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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_city-states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_city-states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Early city-states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_city-states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pagan_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pagan_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Pagan Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pagan_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taungoo_and_Konbaung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taungoo_and_Konbaung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Taungoo and Konbaung </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taungoo_and_Konbaung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Burma_(1885–1948)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Burma_(1885–1948)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 British Burma (1885–1948) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Burma_(1885–1948)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_(1948–1962)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_(1948–1962)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Independence (1948–1962) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_(1948–1962)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_rule_(1962–2011)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_rule_(1962–2011)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Military rule (1962–2011) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_rule_(1962–2011)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Civil wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Period_of_liberalisation,_2011–2021" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Period_of_liberalisation,_2011–2021"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Period of liberalisation, 2011–2021 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Period_of_liberalisation,_2011–2021-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2015_general_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2015_general_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9.1 2015 general elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2015_general_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_d'état_and_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_d'état_and_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Coup d'état and civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_d'état_and_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Political culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_and_internal_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_and_internal_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Human rights and internal conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_and_internal_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Child_soldiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_soldiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Child soldiers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery_and_human_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery_and_human_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Slavery and human trafficking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery_and_human_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide_allegations_and_crimes_against_Rohingya_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide_allegations_and_crimes_against_Rohingya_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 Genocide allegations and crimes against Rohingya people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide_allegations_and_crimes_against_Rohingya_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organ_trading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organ_trading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3.1 Organ trading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organ_trading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.4 Government reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Economic history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extractive_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extractive_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Extractive industries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extractive_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Largest cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Media and communications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4.1 Internet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciations_of_Myanmar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciations_of_Myanmar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Pronunciations of Myanmar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciations_of_Myanmar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Myanmar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 252 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-252" aria-hidden="true" > 252 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Миянмэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Миянмэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D" title="Бирмэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бирмэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianmar" title="Mianmar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mianmar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%88%9B" title="ምየንማ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ምየንማ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="म्याँमार – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="म्याँमार" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Burma" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мианма – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Мианма" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ميانمار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ميانمار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Birmania" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Միանմար – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Միանմար" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Birmania" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="ম্যানমাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ম্যানমাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="म्यानमार – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="म्यानमार" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miama" title="Miama – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Miama" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanma" title="Myanma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Myanma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="میانمار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="میانمار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মিয়ানমার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিয়ানমার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%A1n-ti%C4%81n" title="Bián-tiān – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bián-tiān" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мьянма – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мьянма" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="М’янма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="М’янма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%E2%80%99%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="М’янма – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="М’янма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="म्याँमार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="म्याँमार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianma" title="Mianma – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Mianma" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мианмар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мианмар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="བྷར་མ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྷར་མ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjanmar" title="Mjanmar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mjanmar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мьянма – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мьянма" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мьянма – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мьянма" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miy%C3%ABma" title="Miyëma – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Miyëma" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Birmania" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuruma" title="Bhuruma – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhuruma" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Birmania" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ميانمار – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ميانمار" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%89%DE%A7" title="ބަރުމާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބަރުމާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%CA%BC%C3%A9%C3%A9%CA%BC_%C5%81itsxoo%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Biʼééʼ Łitsxooí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Biʼééʼ Łitsxooí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="म्यानमार – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="म्यानमार" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B" title="མེ་མར་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="མེ་མར་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81" title="Μιανμάρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μιανμάρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Birmania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmo" title="Birmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Birmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="میانمار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میانمار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Burma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmanie" title="Birmanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Birmanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyammar" title="Miyammar – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Miyammar" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maenmar" title="Maenmar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maenmar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianmar" title="Mianmar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Mianmar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" title="緬甸 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="緬甸" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Burma" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE" title="બર્મા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બર્મા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="म्यानमार – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="म्यानमार" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C3%A9n-thien" title="Mién-thien – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mién-thien" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%96%80%EB%A7%88" title="미얀마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미얀마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puruma" title="Puruma – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Puruma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Մյանմա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մյանմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="म्यान्मार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="म्यान्मार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjanmar" title="Mjanmar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mjanmar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মায়ানমার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="মায়ানমার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Birmania" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianmarraq" title="Mianmarraq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Mianmarraq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%C3%A6" title="Мьянмæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мьянмæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjanmar" title="Mjanmar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mjanmar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Birmania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%A8" title="מיאנמר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיאנמר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmaanii" title="Pirmaanii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pirmaanii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಯನ್ಮಾರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಯನ್ಮಾರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Birmania" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მიანმარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მიანმარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="برما – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="برما" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мьянма – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мьянма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byrmani" title="Byrmani – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Byrmani" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayanimari" title="Mayanimari – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Mayanimari" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burumaniya" title="Burumaniya – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Burumaniya" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мьянма – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Мьянма" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimani" title="Bimani – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bimani" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmani" title="Birmani – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Birmani" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мьянма – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мьянма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianmar" title="Mianmar – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mianmar" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B2" title="ປະເທດມຽນມາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດມຽນມາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Birmania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjanma" title="Mjanma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mjanma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianmaras" title="Mianmaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mianmaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birma" title="Birma – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Birma" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miama" title="Miama – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Miama" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjanmar" title="Mjanmar – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Mjanmar" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianmar" title="Mianmar – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mianmar" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="म्यानमार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="म्यानमार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мјанмар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мјанмар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianmara" title="Mianmara – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mianmara" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC" title="മ്യാൻമാർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മ്യാൻമാർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Burma" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93ma" title="Pēma – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pēma" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="म्यानमार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="म्यानमार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მიანმარი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მიანმარი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ميانمار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ميانمار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%81%9F%E1%80%AC" title="ရးနိဂီုဗၟာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ရးနိဂီုဗၟာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="میانمار – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="میانمار" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯑꯋꯥ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯋꯥ ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%93ng-di%C3%AAng" title="Miēng-diêng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Miēng-diêng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мьянма – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Мьянма" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мьянмар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мьянмар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="म्यानमार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="म्यानमार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="म्यान्मार – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="म्यान्मार" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC" title="ミャンマー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミャンマー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Birmania" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мьянма – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Мьянма" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjanmaar" title="Mjanmaar – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Mjanmaar" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmaa" title="Myanmaa – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Myanmaa" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Birmania" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%81%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ମିଆଁମାର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମିଆଁମାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maaynamaar" title="Maaynamaar – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Maaynamaar" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanma" title="Myanma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Myanma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮਿਆਂਮਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਆਂਮਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="मयन्मार – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="मयन्मार" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Burma" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="میانمار – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میانمار" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="မျန်မာခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="မျန်မာခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ميانمار – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ميانمار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianmaa" title="Mianmaa – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Mianmaa" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6" title="មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="មីយ៉ាន់ម៉ា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmanie" title="Birmanie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Birmanie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjanma" title="Mjanma – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mjanma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanma" title="Myanma – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Myanma" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мянма – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мянма" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мьянма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мьянма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мьянма – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мьянма" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Burma" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%83" title="ब्रह्मदेशः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ब्रह्मदेशः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱤᱭᱟᱱᱢᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Burma" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Birmania" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="මියන්මාරය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මියන්මාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ميانمار – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميانمار" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMayanima" title="IMayanima – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IMayanima" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjanmarsko" title="Mjanmarsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mjanmarsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjanmar" title="Mjanmar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mjanmar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birma" title="Birma – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Birma" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Burma" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="میانمار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="میانمار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Мјанмар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мјанмар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjanmar" title="Mjanmar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mjanmar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மியான்மர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மியான்மர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmanya" title="Birmanya – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Birmanya" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мьянма – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мьянма" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းမၢၼ်ႈ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းမၢၼ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma" title="Burma – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Burma" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="మయన్మార్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మయన్మార్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birm%C3%A1nia" title="Birmánia – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Birmánia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2" title="ประเทศพม่า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศพม่า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мянма – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мянма" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianim%C4%81" title="Mianimā – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Mianimā" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮ್ಯಾನ್ಮಾರ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಮ್ಯಾನ್ಮಾರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDanmar" title="Mýanmar – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mýanmar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мьянма – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Мьянма" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%90%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%91" title="ᨆᨐᨊᨆᨑ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨆᨐᨊᨆᨑ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="М'янма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="М'янма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="میانمار – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میانمار" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بىرما – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بىرما" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menjden" title="Menjden – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Menjden" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birm%C3%A0nia" title="Birmània – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Birmània" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjanmar" title="Mjanmar – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mjanmar" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mianmar%C3%A4n" title="Mianmarän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Mianmarän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birma" title="Birma – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Birma" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" title="緬甸 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="緬甸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Birmania" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyanmaar" title="Miyanmaar – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Miyanmaar" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8" title="缅甸 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="缅甸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8" title="מיאנמאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מיאנמאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B7%AC%E7%94%B8" title="緬甸 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="緬甸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Myanmar" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Myanmar&params=22_N_96_E_type:country_region:MM&title=Myanmar+%28Burma%29">22°N 96°E / 22°N 96°E / 22; 96 (Myanmar (Burma))</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burma&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Southeast Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Burma" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Burma_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Burma (disambiguation)">Burma (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of the Union of Myanmar</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>)</li><li>Pyidaungzu thămăda myama naingngandaw</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Myanmar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Myanmar"><img alt="Flag of Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/125px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/188px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/250px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Myanmar" title="Flag of Myanmar">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:State_seal_of_Myanmar.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State Seal of Myanmar"><img alt="State Seal of Myanmar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/State_seal_of_Myanmar.svg/95px-State_seal_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/State_seal_of_Myanmar.svg/143px-State_seal_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/State_seal_of_Myanmar.svg/190px-State_seal_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="418" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Myanmar" title="State Seal of Myanmar"> State Seal</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: ကမ္ဘာမကျေ Kaba Ma Kyei "<a href="/wiki/Kaba_Ma_Kyei" title="Kaba Ma Kyei">Till the End of the World</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="40" data-mwtitle="U.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/U.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/U.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga/U.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga&lang=ch&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ch" label="Chamoru ‪(ch)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga&lang=km&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="km" label="ភាសាខ្មែរ ‪(km)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga&lang=my&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="my" label="မြန်မာဘာသာ ‪(my)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_Kaba_Ma_Kyei.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Myanmar_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Myanmar_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Myanmar_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Myanmar_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Myanmar_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Myanmar_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Myanmar_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Burma_(Myanmar)_ASEAN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Location_Burma_%28Myanmar%29_ASEAN.svg/250px-Location_Burma_%28Myanmar%29_ASEAN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Location_Burma_%28Myanmar%29_ASEAN.svg/375px-Location_Burma_%28Myanmar%29_ASEAN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Location_Burma_%28Myanmar%29_ASEAN.svg/500px-Location_Burma_%28Myanmar%29_ASEAN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a>Show map of ASEAN</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Myanmar (green)in <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> (dark grey)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:Location_Burma_(Myanmar)_ASEAN.svg" title="File:Location Burma (Myanmar) ASEAN.svg">Legend</a>]</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Myanmar&params=21_00_N_96_00_E_type:city">21°00′N 96°00′E / 21.000°N 96.000°E / 21.000; 96.000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Recognised regional languages<a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chin language">Chin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachin language">Kachin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karen language">Karen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayah language">Kayah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_language" title="Rakhine language">Rakhine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2019<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>68.78% <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamar</a></li><li>6.69% <a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Kayin</a></li><li>4.61% <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Rakhine</a></li><li>4.51% <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li><li>2.19% <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a></li><li>2.09% <a href="/wiki/Chin_people" title="Chin people">Chin</a></li><li>1.50% <a href="/wiki/Kachin_people" title="Kachin people">Kachin</a></li><li>0.39% <a href="/wiki/Karenni_people" title="Karenni people">Kayah</a></li><li>9.24% <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" title="List of ethnic groups in Myanmar">other</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>89.8% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Buddhism</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></li><li>6.2% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Myanmar" title="Christianity in Myanmar">Christianity</a></li><li>2.3% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Islam</a></li><li>1.6% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">other</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_people" title="Burmese people">Burmese</a></li><li>Myanma<a href="#cite_note-9">[c]</a></li><li>Myanmar<a href="#cite_note-10">[d]</a></li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Myanmar" title="Politics of Myanmar">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Assembly-independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly-independent">assembly-independent</a> republic under a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Myanmar" title="President of Myanmar">Acting President</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Administration_Council" title="Chairman of the State Administration Council">SAC Chairman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Min_Aung_Hlaing" title="Min Aung Hlaing">Min Aung Hlaing</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_State_Administration_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chairman of the State Administration Council">SAC Vice Chairman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Myanmar">Deputy Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soe_Win_(general)" title="Soe Win (general)">Soe Win</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[e]</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_Council" title="State Administration Council">State Administration Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan era</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 December 849</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Taungoo era</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 October 1510</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung era</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 February 1752</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Colonial era</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1886</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Myanmar)" title="Independence Day (Myanmar)">Independence</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 January 1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1962_Burmese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1962 Burmese coup d'état">1962 coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 March 1962</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/8888_uprising#SLORC_coup_and_crackdown" class="mw-redirect" title="8888 uprising">1988 coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 September 1988</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Myanmar" title="Constitution of Myanmar">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 January 2011</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">2021 coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 February 2021</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Myanmar" title="Geography of Myanmar">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">676,579 km2 (261,229 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">39th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3.06</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Myanmar" title="Demographics of Myanmar">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">55,770,232<a href="#cite_note-16">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">26th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">196.8/sq mi (76.0/km2) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">125th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $283.572 billion<a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">64th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $5,200<a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">146th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $68.006 billion<a href="#cite_note-19">[14]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">87th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1,250<a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">167th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2017)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 30.7<a href="#cite_note-21">[16]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by income equality">106th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.608<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-22">[17]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">144th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_kyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese kyat">Kyat</a> (K) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">MMK</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+06:30 (<a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Standard_Time" title="Myanmar Standard Time">MMT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Myanmar" title="Telephone numbers in Myanmar">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Myanmar" title="Telephone numbers in Myanmar">+95</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:MM" title="ISO 3166-2:MM">MM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.mm" title=".mm">.mm</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/40px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/60px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Burmese_character_k.svg/80px-Burmese_character_k.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="34" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese script</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Burmese)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Burmese)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">Burmese script</a>.</div></div> </div> Myanmar,<a href="#cite_note-23">[f]</a> officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar<a href="#cite_note-24">[g]</a> and also rendered Burma (the official English form until 1989), is a country in northwest <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. It is the largest country by area in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a> and has a population of about 55 million.<a href="#cite_note-25">[18]</a> It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to its west, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> to its southwest, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to its northeast, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> to its east and southeast, and the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is <a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a>, and its largest city is <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a> (formerly Rangoon).<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-26">[19]</a> Early civilisations in the area included the <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a> in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Myanmar" title="Upper Myanmar">Upper Myanmar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mon_kingdoms" title="Mon kingdoms">Mon kingdoms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Myanmar" title="Lower Myanmar">Lower Myanmar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[20]</a> In the 9th century, the <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamar people</a> entered the upper <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_River" title="Irrawaddy River">Irrawaddy</a> valley, and following the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a> in the 1050s, the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Theravada Buddhism</a> slowly became dominant in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a> fell to <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">Mongol invasions</a>, and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the <a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Taungoo dynasty</a>, the country became the largest empire in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Southeast Asia">history of Southeast Asia</a> for a short period.<a href="#cite_note-28">[21]</a> The early 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a> ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Assam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mizo_Chieftainship" title="Mizo Chieftainship">Lushai Hills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manipur_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipur Kingdom">Manipur</a> as well. The British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_Wars" title="Anglo-Burmese Wars">Anglo-Burmese Wars</a> in the 19th century, and the country became a <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British colony</a>. After a brief <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation</a>, Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies. On 4 January 1948, Myanmar declared <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Myanmar)" title="Independence Day (Myanmar)">independence</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Act_1947" title="Burma Independence Act 1947">Burma Independence Act 1947</a>. Myanmar's post-independence history has been checkered by continuing unrest and conflict to this day. The <a href="/wiki/1962_Burmese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1962 Burmese coup d'état">coup d'état in 1962</a> resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Socialist_Programme_Party" title="Burma Socialist Programme Party">Burma Socialist Programme Party</a>. On 8 August 1988, the <a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a> then resulted in a nominal transition to a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a> two years later, but the country's <a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">post-uprising military council</a> refused to cede power, and has continued to rule the country through to the present. The country remains riven by ethnic strife among its <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" title="List of ethnic groups in Myanmar">myriad ethnic groups</a> and has one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Myanmar">longest-running ongoing civil wars</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and several other organisations have reported consistent and systemic <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Myanmar" title="Human rights in Myanmar">human rights</a> violations in the country.<a href="#cite_note-UNHR-29">[22]</a> In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">military junta</a> was officially dissolved following a <a href="/wiki/2010_Myanmar_general_election" title="2010 Myanmar general election">2010 general election</a>, and a nominally <a href="/wiki/Civil_authority" title="Civil authority">civilian government</a> was installed. <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> were released and the <a href="/wiki/2015_Myanmar_general_election" title="2015 Myanmar general election">2015 Myanmar general election</a> was held, leading to improved <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Myanmar" title="Foreign relations of Myanmar">foreign relations</a> and eased <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Easing-30">[23]</a> although the country's treatment of its <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" title="List of ethnic groups in Myanmar">ethnic minorities</a>, particularly in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a>, continued to be a source of international tension and consternation.<a href="#cite_note-MinorityTreatment-31">[24]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/2020_Myanmar_general_election" title="2020 Myanmar general election">2020 Myanmar general election</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">Aung San Suu Kyi’s party</a> won a clear majority in both houses, the <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Burmese military (Tatmadaw)</a> again seized power <a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">in a coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-32">[25]</a> The coup, which was widely condemned by the <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a>, led to <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Myanmar_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2022 Myanmar protests">continuous ongoing widespread protests in Myanmar</a> and has been marked by violent <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a> by the military, as well as a larger outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a> The military also arrested Aung San Suu Kyi in order to remove her from public life, and charged her with crimes ranging from <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Myanmar" title="Corruption in Myanmar">corruption</a> to violation of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Myanmar" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Myanmar">COVID-19</a> protocols; all of the charges against her are "politically motivated" according to independent observers.<a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a> Myanmar is a member of the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a>, but it is not a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a> despite once being part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Myanmar is a Dialogue Partner of the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organization</a>. The country is very rich in <a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">natural resources</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teak_in_Myanmar" title="Teak in Myanmar">teak</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, as well as also endowed with <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, having the highest <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> potential compared to other countries of the Great <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a> Subregion.<a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a> However, Myanmar has long suffered from <a href="/wiki/Instability" title="Instability">instability</a>, factional violence, <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Myanmar" title="Corruption in Myanmar">corruption</a>, poor infrastructure, as well as a long history of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial exploitation</a> with little regard to <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">human development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a> In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$56.7 billion and its GDP (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>) at US$221.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-imf2-37">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">income gap</a> in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">economy</a> is controlled by <a href="/wiki/Cronyism" title="Cronyism">cronies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_Administration_Council" title="State Administration Council">military junta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IncomeGap-38">[31]</a> Myanmar is one of the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a>; as of 2020, according to the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>, it ranks 147 out of 189 countries in terms of <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">human development</a>, the lowest in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HDI-39">[32]</a> Since 2021, more than 600,000 people were displaced across Myanmar due to the surge in violence post-coup, with more than 3 million people in dire need of humanitarian assistance.<a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Myanmar" title="Names of Myanmar">Names of Myanmar</a></div> The name of the country has been a matter of dispute and disagreement, particularly in the early 21st century, focusing mainly on the political legitimacy of those using Myanmar versus Burma.<a href="#cite_note-41">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a> Both names derive from the earlier <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a> Mranma or Mramma, an <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> for the majority <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Burman</a> ethnic group, of uncertain etymology.<a href="#cite_note-dgeh-43">[36]</a> The terms are also popularly thought to derive from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> Brahma Desha, 'land of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a> In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Military_government" title="Military government">military government</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_places_in_Myanmar" title="List of renamed places in Myanmar">officially changed</a> the English translations of many names dating back to <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma's colonial period</a> or earlier, including that of the country itself: Burma became Myanmar. The renaming remains a contested issue.<a href="#cite_note-Houtman1999-45">[38]</a> Many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use Burma because they do not recognise the legitimacy or authority of the military government.<a href="#cite_note-steinberg-46">[39]</a> The country's official full name is "Republic of the Union of Myanmar" (<a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: ပြည်ထောင်စုသမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်, Pyihtaungsu Thamada Myanma Naingngantaw, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[pjìdàʊɴzṵ θàɴməda̰ mjəmà nàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀]</a>). Countries that do not officially recognise that name use the long form "Union of Burma" instead.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-26">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCGUB-47">[40]</a> In English, the country is popularly known as either Burma or Myanmar. In Burmese, the pronunciation depends on the <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a> used and is either Bama (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[bəmà]</a>) or Myamah (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[mjəmà]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Houtman1999-45">[38]</a> Official <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">United States foreign policy</a> retains Burma as the country's name although the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>'s website lists the country as Burma (Myanmar).<a href="#cite_note-USNaming-48">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> uses Myanmar, as does the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> and as do <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dittmer-52">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> Most English-speaking international news media refer to the country by the name Myanmar, including the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC</a>)/<a href="/wiki/Radio_Australia" title="Radio Australia">Radio Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ABCRA-60">[53]</a> Myanmar is known by a name deriving from Burma in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> French-language media consistently use Birmanie.<a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a> There are at least nine different pronunciations of the English name Myanmar, and no single one is standard. Pronunciations with two syllables are found most often in major British and American dictionaries.<a href="#cite_note-64">[pronunciations 1]</a> Dictionaries—such as <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins</a>—and other sources also report pronunciations with three syllables.<a href="#cite_note-65">[pronunciations 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Myanmar-66">[57]</a> As <a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">John Wells</a> explains, the English spellings of both Myanmar and Burma assume a <a href="/wiki/Rhoticity_in_English" title="Rhoticity in English">non-rhotic variety of English</a>, in which the letter r before a consonant or finally serves merely to indicate a long vowel: [ˈmjænmɑː, ˈbɜːmə]. So the pronunciation of the last syllable of Myanmar as [mɑːr] by some speakers in the UK and most speakers in North America is in fact a <a href="/wiki/Spelling_pronunciation" title="Spelling pronunciation">spelling pronunciation</a> based on a misunderstanding of non-rhotic spelling conventions. However, Burma is pronounced [ˈbɜːrmə] by rhotic speakers of English due to a <a href="/wiki/Phonotactics" title="Phonotactics">phonotactic</a> constraint, as /ɜː/ occurs only before /r/ in those accents. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">History of Myanmar</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Myanmar" title="Special:EditPage/Myanmar">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Myanmar%22">"Myanmar"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Myanmar%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Myanmar%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Myanmar%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Myanmar%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Myanmar%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (August 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Myanmar" title="Prehistory of Myanmar">Prehistory of Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Migration_period_of_ancient_Burma" title="Migration period of ancient Burma">Migration period of ancient Burma</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyu_city-states_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pyu_city-states_map.svg/220px-Pyu_city-states_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pyu_city-states_map.svg/330px-Pyu_city-states_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pyu_city-states_map.svg/440px-Pyu_city-states_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 8th century</figcaption></figure> Archaeological evidence shows that <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 750,000 years ago, with no more erectus finds after 75,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-BLibConfOBMS2015-67">[58]</a> The first evidence of <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> is dated to about 25,000 BP with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-68">[59]</a> Evidence of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE has been discovered in the form of <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padah-Lin_Caves" title="Padah-Lin Caves">Padah-Lin Caves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[60]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> arrived <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 BCE when people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs; they were among the first people in the world to do so.<a href="#cite_note-70">[61]</a> Human remains and artefacts from this era were discovered in <a href="/wiki/Monywa_District" title="Monywa District">Monywa District</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sagaing_Region" title="Sagaing Region">Sagaing Region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> began around 500 BCE with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[63]</a> Evidence also shows the presence of rice-growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BCE and 200 CE.<a href="#cite_note-73">[64]</a> Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials. This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places, possibly through trade.<a href="#cite_note-74">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_city-states">Early city-states</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mon_kingdoms" title="Mon kingdoms">Mon kingdoms</a></div> Around the second century BCE the first-known <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a> emerged in central Myanmar. The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu people, the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant, from present-day <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EarlyYunnan-75">[66]</a> The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India, importing Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts, which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation.<a href="#cite_note-76">[67]</a> By the 9th century, several city-states had sprouted across the land: the Pyu in the central dry zone, Mon along the southern coastline and Arakanese along the western littoral. The balance was upset when the Pyu came under repeated attacks from <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a> between the 750s and the 830s. In the mid-to-late 9th century the <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamar people</a> founded a small settlement at <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a>. It was one of several competing city-states until the late 10th century, when it grew in authority and grandeur.<a href="#cite_note-77">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pagan_Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Toungoo dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ava" title="Kingdom of Ava">Kingdom of Ava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagan,_Burma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bagan%2C_Burma.jpg/220px-Bagan%2C_Burma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bagan%2C_Burma.jpg/330px-Bagan%2C_Burma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Bagan%2C_Burma.jpg/440px-Bagan%2C_Burma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1424" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagodas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">kyaungs</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a>, the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan</a> gradually grew to absorb its surrounding states until the 1050s–1060s when <a href="/wiki/Anawrahta" title="Anawrahta">Anawrahta</a> founded the Pagan Kingdom, the first ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Pagan Empire and the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> were two main powers in mainland Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-78">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese language</a> and culture gradually became dominant in the upper Irrawaddy valley, eclipsing the <a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Burma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyu language (Burma)">Pyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a> norms[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] by the late 12th century.<a href="#cite_note-mha-63-65-79">[70]</a> Theravada <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> slowly began to spread to the village level, although <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Tantric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">folk religion</a> remained heavily entrenched. Pagan's rulers and wealthy built over 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> temples in the Pagan capital zone alone. Repeated Mongol invasions in the late 13th century toppled the four-century-old kingdom in 1287.<a href="#cite_note-mha-63-65-79">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MysticalMraukU.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/MysticalMraukU.jpg/220px-MysticalMraukU.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/MysticalMraukU.jpg/330px-MysticalMraukU.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/MysticalMraukU.jpg/440px-MysticalMraukU.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Temples at <a href="/wiki/Mrauk_U" title="Mrauk U">Mrauk U</a></figcaption></figure> Pagan's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century. Like the Burmans four centuries earlier, <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a> migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind. Several competing <a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan States</a> came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ava" title="Kingdom of Ava">Ava Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a>, emerged. In the west, a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a> unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437. The kingdom was a protectorate of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> at different time periods.<a href="#cite_note-kh-2-25-80">[71]</a> In the 14th and 15th centuries, Ava fought <a href="/wiki/Forty_Years%27_War" title="Forty Years' War">wars of unification</a> but could never quite reassemble the lost empire. Having held off Ava, the <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a>-speaking Hanthawaddy entered its golden age, and Arakan went on to become a power in its own right for the next 350 years. In contrast, constant warfare left Ava greatly weakened, and it slowly disintegrated from 1481 onward. In 1527, the Confederation of Shan States conquered Ava and ruled Upper Myanmar until 1555. Like the Pagan Empire, Ava, <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar" title="Bago, Myanmar">Hanthawaddy</a> and the Shan states were all <a href="/wiki/Multiracial_people" title="Multiracial people">multi-ethnic</a> polities. Despite the wars, cultural synchronisation continued. This period is considered a golden age for <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">Burmese culture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Burmese_literature" title="Burmese literature">Burmese literature</a> "grew more confident, popular, and stylistically diverse", and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest <a href="/wiki/Burmese_chronicles" title="Burmese chronicles">pan-Burma chronicles</a> emerged.<a href="#cite_note-81">[72]</a> Hanthawaddy monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country.<a href="#cite_note-82">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taungoo_and_Konbaung">Taungoo and Konbaung</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elefante_Portugues.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Elefante_Portugues.jpg/220px-Elefante_Portugues.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Elefante_Portugues.jpg/330px-Elefante_Portugues.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Elefante_Portugues.jpg/440px-Elefante_Portugues.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Portuguese ruler mounting an Elephant and his soldiers. Philips, Jan Caspar (draughtsman and engraver)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Taungoo_Empire_(1580).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_of_Taungoo_Empire_%281580%29.png/220px-Map_of_Taungoo_Empire_%281580%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_of_Taungoo_Empire_%281580%29.png/330px-Map_of_Taungoo_Empire_%281580%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Map_of_Taungoo_Empire_%281580%29.png/440px-Map_of_Taungoo_Empire_%281580%29.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1121" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">Toungoo Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a> in 1580</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Myanmar_(%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%9B%BD)_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Myanmar_%28%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%9B%BD%29_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Myanmar_%28%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%9B%BD%29_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Myanmar_%28%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%9B%BD%29_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Myanmar_%28%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%9B%BD%29_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Myanmar_%28%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%9B%BD%29_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761.jpg/440px-%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE_Myanmar_%28%E7%BC%85%E7%94%B8%E5%9B%BD%29_delegates_in_Peking_in_1761.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2846" data-file-height="2572" /></a><figcaption>Myanmar (缅甸国) delegates in Peking in 1761, at the time of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%9B%BD%E6%9D%A5%E6%9C%9D%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="万国来朝图">萬國來朝圖/万国来朝图</a></figcaption></figure> Political unification returned in the mid-16th century, through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Taungoo</a>, a former vassal state of Ava. Taungoo's young, ambitious King <a href="/wiki/Tabinshwehti" title="Tabinshwehti">Tabinshwehti</a> defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the <a href="/wiki/Toungoo%E2%80%93Hanthawaddy_War_(1534%E2%80%931541)" class="mw-redirect" title="Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–1541)">Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War</a>. His successor <a href="/wiki/Bayinnaung" title="Bayinnaung">Bayinnaung</a> went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states, <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a>, Manipur, <a href="/wiki/Mong_Mao" class="mw-redirect" title="Mong Mao">Mong Mao</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a> and southern Arakan. However, the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaung's death in 1581, completely collapsing by 1599. Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na, and Portuguese mercenaries established <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese rule</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thanlyin" title="Thanlyin">Thanlyin</a> (Syriam). The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing <a href="/wiki/Lower_Myanmar" title="Lower Myanmar">Lower Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Myanmar" title="Upper Myanmar">Upper Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan states</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lan_Na" title="Lan Na">Lan Na</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Tenasserim_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenasserim Division">Tenasserim</a>. The restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features continued well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated <a href="/wiki/Meitei_people" title="Meitei people">Meithei</a> raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the <a href="/wiki/Restored_Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a>. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shwedagon_pagoda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shwedagon_pagoda.jpg/220px-Shwedagon_pagoda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shwedagon_pagoda.jpg/330px-Shwedagon_pagoda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Shwedagon_pagoda.jpg/440px-Shwedagon_pagoda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6276" data-file-height="5224" /></a><figcaption>A British 1825 lithograph of <a href="/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda" title="Shwedagon Pagoda">Shwedagon Pagoda</a> shows British occupation during the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the fall of Ava, the <a href="/wiki/Konbaung%E2%80%93Hanthawaddy_War" title="Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War">Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War</a> involved one resistance group under <a href="/wiki/Alaungpaya" title="Alaungpaya">Alaungpaya</a> defeating the Restored Hanthawaddy, and by 1759 he had reunited all of Myanmar and Manipur and driven out the French and the British, who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy. By 1770, Alaungpaya's heirs had subdued much of Laos and fought and won the <a href="/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1765%E2%80%931767)" title="Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767)">Burmese–Siamese War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom" title="Ayutthaya Kingdom">Ayutthaya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War_(1765%E2%80%931769)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Burmese War (1765–1769)">Sino-Burmese War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[74]</a> With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770 and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging <a href="/wiki/Tenasserim_Island" title="Tenasserim Island">Tenasserim</a> (to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King <a href="/wiki/Bodawpaya" title="Bodawpaya">Bodawpaya</a> turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[75]</a> In 1826, Burma lost Arakan, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, Assam and Tenasserim to the British in the <a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="First Anglo-Burmese War">First Anglo-Burmese War</a>. In 1852, the British easily seized Lower Burma in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Second Anglo-Burmese War">Second Anglo-Burmese War</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Mindon_Min" title="Mindon Min">Mindon Min</a> tried to modernise the kingdom and in 1875 narrowly avoided annexation by ceding the <a href="/wiki/Karenni_States" title="Karenni States">Karenni States</a>. The British, alarmed by the consolidation of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>, annexed the remainder of the country in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">Third Anglo-Burmese War</a> in 1885. Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo's administrative reforms and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion. For the first time in history, the Burmese language and culture came to predominate the entire Irrawaddy valley. The evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theatre continued, aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era (half of all males and 5% of females).<a href="#cite_note-85">[76]</a> Nonetheless, the extent and pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient to stem the advance of British colonialism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Burma_(1885–1948)">British Burma (1885–1948)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule in Burma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_forces_arrival_mandalay1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_forces_arrival_mandalay1885.jpg/220px-British_forces_arrival_mandalay1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_forces_arrival_mandalay1885.jpg/330px-British_forces_arrival_mandalay1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/British_forces_arrival_mandalay1885.jpg/440px-British_forces_arrival_mandalay1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>The landing of British forces in Mandalay after the last of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Burmese War">Anglo-Burmese Wars</a>, which resulted in the abdication of the last Burmese monarch, King <a href="/wiki/Thibaw_Min" title="Thibaw Min">Thibaw Min</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_3-inch_mortar_detachments_support_the_19th_Indian_Division%27s_advance_along_the_Mawchi_Road,_east_of_Toungoo,_Burma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/British_3-inch_mortar_detachments_support_the_19th_Indian_Division%27s_advance_along_the_Mawchi_Road%2C_east_of_Toungoo%2C_Burma.jpg/220px-British_3-inch_mortar_detachments_support_the_19th_Indian_Division%27s_advance_along_the_Mawchi_Road%2C_east_of_Toungoo%2C_Burma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/British_3-inch_mortar_detachments_support_the_19th_Indian_Division%27s_advance_along_the_Mawchi_Road%2C_east_of_Toungoo%2C_Burma.jpg/330px-British_3-inch_mortar_detachments_support_the_19th_Indian_Division%27s_advance_along_the_Mawchi_Road%2C_east_of_Toungoo%2C_Burma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/British_3-inch_mortar_detachments_support_the_19th_Indian_Division%27s_advance_along_the_Mawchi_Road%2C_east_of_Toungoo%2C_Burma.jpg/440px-British_3-inch_mortar_detachments_support_the_19th_Indian_Division%27s_advance_along_the_Mawchi_Road%2C_east_of_Toungoo%2C_Burma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>British troops firing a <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mawchi" title="Mawchi">Mawchi</a> road, July 1944</figcaption></figure> In the 19th century, Burmese rulers sought to maintain their traditional influence in the western areas of Assam, Manipur and Arakan. Pressing them, however, was the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India</a> Company, which was expanding its interests eastwards over the same territory. Over the next 60 years, diplomacy, raids, treaties and compromises, known collectively as the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_Wars" title="Anglo-Burmese Wars">Anglo-Burmese Wars</a>, continued until Britain proclaimed control over most of Burma.<a href="#cite_note-86">[77]</a> With the fall of Mandalay, all of Burma came under British rule, being <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Burmese_War#Annexation_and_resistance" title="Third Anglo-Burmese War">annexed</a> on 1 January 1886. Throughout the colonial era, many Indians arrived as soldiers, civil servants, construction workers and traders and, along with the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people" title="Anglo-Burmese people">Anglo-Burmese</a> community, dominated commercial and civil life in Burma. <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Rangoon</a> became the capital of British Burma and an important port between <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. Burmese resentment was strong, and was vented in violent riots that periodically paralysed Rangoon until the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-87">[78]</a> Some of the discontent was caused by a disrespect for Burmese culture and traditions. <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monks</a> became the vanguards of the independence movement. <a href="/wiki/U_Wisara" title="U Wisara">U Wisara</a>, an activist monk, died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike.<a href="#cite_note-88">[79]</a> On 1 April 1937, Burma became a separately administered colony of Britain, and <a href="/wiki/Ba_Maw" title="Ba Maw">Ba Maw</a> became the first Prime Minister and Premier of Burma. Ba Maw was an outspoken advocate for Burmese self-rule, and he opposed the participation of Britain, and by extension Burma, in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He resigned from the Legislative Assembly and was arrested for sedition. In 1940, before <a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan formally entered the war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army" title="Burma Independence Army">Burma Independence Army</a> in Japan. As a major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion</a>. Within months after they entered the war, Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon, and the British administration had collapsed. A <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burmese Executive Administration</a> headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942. <a href="/wiki/Orde_Wingate" title="Orde Wingate">Wingate</a>'s British <a href="/wiki/Chindits" title="Chindits">Chindits</a> were formed into <a href="/wiki/Long-range_penetration" title="Long-range penetration">long-range penetration</a> groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines.<a href="#cite_note-89">[80]</a> A similar American unit, <a href="/wiki/Merrill%27s_Marauders" title="Merrill's Marauders">Merrill's Marauders</a>, followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-90">[81]</a> Beginning in late 1944, allied troops launched a <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma campaign 1944">series of offensives</a> that led to the <a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_1944%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma campaign 1944–45">end of Japanese rule</a> in July 1945. The battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting. Overall, the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma with 1,700 prisoners taken.<a href="#cite_note-91">[82]</a> Although many Burmese fought initially for the Japanese as part of the Burma Independence Army, many Burmese, mostly from the ethnic minorities, served in the British Burma Army.<a href="#cite_note-92">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army" title="Burma Independence Army">Burma National Army</a> and the Arakan National Army fought with the Japanese from 1942 to 1944 but switched allegiance to the Allied side in 1945. Overall, 170,000 to 250,000 Burmese civilians died during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-93">[84]</a> Following World War II, <a href="/wiki/Aung_San" title="Aung San">Aung San</a> negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Panglong_Agreement" title="Panglong Agreement">Panglong Agreement</a> with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state. <a href="/wiki/Aung_Zan_Wai" title="Aung Zan Wai">Aung Zan Wai</a>, Pe Khin, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Hmu_Aung" title="Bo Hmu Aung">Bo Hmu Aung</a>, Sir Maung Gyi, Sein Mya Maung, <a href="/wiki/Myoma_U_Than_Kywe" class="mw-redirect" title="Myoma U Than Kywe">Myoma U Than Kywe</a> were among the negotiators of the historic <a href="/wiki/Panglong_Conference" title="Panglong Conference">Panglong Conference</a> negotiated with Bamar leader General Aung San and other ethnic leaders in 1947. In 1947, Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar, a transitional government. But in July 1947, political rivals<a href="#cite_note-94">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Martyrs%27_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese Martyrs' Day">assassinated Aung San</a> and several cabinet members.<a href="#cite_note-95">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_(1948–1962)">Independence (1948–1962)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-independence_Burma_(1948%E2%80%931962)" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-independence Burma (1948–1962)">Post-independence Burma (1948–1962)</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Myanmar)" title="Independence Day (Myanmar)">Independence Day (Myanmar)</a></div> On 4 January 1948, the nation became an independent republic, under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Act_1947" title="Burma Independence Act 1947">Burma Independence Act 1947</a>. The new country was named the Union of Burma, with <a href="/wiki/Sao_Shwe_Thaik" title="Sao Shwe Thaik">Sao Shwe Thaik</a> as its first president and <a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">U Nu</a> as its first prime minister. Unlike most other former British colonies and overseas territories, Burma did not become a member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> parliament was formed, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Burma)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Burma)">Chamber of Deputies</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Nationalities" title="Chamber of Nationalities">Chamber of Nationalities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[87]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party</a> elections were held in <a href="/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_Burmese_general_election" title="1951–52 Burmese general election">1951–1952</a>, <a href="/wiki/1956_Burmese_general_election" title="1956 Burmese general election">1956</a> and <a href="/wiki/1960_Burmese_general_election" title="1960 Burmese general election">1960</a>. The geographical area Burma encompasses today can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Panglong_Agreement" title="Panglong Agreement">Panglong Agreement</a>, which combined Burma Proper, which consisted of Lower Burma and Upper Burma, and the Frontier Areas, which had been administered separately by the British.<a href="#cite_note-97">[88]</a> In 1961, <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a>, the Union of Burma's Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former secretary to the prime minister, was elected <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a>, a position he held for ten years.<a href="#cite_note-98">[89]</a> When the non-Burman ethnic groups pushed for autonomy or federalism, alongside having a weak civilian government at the centre, the military leadership staged a coup d'état in 1962. Though incorporated in the 1947 Constitution, successive military governments construed the use of the term '<a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a>' as being anti-national, anti-unity and pro-disintegration.<a href="#cite_note-99">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_rule_(1962–2011)">Military rule (1962–2011)</h3></div> On 2 March 1962, the military led by General <a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a> <a href="/wiki/1962_Burmese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1962 Burmese coup d'état">took control of Burma through a coup d'état</a>, and the government had been under direct or indirect control by the military since then. Between 1962 and 1974, Myanmar was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Union_Revolutionary_Council" title="Union Revolutionary Council">revolutionary council</a> headed by the general. Almost all aspects of society (business, media, production) were <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalised</a> or brought under government control under the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese Way to Socialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-thantmyintu-100">[91]</a> which combined Soviet-style nationalisation and <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">central planning</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Myanmar" title="Constitution of Myanmar">new constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma</a> was adopted in 1974. Until 1988, the country was ruled as a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party system</a>, with the general and other military officers resigning and ruling through the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Socialist_Programme_Party" title="Burma Socialist Programme Party">Burma Socialist Programme Party</a> (BSPP).<a href="#cite_note-christinafink-101">[92]</a> During this period, Myanmar became one of the world's most impoverished countries.<a href="#cite_note-ruin-102">[93]</a> There were sporadic protests against military rule during the Ne Win years, and these were almost always violently suppressed. On 7 July 1962, the government broke up <a href="/wiki/1962_Rangoon_University_protests" title="1962 Rangoon University protests">demonstrations at Rangoon University</a>, killing 15 students.<a href="#cite_note-thantmyintu-100">[91]</a> In 1974, the military violently suppressed <a href="/wiki/U_Thant_funeral_crisis" title="U Thant funeral crisis">anti-government protests</a> at the funeral of U Thant. Student protests in 1975, 1976, and 1977 were quickly suppressed by overwhelming force.<a href="#cite_note-christinafink-101">[92]</a> In 1988, unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the <a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a>. Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators, and General <a href="/wiki/Saw_Maung" title="Saw Maung">Saw Maung</a> staged a coup d'état and formed the <a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">State Law and Order Restoration Council</a> (SLORC). In 1989, SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests. The military government finalised plans for People's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989.<a href="#cite_note-103">[94]</a> SLORC changed the country's official English name from the "Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma" to the "Union of Myanmar" on 18 June 1989 by enacting the adaptation of the expression law. In May 1990, the government held free multiparty elections for the first time in almost 30 years, and the <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a> (NLD), the party of Aung San Suu Kyi, won<a href="#cite_note-burmese_vote_1990_05_29_nytimes_com-104">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/1990_Myanmar_general_election" title="1990 Myanmar general election">earning 392 out of a total 492 seats</a> (i.e., 80% of the seats). However, the military junta refused to cede power<a href="#cite_note-105">[96]</a> and continued to rule the nation, first as SLORC and, from 1997, as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) until its dissolution in March 2011. General <a href="/wiki/Than_Shwe" title="Than Shwe">Than Shwe</a> took over the Chairmanship – effectively the position of Myanmar's top ruler – from General Saw Maung in 1992 and held it until 2011.<a href="#cite_note-106">[97]</a> On 23 June 1997, Myanmar was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. On 27 March 2006, the military junta, which had moved the national capital from Yangon to a site near <a href="/wiki/Pyinmana" title="Pyinmana">Pyinmana</a> in November 2005, officially named the new capital <a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a>, meaning "city of the kings".<a href="#cite_note-107">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007_Myanmar_protests_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/2007_Myanmar_protests_7.jpg/220px-2007_Myanmar_protests_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/2007_Myanmar_protests_7.jpg/330px-2007_Myanmar_protests_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/2007_Myanmar_protests_7.jpg/440px-2007_Myanmar_protests_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Protesters in <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2007_Saffron_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 Saffron Revolution">2007 Saffron Revolution</a> with a banner that reads non-violence: national movement in <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>. In the background is <a href="/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda" title="Shwedagon Pagoda">Shwedagon Pagoda</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclone_Nargis_-Myanmar-3May2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cyclone_Nargis_-Myanmar-3May2008.jpg/220px-Cyclone_Nargis_-Myanmar-3May2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cyclone_Nargis_-Myanmar-3May2008.jpg/330px-Cyclone_Nargis_-Myanmar-3May2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Cyclone_Nargis_-Myanmar-3May2008.jpg/440px-Cyclone_Nargis_-Myanmar-3May2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Nargis" title="Cyclone Nargis">Cyclone Nargis</a> in southern Myanmar, May 2008</figcaption></figure> In August 2007, an increase in the price of fuel led to the <a href="/wiki/Saffron_Revolution" title="Saffron Revolution">Saffron Revolution</a> led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government.<a href="#cite_note-PetrolSaffronRevolution-108">[99]</a> The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007, with reports of barricades at the <a href="/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda" title="Shwedagon Pagoda">Shwedagon Pagoda</a> and monks killed. There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces, but none was confirmed. The military crackdown against unarmed <a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">protesters</a> was widely condemned as part of the <a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Saffron_Revolution" title="International reactions to the Saffron Revolution">international reactions to the Saffron Revolution</a> and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Myanmar" title="Politics of Myanmar">Burmese Government</a>. In May 2008, <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Nargis" title="Cyclone Nargis">Cyclone Nargis</a> caused extensive damage in the densely populated rice-farming delta of the <a href="/wiki/Ayeyarwady_Region" title="Ayeyarwady Region">Irrawaddy Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[100]</a> It was the worst natural disaster in Burmese history with reports of an estimated 200,000 people dead or missing, damages totalled to 10 billion US dollars, and as many as 1 million were left homeless.<a href="#cite_note-110">[101]</a> In the critical days following this disaster, Myanmar's <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationist</a> government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts.<a href="#cite_note-111">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">Humanitarian aid</a> was requested, but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine, food, and other supplies.<a href="#cite_note-112">[103]</a> In early August 2009, <a href="/wiki/2009_Kokang_incident" title="2009 Kokang incident">a conflict broke out</a> in Shan State in northern Myanmar. For several weeks, junta troops fought against ethnic minorities including the <a href="/wiki/Kokang_Chinese" title="Kokang Chinese">Han Chinese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Kachin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BangkokPost-114">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTrefugees-115">[106]</a> During 8–12 August, the first days of the conflict, as many as 10,000 Burmese civilians fled to Yunnan in neighbouring China.<a href="#cite_note-BangkokPost-114">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTrefugees-115">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_wars">Civil wars</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Myanmar">Internal conflict in Myanmar</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">Civil wars</a> have been a constant feature of Myanmar's socio-political landscape since the attainment of independence in 1948. These wars are predominantly struggles for ethnic and sub-national autonomy, with the areas surrounding the ethnically Bamar central districts of the country serving as the primary geographical setting of conflict. Foreign journalists and visitors require a special travel permit to visit the areas in which Myanmar's civil wars continue.<a href="#cite_note-117">[108]</a> In October 2012, the ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the <a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin conflict</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[109]</a> between the Pro-Christian <a href="/wiki/Kachin_Independence_Army" title="Kachin Independence Army">Kachin Independence Army</a> and the government;<a href="#cite_note-ChristianVsGovt-119">[110]</a> a civil war between the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a> Muslims and the government and non-government groups in <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a>;<a href="#cite_note-120">[111]</a> and a conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ShanVsGovt-121">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[114]</a> minority groups, and the government in the eastern half of the country. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> signalled an intention to become involved in Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-124">[115]</a> Armed conflict between <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_National_Democratic_Alliance_Army" title="Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army">ethnic Chinese rebels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Myanmar Armed Forces</a> resulted in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Kokang_offensive" title="2015 Kokang offensive">Kokang offensive</a> in February 2015. The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter on the Chinese side of the border.<a href="#cite_note-125">[116]</a> During the incident, the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the <a href="/wiki/Kokang_Chinese" title="Kokang Chinese">ethnic Chinese</a> rebels.<a href="#cite_note-126">[117]</a> Clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups have continued, fuelling tensions between China and Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-127">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Period_of_liberalisation,_2011–2021">Period of liberalisation, 2011–2021</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932015_Myanmar_political_reforms" title="2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms">2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms</a></div> The military-backed Government had promulgated a <a href="/wiki/Roadmap_to_democracy" title="Roadmap to democracy">"Roadmap to Discipline-flourishing Democracy"</a> in 1993, but the process appeared to stall several times, until 2008 when the Government published a new draft national constitution, and organised a (flawed) national referendum which adopted it. The new constitution provided for election of a national assembly with powers to appoint a president, while practically ensuring army control at all levels.<a href="#cite_note-128">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_and_Hillary_Clinton_at_home_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Barack_Obama_and_Hillary_Clinton_at_home_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_and_Hillary_Clinton_at_home_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Barack_Obama_and_Hillary_Clinton_at_home_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_and_Hillary_Clinton_at_home_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Barack_Obama_and_Hillary_Clinton_at_home_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_and_Hillary_Clinton_at_home_of_Aung_San_Suu_Kyi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> and Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> with <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> and her staff at her home in Yangon, 2012</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/2010_Myanmar_general_election" title="2010 Myanmar general election">general election in 2010</a> - the first for twenty years - was boycotted by the <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">NLD</a>. The military-backed <a href="/wiki/Union_Solidarity_and_Development_Party" title="Union Solidarity and Development Party">Union Solidarity and Development Party</a> declared victory, stating that it had been favoured by 80 per cent of the votes; fraud, however, was alleged.<a href="#cite_note-tni.org-129">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[121]</a> A nominally civilian government was then formed, with retired general <a href="/wiki/Thein_Sein" title="Thein Sein">Thein Sein</a> as president.<a href="#cite_note-131">[122]</a> A series of liberalising political and economic actions – or reforms – then took place. By the end of 2011 these included the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest, the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_National_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Myanmar National Human Rights Commission">National Human Rights Commission</a>, the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners, new labour laws that permitted labour unions and strikes, a relaxation of press censorship, and the regulation of currency practices.<a href="#cite_note-132">[123]</a> In response, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> visited Myanmar in December 2011 – the first visit by a US Secretary of State in more than fifty years<a href="#cite_note-133">[124]</a> – meeting both President Thein Sein and opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi.<a href="#cite_note-Clinton-134">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">NLD</a> party participated in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred it.<a href="#cite_note-135">[126]</a> In the April 2012 <a href="/wiki/2012_Myanmar_by-elections" title="2012 Myanmar by-elections">by-elections</a>, the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats. The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> Myanmar's improved international reputation was indicated by <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>'s approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burma_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Burma_en.png/180px-Burma_en.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Burma_en.png/270px-Burma_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Burma_en.png/360px-Burma_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="2938" /></a><figcaption>Map of Myanmar and its divisions, including <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kayah_State" title="Kayah State">Karen State</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2015_general_elections">2015 general elections</h4></div> General elections <a href="/wiki/2015_Myanmar_general_election" title="2015 Myanmar general election">were held on 8 November 2015</a>. These were the first openly contested elections held in Myanmar since the 1990 general election (which was annulled<a href="#cite_note-landmark_elections_2015_12_03_bbc-138">[129]</a>). The results gave the NLD an <a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">absolute majority</a> of seats in both chambers of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">national parliament</a>, enough to ensure that its candidate would become president, while NLD leader <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> is constitutionally barred from the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-landmark_elections_2015_12_03_bbc-138">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-national_league_wins_2015_11_13_bbc-139">[130]</a> The new parliament convened on 1 February 2016,<a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a> and on 15 March 2016, <a href="/wiki/Htin_Kyaw" title="Htin Kyaw">Htin Kyaw</a> was elected as the first non-military president since the military coup of 1962.<a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a> On 6 April 2016, <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> assumed the newly created role of <a href="/wiki/State_Counsellor_of_Myanmar" title="State Counsellor of Myanmar">state counsellor</a>, a role akin to a <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">prime minister</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coup_d'état_and_civil_war">Coup d'état and civil war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">2021 Myanmar coup d'état</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Myanmar civil war (2021–present)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_protests_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar protests (2021–present)">Myanmar protests (2021–present)</a></div> In Myanmar's 2020 parliamentary election, the ostensibly ruling <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy (NLD)</a>, the party of State Counsellor <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, competed with various other smaller parties – particularly the military-affiliated <a href="/wiki/Union_Solidarity_and_Development_Party" title="Union Solidarity and Development Party">Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-myanmar_election_2020_11_11_nytimes_com-143">[134]</a> Suu Kyi's NLD won the <a href="/wiki/2020_Myanmar_general_election" title="2020 Myanmar general election">2020 Myanmar general election</a> on 8 November in a landslide.<a href="#cite_note-myanmar_election_2020_11_11_nytimes_com-143">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-suu_kyis_party_wins_2020_11_13_bbc-144">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-commission_rejects_2021_01_29_apnews_com-145">[136]</a> The USDP, regarded as a proxy for the military, suffered a "humiliating" defeat<a href="#cite_note-crisis_in_myanmar_2021_01_31_reuters-146">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-defeated_2020_11_12_irrawaddy_com-147">[138]</a> – even worse than in 2015<a href="#cite_note-defeated_2020_11_12_irrawaddy_com-147">[138]</a> – capturing only 33 of the 476 elected seats.<a href="#cite_note-commission_rejects_2021_01_29_apnews_com-145">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-crisis_in_myanmar_2021_01_31_reuters-146">[137]</a> As the election results began emerging, the USDP rejected them, urging a new election with the military as observers.<a href="#cite_note-myanmar_election_2020_11_11_nytimes_com-143">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-defeated_2020_11_12_irrawaddy_com-147">[138]</a> More than 90 other smaller parties contested the vote, including more than 15 who complained of irregularities. However, election observers declared there were no major irregularities.<a href="#cite_note-crisis_in_myanmar_2021_01_31_reuters-146">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-commission_rejects_2021_01_29_apnews_com-145">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-myanmar_election_body_2021_01_28_irrawaddy_com-148">[139]</a> However, despite the election commission validating the NLD's overwhelming victory,<a href="#cite_note-myanmar_election_body_2021_01_28_irrawaddy_com-148">[139]</a> the USDP and Myanmar's military persistently alleged fraud.<a href="#cite_note-military_condemns_2021_01_15_irrawaddy_com-149">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-military_demands_2021_01_21_irrawaddy_com-150">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-crisis_in_myanmar_2021_01_31_reuters-146">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Myanmar_military_2021_01_26_irrawaddy_com-151">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-military_threats_channelnewsasia_com-152">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-military_chief_warns_2021_01_28_irrawaddy_com-153">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-coup_talk_2021_01_28_bangkokpost_com-154">[145]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] In January, 2021, just before the new parliament was to be sworn in, the NLD announced that Suu Kyi would retain her State Counsellor role in the upcoming government. <a href="#cite_note-suu_kyi_to_keep_2021_01_25_irrawaddy_com-155">[146]</a> In the early morning of 1 February 2021, the day parliament was set to convene, the <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Tatmadaw</a>, Myanmar's military, detained Suu Kyi and other members of the ruling party.<a href="#cite_note-crisis_in_myanmar_2021_01_31_reuters-146">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-myanmar_coup_2021-02-01_bbc-156">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com-157">[148]</a> The military handed power to military chief <a href="/wiki/Min_Aung_Hlaing" title="Min Aung Hlaing">Min Aung Hlaing</a> and declared a state of emergency for one year<a href="#cite_note-suu_kyi_detained_2021_01_31_bloomberg_com-158">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-myanmar_coup_2021-02-01_bbc-156">[147]</a> and began closing the borders, restricting travel and electronic communications nationwide.<a href="#cite_note-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com-157">[148]</a> The military announced it would replace the existing election commission with a new one, and a military media outlet indicated new elections would be held in about one year – though the military avoided making an official commitment to that.<a href="#cite_note-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com-157">[148]</a> The military expelled NLD party Members of Parliament from the capital city, <a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com-157">[148]</a> By 15 March 2021 the military leadership continued to extend martial law into more parts of Yangon, while security forces killed 38 people in a single day of violence.<a href="#cite_note-159">[150]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:We_want_our_leader_free_Daw_Aung_San_Su_Kyi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/We_want_our_leader_free_Daw_Aung_San_Su_Kyi.jpg/220px-We_want_our_leader_free_Daw_Aung_San_Su_Kyi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/We_want_our_leader_free_Daw_Aung_San_Su_Kyi.jpg/330px-We_want_our_leader_free_Daw_Aung_San_Su_Kyi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/We_want_our_leader_free_Daw_Aung_San_Su_Kyi.jpg/440px-We_want_our_leader_free_Daw_Aung_San_Su_Kyi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472" /></a><figcaption>Protesters against the military coup in Myanmar</figcaption></figure> By the second day of the coup, thousands of protesters were marching in the streets of Yangon, and other protests erupted nationwide, largely halting commerce and transportation. Despite the military's arrests and killings of protesters, the first weeks of the coup found growing public participation, including groups of civil servants, teachers, students, workers, monks and religious leaders – even normally disaffected ethnic minorities.<a href="#cite_note-teachers_join_2021_02_05_bbc-160">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-tens_of_thousands_2021_02_07_irrawaddy_com-161">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com-157">[148]</a> The coup was immediately condemned by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary General">United Nations Secretary General</a>, and leaders of democratic nations. The U.S. threatened sanctions on the military and its leaders, including a "freeze" of US$1 billion of their assets in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-teachers_join_2021_02_05_bbc-160">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com-157">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> refrained from criticizing the military coup.<a href="#cite_note-162">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a> A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> resolution called for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and the other detained leaders<a href="#cite_note-teachers_join_2021_02_05_bbc-160">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com-157">[148]</a> – a position shared by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com-157">[148]</a> International development and aid partners – business, non-governmental, and governmental – hinted at suspension of partnerships with Myanmar. Banks were closed and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> communications platforms, including <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, removed Tatmadaw postings. Protesters appeared at Myanmar embassies in foreign countries.<a href="#cite_note-teachers_join_2021_02_05_bbc-160">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com-157">[148]</a> The National Unity Government then declared the formation of an armed wing on 5 May 2021, a date that is often cited as the start of a <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">full-scale civil war</a>. This armed wing was named the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defence_Force_(Myanmar)" title="People's Defence Force (Myanmar)">People's Defence Force</a> (PDF) to protect its supporters from military junta attacks and as a first step towards a Federal Union Army. The civil war is ongoing as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-166">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-32">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Myanmar" title="Geography of Myanmar">Geography of Myanmar</a></div> Myanmar has a total area of 678,500 square kilometres (262,000 sq mi). It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/9th_parallel_north" title="9th parallel north">9°</a> and <a href="/wiki/29th_parallel_north" title="29th parallel north">29°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/92nd_meridian_east" title="92nd meridian east">92°</a> and <a href="/wiki/102nd_meridian_east" title="102nd meridian east">102°E</a>. Myanmar is bordered in the northwest by the <a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Division" title="Chittagong Division">Chittagong Division</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mizoram" title="Mizoram">Mizoram</a>, Manipur, <a href="/wiki/Nagaland" title="Nagaland">Nagaland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a> states of India. Its north and northeast border is with the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> for a Sino-Myanmar border total of 2,185 km (1,358 mi). It is bounded by <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> to the southeast. Myanmar has 1,930 km (1,200 mi) of contiguous coastline along the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a> to the southwest and the south, which forms one quarter of its total perimeter.<a href="#cite_note-World_Factbook-26">[19]</a> In the north, the <a href="/wiki/Hengduan_Mountains" title="Hengduan Mountains">Hengduan Mountains</a> form the border with China. <a href="/wiki/Hkakabo_Razi" title="Hkakabo Razi">Hkakabo Razi</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a>, at an elevation of 5,881 metres (19,295 ft), is the highest point in Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-168">[159]</a> Many mountain ranges, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_Yoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakhine Yoma">Rakhine Yoma</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bago_Yoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Bago Yoma">Bago Yoma</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shan_Hills" title="Shan Hills">Shan Hills</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tenasserim_Hills" title="Tenasserim Hills">Tenasserim Hills</a> exist within Myanmar, all of which run north-to-south from the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-myathan-169">[160]</a> The mountain chains divide Myanmar's three river systems, which are the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_River" title="Irrawaddy River">Irrawaddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salween_River" title="Salween River">Salween (Thanlwin)</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sittaung_River" title="Sittaung River">Sittaung</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-myatthein-170">[161]</a> The Irrawaddy River, Myanmar's longest river at nearly 2,170 kilometres (1,348 mi), flows into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Martaban" title="Gulf of Martaban">Gulf of Martaban</a>. Fertile plains exist in the valleys between the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_chain" title="Mountain chain">mountain chains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-myathan-169">[160]</a> The majority of Myanmar's population lives in the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_River" title="Irrawaddy River">Irrawaddy</a> valley, which is situated between the <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Mountains" title="Arakan Mountains">Rakhine Yoma</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shan_Hills" title="Shan Hills">Shan Plateau</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Myanmar" title="Administrative divisions of Myanmar">Administrative divisions of Myanmar</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="A clickable map of Burma/Myanmar exhibiting its first-level administrative divisions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Burma_administrative_divisions.svg/300px-Burma_administrative_divisions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="674" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Burma_administrative_divisions.svg/450px-Burma_administrative_divisions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Burma_administrative_divisions.svg/600px-Burma_administrative_divisions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="2472" usemap="#ImageMap_cfe6433c26763d6d" resource="/wiki/File:Burma_administrative_divisions.svg" /><map name="ImageMap_cfe6433c26763d6d"><area href="/wiki/Kachin_State" shape="rect" coords="136,82,191,109" alt="Kachin State" title="Kachin State" /><area href="/wiki/Myitkyina" shape="rect" coords="136,123,177,136" alt="Myitkyina" title="Myitkyina" /><area href="/wiki/Sagaing_Region" shape="rect" coords="82,136,136,177" alt="Sagaing" title="Sagaing" /><area href="/wiki/Sagaing" shape="rect" coords="95,218,136,232" alt="Sagaing" title="Sagaing" /><area href="/wiki/Chin_State" shape="rect" coords="27,218,82,245" alt="Chin State" title="Chin State" /><area href="/wiki/Hakha" shape="rect" coords="34,204,68,218" alt="Hakha" title="Hakha" /><area href="/wiki/Shan_State" shape="rect" coords="164,218,218,245" alt="Shan State" title="Shan State" /><area href="/wiki/Taunggyi" shape="rect" coords="164,259,204,273" alt="Taunggyi" title="Taunggyi" /><area href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" shape="rect" coords="14,300,68,327" alt="Rakhine State" title="Rakhine State" /><area href="/wiki/Sittwe" shape="rect" coords="7,293,34,300" alt="Sittwe" title="Sittwe" /><area href="/wiki/Magway_Region" shape="rect" coords="68,286,109,300" alt="Magway Region" title="Magway Region" /><area href="/wiki/Magway,_Burma" shape="rect" coords="68,266,95,279" alt="Magwe" title="Magwe" /><area href="/wiki/Mandalay_Region" shape="rect" coords="109,245,164,273" alt="Mandalay Region" title="Mandalay Region" /><area href="/wiki/Mandalay" shape="rect" coords="129,218,157,232" alt="Mandalay" title="Mandalay" /><area href="/wiki/Kayah_State" shape="rect" coords="150,327,204,354" alt="Kayah State" title="Kayah State" /><area href="/wiki/Loikaw" shape="rect" coords="157,307,191,320" alt="Loikaw" title="Loikaw" /><area href="/wiki/Naypyidaw_Union_Territory" shape="rect" coords="109,293,164,307" alt="Naypyidaw Union Territory" title="Naypyidaw Union Territory" /><area href="/wiki/Bago_Region" shape="rect" coords="109,327,164,354" alt="Bago Region" title="Bago Region" /><area href="/wiki/Bago,_Burma" shape="rect" coords="136,368,164,382" alt="Bago" title="Bago" /><area href="/wiki/Yangon_Region" shape="rect" coords="109,382,164,409" alt="Yangon Region" title="Yangon Region" /><area href="/wiki/Yangon" shape="rect" coords="136,409,164,423" alt="Yangon" title="Yangon" /><area href="/wiki/Ayeyarwady_Region" shape="rect" coords="41,409,136,436" alt="Ayeyarwady Region" title="Ayeyarwady Region" /><area href="/wiki/Pathein" shape="rect" coords="61,382,89,395" alt="Pathein" title="Pathein" /><area href="/wiki/Kayin_State" shape="rect" coords="164,382,218,395" alt="Kayin State" title="Kayin State" /><area href="/wiki/Pa-an" shape="rect" coords="184,402,218,416" alt="Paan" title="Paan" /><area href="/wiki/Mawlamyaing" shape="rect" coords="136,423,191,436" alt="Mawlamyaing" title="Mawlamyaing" /><area href="/wiki/Mon_State" shape="rect" coords="150,436,204,463" alt="Mon State" title="Mon State" /><area href="/wiki/Dawei" shape="rect" coords="177,497,245,518" alt="Dawei" title="Dawei" /><area href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region" shape="rect" coords="164,545,273,572" alt="Tanintharyi Region" title="Tanintharyi Region" /></map><figcaption>A clickable map of Burma/Myanmar exhibiting its first-level administrative divisions.</figcaption></figure> Myanmar is divided into seven states (ပြည်နယ်) and seven regions (တိုင်းဒေသကြီး), formerly called divisions.<a href="#cite_note-171">[162]</a> Regions are predominantly Bamar (that is, mainly inhabited by Myanmar's dominant ethnic group). States, in essence, are regions that are home to particular ethnic minorities. The administrative divisions are further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Myanmar" title="Districts of Myanmar">districts</a>, which are further subdivided into townships, <a href="/wiki/Ward_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (country subdivision)">wards</a>, and villages. Below are the number of districts, townships, cities/towns, wards, village groups and villages in each division and state of Myanmar as of 31 December 2001:<a href="#cite_note-172">[163]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>No. </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Country_subdivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Country subdivision">State/Region</a> </th> <th>Districts </th> <th>Town ships </th> <th>Cities/ Towns </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Ward_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ward (country subdivision)">Wards</a> </th> <th>Village groups </th> <th>Villages </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>116 </td> <td>606 </td> <td>2630 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kayah_State" title="Kayah State">Kayah State</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>79 </td> <td>624 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kayin_State" title="Kayin State">Kayin State</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>7 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>46 </td> <td>376 </td> <td>2092 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chin_State" title="Chin State">Chin State</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>475 </td> <td>1355 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sagaing_Region" title="Sagaing Region">Sagaing Region</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>37 </td> <td>171 </td> <td>1769 </td> <td>6095 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanintharyi_Region" title="Tanintharyi Region">Tanintharyi Region</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>63 </td> <td>265 </td> <td>1255 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bago_Region" title="Bago Region">Bago Region</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>28 </td> <td>33 </td> <td>246 </td> <td>1424 </td> <td>6498 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magway_Region" title="Magway Region">Magway Region</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>25 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>160 </td> <td>1543 </td> <td>4774 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Region" title="Mandalay Region">Mandalay Region</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>259 </td> <td>1611 </td> <td>5472 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mon_State" title="Mon State">Mon State</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>11 </td> <td>69 </td> <td>381 </td> <td>1199 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>120 </td> <td>1041 </td> <td>3871 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yangon_Region" title="Yangon Region">Yangon Region</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>685 </td> <td>634 </td> <td>2119 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>54 </td> <td>54 </td> <td>336 </td> <td>1626 </td> <td>15513 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayeyarwady_Region" title="Ayeyarwady Region">Ayeyarwady Region</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>26 </td> <td>29 </td> <td>219 </td> <td>1912 </td> <td>11651 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Total </td> <td>63 </td> <td>324 </td> <td>312 </td> <td>2548 </td> <td>13742 </td> <td>65148 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Myanmar" title="Climate of Myanmar">Climate of Myanmar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_MMR_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_MMR_present.svg/300px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_MMR_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_MMR_present.svg/450px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_MMR_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_MMR_present.svg/600px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_MMR_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Myanmar map of Köppen climate classification</figcaption></figure> Much of the country lies between the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>. It lies in the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> region of Asia, with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually. Annual <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">rainfall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a> region is approximately 2,500 mm (98.4 in), while average annual rainfall in the dry zone in central Myanmar is less than 1,000 mm (39.4 in). The northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 °C (70 °F). Coastal and delta regions have an average maximum temperature of 32 °C (89.6 °F).<a href="#cite_note-myatthein-170">[161]</a> Previously and currently analysed data, as well as future projections on changes caused by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change in Myanmar">climate change</a> predict serious consequences to development for all economic, productive, social, and environmental sectors in Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-:1-173">[164]</a> In order to combat the hardships ahead and do its part to help <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">combat climate change</a> Myanmar has displayed interest in expanding its use of renewable energy and lowering its level of carbon emissions. Groups involved in helping Myanmar with the transition and move forward include the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UN Environment Programme</a>, Myanmar Climate Change Alliance, and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environmental_Conservation_(Myanmar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (Myanmar)">Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation</a> which directed in producing the final draft of the Myanmar national climate change policy that was presented to various sectors of the Myanmar government for review.<a href="#cite_note-:2-174">[165]</a> In April 2015, it was announced that the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> and Myanmar would enter a full partnership framework aimed to better access to electricity and other basic services for about six million people and expected to benefit three million pregnant woman and children through improved health services.<a href="#cite_note-:4-175">[166]</a> Acquired funding and proper planning has allowed Myanmar to better prepare for the impacts of climate change by enacting programs which teach its people new farming methods, rebuild its infrastructure with materials resilient to natural disasters, and transition various sectors towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions.<a href="#cite_note-:5-176">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Myanmar" title="Wildlife of Myanmar">Wildlife of Myanmar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaw_Gon_towards_Shwe_Kyar_Pwint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaw_Gon_towards_Shwe_Kyar_Pwint.jpg/220px-Kaw_Gon_towards_Shwe_Kyar_Pwint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaw_Gon_towards_Shwe_Kyar_Pwint.jpg/330px-Kaw_Gon_towards_Shwe_Kyar_Pwint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kaw_Gon_towards_Shwe_Kyar_Pwint.jpg/440px-Kaw_Gon_towards_Shwe_Kyar_Pwint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>The limestone landscape of <a href="/wiki/Kayin_State" title="Kayin State">Kayin State</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Myanmar" title="Deforestation in Myanmar">Deforestation in Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Myanmar" title="List of protected areas of Myanmar">List of protected areas of Myanmar</a></div> Myanmar is a <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiverse</a> country with more than 16,000 <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">plant</a>, 314 <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammal</a>, 1131 <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a>, 293 <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a>, and 139 <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibian</a> species, and 64 terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ecosystems" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystems">ecosystems</a> including tropical and subtropical vegetation, seasonally inundated wetlands, shoreline and tidal systems, and alpine ecosystems. Myanmar houses some of the largest intact natural ecosystems in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, but the remaining ecosystems are under threat from land use intensification and over-exploitation. According to the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List_of_Ecosystems" title="IUCN Red List of Ecosystems">IUCN Red List of Ecosystems</a> categories and criteria more than a third of Myanmar's land area has been converted to <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_biome" title="Anthropogenic biome">anthropogenic ecosystems</a> over the last 2–3 centuries, and nearly half of its ecosystems are threatened. Despite large gaps in information for some ecosystems, there is a large potential to develop a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/PAN_Parks" title="PAN Parks">protected area network</a> that protects its terrestrial biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-177">[168]</a> Myanmar continues to perform badly in the global <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index" title="Environmental Performance Index">Environmental Performance Index</a> (EPI) with an overall ranking of 153 out of 180 countries in 2016, among the worst in the <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> region. The environmental areas where Myanmar performs worst (i.e. highest ranking) are <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air quality</a> (174), health impacts of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">environmental issues</a> (143) and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> (142). Myanmar performs best (i.e. lowest ranking) in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">environmental impacts of fisheries</a> (21) but with declining <a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">fish stocks</a>. Despite several issues, Myanmar also ranks 64 and scores very good (i.e. a high percentage of 93.73%) in environmental effects of the agricultural industry because of an excellent management of the <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[170]</a> Myanmar is one of the most highly vulnerable countries to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>; this poses a number of social, political, economic and foreign policy challenges to the country.<a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a> The country had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 7.18/10, ranking it 49th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-181">[172]</a> Myanmar's slow economic growth has contributed to the preservation of much of its environment and ecosystems. <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a>, including dense tropical growth and valuable <a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> in lower Myanmar, cover over 49% of the country, including areas of <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hopea_odorata" title="Hopea odorata">ironwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnolia_champaca" title="Magnolia champaca">Magnolia champaca</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Areca_catechu" title="Areca catechu">betel palm</a> and rubber have been introduced. In the <a href="/wiki/Highland" title="Highland">highlands</a> of the north, oak, pine and various rhododendrons cover much of the land.<a href="#cite_note-182">[173]</a> Heavy logging since the new 1995 forestry law went into effect has seriously reduced forest area and wildlife habitat.<a href="#cite_note-183">[174]</a> The lands along the coast support all varieties of tropical fruits and once had large areas of <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Coast_mangroves" title="Myanmar Coast mangroves">mangroves</a> although much of the protective mangroves have disappeared. In much of central Myanmar (the dry zone), <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> is sparse and stunted. Typical jungle animals, particularly <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a>, occur sparsely in Myanmar. In upper Myanmar, there are <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">wild water buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clouded_leopard" title="Clouded leopard">clouded leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">lumber industry</a>. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Gibbon" title="Gibbon">gibbons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pteropus" title="Pteropus">flying foxes</a>. The abundance of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> is notable with over 800 species, including <a href="/wiki/Rose-ringed_parakeet" title="Rose-ringed parakeet">parrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myna" title="Myna">myna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peafowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_junglefowl" title="Red junglefowl">red junglefowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ploceidae" title="Ploceidae">weaverbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_barn_owl" title="Eastern barn owl">barn owl</a>. Among reptile species there are <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gecko" title="Gecko">geckos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobra" title="Cobra">cobras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_python" title="Burmese python">Burmese pythons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>. Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging, plentiful and are very important food sources.<a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Senior_General_Min_Aung_Hlaing_2017_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Senior_General_Min_Aung_Hlaing_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/147px-Senior_General_Min_Aung_Hlaing_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Senior_General_Min_Aung_Hlaing_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/221px-Senior_General_Min_Aung_Hlaing_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Senior_General_Min_Aung_Hlaing_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/294px-Senior_General_Min_Aung_Hlaing_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="887" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Soe_Win.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Soe_Win.jpg/183px-Soe_Win.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Soe_Win.jpg/275px-Soe_Win.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Soe_Win.jpg/366px-Soe_Win.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Head of Government, Deputy Head of Government, and acting Head of State <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Min_Aung_Hlaing" title="Min Aung Hlaing">Min Aung Hlaing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Administration_Council" title="Chairman of the State Administration Council">Chairman of the State Administration Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soe_Win_(general)" title="Soe Win (general)">Soe Win</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Myanmar">Deputy Prime Minister</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chairman_of_the_State_Administration_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Chairman of the State Administration Council">Vice Chairman of the State Administration Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myint_Swe_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Myint Swe (general)">Myint Swe</a>, acting <a href="/wiki/President_of_Myanmar" title="President of Myanmar">President of Myanmar</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> Myanmar operates de jure as a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Assembly-independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly-independent">assembly-independent</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> under its <a href="/wiki/2008_Constitution_of_Myanmar" title="2008 Constitution of Myanmar">2008 constitution</a>. But in February 2021, the civilian government led by <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>, was deposed by the <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Tatmadaw</a>. In February 2021, <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Myanmar military</a> declared a one-year state emergency and First Vice President <a href="/wiki/Myint_Swe_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Myint Swe (general)">Myint Swe</a> became the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Myanmar" title="President of Myanmar">Acting President of Myanmar</a> and handed the power to the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_Defence_Services" title="Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services">Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services</a> <a href="/wiki/Min_Aung_Hlaing" title="Min Aung Hlaing">Min Aung Hlaing</a> and he assumed the role <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Administration_Council" title="Chairman of the State Administration Council">Chairman of the State Administration Council</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Prime Minister</a>. The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Myanmar" title="President of Myanmar">President of Myanmar</a> acts as the <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Administration_Council" title="Chairman of the State Administration Council">Chairman of the State Administration Council</a> acts as the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myanmar-Lower-House-Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Myanmar-Lower-House-Parliament.jpg/220px-Myanmar-Lower-House-Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Myanmar-Lower-House-Parliament.jpg/330px-Myanmar-Lower-House-Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Myanmar-Lower-House-Parliament.jpg/440px-Myanmar-Lower-House-Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of the Union">Assembly of the Union</a> (Pyidaungsu Hluttaw)</figcaption></figure> The constitution of Myanmar, its third since independence, was drafted by its military rulers and published in September 2008. The country is governed as a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral legislature</a> (with an executive <a href="/wiki/President_of_Myanmar" title="President of Myanmar">president</a> accountable to the legislature), with 25% of the legislators appointed by the military and the rest elected in general elections. The legislature, called the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly of the Union">Assembly of the Union</a>, is bicameral and made up of two houses: The 224-seat upper <a href="/wiki/House_of_Nationalities" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Nationalities">House of Nationalities</a> and the 440-seat lower <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Myanmar)" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives (Myanmar)">House of Representatives</a>. The upper house consists 168 members who are directly elected and 56 who are appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Burmese Armed Forces</a>. The lower house consists of 330 members who are directly elected and 110 who are appointed by the armed forces. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_culture">Political culture</h3></div> The major political parties are the <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Union_Solidarity_and_Development_Party" title="Union Solidarity and Development Party">Union Solidarity and Development Party</a>. Myanmar's army-drafted constitution was approved in a <a href="/wiki/2008_Burmese_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Burmese constitutional referendum">referendum</a> in May 2008. The results, 92.4% of the 22 million voters with an official turnout of 99%, are considered suspect by many international observers and by the National League of Democracy with reports of widespread <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">fraud</a>, ballot stuffing, and voter intimidation.<a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2010_Myanmar_general_election" title="2010 Myanmar general election">elections of 2010</a> resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party. Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections.<a href="#cite_note-187">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[180]</a> One criticism of the election was that only government-sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a> was declared illegal.<a href="#cite_note-guardianASSK-190">[181]</a> However, immediately following the elections, the government ended the house arrest of the democracy advocate and leader of the National League for Democracy, <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-191">[182]</a> and her ability to move freely around the country is considered an important test of the military's movement toward more openness.<a href="#cite_note-guardianASSK-190">[181]</a> Myanmar rates as a corrupt nation on the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> with a rank of 130th out of 180 countries worldwide, with 1st being least corrupt, as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myanmar&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Myanmar" title="Foreign relations of Myanmar">Foreign relations of Myanmar</a></div> Though the country's foreign relations, particularly with <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western nations</a>, have historically been strained, the situation has markedly improved since the reforms following the 2010 elections. After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions,<a href="#cite_note-193">[184]</a> the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011<a href="#cite_note-Clinton-134">[125]</a> and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012<a href="#cite_note-194">[185]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> has placed sanctions on Myanmar, including an <a href="/wiki/Arms_embargo" title="Arms embargo">arms embargo</a>, cessation of <a href="/wiki/Trade_preference" title="Trade preference">trade preferences</a>, and suspension of all aid with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a> Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government, coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement, have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most U.S. and many European companies.<a href="#cite_note-196">[187]</a> Despite Western isolation, Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments, particularly in natural resource extraction. The country has close relations with neighbouring India and China with several Indian and Chinese companies operating in the country. Under India's <a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Look East policy</a>, fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-197">[188]</a> oil and gas exploration,<a href="#cite_note-198">[189]</a> information technology,<a href="#cite_note-199">[190]</a> hydropower<a href="#cite_note-200">[191]</a> and construction of ports and buildings.<a href="#cite_note-201">[192]</a> Myanmar also has close political relations with Vietnam<a href="#cite_note-202">[193]</a> and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-203">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[195]</a> In May 2013, Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in 47 years. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> praised the former general for political and economic reforms and the cessation of tensions between Myanmar and the United States. Political activists objected to the visit because of concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar, but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive U.S. support. The two governments agreed to sign a <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_trade" title="Bilateral trade">bilateral trade</a> and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013.<a href="#cite_note-205">[196]</a> In June 2013, Myanmar held its first ever summit, the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> on East Asia 2013. A regional spinoff of the annual <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Davos" title="Davos">Davos</a>, Switzerland, the summit was held on 5–7 June and attended by 1,200 participants, including 10 heads of state, 12 ministers and 40 senior directors from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-206">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of Myanmar">Armed forces of Myanmar</a></div>Since the late 1950s, Myanmar's military has had major roles in Myanmar's politics.<a href="#cite_note-:Han-207">[198]</a>: 23 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myanmar_Air_Force_MiG-29_MRD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Myanmar_Air_Force_MiG-29_MRD.jpg/220px-Myanmar_Air_Force_MiG-29_MRD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Myanmar_Air_Force_MiG-29_MRD.jpg/330px-Myanmar_Air_Force_MiG-29_MRD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Myanmar_Air_Force_MiG-29_MRD.jpg/440px-Myanmar_Air_Force_MiG-29_MRD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1110" data-file-height="705" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Air_Force" title="Myanmar Air Force">Myanmar Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29" title="Mikoyan MiG-29">Mikoyan MiG-29</a> multirole fighter</figcaption></figure> Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China in the past.<a href="#cite_note-208">[199]</a> Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997. Though it gave up its turn to hold the ASEAN chair and host the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Summit" title="ASEAN Summit">ASEAN Summit</a> in 2006, it chaired the forum and hosted the summit in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-209">[200]</a> In November 2008, Myanmar's political situation with neighbouring Bangladesh became tense as they began searching for natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal.<a href="#cite_note-210">[201]</a> Controversy surrounding the Rohingya population also remains an issue between Bangladesh and Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-211">[202]</a> Myanmar's armed forces are known as the <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Tatmadaw</a>, which numbers 488,000. The Tatmadaw comprises the <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Army" title="Myanmar Army">Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Navy" title="Myanmar Navy">Navy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Air_Force" title="Myanmar Air Force">Air Force</a>. The country <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">ranked twelfth</a> in the world for its number of active troops in service.<a href="#cite_note-NCGUB-47">[40]</a> The military is very influential in Myanmar, with all top cabinet and ministry posts usually held by military officials. Official figures for military spending are not available. Estimates vary widely because of uncertain exchange rates, but Myanmar's military forces' expenses are high.<a href="#cite_note-212">[203]</a> Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia, Ukraine, China and India. Myanmar is building a research <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a> near <a href="/wiki/Pyin_Oo_Lwin" title="Pyin Oo Lwin">Pyin Oo Lwin</a> with help from Russia. It is one of the signatories of the nuclear <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">non-proliferation</a> pact since 1992 and a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA) since 1957. The military junta had informed the IAEA in September 2000 of its intention to construct the reactor.<a href="#cite_note-213">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[205]</a> In 2010 as part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">leaked diplomatic cables</a>, Myanmar was suspected of using North Korean construction teams to build a fortified surface-to-air missile facility.<a href="#cite_note-215">[206]</a> As of 2019, the United States <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Arms_Control,_Verification,_and_Compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureau of Arms Control, Verification, and Compliance">Bureau of Arms Control</a> assessed that Myanmar is not in violation of its obligations under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> but that the Myanmar government had a history of non-transparency on its nuclear programs and aims.<a href="#cite_note-ACVC-216">[207]</a> Until 2005, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus.<a href="#cite_note-UN-5483030-217">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[211]</a> But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights.<a href="#cite_note-221">[212]</a> In January 2007, Russia and China vetoed a draft resolution before the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[213]</a> calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition. South Africa also voted against the resolution.<a href="#cite_note-223">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_and_internal_conflicts">Human rights and internal conflicts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Myanmar" title="Human rights in Myanmar">Human rights in Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Myanmar">Internal conflict in Myanmar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Undue_weight_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may lend <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight</a> to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:STRUCTURE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:STRUCTURE">create a more balanced presentation</a>. Discuss and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Dispute_resolution" title="Wikipedia:Dispute resolution">resolve</a> this issue before removing this message. (November 2020)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armed_conflict_zones_in_Myanmar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Armed_conflict_zones_in_Myanmar.png/180px-Armed_conflict_zones_in_Myanmar.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Armed_conflict_zones_in_Myanmar.png/270px-Armed_conflict_zones_in_Myanmar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Armed_conflict_zones_in_Myanmar.png/360px-Armed_conflict_zones_in_Myanmar.png 2x" data-file-width="1324" data-file-height="2938" /></a><figcaption>Map of conflict zones in Myanmar. <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Myanmar" title="Administrative divisions of Myanmar">States</a> and regions affected by fighting during and after 1995 are highlighted in yellow.</figcaption></figure> There is consensus that the former military regime in Myanmar (1962–2010) was one of the world's most repressive and abusive regimes.<a href="#cite_note-224">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[216]</a> In November 2012, <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a>, Barack Obama's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights, wrote on the White House blog that "Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue, including against women and children."<a href="#cite_note-ShanVsGovt-121">[112]</a> Members of the United Nations and major international human rights organisations have issued repeated and consistent reports of widespread and systematic human rights violations in Myanmar. The United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly<a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a> called on the Burmese military junta to respect human rights and in November 2009 the General Assembly adopted a resolution "strongly condemning the ongoing systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms" and calling on the Burmese military regime "to take urgent measures to put an end to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law."<a href="#cite_note-227">[218]</a> International human rights organisations including <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[219]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[220]</a> have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights violations in Myanmar. The Freedom in the World 2011 report by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> notes, "The military junta has ... suppressed nearly all basic rights; and committed human rights abuses with impunity." In July 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Assistance_Association_for_Political_Prisoners" title="Assistance Association for Political Prisoners">Assistance Association for Political Prisoners</a> indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held in Burmese prisons.<a href="#cite_note-mmtimes1-230">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-irrawaddy1-231">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[224]</a> Evidence gathered by a British researcher was published in 2005 regarding the extermination or "Burmisation" of certain ethnic minorities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karenni_people" title="Karenni people">Karenni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[225]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mae_La_refugee_camp2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mae_La_refugee_camp2.jpg/220px-Mae_La_refugee_camp2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mae_La_refugee_camp2.jpg/330px-Mae_La_refugee_camp2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mae_La_refugee_camp2.jpg/440px-Mae_La_refugee_camp2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mae_La_refugee_camp" title="Mae La refugee camp">Mae La camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tak_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tak Province">Tak</a>, Thailand, one of the largest of nine <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> camps in Thailand<a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a></figcaption></figure> Based on the evidence gathered by Amnesty photographs and video of the ongoing armed conflict between the Myanmar military and the <a href="/wiki/Arakan_Army_(Kachin_State)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Army (Kachin State)">Arakan Army</a> (AA), attacks escalated on civilians in Rakhine State. Ming Yu Hah, <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>'s Deputy Regional Director for Campaigns said, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> must urgently refer the situation in Myanmar to the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[227]</a> The military is notorious for rampant use of sexual violence.<a href="#cite_note-UNHR-29">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Child_soldiers">Child soldiers</h4></div> Child soldiers were reported in 2012 to have played a major part in the Burmese Army.<a href="#cite_note-:6-237">[228]</a> The Independent reported in June 2012 that "Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol."<a href="#cite_note-238">[229]</a> In September 2012, the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> met with representatives of the government as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kachin_Independence_Army" title="Kachin Independence Army">Kachin Independence Army</a> to secure the release of more child soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-239">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavery_and_human_trafficking">Slavery and human trafficking</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Myanmar" title="Sex trafficking in Myanmar">Sex trafficking in Myanmar</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">Forced labour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a> are common in Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-240">[231]</a> Human trafficking happens mostly to women who are unemployed and have low incomes. They are deceived by brokers that better opportunities and wages exist for them abroad.<a href="#cite_note-241">[232]</a> In 2017, the government reported 185 trafficking cases. The government of Burma makes little effort to eliminate human trafficking. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. State Department</a> reported that both the government and <a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Tatmadaw</a> were complicit in sex and labour trafficking.<a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a> Women and girls from all <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" title="List of ethnic groups in Myanmar">ethnic groups</a> and foreigners have been victims of sex trafficking in Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-:6-237">[228]</a> They are forced into prostitution, marriages or pregnancies.<a href="#cite_note-:7-243">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[235]</a> Sex trafficking in Myanmar has been fuelled by factors like <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Myanmar">internal conflict</a>, political instability, land confiscation,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-245">[236]</a> poor border management,<a href="#cite_note-246">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-247">[238]</a> and government restrictions on providing travel documents.<a href="#cite_note-:7-243">[234]</a> A cyber-scam industry in Myanmar's borderlands has involved human trafficking, forced labour and other abuses.<a href="#cite_note-:8-248">[239]</a> Many of the scam centres are in territories controlled by junta allies like the <a href="/wiki/Border_Guard_Forces" title="Border Guard Forces">Border Guard Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-248">[239]</a> In August 2023, a report from the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights</a> noted that at least 120,000 people in Myanmar were trapped in such centres by criminal gangs.<a href="#cite_note-249">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Genocide_allegations_and_crimes_against_Rohingya_people">Genocide allegations and crimes against Rohingya people</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Displaced_Rohingya_people_in_Rakhine_State_(8280610831).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Displaced_Rohingya_people_in_Rakhine_State_%288280610831%29.jpg/220px-Displaced_Rohingya_people_in_Rakhine_State_%288280610831%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Displaced_Rohingya_people_in_Rakhine_State_%288280610831%29.jpg/330px-Displaced_Rohingya_people_in_Rakhine_State_%288280610831%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Displaced_Rohingya_people_in_Rakhine_State_%288280610831%29.jpg/440px-Displaced_Rohingya_people_in_Rakhine_State_%288280610831%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Displaced <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya people</a> of Myanmar<a href="#cite_note-250">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_Myanmar_anti-Muslim_riots" title="2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots">2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya people</a> have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)—the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_nationality_law" title="Myanmar nationality law">1982 citizenship law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rohingya-252">[243]</a> The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them<a href="#cite_note-South_East_Asia_pg._342-253">[244]</a>—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000<a href="#cite_note-254">[245]</a> Rohingya from Burma, while the Rohingya people have been described as "among the world's least wanted"<a href="#cite_note-255">[246]</a> and "one of the world's most persecuted minorities."<a href="#cite_note-South_East_Asia_pg._342-253">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[248]</a> Rohingya are not allowed to travel without official permission, are banned from owning land, and are required to sign a commitment to have no more than two children.<a href="#cite_note-rohingya-252">[243]</a> As of July 2012, the Myanmar government does not include the Rohingya minority group—classified as <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">stateless</a> Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh since 1982—on the government's list of more than 130 ethnic races and, therefore, the government states that they have no claim to Myanmar citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-258">[249]</a> Since the democratic transition began in 2011, there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee from their homes in the Rakhine state in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-259">[250]</a> A UN envoy reported in March 2013 that unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar's <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> communities, with violence spreading to towns that are located closer to Yangon.<a href="#cite_note-260">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Organ_trading">Organ trading</h5></div> The military forces took over Myanmar in 2021. A yearlong investigation conducted by <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> reveals that half of Myanmar's 54 million population lives below poverty line. This drives many of them to the extreme measures such as online organ trade. This illegal action of selling their personal organs can earn them a payment equal to a two-year salary. Many advertise the organ they wish to donate on social media, this is a endless cycle as families time and again find themselves online to trade their organs as money runs out.<a href="#cite_note-261">[252]</a>   <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Government_reforms">Government reforms</h4></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis Group">Crisis Group</a>,<a href="#cite_note-262">[253]</a> since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011, the country's human rights record has been improving. Previously giving Myanmar its lowest rating of 7, the 2012 Freedom in the World report also notes improvement, giving Myanmar a 6 for improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-263">[254]</a> In 2013, Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of 5 in civil liberties and 6 in political freedoms.<a href="#cite_note-264">[255]</a> The government has assembled a <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_National_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Myanmar National Human Rights Commission">National Human Rights Commission</a> that consists of 15 members from various backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-265">[256]</a> Several activists in exile, including Thee Lay Thee Anyeint members, have returned to Myanmar after President Thein Sein's invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development.<a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> In an address to the United Nations Security Council on 22 September 2011, Myanmar's Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Wunna_Maung_Lwin" title="Wunna Maung Lwin">Wunna Maung Lwin</a> confirmed the government's intention to release prisoners in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a> The government has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive.<a href="#cite_note-268">[259]</a> In September 2011, several banned websites, including YouTube, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Voice_of_Burma" title="Democratic Voice of Burma">Democratic Voice of Burma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>, were unblocked.<a href="#cite_note-269">[260]</a> A 2011 report by the <a href="/wiki/Hauser_Center_for_Nonprofit_Organizations" title="Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations">Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations</a> found that, while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions, international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials, especially at the local level. At the same time, international NGOs are mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it.<a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kutupalong_Refugee_Camp_(John_Owens-VOA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kutupalong_Refugee_Camp_%28John_Owens-VOA%29.jpg/220px-Kutupalong_Refugee_Camp_%28John_Owens-VOA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kutupalong_Refugee_Camp_%28John_Owens-VOA%29.jpg/330px-Kutupalong_Refugee_Camp_%28John_Owens-VOA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Kutupalong_Refugee_Camp_%28John_Owens-VOA%29.jpg/440px-Kutupalong_Refugee_Camp_%28John_Owens-VOA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4540" data-file-height="2549" /></a><figcaption>A Rohingya refugee camp in Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> Following Thein Sein's first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a>, the Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013, in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community. In a speech at <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a>, he revealed that "We [Myanmar government] are reviewing all cases. I guarantee to you that by the end of this year, there will be no prisoners of conscience in Myanmar."<a href="#cite_note-271">[262]</a> Homosexual acts are <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Myanmar">illegal in Myanmar</a> and can be punishable by life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-272">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[264]</a> In 2016, Myanmar leader <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> was accused of failing to protect Myanmar's <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Myanmar" title="Islam in Myanmar">Muslim</a> minority.<a href="#cite_note-274">[265]</a> Since August 2017 <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Doctors Without Borders</a> have treated 113 Rohingya refugee females for sexual assault with all but one describing military assailants.<a href="#cite_note-275">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Economy of Myanmar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Myanmar" title="Transport in Myanmar">Transport in Myanmar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_industry_in_Myanmar" title="Oil and gas industry in Myanmar">Oil and gas industry in Myanmar</a></div> Myanmar's <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Fastest_growing_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Fastest growing economies">fastest growing economies</a> in the world with a nominal GDP of US$76.09 billion in 2019 and an estimated purchasing power adjusted GDP of US$327.629 billion in 2017 according to the World Bank.<a href="#cite_note-276">[267]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research">improper synthesis?</a>] Foreigners are able to legally lease but not own property.<a href="#cite_note-aht-277">[268]</a> In December 2014, Myanmar set up its first stock exchange, the <a href="/wiki/Yangon_Stock_Exchange" title="Yangon Stock Exchange">Yangon Stock Exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[269]</a> The informal economy's share in Myanmar is one of the biggest in the world and is closely linked to corruption, smuggling and illegal trade activities.<a href="#cite_note-279">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[271]</a> In addition, decades of civil war and unrest have contributed to Myanmar's current levels of poverty and lack of economic progress. Myanmar lacks adequate <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>. Goods travel primarily across the Thai border (where most illegal drugs are exported) and along the Irrawaddy River.<a href="#cite_note-idea-281">[272]</a> Notably, opium production in Myanmar is the world's second-largest source of <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> after <a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, producing some 25% of the world's opium, forming part of the Golden Triangle. While opium poppy cultivation in Myanmar had declined year-on-year since 2015, cultivation area increased by 33% totalling 40,100 hectares alongside an 88% increase in yield potential to 790 tonnes in 2022 according to latest data from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> (UNODC) Myanmar Opium Survey 2022.<a href="#cite_note-282">[273]</a> With that said, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a> (UNODC) has also warned that opium production in Myanmar may rise again if the economic crunch brought on by COVID-19 and the country's February 1 military coup persists, with significant public health and security consequences for much of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-283">[274]</a> At the same time, the Golden Triangle, and specifically Shan State of Myanmar, is believed to be the largest <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> producing area in the world. The growing signs of an intensification of methamphetamine manufacturing activity within and around the Golden Triangle, and a corresponding decrease in the number of production facilities dismantled in other parts of the region, suggests that methamphetamine manufacture in East and Southeast Asia is now consolidated into the lower Mekong region.<a href="#cite_note-284">[275]</a> Countries in East and Southeast Asia have collectively witnessed sustained increases in seizures of methamphetamine over the last decade, totalling over 171 tons and a record of over 1 billion methamphetamine tablets in 2021 according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, more than any other part of the world.<a href="#cite_note-285">[276]</a> In April and May 2020, Myanmar authorities reported Asia's largest ever drug operation in <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan State</a> totalling what was believed to be 193 million methamphetamine tablets, hundreds of kilogrammes of crystal methamphetamine as well as some heroin, and over 162,000 litres and 35.5 tons of drug precursors as well as sophisticated production equipment and several staging and storage facilities.<a href="#cite_note-286">[277]</a> Both China and India have attempted to strengthen ties with the government for economic benefit in the early 2010s. Many Western nations, including the United States and Canada, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, historically imposed investment and trade sanctions on Myanmar. The United States and European Union eased most of their sanctions in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-287">[278]</a> From May 2012 to February 2013, the United States began to lift its economic sanctions on Myanmar "in response to the historic reforms that have been taking place in that country."<a href="#cite_note-288">[279]</a> Foreign investment comes primarily from China, Singapore, the Philippines, South Korea, India, and Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-289">[280]</a> The military has stakes in some major industrial corporations of the country (from oil production and consumer goods to transportation and tourism).<a href="#cite_note-mccartan-290">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-brady-291">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_history">Economic history</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myingyan_Railway_Station_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Myingyan_Railway_Station_2.jpg/220px-Myingyan_Railway_Station_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Myingyan_Railway_Station_2.jpg/330px-Myingyan_Railway_Station_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Myingyan_Railway_Station_2.jpg/440px-Myingyan_Railway_Station_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>The trains are relatively slow in Myanmar. The railway trip from <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> takes about 7.5 hours (179 km or 111 mi).</figcaption></figure>Under the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> administration, the people of Burma were at the bottom of the social hierarchy, with <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a> at the top, Indians, Chinese, and Christianized minorities in the middle, and Buddhist Burmese at the bottom.<a href="#cite_note-:0-292">[283]</a> Forcefully integrated into the world economy, Burma's economy grew by involving itself with extractive industries and <a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">cash crop</a> agriculture. However, much of the wealth was concentrated in the hands of Europeans. The country became the world's largest exporter of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, mainly to European markets, while other colonies like India suffered mass starvation.<a href="#cite_note-293">[284]</a> Being a follower of free market principles, the British opened up the country to large-scale immigration with Rangoon exceeding New York City as the greatest immigration port in the world in the 1920s. Historian <a href="/wiki/Thant_Myint-U" title="Thant Myint-U">Thant Myint-U</a> states, "This was out of a total population of only 13 million; it was equivalent to the United Kingdom today taking 2 million people a year." By then, in most of Burma's largest cities, <a href="/wiki/Rangoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangoon">Rangoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akyab" class="mw-redirect" title="Akyab">Akyab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathein" title="Pathein">Bassein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moulmein" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulmein">Moulmein</a>, the Indian immigrants formed a majority of the population. The Burmese under British rule felt helpless, and reacted with a "racism that combined feelings of superiority and fear".<a href="#cite_note-:0-292">[283]</a> Crude oil production, an indigenous industry of <a href="/wiki/Yenangyaung" title="Yenangyaung">Yenangyaung</a>, was taken over by the British and put under <a href="/wiki/Burmah_Oil" title="Burmah Oil">Burmah Oil</a> monopoly. British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853.<a href="#cite_note-294">[285]</a> European firms produced 75% of the world's teak.<a href="#cite_note-steinberg-46">[39]</a> The wealth was, however, mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans. In the 1930s, agricultural production fell dramatically as international rice prices declined and did not recover for several decades.<a href="#cite_note-295">[286]</a> During the Japanese invasion of Burma in World War II, the British followed a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a> policy. They destroyed major government buildings, oil wells and mines that developed for tungsten (<a href="/wiki/Mawchi" title="Mawchi">Mawchi</a>), tin, lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese. Myanmar was bombed extensively by the Allies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After independence, the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed. With the loss of India, Burma lost relevance and obtained independence from the British. After a parliamentary government was formed in 1948, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/U_Nu" title="U Nu">U Nu</a> embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all of the land in Burma. The government tried to implement an eight-year plan partly financed by injecting money into the economy, but this caused inflation to rise.<a href="#cite_note-296">[287]</a> The <a href="/wiki/1962_Burmese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1962 Burmese coup d'état">1962 coup d'état</a> was followed by an economic scheme called the <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese Way to Socialism</a>, a plan to nationalise all industries, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>. While the economy continued to grow at a slower rate, the country eschewed a Western-oriented development model, and by the 1980s, was left behind capitalist powerhouses like <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> which were integrated with Western economies.<a href="#cite_note-297">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-ruin-102">[93]</a> Myanmar asked for admittance to a <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed country</a> status in 1987 to receive debt relief.<a href="#cite_note-298">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rijstvelden_Myanmar_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Rijstvelden_Myanmar_2006.jpg/220px-Rijstvelden_Myanmar_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Rijstvelden_Myanmar_2006.jpg/330px-Rijstvelden_Myanmar_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Rijstvelden_Myanmar_2006.jpg/440px-Rijstvelden_Myanmar_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Rice is Myanmar's largest agricultural product.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Myanmar" title="Agriculture in Myanmar">Agriculture in Myanmar</a></div> The major agricultural product is <a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Myanmar" title="Rice production in Myanmar">rice</a>, which covers about 60% of the country's total cultivated land area. Rice accounts for 97% of total food grain production by weight. Through collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>, 52 modern rice varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997, helping increase national rice production to 14 million tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996. By 1988, modern varieties were planted on half of the country's ricelands, including 98 percent of the irrigated areas.<a href="#cite_note-299">[290]</a> In 2008 rice production was estimated at 50 million tons.<a href="#cite_note-300">[291]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extractive_industries">Extractive industries</h3></div> Myanmar produces precious stones such as <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">rubies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphires</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Rubies</a> are the biggest earner; 90% of the world's rubies come from the country, whose red stones are prized for their purity and hue. Thailand buys the majority of the country's gems. Myanmar's "Valley of Rubies", the mountainous <a href="/wiki/Mogok_Township" title="Mogok Township">Mogok</a> area, 200 km (120 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, is noted for its rare pigeon's blood rubies and blue sapphires.<a href="#cite_note-301">[292]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European</a> jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta, as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run.<a href="#cite_note-302">[293]</a> The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures with private owners of mines.<a href="#cite_note-303">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth elements">Rare-earth elements</a> are also a significant export, as Myanmar supplies around 10% of the world's rare earths.<a href="#cite_note-304">[295]</a> Conflict in Kachin State has threatened the operations of its mines as of February 2021.<a href="#cite_note-305">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[297]</a> Other industries include agricultural goods, textiles, wood products, construction materials, gems, metals, oil and natural gas. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myanmar_Engineering_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myanmar Engineering Society (page does not exist)">Myanmar Engineering Society</a> has identified at least 39 locations capable of geothermal power production and some of these hydrothermal reservoirs lie quite close to Yangon which is a significant underutilised resource for electrical production.<a href="#cite_note-307">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Myanmar" title="Tourism in Myanmar">Tourism in Myanmar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tourists_in_Myanmar_(8397039153).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tourists_in_Myanmar_%288397039153%29.jpg/220px-Tourists_in_Myanmar_%288397039153%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tourists_in_Myanmar_%288397039153%29.jpg/330px-Tourists_in_Myanmar_%288397039153%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Tourists_in_Myanmar_%288397039153%29.jpg/440px-Tourists_in_Myanmar_%288397039153%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Tourists in Myanmar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U_Bein_Bridge_Mandalay_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/U_Bein_Bridge_Mandalay_4.jpg/220px-U_Bein_Bridge_Mandalay_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/U_Bein_Bridge_Mandalay_4.jpg/330px-U_Bein_Bridge_Mandalay_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/U_Bein_Bridge_Mandalay_4.jpg/440px-U_Bein_Bridge_Mandalay_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/U_Bein_Bridge" title="U Bein Bridge">U Bein Bridge</a> in Mandalay</figcaption></figure> The government receives a significant percentage of the income of private-sector tourism services.<a href="#cite_note-308">[299]</a> The most popular available tourist destinations in Myanmar include big cities such as <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>; religious sites in <a href="/wiki/Mon_State" title="Mon State">Mon State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pindaya" title="Pindaya">Pindaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Bago, Burma">Bago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hpa-An" class="mw-redirect" title="Hpa-An">Hpa-An</a>; nature trails in <a href="/wiki/Inle_Lake" title="Inle Lake">Inle Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kengtung" title="Kengtung">Kengtung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Putao_District" title="Putao District">Putao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyin_Oo_Lwin" title="Pyin Oo Lwin">Pyin Oo Lwin</a>; ancient cities such as <a href="/wiki/Bagan" title="Bagan">Bagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mrauk-U" class="mw-redirect" title="Mrauk-U">Mrauk-U</a>; as well as beaches in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nabule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nabule (page does not exist)">Nabule</a>,<a href="#cite_note-309">[300]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ngapali" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngapali">Ngapali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngwe_Saung_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngwe Saung Beach">Ngwe-Saung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mergui" class="mw-redirect" title="Mergui">Mergui</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[301]</a> Nevertheless, much of the country is off-limits to tourists, and interactions between foreigners and the people of Myanmar, particularly in the border regions, are subject to police scrutiny. They are not to discuss politics with foreigners, under penalty of imprisonment and, in 2001, the Myanmar Tourism Promotion Board issued an order for local officials to protect tourists and limit "unnecessary contact" between foreigners and ordinary Burmese people.<a href="#cite_note-311">[302]</a> The most common way for travellers to enter the country is by air.<a href="#cite_note-LP1-312">[303]</a> According to the website <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a>, getting into Myanmar is problematic: "No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country, nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border – you must walk across." They further state that "It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river."<a href="#cite_note-LP1-312">[303]</a> There are a few border crossings that allow the passage of private vehicles, such as the border between <a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a> (China) to <a href="/wiki/Muse,_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse, Burma">Mu-se</a>, the border between <a href="/wiki/Htee_Kee" class="mw-redirect" title="Htee Kee">Htee Kee</a> (Myanmar) and <a href="/wiki/Phu_Nam_Ron" title="Phu Nam Ron">Phu Nam Ron</a> (Thailand)—the most direct border between <a href="/wiki/Dawei" title="Dawei">Dawei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanchanaburi" title="Kanchanaburi">Kanchanaburi</a>, and the border between <a href="/wiki/Myawaddy" title="Myawaddy">Myawaddy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mae_Sot" title="Mae Sot">Mae Sot</a>, Thailand. At least one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013.<a href="#cite_note-313">[304]</a> Flights are available from most countries, though direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> airlines. According to <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Eleven" title="Weekly Eleven">Eleven</a> magazine, "In the past, there were only 15 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have begun launching direct flights from Japan, Qatar, Taiwan, South Korea, Germany and Singapore."<a href="#cite_note-11.1-314">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Myanmar" title="Demographics of Myanmar">Demographics of Myanmar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtownflatsyangon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Downtownflatsyangon.jpg/220px-Downtownflatsyangon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Downtownflatsyangon.jpg/330px-Downtownflatsyangon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Downtownflatsyangon.jpg/440px-Downtownflatsyangon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A block of apartments in downtown Yangon, facing <a href="/wiki/Bogyoke_Market" title="Bogyoke Market">Bogyoke Market</a>. Much of Yangon's urban population resides in densely populated flats.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;">Population<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-315">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-316">[307]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#cfb;">Year </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Million </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">1950</td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">46.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2021</td> <td style="text-align:right;">53.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> The provisional results of the <a href="/wiki/2014_Myanmar_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Myanmar Census">2014 Myanmar Census</a> showed that the total population was 51,419,420.<a href="#cite_note-317">[308]</a> This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_State" title="Rakhine State">Rakhine State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kayin_State" title="Kayin State">Kayin State</a> who were not counted.<a href="#cite_note-spoor-318">[309]</a> People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures. There are over 600,000 registered <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">migrant workers</a> from Myanmar in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and millions more work illegally. Burmese citizens account for 80% of all migrant workers in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-319">[310]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century, Burma's <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Myanmar" title="Census in Myanmar">population</a> was approximately 10 million.<a href="#cite_note-320">[311]</a> The national population density is 76 per square kilometre (200/sq mi), among the lowest in Southeast Asia. Myanmar's fertility rate in 2011 was 2.23, slightly above the <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">replacement level</a><a href="#cite_note-jon-321">[312]</a> and low compared to <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian countries</a> of similar economic standing.<a href="#cite_note-jon-321">[312]</a> There has been a significant decline in fertility in the 2000s, from a rate of 4.7 children per woman in 1983, down to 2.4 in 2001, despite the absence of any national population policy.<a href="#cite_note-jon-321">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-mya-323">[314]</a> The fertility rate is much lower in urban areas. The relatively rapid decline in fertility is attributed to several factors, including extreme delays in marriage (almost unparalleled among developing countries in the region), the prevalence of illegal abortions, and the high proportion of single, unmarried women of reproductive age, with 25.9% of women aged 30–34 and 33.1% of men and women aged 25–34 being single.<a href="#cite_note-mya-323">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-mar-324">[315]</a> These patterns stem from economic dynamics, including high income inequality, which results in residents of reproductive age opting for delay of marriage and family-building in favour of attempting to find employment and establish some form of wealth;<a href="#cite_note-mya-323">[314]</a> the average age of marriage in Myanmar is 27.5 for men, 26.4 for women.<a href="#cite_note-mya-323">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-mar-324">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities">Largest cities</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_largest_towns_in_Myanmar" title="List of cities and largest towns in Myanmar">List of cities and largest towns in Myanmar</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Myanmar <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geohive.com/cntry/myanmar.aspx">geohive.com</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Myanmar">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Divisions_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Divisions of Myanmar">Division</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangoon-south.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yangon"><img alt="Yangon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Yangoon-south.jpg/120px-Yangoon-south.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Yangoon-south.jpg/180px-Yangoon-south.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Yangoon-south.jpg/240px-Yangoon-south.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3885" data-file-height="1917" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Mandeley_vue_panoramique.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandalay"><img alt="Mandalay" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mandeley_vue_panoramique.JPG/120px-Mandeley_vue_panoramique.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mandeley_vue_panoramique.JPG/180px-Mandeley_vue_panoramique.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mandeley_vue_panoramique.JPG/240px-Mandeley_vue_panoramique.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yangon_Region" title="Yangon Region">Yangon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,211,431 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Uppatasanti_Pagoda,_view_from_west,_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naypyidaw"><img alt="Naypyidaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Uppatasanti_Pagoda%2C_view_from_west%2C_closeup.jpg/120px-Uppatasanti_Pagoda%2C_view_from_west%2C_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Uppatasanti_Pagoda%2C_view_from_west%2C_closeup.jpg/180px-Uppatasanti_Pagoda%2C_view_from_west%2C_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Uppatasanti_Pagoda%2C_view_from_west%2C_closeup.jpg/240px-Uppatasanti_Pagoda%2C_view_from_west%2C_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Bago,_Myanmar_(15168477180).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bago"><img alt="Bago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bago%2C_Myanmar_%2815168477180%29.jpg/120px-Bago%2C_Myanmar_%2815168477180%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bago%2C_Myanmar_%2815168477180%29.jpg/180px-Bago%2C_Myanmar_%2815168477180%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bago%2C_Myanmar_%2815168477180%29.jpg/240px-Bago%2C_Myanmar_%2815168477180%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4513" data-file-height="2537" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Bago, Burma">Bago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mandalay_Region" title="Mandalay Region">Mandalay</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,225,546 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw_Union_Territory" title="Naypyidaw Union Territory">Naypyidaw</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,160,242 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bago,_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Bago, Burma">Bago</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bago_Region" title="Bago Region">Bago</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">491,434 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hpa-An" class="mw-redirect" title="Hpa-An">Hpa-An</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kayin_State" title="Kayin State">Kayin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">421,575 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taunggyi" title="Taunggyi">Taunggyi</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">381,636 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Monywa" title="Monywa">Monywa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sagaing_Region" title="Sagaing Region">Sagaing</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">372,095 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Myitkyina" title="Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">306,949 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mawlamyine" title="Mawlamyine">Mawlamyine</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mon_State" title="Mon State">Mon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">289,388 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Magway,_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Magway, Burma">Magway</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Magway_Region" title="Magway Region">Magway</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">289,247 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" title="List of ethnic groups in Myanmar">List of ethnic groups in Myanmar</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnic Composition in Burma/Myanmar (rough estimate)</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnic group</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Per cent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamar</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:68%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">68%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:10%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">10%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Rakhine</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:3.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese Chinese">Han-Chinese</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Indians" title="Burmese Indians">Indians</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:violet; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Kachin</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:1.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Chin_people" title="Chin people">Chin</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:brown; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Karenni_people" title="Karenni people">Kayah</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lime; width:0.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other groups</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:cyan; width:5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg/280px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="537" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg/420px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg/560px-Ethnolinguistic_map_of_Burma_1972_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="2037" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic groups of Burma/Myanmar</figcaption></figure> Myanmar is <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">ethnically diverse</a>. The government recognises <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" title="List of ethnic groups in Myanmar">135 distinct ethnic groups</a>. There are at least 108 different ethnolinguistic groups in Myanmar, consisting mainly of distinct <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibeto-Burman">Tibeto-Burman</a> peoples, but with sizeable populations of <a href="/wiki/Tai%E2%80%93Kadai-speaking_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai–Kadai-speaking peoples">Tai–Kadai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a>, and Austroasiatic (Mon–Khmer) peoples.<a href="#cite_note-325">[316]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamar</a> form an estimated 68% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-statedept-326">[317]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">irrelevant citation</a>] 10% of the population are <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-statedept-326">[317]</a> The Kayin make up 7% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-statedept-326">[317]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Rakhine people</a> constitute 4% of the population. <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a> form approximately 3% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-statedept-326">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[318]</a> Myanmar's ethnic <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority</a> groups prefer the term "ethnic nationality" over "ethnic minority" as the term "minority" furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as "Burmanisation"—the proliferation and domination of the dominant <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamar culture</a> over minority cultures. <a href="/wiki/Mon_people" title="Mon people">Mon</a>, who form 2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-statedept-326">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Indians" title="Burmese Indians">Overseas Indians</a> are 2%.<a href="#cite_note-statedept-326">[317]</a> The remainder are <a href="/wiki/Kachin_people" title="Kachin people">Kachin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chin_people" title="Chin people">Chin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian">Anglo-Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Gurkha" title="Burmese Gurkha">Gurkha</a>, <a href="/wiki/People_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Nepal">Nepali</a> and other ethnic minorities. Included in this group are the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Burmese" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Burmese">Anglo-Burmese</a>. Once forming a large and influential community, the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards, principally to Australia and the United Kingdom. It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo-Burmese remain in Myanmar. As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myanmar&action=edit">[update]</a>, 110,000 Burmese <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> were living in refugee camps in Thailand.<a href="#cite_note-328">[319]</a> Refugee camps exist along Indian, Bangladeshi and Thai borders while several thousand are in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Conservative estimates state that there are over 295,800 minority refugees from Myanmar, with the majority being <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karenni_people" title="Karenni people">Karenni</a> are principally located along the Thai-Myanmar border.<a href="#cite_note-329">[320]</a> There are nine permanent refugee camps along the Thai-Myanmar border, most of which were established in the mid-1980s. The refugee camps are under the care of the Thai-Burma Border Consortium (TBBC). Since 2006,<a href="#cite_note-330">[321]</a> over 55,000 Burmese <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> have been resettled in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-331">[322]</a> The persecution of <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Indians" title="Burmese Indians">Burmese Indians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese Chinese">Burmese Chinese</a> and other ethnic groups after the military coup headed by General <a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a> in 1962 led to the expulsion or emigration of 300,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-332">[323]</a> They migrated to escape <a href="/wiki/Racial_Discrimination_against_Burmese_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial Discrimination against Burmese Indians">racial discrimination</a> and the wholesale nationalisation of private enterprise that took place in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-333">[324]</a> The Anglo-Burmese at this time either fled the country or changed their names and blended in with the broader Burmese society. Many <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a> Muslims have fled Myanmar. Many refugees headed to neighbouring Bangladesh, including 200,000 in 1978 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/King_Dragon_operation_in_Arakan" class="mw-redirect" title="King Dragon operation in Arakan">King Dragon operation in Arakan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[325]</a> 250,000 more left in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-335">[326]</a> Since August 2017, an estimated 23,000-43,700 Rohingya have been killed<a href="#cite_note-336">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[328]</a> in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a>, and another 730,000 have fled to Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-338">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Languages of Myanmar</a></div> Myanmar is home to four major language families: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai%E2%80%93Kadai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai–Kadai languages">Tai–Kadai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>.<a href="#cite_note-339">[330]</a> Sino-Tibetan languages are most widely spoken. They include <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_people" title="Karen people">Karen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Kachin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chin_people" title="Chin people">Chin</a>, and Chinese (mainly <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>). The primary Tai–Kadai language is <a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palaung_language" title="Palaung language">Palaung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Va_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Va people">Wa</a> are the major Austroasiatic languages spoken in Myanmar. The two major Indo-European languages are <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pali</a>, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism, and English.<a href="#cite_note-ethno-340">[331]</a> More than a hundred languages are spoken in total. Since many of them are known only within small tribes around the country, they may have been lost (many if not all) after a few generations. <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>, the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Myanmar, is related to <a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetan</a> and Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-ethno-340">[331]</a> It is written in a <a href="/wiki/Burmese_alphabet" title="Burmese alphabet">script</a> consisting of circular and semi-circular letters, which were adapted from the <a href="/wiki/Mon_language" title="Mon language">Mon script</a>, which in turn was developed from a southern Indian script in the 5th century. The earliest known inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century. It is also used to write <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli">Pali</a>, the sacred language of Theravada Buddhism, as well as several ethnic minority languages, including Shan, several Karen dialects, and Kayah (Karenni), with the addition of specialised characters and <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> for each language.<a href="#cite_note-341">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Religion in Myanmar</a></div> Many religions are practised in Myanmar. Religious edifices and orders have been in existence for many years. The Christian and Muslim populations do, however, face religious persecution and it is hard, if not impossible, for non-Buddhists to join the army or get government jobs, the main route to success in the country.<a href="#cite_note-342">[333]</a> Such persecution and targeting of civilians is particularly notable in eastern Myanmar, where over 3,000 villages have been destroyed in the past ten years.<a href="#cite_note-343">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-345">[336]</a> More than 200,000 Muslims have fled to Bangladesh by 2007 to escape persecution.<a href="#cite_note-346">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[338]</a> A large majority of the population practices Buddhism; estimates range from 80%<a href="#cite_note-pew-348">[339]</a> to 89%.<a href="#cite_note-Buddhanet-349">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-COTM-350">[341]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/2014_Myanmar_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Myanmar Census">2014 Myanmar Census</a>, 87.9% of the population identifies as Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-TUR-351">[342]</a> <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda">Theravāda</a> Buddhism is the most widespread.<a href="#cite_note-Buddhanet-349">[340]</a> There are some 500,000 Buddhist monks and 75,000 nuns in this country of 54 million.<a href="#cite_note-352">[343]</a> Other religions are practised largely without obstruction, with the notable exception of some religious minorities such as the Rohingya people, who have continued to have their citizenship status denied and treated as illegal immigrants instead,<a href="#cite_note-rohingya-252">[243]</a> and Christians in Chin State.<a href="#cite_note-353">[344]</a> According to 2014 census, 6.2% of the population identifies as Christian; 4.3% as Muslim; 0.8% as followers of tribal religions; 0.5% as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a>; 0.2% as followers of other religions; and 0.1% follow no religion.<a href="#cite_note-TUR-351">[342]</a> According to the 2010 estimates of the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 7% of the population is Christian; 4% is Muslim; 1% follows traditional <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> beliefs; and 2% follow other religions, including <a href="/wiki/Mahayana_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahayana Buddhism">Mahayana Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-354">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[346]</a> Jehovah's Witnesses have been present since 1914<a href="#cite_note-356">[347]</a> and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages.<a href="#cite_note-357">[348]</a> A tiny Jewish community in Yangon had a synagogue but no resident rabbi.<a href="#cite_note-358">[349]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_nun_and_group_of_monks_praying_before_idols_in_Myanmar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/A_nun_and_group_of_monks_praying_before_idols_in_Myanmar.jpg/220px-A_nun_and_group_of_monks_praying_before_idols_in_Myanmar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/A_nun_and_group_of_monks_praying_before_idols_in_Myanmar.jpg/330px-A_nun_and_group_of_monks_praying_before_idols_in_Myanmar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/A_nun_and_group_of_monks_praying_before_idols_in_Myanmar.jpg/440px-A_nun_and_group_of_monks_praying_before_idols_in_Myanmar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Praying Buddhist monks in <a href="/wiki/Shwedagon_Pagoda" title="Shwedagon Pagoda">Shwedagon Pagoda</a></figcaption></figure> Although Hinduism is practised by 0.5% of the population, it was a major religion in Myanmar's past.<a href="#cite_note-359">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[351]</a> <a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese folk religion</a> is practised by many <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamars</a> alongside Buddhism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Myanmar" title="Health in Myanmar">Health in Myanmar</a></div> The general state of <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> in Myanmar is poor. The government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-361">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[353]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Myanmar is 240. This is compared with 219.3 in 2008 and 662 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 73 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 47. According to Doctors without Borders, 25,000 Burmese AIDS patients died in 2007, deaths that could largely have been prevented by <a href="/wiki/Antiretroviral_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiretroviral therapy">antiretroviral therapy</a> drugs and proper treatment.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-363">[354]</a> HIV/AIDS, recognised as a disease of concern by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Myanmar)" title="Ministry of Health (Myanmar)">Myanmar Ministry of Health</a>, is most prevalent among <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">sex workers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous drug">intravenous drug</a> users. In 2005, the estimated adult <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Myanmar" title="HIV/AIDS in Myanmar">HIV prevalence rate in Myanmar</a> was 1.3% (200,000–570,000 people), according to <a href="/wiki/UNAIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="UNAIDS">UNAIDS</a>, and early indicators of any progress against the HIV epidemic are inconsistent.<a href="#cite_note-364">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-06decUNAIDS-366">[357]</a> However, the National AIDS Programme Myanmar found that 32% of sex workers and 43% of intravenous drug users in Myanmar have HIV.<a href="#cite_note-06decUNAIDS-366">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Education in Myanmar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Students,_Hakha,_Chin_State,_Myanmar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Students%2C_Hakha%2C_Chin_State%2C_Myanmar.jpg/220px-Students%2C_Hakha%2C_Chin_State%2C_Myanmar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Students%2C_Hakha%2C_Chin_State%2C_Myanmar.jpg/330px-Students%2C_Hakha%2C_Chin_State%2C_Myanmar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Students%2C_Hakha%2C_Chin_State%2C_Myanmar.jpg/440px-Students%2C_Hakha%2C_Chin_State%2C_Myanmar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Students on their way to school, <a href="/wiki/Kalaymyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalaymyo">Kalaymyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagaing_Region" title="Sagaing Region">Sagaing Region</a>, Myanmar</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> Institute of Statistics, Myanmar's official <a href="/wiki/Literacy_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literacy rate">literacy rate</a> as of 2000 was 90%.<a href="#cite_note-367">[358]</a> Historically, Myanmar has had high literacy rates. The educational system of Myanmar is operated by the government agency, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Myanmar)" title="Ministry of Education (Myanmar)">Ministry of Education</a>. The education system is based on the United Kingdom's system after nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar. Nearly all schools are government-operated, but there has been an increase in privately funded English language schools in the early 21st century. Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school, approximately 9 years old, while the compulsory schooling age is 15 or 16 at international level. There are 101 universities, 12 institutes, 9 degree colleges and 24 colleges in Myanmar, a total of 146 higher education institutions.<a href="#cite_note-368">[359]</a> There are 10 technical training schools, 23 nursing training schools, 1 sport academy and 20 midwifery schools. There are four international schools acknowledged by WASC and College Board—<a href="/wiki/International_School_Yangon" title="International School Yangon">The International School Yangon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_International_School" title="Myanmar International School">Myanmar International School</a>, Yangon International School, and International School of Myanmar in Yangon. Myanmar was ranked 125th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-369">[360]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Myanmar" title="Crime in Myanmar">Crime in Myanmar</a></div> Myanmar had a murder rate of 15.2 per 100,000 population with a total of 8,044 murders in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-UNODC-370">[361]</a> Factors influencing Myanmar's high murder rate include communal violence and armed conflict.<a href="#cite_note-371">[362]</a> Myanmar is one of the world's most corrupt nations. The 2012 <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a> <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> ranked the country at number 171, out of 176 countries in total.<a href="#cite_note-372">[363]</a> Myanmar is the world's second largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> after <a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Afghanistan" title="Opium production in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, producing some 25% of the world's opium, and forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a>. The opium industry was a monopoly during colonial times and has since been illegally operated by corrupt officials in the Burmese military and rebel fighters,<a href="#cite_note-373">[364]</a> primarily as the basis for heroin manufacture. Myanmar is the largest producer of methamphetamines in the world, with the majority of <a href="/wiki/Ya_ba" title="Ya ba">Ya ba</a> found in Thailand produced in Myanmar, particularly in the Golden Triangle and northeastern Shan State, which borders Thailand, Laos and China.<a href="#cite_note-374">[365]</a> Burmese-produced ya ba is typically trafficked to Thailand via Laos, before being transported through the northeastern Thai region of <a href="/wiki/Isan" title="Isan">Isan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">Culture of Myanmar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg/170px-Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg/255px-Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg/340px-Burmese_Ramayana_dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Burmese <a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnayi Kinnaya</a> dance</figcaption></figure> A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar, with majority culture primarily Buddhist and <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Bamar</a>. Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries, manifested in its language, cuisine, music, dance and theatre. The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism. Considered the national epic of Myanmar, the <a href="/wiki/Yama_Zatdaw" title="Yama Zatdaw">Yama Zatdaw</a>, an adaptation of India's <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a>, has been influenced greatly by Thai, Mon, and Indian versions of the play.<a href="#cite_note-376">[367]</a> Buddhism is practised along with <a href="/wiki/Nat_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat (spirit)">nat worship</a>, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats.<a href="#cite_note-377">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[369]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Myanmar_Traditional_novitiation_march.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Myanmar_Traditional_novitiation_march.JPG/220px-Myanmar_Traditional_novitiation_march.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Myanmar_Traditional_novitiation_march.JPG/330px-Myanmar_Traditional_novitiation_march.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Myanmar_Traditional_novitiation_march.JPG/440px-Myanmar_Traditional_novitiation_march.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption>A Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Shinbyu" title="Shinbyu">Shinbyu</a> ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a></figcaption></figure> In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life. Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people. A novitiation ceremony called <a href="/wiki/Shinbyu" title="Shinbyu">shinbyu</a> is the most important <a href="/wiki/Coming_of_age" title="Coming of age">coming of age</a> events for a boy, during which he enters the monastery for a short time.<a href="#cite_note-kmc-379">[370]</a> All male children in Buddhist families are encouraged to be a novice (beginner for Buddhism) before the age of twenty and to be a monk after the age of twenty. Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies (နားသ) at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-kmc-379">[370]</a> Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year, the most important being the <a href="/wiki/Pagoda_festival" title="Pagoda festival">pagoda festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Myam-ma-380">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[372]</a> Many villages have a guardian nat, and superstition and taboos are commonplace. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rakhine_Thingyan_2011.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rakhine_Thingyan_2011.jpeg/220px-Rakhine_Thingyan_2011.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rakhine_Thingyan_2011.jpeg/330px-Rakhine_Thingyan_2011.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Rakhine_Thingyan_2011.jpeg/440px-Rakhine_Thingyan_2011.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Rakhine_people" title="Rakhine people">Arakan</a> (Rakhine) girl pours water at revellers during the Burmese New Year <a href="/wiki/Thingyan" title="Thingyan">Thingyan</a> Water Festival in Yangon.</figcaption></figure> British colonial rule introduced Western elements of culture to Myanmar. Myanmar's education system is modelled after that of the United Kingdom. Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities such as Yangon.<a href="#cite_note-382">[373]</a> Many ethnic minorities, particularly the Karen in the southeast and the Kachin and Chin who populate the north and northeast, practice Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-383">[374]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>, the Burman population is 68% and the ethnic groups constitute 32%. In contrast, the exiled leaders and organisations claim the country is 40% ethnic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese cuisine</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese cuisine</a> is characterised by extensive use of fish products such as <a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">fish sauce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ngapi" title="Ngapi">ngapi</a> (fermented seafood) and dried prawn. <a href="/wiki/Mohinga" title="Mohinga">Mohinga</a> is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmar's national dish. Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities, while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay. Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein and are used in a variety of ways, fresh, salted whole or filleted, salted and dried, made into a salty paste, or fermented sour and pressed. Burmese cuisine also includes a variety of salads (<a href="/wiki/A_thoke" class="mw-redirect" title="A thoke">a thoke</a>), centred on one major ingredient, ranging from starches like rice, wheat and rice noodles, glass noodles and vermicelli, to potato, ginger, tomato, <a href="/wiki/Kaffir_lime" title="Kaffir lime">kaffir lime</a>, long bean, and <a href="/wiki/Lahpet" title="Lahpet">lahpet</a> (pickled tea leaves). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_Myanmar" title="Traditional games of Myanmar">Traditional games of Myanmar</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pongyi_thaing" title="Pongyi thaing">Pongyi thaing</a> martial arts and <a href="/wiki/Chinlone" title="Chinlone">chinlone</a> are traditional sports in Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-384">[375]</a> Football is played all over the country, even in villages, and its <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_national_football_team" title="Myanmar national football team">national team</a> is ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Football_Federation" title="Myanmar Football Federation">Myanmar Football Federation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2013_Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Southeast Asian Games">2013 Southeast Asian Games</a> took place in Naypyidaw, Yangon, Mandalay and <a href="/wiki/Ngwesaung_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngwesaung Beach">Ngwesaung Beach</a> in December representing the third occasion that the event has been staged in Myanmar. Myanmar previously hosted the games in <a href="/wiki/1961_Southeast_Asian_Peninsular_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1961 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games">1961</a> and <a href="/wiki/1969_Southeast_Asian_Peninsular_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1969 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games">1969</a>.<a href="#cite_note-385">[376]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Myanmar" title="Art of Myanmar">Art of Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar_architecture" title="Myanmar architecture">Myanmar architecture</a></div> Burmese traditional art concepts are popular and respected by the Burmese people and people from abroad. Burmese contemporary art has developed quite rapidly on its own terms. Artists born after the 1980s have had greater chances of art practice outside the country. One of the first to study western art was <a href="/wiki/Ba_Nyan" title="Ba Nyan">Ba Nyan</a>. Together with <a href="/wiki/Ngwe_Gaing" title="Ngwe Gaing">Ngwe Gaing</a> and a handful of other artists, they were the pioneers of western painting style. Later on most young children learned the concepts from them. Some well known contemporary artists are <a href="/wiki/Lun_Gywe" title="Lun Gywe">Lun Gywe</a>, Aung Kyaw Htet, <a href="/wiki/MPP_Yei_Myint" class="mw-redirect" title="MPP Yei Myint">MPP Yei Myint</a>, Myint Swe, Min Wai Aung, <a href="/wiki/Aung_Myint" title="Aung Myint">Aung Myint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kin_Maung_Yin" title="Kin Maung Yin">Kin Maung Yin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Po_Po" title="Po Po">Po Po</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaw_Zaw_Aung" title="Zaw Zaw Aung">Zaw Zaw Aung</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_communications">Media and communications</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Myanmar">Media of Myanmar</a></div> Because of Myanmar's political climate, there are not many media companies in relation to the country's population. Some are privately owned. All programming must meet with the approval of the censorship board. The Burmese government announced on 20 August 2012 that it would stop censoring media before publication. Following the announcement, newspapers and other outlets no longer required approved by state censors; however, journalists in the country can still face consequences for what they write and say.<a href="#cite_note-386">[377]</a> In April 2013, international media reports were published to relay the enactment of the media liberalisation reforms that we announced in August 2012. For the first time in numerous decades, the publication of privately owned newspapers commenced in the country.<a href="#cite_note-387">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Internet">Internet</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Myanmar" title="Internet in Myanmar">Internet in Myanmar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kayan_women_Burma_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kayan_women_Burma_1.jpg/220px-Kayan_women_Burma_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kayan_women_Burma_1.jpg/330px-Kayan_women_Burma_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Kayan_women_Burma_1.jpg/440px-Kayan_women_Burma_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Burma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayan people (Burma)">Kayan</a> women in a village near <a href="/wiki/Inle_Lake" title="Inle Lake">Inle Lake</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure> Internet use is estimated to be relatively low compared to other countries.<a href="#cite_note-Calderaro-388">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-389">[380]</a> Myanmar's internet used to be subject to censorship, and authorities viewed e-mails and posts on Internet blogs until 2012 when the government removed media censorship. During the strict censorship days, activity at internet cafes was regulated, and one blogger named <a href="/wiki/Zarganar" title="Zarganar">Zarganar</a> was sentenced to prison for publishing a video of destruction caused by <a href="/wiki/Cyclone_Nargis" title="Cyclone Nargis">Cyclone Nargis</a> in 2008; Zarganar was released in October 2011. In regards to communications infrastructure, Myanmar is the last ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forum's <a href="/wiki/Networked_Readiness_Index" title="Networked Readiness Index">Networked Readiness Index</a> (NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. With 139 countries reported on, Myanmar ranked number 133 overall in the 2016 NRI ranking.<a href="#cite_note-390">[381]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Myanmar" title="Cinema of Myanmar">Cinema of Myanmar</a></div> Myanmar's first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein—a leading politician of the 1910s, who campaigned for Burmese independence in London. The first Burmese <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a> Myitta Ne Thuya (<a href="/wiki/Love_and_Liquor" title="Love and Liquor">Love and Liquor</a>) in 1920 which proved a major success, despite its poor quality. During the 1920s and 1930s, many Burmese-owned film companies made and produced several films. The first Burmese <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a> was produced in 1932 in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, India with the title Ngwe Pay Lo Ma Ya (Money Can't Buy It). After World War II, Burmese cinema continued to address political themes. Many of the films produced in the early Cold War era had a strong propaganda element. In the era that followed the political events of 1988, the film industry has been increasingly controlled by the government. Film stars who had been involved in the political activities were banned from appearing in films. The government issues strict rules on censorship and largely determines who produces films, as well as who gets academy awards.<a href="#cite_note-391">[382]</a> Over the years, the movie industry has also shifted to producing many lower-budget <a href="/wiki/Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">direct-to-video</a> films. Most of the movies produced nowadays are <a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">comedies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-392">[383]</a> In 2008, only 12 films worthy of being considered for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> were made, although at least 800 VCDs were produced.<a href="#cite_note-393">[384]</a> Myanmar is the primary subject of a 2007 graphic novel titled Chroniques Birmanes by <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Québécois</a> author and animator, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Delisle" title="Guy Delisle">Guy Delisle</a>. The graphic novel was translated into English under the title <a href="/wiki/Burma_Chronicles" title="Burma Chronicles">Burma Chronicles</a> in 2008. In 2009, a documentary about Burmese <a href="/wiki/Videojournalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Videojournalist">videojournalists</a> called <a href="/wiki/Burma_VJ" title="Burma VJ">Burma VJ</a> was released.<a href="#cite_note-394">[385]</a> This film was nominated for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Documentary_Feature" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature">Best Documentary Feature</a> at the <a href="/wiki/82nd_Academy_Awards" title="82nd Academy Awards">2010 Academy Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-395">[386]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Lady_(2011_film)" title="The Lady (2011 film)">The Lady</a> had its world premiere on 12 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/36th_Toronto_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="36th Toronto International Film Festival">36th Toronto International Film Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-396">[387]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/32px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/48px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/64px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Myanmar" title="Portal:Myanmar">Myanmar portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/31px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/47px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/62px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Myanmar" title="Outline of Myanmar">Outline of Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Myanmar" title="Censorship in Myanmar">Censorship in Myanmar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Formerly known as "Rangoon" </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Officially spelled "Nay Pyi Taw" </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Official demonym for English transliterated words </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Official demonym for English translated words </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Soe Win is the only vice chairman of the SAC, but he is one of five deputy prime ministers. The others are <a href="/wiki/Mya_Tun_Oo" title="Mya Tun Oo">Mya Tun Oo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin_Aung_San" title="Tin Aung San">Tin Aung San</a>, <a href="/wiki/Win_Shein" title="Win Shein">Win Shein</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Than_Swe_(diplomat)" title="Than Swe (diplomat)">Than Swe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1204105569">.mw-parser-output .script-myanmar{line-height:100%;font-family:"Noto Sans Myanmar",Pyidaungsu,"Myanmar Text",Myanmar3,Myanmar2,Myanmar1,Padauk,mm3web,TharLon,"Masterpiece Uni Sans",Parabaik,Yunghkio,Thanlwin,"Win Uni Innwa","MyMyanmar Unicode","WinUni Innwa"}</style>မြန်မာ; <a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: Mranma, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[mjəmà]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1204105569">ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတ မြန်မာနိုင်ငံတော်; <a href="/wiki/MLC_Transcription_System" title="MLC Transcription System">MLCTS</a>: Pranyhtaungcu. Sa.ma.ta. Mranma Nuingngamtau; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">[pjìdàʊɴzṵ θàɴməda̰ mjəmà nàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀]</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciations_of_Myanmar">Pronunciations of Myanmar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> examples of two-syllable pronunciations: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmjænˈmɑːr/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmjænmɑːr/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmjɑːnˈmɑːr/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/44\/En-us-Myanmar.ogg\/En-us-Myanmar.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Myanmar.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/44/En-us-Myanmar.ogg/En-us-Myanmar.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Myanmar.ogg" title="File:En-us-Myanmar.ogg">ⓘ</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmjɑːnmɑːr/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> examples of three-syllable pronunciations: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmiːənmɑːr/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/miˈænmɑːr/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌmaɪənˈmɑːr/</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/maɪˈɑːnmɑːr/</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmaɪænmɑːr/</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR">https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2Fprofile%2FMMR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR">https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2Fprofile%2FMMR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR">https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2Fprofile%2FMMR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MM">"GINI index (World Bank estimate)"</a>. data.worldbank.org. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111516/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=MM">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2019. 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Retrieved 14 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Aung+San+Suu+Kyi+arrives+in+Thailand+for+official+visit&rft.date=2016-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioaustralia.net.au%2Finternational%2F2016-06-23%2Faung-san-suu-kyi-arrives-in-thailand-for-official-visit%2F1593108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408202934/http://www.ambafrance-mm.org/Birmanie-ou-Myanmar-Le-vrai-faux">"'Birmanie ou Myanmar ? Le vrai faux débat francophone' – La France en Birmanie"</a>. Ambafrance-mm.org. 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Retrieved 9 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Obs&rft.atitle=Birmanie%3A+87.000+Rohingyas+r%C3%A9fugi%C3%A9s+au+Bangladesh+en+dix+jours%2C+selon+l%27ONU&rft.date=2017-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftempsreel.nouvelobs.com%2Ftopnews%2F20170904.AFP9687%2Fbirmanie-87-000-rohingyas-refugies-au-bangladesh-en-dix-jours-selon-l-onu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/tag/birmanie">"L'actualité sur Birmanie par L'Obs"</a>. L'Obs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212170716/http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/tag/birmanie">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2017. 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Retrieved 29 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Myanmar&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DMyanmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackrah,_J._R." class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Thackrah, J. R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/myanmar">"Definition of Myanmar"</a>. Collins English Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226082844/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/myanmar">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. 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Retrieved 22 November 2016. <q>Homo erectus had lived in Myanmar 750,000 years ago</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prehistory+to+Protohistory+of+Myanmar%3A+A+Perspective+of+Historical+Geography&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Myanmar+Environment+Institute&rft.date=2015-07-24&rft.au=Win+Naing+Tun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.burmalibrary.org%2Fdocs21%2FHistory%2FWin-Naing-Tun-2015-Prehistory_to_Protohistory_of_Myanmar_A_Perspective_of_Historical_Geography-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2013" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, John Stewart Bowman (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYoHOqC7Yx4C">Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</a>. 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The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613230526/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-united-states-of-myanmar/article18525853.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2020. 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href="https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-military-condemns-speakers-refusal-probe-election-fraud-claims.html">"Myanmar Military Demands Proof November Election Was Fair,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310112448/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-military-condemns-speakers-refusal-probe-election-fraud-claims.html">Archived</a> 10 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 21 January 2021, <a href="/wiki/The_Irrawaddy" title="The Irrawaddy">The Irrawaddy</a>, retrieved 7 February 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-Myanmar_military_2021_01_26_irrawaddy_com-151"><a href="#cite_ref-Myanmar_military_2021_01_26_irrawaddy_com_151-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-military-refuses-rule-coup-presses-claim-fraud-nov-election.html">"Myanmar Military Refuses to Rule Out Coup as It Presses Claim of Fraud in Nov Election,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301142916/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-military-refuses-rule-coup-presses-claim-fraud-nov-election.html">Archived</a> 1 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 26 January 2021, <a href="/wiki/The_Irrawaddy" title="The Irrawaddy">The Irrawaddy</a>, retrieved 7 February 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-military_threats_channelnewsasia_com-152"><a href="#cite_ref-military_threats_channelnewsasia_com_152-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/military-threats--coup-fears-overshadow-myanmar-parliament-opening-14068508">"Military Thrests: Coup Fears Overshadow Myanmar Parliament Opening,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210130124925/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/military-threats--coup-fears-overshadow-myanmar-parliament-opening-14068508">Archived</a> 30 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Channel_NewsAsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel NewsAsia">Channel NewsAsia</a>, </li> <li id="cite_note-military_chief_warns_2021_01_28_irrawaddy_com-153"><a href="#cite_ref-military_chief_warns_2021_01_28_irrawaddy_com_153-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-military-chief-warns-constitution-revoked-laws-not-followed.html">"Myanmar Military Chief Warns Constitution Should Be Revoked If Laws Not Followed,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301124634/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-military-chief-warns-constitution-revoked-laws-not-followed.html">Archived</a> 1 March 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href="#cite_ref-suu_kyi_to_keep_2021_01_25_irrawaddy_com_155-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmars-daw-aung-san-suu-kyi-keep-state-counselor-position-nld-says.html">"Myanmar's Daw Aung San Suu Kyi to Keep State Counselor Position NLD Says,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301124641/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmars-daw-aung-san-suu-kyi-keep-state-counselor-position-nld-says.html">Archived</a> 1 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 25 January 2021, <a href="/wiki/The_Irrawaddy" title="The Irrawaddy">The Irrawaddy</a>, retrieved 6 February 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-myanmar_coup_2021-02-01_bbc-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-myanmar_coup_2021-02-01_bbc_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-myanmar_coup_2021-02-01_bbc_156-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55882489">"Myanmar coup: Aung San Suu Kyi detained as military seizes control,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131232954/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55882489">Archived</a> 31 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 1 February 2021, BBC News, retrieved 1 February 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com_157-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com_157-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com_157-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-myanmar_coup_2021_02_21_nikkei_com_157-6">g</a> <a 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Bloomberg.com. 31 January 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210201050819/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-01-31/myanmar-s-suu-kyi-detained-in-early-morning-raid-reuters-says">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021 – via www.bloomberg.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Myanmar+Military+Takes+Power+for+One+Year%2C+Suu+Kyi+in+Detention&rft.date=2021-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2021-01-31%2Fmyanmar-s-suu-kyi-detained-in-early-morning-raid-reuters-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegan" class="citation news cs1">Regan, Helen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/15/asia/myanmar-deaths-chinese-factories-intl-hnk/index.html">"Chinese factories set on fire in Myanmar in deadliest day since coup"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210315111827/https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/15/asia/myanmar-deaths-chinese-factories-intl-hnk/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2021. Retrieved 15 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Chinese+factories+set+on+fire+in+Myanmar+in+deadliest+day+since+coup&rft.aulast=Regan&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2021%2F03%2F15%2Fasia%2Fmyanmar-deaths-chinese-factories-intl-hnk%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-teachers_join_2021_02_05_bbc-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-teachers_join_2021_02_05_bbc_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-teachers_join_2021_02_05_bbc_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-teachers_join_2021_02_05_bbc_160-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-teachers_join_2021_02_05_bbc_160-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55944482">"Myanmar coup: Teachers join growing protests against military,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210222185331/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-55944482">Archived</a> 22 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 5 February 2021, BBC News, retrieved 28 February 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-tens_of_thousands_2021_02_07_irrawaddy_com-161"><a href="#cite_ref-tens_of_thousands_2021_02_07_irrawaddy_com_161-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/tens-thousands-take-streets-myanmar-protest-military-regime.html">"Tens of Thousands Take to Streets in Myanmar to Protest Military Regime,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227061633/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/tens-thousands-take-streets-myanmar-protest-military-regime.html">Archived</a> 27 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 12 November 2020, <a href="/wiki/The_Irrawaddy" title="The Irrawaddy">The Irrawaddy</a>, retrieved 28 February 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-china-russia-pakistan-attend-myanmar-armed-forces-day-parade">"On Bloodiest Day for Myanmar Civilians, India Attends Military Parade by Coup Leaders"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wire_(India)" title="The Wire (India)">The Wire</a>. 28 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210328071814/https://thewire.in/diplomacy/india-china-russia-pakistan-attend-myanmar-armed-forces-day-parade">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wire&rft.atitle=On+Bloodiest+Day+for+Myanmar+Civilians%2C+India+Attends+Military+Parade+by+Coup+Leaders&rft.date=2021-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fdiplomacy%2Findia-china-russia-pakistan-attend-myanmar-armed-forces-day-parade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/china-responds-to-bloodshed-in-myanmar-with-deafening-silence/">"China Responds to Bloodshed in Myanmar With Deafening Silence"</a>. The Diplomat. 2 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043203/https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/china-responds-to-bloodshed-in-myanmar-with-deafening-silence/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Diplomat&rft.atitle=China+Responds+to+Bloodshed+in+Myanmar+With+Deafening+Silence&rft.date=2021-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F03%2Fchina-responds-to-bloodshed-in-myanmar-with-deafening-silence%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/3122841/india-has-history-involvement-its-neighbours-affairs-why-has-it">"India has a history of involvement in its neighbours' affairs. Why has it not condemned the Myanmar coup?"</a>. South China Morning Post. 24 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616043304/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/opinion/article/3122841/india-has-history-involvement-its-neighbours-affairs-why-has-it">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=India+has+a+history+of+involvement+in+its+neighbours%27+affairs.+Why+has+it+not+condemned+the+Myanmar+coup%3F&rft.date=2021-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fweek-asia%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2F3122841%2Findia-has-history-involvement-its-neighbours-affairs-why-has-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/myanmar-coup-asean-ties/a-57042503">"Myanmar coup: ASEAN split over the way forward"</a>. Deutsche Welle. 29 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610152119/https://www.dw.com/en/myanmar-coup-asean-ties/a-57042503">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 15 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Myanmar+coup%3A+ASEAN+split+over+the+way+forward&rft.date=2021-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fmyanmar-coup-asean-ties%2Fa-57042503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/can-myanmars-new-peoples-defense-force-succeed/">"Can Myanmar's New 'People's Defense Force' Succeed?"</a>. The Diplomat. 26 April 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509135933/https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/can-myanmars-new-peoples-defense-force-succeed/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2021. Retrieved 3 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Can+Myanmar%27s+New+%27People%27s+Defense+Force%27+Succeed%3F&rft.date=2021-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2021%2F05%2Fcan-myanmars-new-peoples-defense-force-succeed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-civil-war-in-myanmar-no-end-in-sight/">"The civil war in Myanmar: No end in sight"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013033325/https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-civil-war-in-myanmar-no-end-in-sight/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 6 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+civil+war+in+Myanmar%3A+No+end+in+sight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fthe-civil-war-in-myanmar-no-end-in-sight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Hesp2000" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Hesp; et al., eds. (2000). Geographica's World Reference. Random House Australia. pp. 738, 741.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geographica%27s+World+Reference&rft.pages=738%2C+741&rft.pub=Random+House+Australia&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-myathan-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-myathan_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-myathan_169-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThan2005" class="citation book cs1">Than, Mya (2005). Myanmar in ASEAN: Regional Co-operation Experience. 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Retrieved 22 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRN&rft.atitle=Internet+Governance+Capacity+Building+in+Post-Authoritarian+Contexts.+Telecom+Reform+and+Human+Rights+in+Myanmar&rft.date=2015-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.2686095&rft.aulast=Calderaro&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forca.cf.ac.uk%2F90938%2F1%2FSSRN-id2686095-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-389"><a href="#cite_ref-389">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140414221004/https://www.opentechfund.org/files/reports/otf_myanmar_access_openness_public.pdf">"Internet Access and Openness: Myanmar 2012"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 1 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NRI+Overall+Ranking+2016&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freports.weforum.org%2Fglobal-information-technology-report-2016%2Fnetworked-readiness-index%2F%3Fdoing_wp_cron%3D1577930341.6168849468231201171875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaw,_Aung2004" class="citation journal cs1">Zaw, Aung (March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050213182520/http://www.irrawaddy.org/database/2004/vol12.3/cover.html">"Celluloid Disillusions"</a>. Irrawaddy. 12 (3). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irrawaddy.org/database/2004/vol12.3/cover.html">the original</a> on 13 February 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irrawaddy&rft.atitle=Celluloid+Disillusions&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2004-03&rft.au=Zaw%2C+Aung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irrawaddy.org%2Fdatabase%2F2004%2Fvol12.3%2Fcover.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> Kyi Soe Tun quoted in the Bangkok Post, 11 August 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-393"><a href="#cite_ref-393">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328075748/http://irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=14937">Through the Director's Lens</a>. Irrawaddy. 16 January 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090521155756/http://burmavjmovie.com/">"Burma VJ – Academy Award Nominee – Best Documentary Feature"</a>. Burmavjmovie.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://burmavjmovie.com/">the original</a> on 21 May 2009. Retrieved 17 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burma+VJ+%E2%80%93+Academy+Award+Nominee+%E2%80%93+Best+Documentary+Feature&rft.pub=Burmavjmovie.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fburmavjmovie.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429004750/http://dannyfisher.org/2010/02/02/burma-vj-nominated-for-a-2010-academy-award-for-best-documentary-feature/">"Burma VJ Nominated for the 2010 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, Rev. Danny Fisher"</a>. Dannyfisher.org. 2 February 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dannyfisher.org/2010/02/02/burma-vj-nominated-for-a-2010-academy-award-for-best-documentary-feature/">the original</a> on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burma+VJ+Nominated+for+the+2010+Academy+Award+for+Best+Documentary+Feature%2C+Rev.+Danny+Fisher&rft.pub=Dannyfisher.org&rft.date=2010-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdannyfisher.org%2F2010%2F02%2F02%2Fburma-vj-nominated-for-a-2010-academy-award-for-best-documentary-feature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnegt2011" class="citation web cs1">Knegt, Peter (12 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiewire.com/2011/09/tiff-list-2011-a-complete-guide-to-the-toronto-international-film-festival-52378/">"TIFF List 2011: A Complete Guide To The Toronto International Film Festival"</a>. IndieWire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181027185622/https://www.indiewire.com/2011/09/tiff-list-2011-a-complete-guide-to-the-toronto-international-film-festival-52378/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IndieWire&rft.atitle=TIFF+List+2011%3A+A+Complete+Guide+To+The+Toronto+International+Film+Festival&rft.date=2011-09-12&rft.aulast=Knegt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiewire.com%2F2011%2F09%2Ftiff-list-2011-a-complete-guide-to-the-toronto-international-film-festival-52378%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Cameron, Ewan. "The State of Myanmar", History Today, May 2020, vol. 70, issue 4, pp. 90–93.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharney1999" class="citation book cs1">Charney, Michael W. (1999). History of Modern Burma. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Modern+Burma&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Charney&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Combs, Daniel. Until the World Shatters: Truth, Lies, and the Looting of Myanmar (2021).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Lieberman" class="citation book cs1">Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80496-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80496-7"><bdi>978-0-521-80496-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+Parallels%3A+Southeast+Asia+in+Global+Context%2C+c.+800%E2%80%931830%2C+volume+1%2C+Integration+on+the+Mainland&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80496-7&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Victor+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Maclean" class="citation book cs1">Maclean, Rory (2008). Under the Dragon-A Journey through Burma. <a href="/wiki/Tauris_Parke" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauris Parke">Tauris Parke</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-622-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-622-4"><bdi>978-1-84511-622-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+the+Dragon-A+Journey+through+Burma&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-622-4&rft.aulast=Maclean&rft.aufirst=Rory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Myint-U" class="citation book cs1">Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma. <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-16342-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-16342-6"><bdi>978-0-374-16342-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+River+of+Lost+Footsteps%E2%80%94Histories+of+Burma&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-374-16342-6&rft.aulast=Myint-U&rft.aufirst=Thant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2013" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Hans (2013). [Burmese Light, Impressions of the Golden Land] (illustrated with text by Tom Vater ed.). Visionary World. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9628563708" title="Special:BookSources/978-9628563708"><bdi>978-9628563708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5BBurmese+Light%2C+Impressions+of+the+Golden+Land%5D&rft.edition=illustrated+with+text+by+Tom+Vater&rft.pub=Visionary+World&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9628563708&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMyanmar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085846/http://www.networkmyanmar.org/images/stories/PDF13/aye%20chan%20bwb.pdf">"Burma's Western Border as Reported by the Diplomatic Correspondence(1947–1975)"</a> by Aye Chan</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Myanmar" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Myanmar">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Myanmar" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Myanmar">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Myanmar" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Myanmar">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Myanmar" class="extiw" title="voy:Myanmar">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836" class="extiw" title="d:Q836">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president-office.gov.mm/en/">Republic of the Union of Myanmar – President's Office</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603041202/http://www.president-office.gov.mm/en/">Archived</a> 3 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190119082002/https://myanmar.gov.mm/">Myanmar National Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/BM.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101072042/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/BM.html">Archived</a> 1 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA)</li></ul> General information <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mingalapar.com/">General information about Myanmar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016011526/http://mingalapar.com/">Archived</a> 16 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myanma.com/">Burma Myanmar search Engine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622160420/http://myanma.com/">Archived</a> 22 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/">Burma</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201171209/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burma/">Archived</a> 1 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091205161122/http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/myanmar.htm">Burma</a> from UCB Libraries GovPubs</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12990563">Burma profile</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626082954/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12990563">Archived</a> 26 June 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/400119/Myanmar">Myanmar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428155257/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/400119/Myanmar">Archived</a> 28 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/50371">Myanmar</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Myanmar" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Myanmar">Wikimedia Atlas of Myanmar</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/eyes-of-the-storm/turning-points-in-burmese-history/5363/">Interactive timeline of turning points in Burmese history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140825021158/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/eyes-of-the-storm/turning-points-in-burmese-history/5363/">Archived</a> 25 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MM">Key Development Forecasts for Myanmar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011100735/http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=MM">Archived</a> 11 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.burmalibrary.org/">Online Burma/Myanmar Library: Classified and annotated links to more than 17,000 full-text documents on Burma/Myanmar</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060716151155/http://www.burmalibrary.org/">Archived</a> 16 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sea.lib.niu.edu/seadl/islandora/object/SEAImages%3Ads5276p4861900zacollection#page/1/mode/1up">Historical Photographs of Burma | Southeast Asia Digital Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701134450/https://sea.lib.niu.edu/seadl/islandora/object/SEAImages:ds5276p4861900zacollection#page/1/mode/1up">Archived</a> 1 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Myanmar_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Myanmar_topics" title="Template:Myanmar topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Myanmar_topics" title="Template talk:Myanmar topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Myanmar_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Myanmar topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Myanmar_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Myanmar</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Myanmar" title="Outline of Myanmar">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Myanmar_is_also_known_as_Burma">Myanmar is also known as Burma</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Myanmar" title="Prehistory of Myanmar">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaton_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Thaton Kingdom">Thaton Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan Kingdom">Pagan Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myinsaing_Kingdom" title="Myinsaing Kingdom">Myinsaing Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinya_Kingdom" title="Pinya Kingdom">Pinya Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagaing_Kingdom" title="Sagaing Kingdom">Sagaing Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ava" title="Kingdom of Ava">Kingdom of Ava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prome_Kingdom" title="Prome Kingdom">Prome Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U" title="Kingdom of Mrauk U">Kingdom of Mrauk U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toungoo_dynasty" title="Toungoo dynasty">Toungoo dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Toungoo_Empire" title="First Toungoo Empire">First Toungoo Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restored_Hanthawaddy_Kingdom" title="Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom">Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Konbaung dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenni_States" title="Karenni States">Karenni States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Burma_(1948%E2%80%931962)" title="Union of Burma (1948–1962)">Union of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">8888 Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Peace_and_Development_Council" title="State Peace and Development Council">State Peace and Development Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_Revolution" title="Saffron Revolution">2007 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932015_Myanmar_political_reforms" title="2011–2015 Myanmar political reforms">2011–2015 political reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Myanmar_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2021 Myanmar coup d'état">2021 coup</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_protests_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar protests (2021–present)">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Civil war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Myanmar" title="Geography of Myanmar">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Myanmar" title="Template:Borders of Myanmar">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Myanmar">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Myanmar" title="Climate of Myanmar">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Myanmar" title="Deforestation in Myanmar">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Myanmar" title="List of ecoregions in Myanmar">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Islands of Myanmar">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Lakes of Myanmar">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Myanmar" title="List of mountains in Myanmar">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Myanmar" title="List of protected areas of Myanmar">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Myanmar" title="List of rivers of Myanmar">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Myanmar" title="Wildlife of Myanmar">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Myanmar" title="List of earthquakes in Myanmar">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Myanmar" title="List of volcanoes in Myanmar">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Myanmar" title="Politics of Myanmar">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Myanmar" title="Administrative divisions of Myanmar">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Myanmar" title="Constitution of Myanmar">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Myanmar" title="Corruption in Myanmar">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Myanmar" title="Elections in Myanmar">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Myanmar" title="Foreign relations of Myanmar">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Myanmar" title="Human rights in Myanmar">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Myanmar">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Myanmar" title="Women's rights in Myanmar">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_Police_Force" title="Myanmar Police Force">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatmadaw" title="Tatmadaw">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_rule_in_Myanmar" title="Military rule in Myanmar">military rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_Defence_Services" title="Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services">commander-in-chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyidaungsu_Hluttaw" title="Pyidaungsu Hluttaw">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_Council" title="State Administration Council">State Administration Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Myanmar" title="List of political parties in Myanmar">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Myanmar" title="President of Myanmar">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Myanmar" title="List of presidents of Myanmar">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Myanmar" title="List of prime ministers of Myanmar">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Myanmar" title="Economy of Myanmar">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Myanmar" title="Agriculture in Myanmar">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Myanmar" title="Central Bank of Myanmar">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_production_in_Myanmar" title="Opium production in Myanmar">Opium production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Myanmar" title="Telecommunications in Myanmar">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_kyat" title="Myanmar kyat">Myanmar kyat (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Myanmar" title="Tourism in Myanmar">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Myanmar" title="Transport in Myanmar">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_units_of_measurement" title="Myanmar units of measurement">Units of measurement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Society of Myanmar">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Myanmar" title="Crime in Myanmar">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Myanmar" title="Demographics of Myanmar">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Myanmar" title="Education in Myanmar">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Myanmar" title="Environmental issues in Myanmar">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Myanmar" title="List of ethnic groups in Myanmar">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Myanmar" title="Health in Myanmar">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Myanmar" title="Human trafficking in Myanmar">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Myanmar" title="Prostitution in Myanmar">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Myanmar" title="Sex trafficking in Myanmar">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Myanmar" title="Art of Myanmar">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaba_Ma_Kyei" title="Kaba Ma Kyei">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Myanmar" title="State Seal of Myanmar">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_of_Myanmar" title="List of capitals of Myanmar">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_zodiac" title="Burmese zodiac">Zodiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Myanmar" title="Censorship in Myanmar">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Myanmar" title="Cinema of Myanmar">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_clothing" title="Burmese clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_dance" title="Burmese dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Myanmar" title="Names of Myanmar">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Myanmar" title="Flag of Myanmar">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythical_creatures_in_Burmese_folklore" title="Mythical creatures in Burmese folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_literature" title="Burmese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Myanmar">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Myanmar" title="Music of Myanmar">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Myanmar" title="National symbols of Myanmar">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Myanmar" title="Public holidays in Myanmar">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattooing_in_Myanmar" title="Tattooing in Myanmar">Tattooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Auspicious_Rites" title="Twelve Auspicious Rites">Twelve Auspicious Rites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weddings_in_Myanmar" title="Weddings in Myanmar">Weddings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Myanmar" title="Category:Myanmar">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Myanmar" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Myanmar">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Myanmar" title="Portal:Myanmar">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Myanmar" title="Outline of Myanmar">Outline of Myanmar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_in_Southeast_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_in_Southeast_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121582415">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/130916366">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1207835/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqw6BFgBchbxjHxHGttKd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1193111315">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=216761">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561937305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/fb1fb575-39ee-34d8-a744-6a880700fd73">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04627389?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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