-25004-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+World%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25004-7&rft.aulast=Katzner&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-minorityrights.org-43"><a href="#cite_ref-minorityrights.org_43-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909185440/http://www.minorityrights.org/4387/turkey/turkey-overview.html">"Turkey Overview"</a>. minorityrights.org. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minorityrights.org/4387/turkey/turkey-overview.html">gwreiddiol</a> ar 9 Medi 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+Overview&rft.pub=minorityrights.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2F4387%2Fturkey%2Fturkey-overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-milliyet-languages-44">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-milliyet-languages_44-0">44.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-milliyet-languages_44-1">44.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-milliyet-languages_44-2">44.2</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milliyet.com.tr/2007/03/22/guncel/agun.html">"Türkiye'nin yüzde 85'i 'anadilim Türkçe' diyor"</a>. Milliyet.com.tr. Cyrchwyd 4 Tachwedd 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkiye%27nin+y%C3%BCzde+85%27i+%27anadilim+T%C3%BCrk%C3%A7e%27+diyor&rft.pub=Milliyet.com.tr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milliyet.com.tr%2F2007%2F03%2F22%2Fguncel%2Fagun.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-megl-45"><a href="#cite_ref-megl_45-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFKahl2006" class="citation news"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thede_Kahl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thede Kahl (dim tudalen ar gael)">Kahl, Thede</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/islamisation-of-the-meglen-vlachs-meglenoromanians-the-village-of-nanti-notia-and-the-nantinets-in-presentday-turkey/5F6519A83C83DD0B9728A22F58100384">"The Islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The Village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in Present-Day Turkey"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalities_Papers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nationalities Papers (dim tudalen ar gael)">Nationalities Papers</a>. 34 (1). tt. 71–90. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (dim tudalen ar gael)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905990500504871">10.1080/00905990500504871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Islamisation+of+the+Meglen+Vlachs+%28Megleno-Romanians%29%3A+The+Village+of+N%C3%A2nti+%28N%C3%B3tia%29+and+the+%22N%C3%A2ntinets%22+in+Present-Day+Turkey&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-90&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905990500504871&rft.aulast=Kahl&rft.aufirst=Thede&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fnationalities-papers%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fislamisation-of-the-meglen-vlachs-meglenoromanians-the-village-of-nanti-notia-and-the-nantinets-in-presentday-turkey%2F5F6519A83C83DD0B9728A22F58100384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.unesco.org_index-46"><a href="#cite_ref-www.unesco.org_index_46-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/index.php">"Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger"</a>. UNESCO. Cyrchwyd 9 Awst 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interactive+Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+Danger&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Flanguages-atlas%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/refreshTableAction.do?tab=table&plugin=1&pcode=t2020_50&language=en">"People at risk of poverty or social exclusion"</a>. ec.europa.eu. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eurostat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eurostat (dim tudalen ar gael)">Eurostat</a>. Cyrchwyd 27 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=People+at+risk+of+poverty+or+social+exclusion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Ftgm%2FrefreshTableAction.do%3Ftab%3Dtable%26plugin%3D1%26pcode%3Dt2020_50%26language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.NE.ZS?locations=TR">"Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (national estimate) – Turkey | Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. Cyrchwyd 14 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Unemployment%2C+total+%28%25+of+total+labor+force%29+%28national+estimate%29+%E2%80%93+Turkey+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSL.UEM.TOTL.NE.ZS%3Flocations%3DTR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2014/12/10/new-world-bank-report-looks-at-turkey-rise-to-threshold-of-high-income-and-challenges-remaining#:~:text=Turkey's%20Growth&text=The%20share%20of%20Turkey's%20middle,population%20between%201993%20and%202010.">"New World Bank Report Looks at Turkey's Rise to the Threshold of High-Income Status and the Challenges Remaining"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Bank (dim tudalen ar gael)">World Bank</a>. 10 December 2014. Cyrchwyd 14 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=New+World+Bank+Report+Looks+at+Turkey%27s+Rise+to+the+Threshold+of+High-Income+Status+and+the+Challenges+Remaining&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fpress-release%2F2014%2F12%2F10%2Fnew-world-bank-report-looks-at-turkey-rise-to-threshold-of-high-income-and-challenges-remaining%23%3A~%3Atext%3DTurkey%27s%2520Growth%26text%3DThe%2520share%2520of%2520Turkey%27s%2520middle%2Cpopulation%2520between%25201993%2520and%25202010.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/turkey/foreign-exchange-reserves">"Turkey Foreign Exchange Reserves"</a>. CEIC. Cyrchwyd 14 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+Foreign+Exchange+Reserves&rft.pub=CEIC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceicdata.com%2Fen%2Findicator%2Fturkey%2Fforeign-exchange-reserves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFBartolomiej_KaminskiFrancis_Ng2006" class="citation web">Bartolomiej Kaminski; Francis Ng (1 Mai 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614030216/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/05/03/000016406_20060503112446/Rendered/PDF/wps3908.pdf">"Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets"</a> (PDF). World Bank. t. 3. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/05/03/000016406_20060503112446/Rendered/PDF/wps3908.pdf">gwreiddiol</a> (PDF) ar 14 Mehefin 2007. Cyrchwyd 27 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%27s+evolving+trade+integration+into+Pan-European+markets&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.au=Bartolomiej+Kaminski&rft.au=Francis+Ng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-wds.worldbank.org%2Fexternal%2Fdefault%2FWDSContentServer%2FWDSP%2FIB%2F2006%2F05%2F03%2F000016406_20060503112446%2FRendered%2FPDF%2Fwps3908.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oica-52"><a href="#cite_ref-oica_52-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/">"2015 Production Statistics"</a>. Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles. Cyrchwyd 31 Awst 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+Production+Statistics&rft.pub=Organisation+Internationale+des+Constructeurs+d%27Automobiles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foica.net%2Fcategory%2Fproduction-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ship-oecd-53"><a href="#cite_ref-ship-oecd_53-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/turkey/48641944.pdf">"The Shipbuilding Industry in Turkey"</a> (PDF). OECD. September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Shipbuilding+Industry+in+Turkey&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fturkey%2F48641944.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beko.co.uk/Pg/AboutBeko">"About Best-Selling Home Appliance Brand Beko UK"</a>. Cyrchwyd 9 Awst 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Best-Selling+Home+Appliance+Brand+Beko+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beko.co.uk%2FPg%2FAboutBeko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arsiv.ntvmsnbc.com/news/129703.asp">"Beko Avrupa'da üçüncülüğe oynuyor"</a>. Cyrchwyd 9 Awst 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beko+Avrupa%27da+%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCnc%C3%BCl%C3%BC%C4%9Fe+oynuyor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farsiv.ntvmsnbc.com%2Fnews%2F129703.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-06-08/the-unknown-tv-giant">"The Unknown TV Giant – Businessweek"</a>. Bloomberg.com. 9 Mehefin 2006. Cyrchwyd 9 Awst 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=The+Unknown+TV+Giant+%E2%80%93+Businessweek&rft.date=2006-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fstories%2F2006-06-08%2Fthe-unknown-tv-giant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/enlargement/countries/turkey/index_en.htm">"Turkey: Agriculture and Rural Development"</a> (PDF). Cyrchwyd 9 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey%3A+Agriculture+and+Rural+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Fagriculture%2Fenlargement%2Fcountries%2Fturkey%2Findex_en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TourismStats2018-58">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-TourismStats2018_58-0">58.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TourismStats2018_58-1">58.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411212207/http://yigm.kulturturizm.gov.tr/Eklenti/62462,2018turizmgenelistatistiklerpdf.pdf?0">"Tourism Statistics"</a> (PDF). Culture and tourism Ministry. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yigm.kulturturizm.gov.tr/Eklenti/62462,2018turizmgenelistatistiklerpdf.pdf?0">gwreiddiol</a> (PDF) ar 11 April 2019. Cyrchwyd 27 Mawrth 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tourism+Statistics&rft.pub=Culture+and+tourism+Ministry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyigm.kulturturizm.gov.tr%2FEklenti%2F62462%2C2018turizmgenelistatistiklerpdf.pdf%3F0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTO_Tourism_Highlights_2019_Edition-59"><a href="#cite_ref-WTO_Tourism_Highlights_2019_Edition_59-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2019 Edition | World Tourism Organization. 2019. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (dim tudalen ar gael)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18111%2F9789284421152">10.18111/9789284421152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-92-844-2115-2" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-92-844-2115-2"><bdi>978-92-844-2115-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNWTO+Tourism+Highlights%3A+2019+Edition+%7C+World+Tourism+Organization&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18111%2F9789284421152&rft.isbn=978-92-844-2115-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-njm-60">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-njm_60-0">60.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-njm_60-1">60.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-njm_60-2">60.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-njm_60-3">60.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-njm_60-4">60.4</a> Atun, Rifat (1 Hydref 2020). "Transforming Turkey's Health System". The New England Journal of Medicine 373:14. </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_Mean_Body_Mass_Index_BMI-61"><a href="#cite_ref-WHO_Mean_Body_Mass_Index_BMI_61-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/bmi_text/en/">"WHO Mean Body Mass Index (BMI)"</a>. World Health Organization. Cyrchwyd 5 Chwefror 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHO+Mean+Body+Mass+Index+%28BMI%29&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fgho%2Fncd%2Frisk_factors%2Fbmi_text%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> Akyuz, Ezgi; Samavati, Mehrdad; Kaynak, Burcak (14 Awst 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1309104220302312">"Spatial distribution of health risks associated with PM2.5 in Turkey and Iran using satellite and ground observations"</a>. Atmospheric Pollution Research 11 (12): 2350–2360. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.apr.2020.08.011">10.1016/j.apr.2020.08.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1309-1042">1309-1042</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1309104220302312">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1309104220302312</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailysabah.com/business/tourism/health-tourism-earns-above-1b-to-turkey-in-2019-under-spotlight-with-covid-19">"Health tourism earns above $1B to Turkey in 2019, under spotlight with COVID-19"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daily_Sabah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daily Sabah (dim tudalen ar gael)">Daily Sabah</a>. Daily Sabah. 20 Awst 2020. Cyrchwyd 8 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Sabah&rft.atitle=Health+tourism+earns+above+%241B+to+Turkey+in+2019%2C+under+spotlight+with+COVID-19&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailysabah.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftourism%2Fhealth-tourism-earns-above-1b-to-turkey-in-2019-under-spotlight-with-covid-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco1-64"><a href="#cite_ref-unesco1_64-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715114119/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&multinational=3&display1=inscriptionID&display=maps">"UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists"</a>. unesco.org. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&multinational=3&display1=inscriptionID&display=maps#tabs">gwreiddiol</a> ar 15 Gorffennaf 2014. Cyrchwyd 3 Gorffennaf 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+Intangible+Cultural+Heritage+Lists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3Flg%3Den%26pg%3D00011%26multinational%3D3%26display1%3DinscriptionID%26display%3Dmaps%23tabs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TR_culture-65">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-TR_culture_65-0">65.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TR_culture_65-1">65.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TR_culture_65-2">65.2</a> <cite id="CITEREFIbrahim_Kaya2004" class="citation book">Ibrahim Kaya (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=0Iy7pJBRgjYC&pg=PA57">Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience</a>. Liverpool University Press. tt. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-85323-898-0" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-85323-898-0"><bdi>978-0-85323-898-0</bdi></a>. Cyrchwyd 12 Mehefin 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Theory+and+Later+Modernities%3A+The+Turkish+Experience&rft.pages=57-58&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-85323-898-0&rft.au=Ibrahim+Kaya&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Iy7pJBRgjYC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFErhan_Solmaz2021" class="citation web">Erhan Solmaz (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simitcay.com/2021/01/13/how-a-country-turkey-cultural-and-sociological-situation-in-turkey/">"How a Country Turkey? Cultural and Sociological Situation in Turkey"</a>. Simit Çay. Cyrchwyd 14 Ionawr 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+a+Country+Turkey%3F+Cultural+and+Sociological+Situation+in+Turkey&rft.pub=Simit+%C3%87ay&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Erhan+Solmaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsimitcay.com%2F2021%2F01%2F13%2Fhow-a-country-turkey-cultural-and-sociological-situation-in-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Academy_of_Arts2005" class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Academy_of_Arts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Academy of Arts (dim tudalen ar gael)">Royal Academy of Arts</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218095819/http://www.turks.org.uk/index.php?pid=8">"Turks – A Journey of a Thousand Years: 600–1600"</a>. Royal Academy of Arts. Archifwyd o'r <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turks.org.uk/index.php?pid=8">gwreiddiol</a> ar 18 Chwefror 2007. Cyrchwyd 12 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turks+%E2%80%93+A+Journey+of+a+Thousand+Years%3A+600%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Royal+Academy+of+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turks.org.uk%2Findex.php%3Fpid%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarriOhta1999-68"><a href="#cite_ref-HarriOhta1999_68-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFAntoinette_HarriAllison_Ohta1999" class="citation book">Antoinette Harri; Allison Ohta (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=1CxNAAAAYAAJ">10th International Congress of Turkish Art</a>. Fondation Max Van Berchem. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-2-05-101763-3" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-2-05-101763-3"><bdi>978-2-05-101763-3</bdi></a>. <q>The first military training institutions were the Imperial Army Engineering School (Mühendishane-i Berr-i Hümâyun, 1793) and the Imperial School of Military Sciences (Mekteb-i Ulûm-ı Harbiye-i Şahane, 1834). Both schools taught painting to enable cadets to produce topographic layouts and technical drawings to illustrate landscapes ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=10th+International+Congress+of+Turkish+Art&rft.pub=Fondation+Max+Van+Berchem&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-05-101763-3&rft.au=Antoinette+Harri&rft.au=Allison+Ohta&rft_id=%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1CxNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFBrueggemannBoehmer1982" class="citation book">Brueggemann, Werner; Boehmer, Harald (1982). Teppiche der Bauern und Nomaden in Anatolien = Carpets of the Peasants and Nomads in Anatolia (arg. 1st). Munich: Verlag Kunst und Antiquitäten. tt. 34–39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-3-921811-20-7" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-3-921811-20-7"><bdi>978-3-921811-20-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teppiche+der+Bauern+und+Nomaden+in+Anatolien+%3D+Carpets+of+the+Peasants+and+Nomads+in+Anatolia&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=34-39&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Verlag+Kunst+und+Antiquit%C3%A4ten&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-3-921811-20-7&rft.aulast=Brueggemann&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft.au=Boehmer%2C+Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?lg=en&pg=00011&RL=00645">"Turkish coffee culture and tradition"</a>. UNESCO. 5 December 2013. Cyrchwyd 18 Awst 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkish+coffee+culture+and+tradition&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Findex.php%3Flg%3Den%26pg%3D00011%26RL%3D00645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFÇakır_Morin2013" class="citation news">Çakır Morin, Arzu (5 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/kultur-sanat/25284675.asp">"Türk kahvesi Unesco korumasında"</a>. Hürriyet (yn Tyrceg). Istanbul. Cyrchwyd 18 Awst 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet&rft.atitle=T%C3%BCrk+kahvesi+Unesco+korumas%C4%B1nda&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft.aulast=%C3%87ak%C4%B1r+Morin&rft.aufirst=Arzu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyet.com.tr%2Fkultur-sanat%2F25284675.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-berg-72"><a href="#cite_ref-berg_72-0">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFClaflinScholliers2013" class="citation book">Claflin, Kyri W.; Scholliers, Peter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7WUDAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1980">Writing Food History: A Global Perspective</a>. Berg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-85785-217-5" title="Arbennig:BookSources/978-0-85785-217-5"><bdi>978-0-85785-217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+Food+History%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85785-217-5&rft.aulast=Claflin&rft.aufirst=Kyri+W.&rft.au=Scholliers%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7WUDAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> <li id="cite_note-foodbycountry.com-73"><a href="#cite_ref-foodbycountry.com_73-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodbycountry.com/Spain-to-Zimbabwe-Cumulative-Index/Turkey.html">"Food in Turkey – Turkish Food, Turkish Cuisine"</a>. foodbycountry.com. Cyrchwyd 12 Awst 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=foodbycountry.com&rft.atitle=Food+in+Turkey+%E2%80%93+Turkish+Food%2C+Turkish+Cuisine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foodbycountry.com%2FSpain-to-Zimbabwe-Cumulative-Index%2FTurkey.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ATwrci" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r8312344"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dolenni_allanol">Dolenni allanol</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Golygu'r adran: Dolenni allanol" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Dolenni allanol">golygu cod</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Carte_de_la_Turquie_FR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_la_Turquie_FR.png/300px-Carte_de_la_Turquie_FR.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_la_Turquie_FR.png/450px-Carte_de_la_Turquie_FR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Carte_de_la_Turquie_FR.png/600px-Carte_de_la_Turquie_FR.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Twrci</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sefydliadau_cyhoeddus">Sefydliadau cyhoeddus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Golygu'r adran: Sefydliadau cyhoeddus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Sefydliadau cyhoeddus">golygu cod</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.byegm.gov.tr">Gwasg a Gwybodaeth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090402205400/http://www.byegm.gov.tr/hukumetler/60hukumet/bakanlarkurulu_gorev.htm">Archifwyd</a> 2009-04-02 yn y <a href="/wiki/Peiriant_Wayback" title="Peiriant Wayback">Peiriant Wayback</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.die.gov.tr">Sefydliad Ystadegau Twrci</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090221110724/http://www.die.gov.tr/">Archifwyd</a> 2009-02-21 yn y <a href="/wiki/Peiriant_Wayback" title="Peiriant Wayback">Peiriant Wayback</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/index.html">Banc Canolog Twrci</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081218092822/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/index.html">Archifwyd</a> 2008-12-18 yn y <a href="/wiki/Peiriant_Wayback" title="Peiriant Wayback">Peiriant Wayback</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treasury.gov.tr/indexe.htm">Trysorlys Twrci</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513225751/http://www.treasury.gov.tr/indexe.htm">Archifwyd</a> 2008-05-13 yn y <a href="/wiki/Peiriant_Wayback" title="Peiriant Wayback">Peiriant Wayback</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mit.gov.tr/english/main.html">Gwasanaethau Diogelwch</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823002629/http://www.mit.gov.tr/english/main.html">Archifwyd</a> 2006-08-23 yn y <a href="/wiki/Peiriant_Wayback" title="Peiriant Wayback">Peiriant Wayback</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpt.gov.tr/ing">Swyddfa Cynllunio'r Wladwriaeth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220120225/http://www.dpt.gov.tr/ing">Archifwyd</a> 2008-12-20 yn y <a href="/wiki/Peiriant_Wayback" title="Peiriant Wayback">Peiriant Wayback</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/english/index.htm">Cyngor Ymchwil Dechnolegol a Gwyddonol Twrci</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070212164125/http://www.tubitak.gov.tr/english/index.htm">Archifwyd</a> 2007-02-12 yn y <a href="/wiki/Peiriant_Wayback" title="Peiriant Wayback">Peiriant Wayback</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proffeiliau">Proffeiliau</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Golygu'r adran: Proffeiliau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">golygu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twrci&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Proffeiliau">golygu cod</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1022222.stm">BBC - proffeil Twrci</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html">Ffeithlyfr y CIA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160527062958/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tu.html">Archifwyd</a> 2016-05-27 yn y <a href="/wiki/Peiriant_Wayback" title="Peiriant Wayback">Peiriant Wayback</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/countries/Turkey/">Economist.com - Twrci</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ekodialog.com">Ystadegau ac economi</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nodyn:Gwledydd_y_M%C3%B4r_Canoldir" title="Nodyn:Gwledydd y Môr Canoldir">gw</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sgwrs_Nodyn:Gwledydd_y_M%C3%B4r_Canoldir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sgwrs Nodyn:Gwledydd y Môr Canoldir (dim tudalen ar gael)">sg</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodyn:Gwledydd_y_M%C3%B4r_Canoldir&action=edit">go</a></div></div>Gwledydd <a href="/wiki/Y_M%C3%B4r_Canoldir" title="Y Môr Canoldir">y Môr Canoldir</a></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odrif"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Egypt.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Yr Aifft"><img alt="Baner Yr Aifft" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/22px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/33px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/44px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yr_Aifft" title="Yr Aifft">Yr Aifft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Albania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Albania"><img alt="Baner Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Algeria"><img alt="Baner Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Bosnia a Hercegovina"><img alt="Baner Bosnia a Hercegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_a_Hercegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia a Hercegovina">Bosnia a Hercegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Croatia"><img alt="Baner Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Cyprus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Cyprus"><img alt="Baner Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/22px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/33px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/44px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Yr Eidal"><img alt="Baner Yr Eidal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yr_Eidal" title="Yr Eidal">Yr Eidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Ffrainc"><img alt="Baner Ffrainc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ffrainc" title="Ffrainc">Ffrainc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Gwlad Groeg"><img alt="Baner Gwlad Groeg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Groeg" title="Gwlad Groeg">Gwlad Groeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Israel"><img alt="Baner Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/22px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/33px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/44px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Libanus"><img alt="Baner Libanus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Libanus" title="Libanus">Libanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Libya.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Libia"><img alt="Baner Libia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/22px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/33px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/44px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Libia" title="Libia">Libia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Malta.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Malta"><img alt="Baner Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/22px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/33px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/44px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Monaco.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Monaco"><img alt="Baner Monaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/33px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/44px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Montenegro"><img alt="Baner Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/22px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/33px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/44px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Morocco.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Moroco"><img alt="Baner Moroco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/22px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/33px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/44px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Moroco" title="Moroco">Moroco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Palestine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Palesteina"><img alt="Baner Palesteina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Palesteina" title="Palesteina">Palesteina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Sbaen"><img alt="Baner Sbaen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sbaen" title="Sbaen">Sbaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Slofenia"><img alt="Baner Slofenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Slofenia" title="Slofenia">Slofenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Syria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Syria"><img alt="Baner Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Tunisia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Tiwnisia"><img alt="Baner Tiwnisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tiwnisia" title="Tiwnisia">Tiwnisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Twrci"><img alt="Baner Twrci" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twrci</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nodyn:NATO" title="Nodyn:NATO">gw</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sgwrs_Nodyn:NATO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sgwrs Nodyn:NATO (dim tudalen ar gael)">sg</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodyn:NATO&action=edit">go</a></div></div><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_NATO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/20px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/30px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/40px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sefydliad_Cytundeb_Gogledd_yr_Iwerydd" title="Sefydliad Cytundeb Gogledd yr Iwerydd">Sefydliad Cytundeb Gogledd yr Iwerydd (NATO)</a></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Aelodau</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odrif"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Albania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Albania"><img alt="Baner Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Yr Almaen"><img alt="Baner Yr Almaen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yr_Almaen" title="Yr Almaen">Yr Almaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Gwlad Belg"><img alt="Baner Gwlad Belg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Belg" title="Gwlad Belg">Gwlad Belg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Bwlgaria"><img alt="Baner Bwlgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bwlgaria" title="Bwlgaria">Bwlgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Canada"><img alt="Baner Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Croatia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Croatia"><img alt="Baner Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Denmark.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Denmarc"><img alt="Baner Denmarc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/22px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/33px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/44px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Denmarc" title="Denmarc">Denmarc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Yr Eidal"><img alt="Baner Yr Eidal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/22px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/33px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/44px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yr_Eidal" title="Yr Eidal">Yr Eidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Estonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Estonia"><img alt="Baner Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Y Ffindir"><img alt="Baner Y Ffindir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Y_Ffindir" title="Y Ffindir">Y Ffindir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Ffrainc"><img alt="Baner Ffrainc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ffrainc" title="Ffrainc">Ffrainc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Hungary.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Hwngari"><img alt="Baner Hwngari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hwngari" title="Hwngari">Hwngari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Gogledd Macedonia"><img alt="Baner Gogledd Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/44px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gogledd_Macedonia" title="Gogledd Macedonia">Gogledd Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Gwlad Groeg"><img alt="Baner Gwlad Groeg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/22px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/33px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/44px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Groeg" title="Gwlad Groeg">Gwlad Groeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Iceland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Gwlad yr Iâ"><img alt="Baner Gwlad yr Iâ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_yr_I%C3%A2" title="Gwlad yr Iâ">Gwlad yr Iâ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Yr Iseldiroedd"><img alt="Baner Yr Iseldiroedd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yr_Iseldiroedd" title="Yr Iseldiroedd">Yr Iseldiroedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Latvia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Latfia"><img alt="Baner Latfia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Latfia" title="Latfia">Latfia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Lithwania"><img alt="Baner Lithwania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lithwania" title="Lithwania">Lithwania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Lwcsembwrg"><img alt="Baner Lwcsembwrg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/22px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/33px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/44px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lwcsembwrg" title="Lwcsembwrg">Lwcsembwrg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Montenegro.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Montenegro"><img alt="Baner Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/22px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/33px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/44px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Norwy"><img alt="Baner Norwy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Norwy" title="Norwy">Norwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Portiwgal"><img alt="Baner Portiwgal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/22px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/44px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portiwgal" title="Portiwgal">Portiwgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Gwlad Pwyl"><img alt="Baner Gwlad Pwyl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Pwyl" title="Gwlad Pwyl">Gwlad Pwyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Rwmania"><img alt="Baner Rwmania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rwmania" title="Rwmania">Rwmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Sbaen"><img alt="Baner Sbaen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sbaen" title="Sbaen">Sbaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Slofacia"><img alt="Baner Slofacia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Slofacia" title="Slofacia">Slofacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Slovenia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Slofenia"><img alt="Baner Slofenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Slofenia" title="Slofenia">Slofenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Sweden"><img alt="Baner Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Y Deyrnas Unedig"><img alt="Baner Y Deyrnas Unedig" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Y_Deyrnas_Unedig" title="Y Deyrnas Unedig">Y Deyrnas Unedig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Tsiecia"><img alt="Baner Tsiecia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tsiecia" title="Tsiecia">Tsiecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Twrci"><img alt="Baner Twrci" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twrci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Unol Daleithiau America"><img alt="Baner Unol Daleithiau America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Unol_Daleithiau_America" title="Unol Daleithiau America">Unol Daleithiau America</a></li></ul> </div></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_NATO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/75px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/113px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_NATO.svg/150px-Flag_of_NATO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Ymgeiswyr</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-eilrif"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Bosnia a Hercegovina"><img alt="Baner Bosnia a Hercegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_a_Hercegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia a Hercegovina">Bosnia a Hercegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Georgia"><img alt="Baner Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baner Wcráin"><img alt="Baner Wcráin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wcr%C3%A1in" title="Wcráin">Wcráin</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nodyn:Asia" title="Nodyn:Asia">gw</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sgwrs_Nodyn:Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sgwrs Nodyn:Asia (dim tudalen ar gael)">sg</a> • <a class="external text" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nodyn:Asia&action=edit">go</a></div></div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia </a></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;;"><a href="/wiki/Rhestr_gwladwriaethau_sofranaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhestr gwladwriaethau sofranaidd">Gwladwriaethau sofranaidd</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odrif"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <a href="/wiki/Affganistan" title="Affganistan">Affganistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bhwtan" title="Bhwtan">Bhwtan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Corea" title="Corea">Corea</a> (<a href="/wiki/De_Corea" title="De Corea">De Corea</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gogledd_Corea" title="Gogledd Corea">Gogledd Corea</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Yr_Emiradau_Arabaidd_Unedig" title="Yr Emiradau Arabaidd Unedig">Yr Emiradau Arabaidd Unedig</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fietnam" title="Fietnam">Fietnam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gogledd_Cyprus" title="Gogledd Cyprus">Gogledd Cyprus</a>1 · <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Iorddonen" title="Gwlad Iorddonen">Gwlad Iorddonen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> · <a href="/wiki/Irac" title="Irac">Irac</a> · <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Coweit" title="Coweit">Coweit</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cirgistan" title="Cirgistan">Cirgistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Libanus" title="Libanus">Libanus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Maleisia" title="Maleisia">Maleisia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pacistan" title="Pacistan">Pacistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Y_Philipinau" title="Y Philipinau">y Philipinau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sawdi_Arabia" title="Sawdi Arabia">Sawdi Arabia</a> · <a href="/wiki/Singap%C3%B4r" title="Singapôr">Singapôr</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanca" title="Sri Lanca">Sri Lanca</a> · <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tajicistan" title="Tajicistan">Tajicistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gwlad_Tai" title="Gwlad Tai">Gwlad Tai</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tsieina" title="Tsieina">Tsieina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Pobl_Tsieina" title="Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina">Gweriniaeth Pobl Tsieina</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gweriniaeth_Tsieina" class="mw-redirect" title="Gweriniaeth Tsieina">Gweriniaeth Tsieina</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Tyrcmenistan" title="Tyrcmenistan">Tyrcmenistan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wsbecistan" title="Wsbecistan">Wsbecistan</a> </div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;;"><a href="/wiki/Gwlad_drawsgyfandirol" title="Gwlad drawsgyfandirol">Gwladwriaethau trawsgyfandirol</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-eilrif"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <a href="/wiki/Yr_Aifft" title="Yr Aifft">Yr Aifft</a>2 · <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>3 · <a href="/wiki/Aserbaijan" title="Aserbaijan">Aserbaijan</a>4 · <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>3 · <a href="/wiki/Dwyrain_Timor" title="Dwyrain Timor">Dwyrain Timor</a>5 · <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a>4 · <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>5 · <a href="/wiki/Casachstan" title="Casachstan">Casachstan</a>6 · <a href="/wiki/Rwsia" title="Rwsia">Rwsia</a>6 · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twrci</a>6 · <a href="/wiki/Iemen" title="Iemen">Iemen</a>7 </div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;;"><a href="/wiki/Tiriogaeth_ddibynnol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiriogaeth ddibynnol">Tiriogaethau dibynnol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ardal_ymreolaethol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ardal ymreolaethol (dim tudalen ar gael)">ardaloedd ymreolaethol</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tiriogaeth_(israniad_gwladol)" title="Tiriogaeth (israniad gwladol)">thiriogaethau</a> eraill</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odrif"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Cong" title="Hong Cong">Hong Cong</a>8 · <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>8 · <a href="/wiki/Y_Tiriogaethau_Palesteinaidd" class="mw-redirect" title="Y Tiriogaethau Palesteinaidd">Tiriogaethau Palesteinaidd</a>9 · <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>8 </div></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;;padding:0.3em; line-height:1.5em; font-size:95%;" colspan="2">Dynodir <a href="/wiki/Rhestr_gwledydd_anghydnabyddedig" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhestr gwledydd anghydnabyddedig">gwlad anghydnabyddedig neu a gydnabyddir yn rhannol</a> gan lythrennau italig. 1 Cydnabyddir gan <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dwrci</a> yn unig.  2 Gyda'r mwyafrif o'i thir yn <a href="/wiki/Affrica" title="Affrica">Affrica</a>.  3 Yn <a href="/wiki/De_Orllewin_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="De Orllewin Asia">Ne Orllewin Asia</a> yn gyfan gwbwl, ond ystyrir yn rhan o <a href="/wiki/Ewrop" title="Ewrop">Ewrop</a> am resymau hanesyddol, gwleidyddol, ac/neu diwylliannol.  4 Yn rhannol neu ddim o gwbwl yn Ewrop, yn dibynnu ar ddiffiniadau'r ffiniau rhwng Ewrop ac Asia.  5 Ystyrid weithiau yn rhan o <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.  6 Gyda lleiafrif o'i thir yn Asia.  7 Ystyrid ynysfor <a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a> yn rhan o Affrica.  8 Gweinyddir gan Weriniaeth Pobl Tsieina.  9 Nid yn llwyr annibynnol. </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Wedi dod o "<a dir="ltr" href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twrci&oldid=13043979">https://cy.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twrci&oldid=13043979</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:Categories" title="Arbennig:Categories">Categorïau</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:CS1_Tyrceg-language_sources_(tr)" title="Categori:CS1 Tyrceg-language sources (tr)">CS1 Tyrceg-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Twrci" title="Categori:Twrci">Twrci</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Gwledydd_Ewrop" title="Categori:Gwledydd Ewrop">Gwledydd Ewrop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Gwledydd_Asia" title="Categori:Gwledydd Asia">Gwledydd Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Gweriniaethau" title="Categori:Gweriniaethau">Gweriniaethau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Gwledydd_y_Dwyrain_Canol" title="Categori:Gwledydd y Dwyrain Canol">Gwledydd y Dwyrain Canol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Aelod-wladwriaethau%27r_Cenhedloedd_Unedig" title="Categori:Aelod-wladwriaethau'r Cenhedloedd Unedig">Aelod-wladwriaethau'r Cenhedloedd Unedig</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Aelod-wladwriaethau_Cyngor_Ewrop" title="Categori:Aelod-wladwriaethau Cyngor Ewrop">Aelod-wladwriaethau Cyngor Ewrop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Aelod-wladwriaethau_NATO" title="Categori:Aelod-wladwriaethau NATO">Aelod-wladwriaethau NATO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Aelod-wladwriaethau%27r_G20" title="Categori:Aelod-wladwriaethau'r G20">Aelod-wladwriaethau'r G20</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categori cudd: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Tudalennau_gyda_meysydd_deublyg_yn_y_Nodion" title="Categori:Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion">Tudalennau gyda meysydd deublyg yn y Nodion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Categori:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Nodyn" title="Categori:Nodyn">Nodyn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:CS1_Saesneg-language_sources_(en)" title="Categori:CS1 Saesneg-language sources (en)">CS1 Saesneg-language sources (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_sy%27n_defnyddio_Nodyn_Gwybodlen_lle_Wicidata" title="Categori:Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen lle Wicidata">Erthyglau sy'n defnyddio Nodyn Gwybodlen lle Wicidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Erthyglau_sy%27n_cynnwys_testun_Tyrceg" title="Categori:Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Tyrceg">Erthyglau sy'n cynnwys testun Tyrceg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Categori:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categori:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Categori:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Golygwyd y dudalen hon ddiwethaf ar 17 Medi 2024, am 10:01.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Mae'r testun ar gael o dan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>; gall telerau ychwanegol fod yn berthnasol. Gweler y <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Telerau Gwasanaeth</a> am fanylion.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Polisi preifatrwydd</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Yngl%C5%B7n_%C3%A2_Wicipedia">Ynglŷn â Wicipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Gwadiad_Cyffredinol">Gwadiadau</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Cod Ymddygiad</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Datblygwyr</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/cy.wikipedia.org">Ystadegau</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Datganiad cwcis</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//cy.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Twrci&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Golwg symudol</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-c7qqh","wgBackendResponseTime":221,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_efba194fc07266a01c896133bbbacc5fbea0b51e":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q43","properties":{"title":"Twrci","marker-symbol":"marker","stroke-width":0.5,"marker-color":"#1E90FF","fill":"#F5A9A9"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q43","properties":{"title":"geomask3","marker-symbol":"marker","stroke-width":0.5,"fill-opacity":0.33,"marker-color":"#1E90FF","fill":"#FFFFE0"}},{"features":[{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[36,39],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#1E90FF","title":"Twrci","marker-symbol":"marker"}}],"type":"FeatureCollection"}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.354","walltime":"1.960","ppvisitednodes":{"value":26767,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":259027,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":87319,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":214543,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":3,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1717.754 1 -total"," 44.58% 765.851 1 Nodyn:Gwybodlen_lle"," 43.86% 753.466 1 Nodyn:Infobox"," 24.46% 420.086 3 Nodyn:Blwch_llywio"," 20.13% 345.708 73 Nodyn:If_first_display_both"," 19.63% 337.281 1 Nodyn:Cyfeiriadau"," 15.95% 273.913 3 Nodyn:Rhestr_ddotiog"," 15.63% 268.520 57 Nodyn:Banergwlad"," 9.32% 160.036 1 Nodyn:Gwledydd_y_Môr_Canoldir"," 7.87% 135.202 1 Nodyn:Asia"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.690","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14749543,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-5dc468848-49x6c","timestamp":"20241123103814","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Twrci","url":"https:\/\/cy.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twrci","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q43","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-27T04:04:07Z","dateModified":"2024-09-17T10:01:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b4\/Flag_of_Turkey.svg","headline":"gwlad sofran"}</script> </body> </html>