CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>GNU GRUB - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ac954701-a265-4e03-b592-4d07a7fadc84","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"GNU_GRUB","wgTitle":"GNU GRUB","wgCurRevisionId":1255212178,"wgRevisionId":1255212178,"wgArticleId":287817,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from April 2017","Wikipedia articles that are too technical from August 2021","All articles that are too technical","Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2013","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014", "Commons category link from Wikidata","Free boot loaders","Free software primarily written in assembly language","Free software programmed in C","GNU Project software","Research projects","1995 software"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"GNU_GRUB","wgRelevantArticleId":287817,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"GRUB","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl": "/wiki/GNU_GRUB","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q212885","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.pygments":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.pygments.view","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.pygments%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Grub_logo_large.png/1200px-Grub_logo_large.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="881"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Grub_logo_large.png/800px-Grub_logo_large.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="587"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Grub_logo_large.png/640px-Grub_logo_large.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="470"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="GNU GRUB - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-GNU_GRUB rootpage-GNU_GRUB skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=GNU+GRUB" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=GNU+GRUB" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=GNU+GRUB" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=GNU+GRUB" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Operation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Operation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Operation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Booting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Booting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Booting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Booting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_0_(GRUB_Legacy)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_0_(GRUB_Legacy)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Version 0 (GRUB Legacy)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_0_(GRUB_Legacy)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_2_(GRUB_2)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_2_(GRUB_2)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Version 2 (GRUB 2)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_2_(GRUB_2)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Startup_on_systems_using_BIOS_firmware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Startup_on_systems_using_BIOS_firmware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Startup on systems using BIOS firmware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Startup_on_systems_using_BIOS_firmware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Startup_on_systems_using_UEFI_firmware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Startup_on_systems_using_UEFI_firmware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Startup on systems using UEFI firmware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Startup_on_systems_using_UEFI_firmware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_startup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_startup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>After startup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_startup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identifying_partitions_(UUID_workaround)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identifying_partitions_(UUID_workaround)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Identifying partitions (UUID workaround)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Identifying_partitions_(UUID_workaround)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Utilities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Utilities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-GRUB_configuration_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GRUB_configuration_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>GRUB configuration tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GRUB_configuration_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boot_repair_utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boot_repair_utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Boot repair utilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boot_repair_utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Installer_for_Windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Installer_for_Windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Installer for Windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Installer_for_Windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_boot_managers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_boot_managers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternative boot managers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_boot_managers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-How-Tos_and_troubleshooting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How-Tos_and_troubleshooting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>How-Tos and troubleshooting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How-Tos_and_troubleshooting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Documentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Introductory_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introductory_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Introductory articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introductory_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technicalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technicalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Technicalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technicalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">GNU GRUB</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="جنو جرب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنو جرب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="গ্নু গ্রাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্নু গ্রাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRUB" title="GRUB – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="GRUB" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRUB" title="GRUB – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="GRUB" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRUB" title="GRUB – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="GRUB" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Bootloader" title="Grand Unified Bootloader – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grand Unified Bootloader" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRUB" title="GRUB – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="GRUB" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grub" title="Grub – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grub" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%88_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="گنو گراب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گنو گراب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRUB" title="GRUB – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="GRUB" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗ്നു‌‌‌ ഗ്രബ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്നു‌‌‌ ഗ്രബ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRUB" title="GRUB – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="GRUB" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Grand_Unified_Boot_loader" title="GNU Grand Unified Boot loader – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="GNU Grand Unified Boot loader" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_Grand_Unified_Boot_loader" title="GNU Grand Unified Boot loader – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="GNU Grand Unified Boot loader" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%9D%D0%A3_%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%91" title="ГНУ ГРУБ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="ГНУ ГРУБ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRUB" title="GRUB – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="GRUB" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="GNU GRUB" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212885#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:GNU_GRUB" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/GNU_GRUB" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/GNU_GRUB" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&oldid=1255212178" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=GNU_GRUB&id=1255212178&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGNU_GRUB"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGNU_GRUB"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=GNU_GRUB&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:GNU_GRUB" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/GRUB_Installation_After_Windows_Installation" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212885" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRUB&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="GRUB">GRUB</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Boot loader package</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"GRUB" and "PUPA" redirect here. For the life stage of insects, see <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">Pupa</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grub_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Grub (disambiguation)">Grub (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pupa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pupa (disambiguation)">Pupa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">GNU GRUB</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grub_logo_large.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo depicting Richard Stallman with a magnifying glass checking the hard drive." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Grub_logo_large.png/120px-Grub_logo_large.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Grub_logo_large.png/180px-Grub_logo_large.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Grub_logo_large.png/240px-Grub_logo_large.png 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="1037" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">GNU GRUB logo</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Debian_Unstable_GRUB2_(2015).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Debian_Unstable_GRUB2_%282015%29.png/220px-Debian_Unstable_GRUB2_%282015%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Debian_Unstable_GRUB2_%282015%29.png/330px-Debian_Unstable_GRUB2_%282015%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Debian_Unstable_GRUB2_%282015%29.png/440px-Debian_Unstable_GRUB2_%282015%29.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="511" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">GRUB v2 running in text mode</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Erich Boleyn</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">1995<span class="noprint">; 29 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1995</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">2.12<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-2dd8125a6b82b8daef7ff6609b6766fe4c39a798-v18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-2dd8125a6b82b8daef7ff6609b6766fe4c39a798-v18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212885?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> / 20 December 2023</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">2.12-rc1<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-699f7e4b56c585c97a1da9a144d9e9fb7bc9da97-v18_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-699f7e4b56c585c97a1da9a144d9e9fb7bc9da97-v18-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212885?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> / 10 July 2023</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/grub.git">git<wbr />.savannah<wbr />.gnu<wbr />.org<wbr />/cgit<wbr />/grub<wbr />.git</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212885#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a><sup id="cite_ref-ohloh_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohloh-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU#GNU_as_an_operating_system" title="GNU">GNU/Hurd</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/BSD_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD (operating system)">BSD</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a> (x86 port)), and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> (through chainloading)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, <a href="/wiki/IA-64" title="IA-64">IA-64</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/S390x" class="mw-redirect" title="S390x">s390x</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a>, <a href="/wiki/RISC-V" title="RISC-V">RISC-V</a>, <a href="/wiki/LoongArch" class="mw-redirect" title="LoongArch">LoongArch</a> and <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">Bootloader</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2007: <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-3.0-or-later</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GNU_GRUB_license_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNU_GRUB_license-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />1999: <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL-2.0-or-later</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/grub">www<wbr />.gnu<wbr />.org<wbr />/software<wbr />/grub</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>GNU GRUB</b> (short for <b>GNU GRand Unified Bootloader</b>, commonly referred to as <b>GRUB</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Boot_loader" class="mw-redirect" title="Boot loader">boot loader</a> package from the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a>. GRUB is the <a href="/wiki/Reference_implementation" title="Reference implementation">reference implementation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Multiboot_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiboot Specification">Multiboot Specification</a>, which provides a user the choice to boot one of multiple <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> installed on a computer or select a specific <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a> configuration available on a particular operating system's partitions. </p><p>GNU GRUB was developed from a package called the <i>Grand Unified Bootloader</i> (a play on <a href="/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory" title="Grand Unified Theory">Grand Unified Theory</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). It is predominantly used for <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Technical plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-technical" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be too technical for most readers to understand</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit">help improve it</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Make_technical_articles_understandable" title="Wikipedia:Make technical articles understandable">make it understandable to non-experts</a>, without removing the technical details.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GNU_GRUB_on_MBR_partitioned_hard_disk_drives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/GNU_GRUB_on_MBR_partitioned_hard_disk_drives.svg/330px-GNU_GRUB_on_MBR_partitioned_hard_disk_drives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/GNU_GRUB_on_MBR_partitioned_hard_disk_drives.svg/495px-GNU_GRUB_on_MBR_partitioned_hard_disk_drives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/GNU_GRUB_on_MBR_partitioned_hard_disk_drives.svg/660px-GNU_GRUB_on_MBR_partitioned_hard_disk_drives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>GRUB2 on <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">MBR</a>-partitioned hard drive; stage 1 (<code>boot.img</code>) can alternatively be written into one of the <a href="/wiki/Volume_boot_record" title="Volume boot record">partition boot sectors</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GNU_GRUB_on_GPT_partitioned_hard_disk_drives.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GNU_GRUB_on_GPT_partitioned_hard_disk_drives.svg/330px-GNU_GRUB_on_GPT_partitioned_hard_disk_drives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GNU_GRUB_on_GPT_partitioned_hard_disk_drives.svg/495px-GNU_GRUB_on_GPT_partitioned_hard_disk_drives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/GNU_GRUB_on_GPT_partitioned_hard_disk_drives.svg/660px-GNU_GRUB_on_GPT_partitioned_hard_disk_drives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>GRUB2 on a <a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GPT</a>-partitioned hard drive, booting on <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS firmware</a>, or <a href="/wiki/UEFI#CSM_booting" title="UEFI">UEFI compatibility mode (CSM)</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Booting"><span class="anchor" id="MAP-FILE"></span>Booting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Booting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/UEFI_disk_device_compatibility" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFI disk device compatibility">UEFI disk device compatibility</a></div> <p>When a computer is turned on, its <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> finds the primary bootable device (usually the computer's hard disk) and runs the initial <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootstrapping (computing)">bootstrap</a> program from the <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">master boot record</a> (MBR). The MBR is the first <a href="/wiki/Disk_sector" title="Disk sector">sector</a> of the hard disk. This bootstrap program must be small because it has to fit in a single sector. For a long time, the size of a sector has been 512 bytes. Since 2009 there are hard disks available with a sector size of 4096 bytes, called <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Format" title="Advanced Format">Advanced Format</a> disks, but as of October 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, such hard disks are still accessed in 512-byte sectors, using the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Format#512e" title="Advanced Format">512e emulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legacy <a href="/wiki/MBR_partition_table" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR partition table">MBR partition table</a> supports a maximum of four partitions and occupies 64 bytes, combined. Together with the optional <a href="/wiki/MBR_disk_signature" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR disk signature">disk signature</a> (four bytes) and <a href="/wiki/MBR_disk_timestamp" class="mw-redirect" title="MBR disk timestamp">disk timestamp</a> (six bytes), this leaves between 434 and 446 bytes available for the <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> of a boot loader. Although such a small space can be sufficient for very simple boot loaders,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is not big enough to contain a boot loader supporting complex and multiple <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a>, menu-driven selection of boot choices, etc. Boot loaders with bigger footprints are therefore split into pieces, where the smallest piece fits in the MBR, while one or more larger pieces are stored in other locations such as empty sectors between the MBR and the first partition. The code in the MBR then does little more than starting the second part. </p><p>The purpose of the remaining part(s) of the boot loader is to actually boot an operating system by configuring it and starting the <a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">kernel</a>. Kernels are in most cases stored as files residing on appropriate file systems, but the concept of a file system is unknown to the BIOS. Thus, in BIOS-based systems, the duty of a boot loader is to access the content of those files, so it can be loaded into the <a href="/wiki/RAM" class="mw-redirect" title="RAM">RAM</a> and executed. </p><p>One possible approach for boot loaders is to load kernel images by directly accessing hard disk sectors without understanding the underlying file system. Usually, an additional level of <a href="/wiki/Indirection" title="Indirection">indirection</a> is required, in form of <i>maps</i> or <i>map files</i> –  auxiliary files that contain a list of physical sectors occupied by kernel images. Such maps need to be updated each time a kernel image changes its physical location on disk, due to installing new kernel images, file system defragmentation, etc. Also, in case of the maps changing their physical location, their locations need to be updated within the boot loader's MBR code, so the sectors indirection mechanism continues to work. This is not only cumbersome, but it also leaves the system in need of manual repairs in case something goes wrong during system updates.<sup id="cite_ref-boot-admin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boot-admin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another approach is to make a boot loader aware of the underlying file systems, so kernel images are configured and accessed using their actual <a href="/wiki/Path_(computing)" title="Path (computing)">file paths</a>. That requires a boot loader to contain a driver for each of the supported file systems, so they can be understood and accessed by the boot loader itself. This approach eliminates the need for hardcoded locations of hard disk sectors and existence of map files, and does not require MBR updates after kernel images are added or moved around. The configuration of a boot loader is stored in a regular file, which is also accessed in a file system-aware way to obtain boot configurations before the actual booting of any kernel images. Thus, fewer things can go wrong during system updates. As a downside, such boot loaders are larger and more complex.<sup id="cite_ref-boot-admin_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boot-admin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GNU GRUB uses the second approach, by understanding the underlying file systems. The boot loader itself is split into multiple <i>stages</i> so that it fits in the MBR boot scheme. </p><p>Two major versions of GRUB are in common use: GRUB version 0, called <i>GRUB legacy,</i> is only prevalent in older releases of Linux distributions. <i>GRUB 2</i> was written from scratch and intended to replace its predecessor, and is now used by a majority of Linux distributions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_0_(GRUB_Legacy)"><span id="Version_0_.28GRUB_Legacy.29"></span>Version 0 (GRUB Legacy)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Version 0 (GRUB Legacy)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GRUB_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/GRUB_screenshot.png/220px-GRUB_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/GRUB_screenshot.png/330px-GRUB_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/GRUB_screenshot.png/440px-GRUB_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>GRUB v1 menu (running as part of <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a> 8.04 installation)</figcaption></figure> <p>GRUB 0.x follows a two-stage approach. The master boot record (MBR) usually contains GRUB <i>stage 1,</i> or can contain a standard MBR implementation which <a href="/wiki/Chain_loading" title="Chain loading">chainloads</a> GRUB <i>stage 1</i> from the active <a href="/wiki/Partition_Boot_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition Boot Sector">partition's boot sector</a>. Given the small size of a boot sector (512 bytes), <i>stage 1</i> can do little more than load the next stage of GRUB by loading a few disk sectors from a fixed location near the start of the disk (within its first 1024 cylinders). </p><p><i>Stage 1</i> can load <i>stage 2</i> directly, but it is normally set up to load the <i>stage 1.5.</i>, located in the first 30 <a href="/wiki/KiB" class="mw-redirect" title="KiB">KiB</a> of hard disk immediately following the MBR and before the first partition. In case this space is not available (unusual partition table, special disk drivers, <a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GPT</a> or <a href="/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)" title="Logical Volume Manager (Linux)">LVM</a> disk) the install of <i>stage 1.5</i> will fail. The <i>stage 1.5</i> image contains file system drivers, enabling it to directly load <i>stage 2</i> from any known location in the filesystem, for example from <code>/boot/grub</code>. <i>Stage 2</i> will then load the default configuration file and any other modules needed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_2_(GRUB_2)"><span id="Version_2_.28GRUB_2.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="GRUB_2"></span>Version 2 (GRUB 2)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Version 2 (GRUB 2)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GNU_GRUB_components.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/GNU_GRUB_components.svg/330px-GNU_GRUB_components.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/GNU_GRUB_components.svg/495px-GNU_GRUB_components.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/GNU_GRUB_components.svg/660px-GNU_GRUB_components.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>GRUB 2 – MBR vs. GPT partitioning and boot sequence visualized (systems using BIOS firmware).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Startup_on_systems_using_BIOS_firmware">Startup on systems using <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> firmware</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Startup on systems using BIOS firmware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>See illustration in last image on the right.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code>boot.img</code> (<b>stage 1</b>) is written to the first 440 bytes of the <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">Master Boot Record</a> (MBR boot code in sector 0), or optionally in a <a href="/wiki/Partition_boot_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Partition boot sector">partition boot sector</a> (PBR). It addresses <code>diskboot.img</code> by a 64-bit <a href="/wiki/Logical_block_addressing" title="Logical block addressing"> LBA</a> address. The actual sector number is written by <code>grub-install</code>. <code>diskboot.img</code> is the first sector of <code>core.img</code> with the sole purpose to load the rest of <code>core.img</code> identified by LBA sector numbers also written by <code>grub-install</code>. <ul><li>On MBR partitioned disks, <code>core.img</code> (<b>stage 1.5</b>) is stored in the empty sectors (if available) between the MBR and the first partition. Recent operating systems suggest a 1 MiB gap here for alignment (2047 512-byte, or 255 4KiB, sectors). This gap used to be 62 sectors (31 KiB) as a reminder of the sector number limit of <a href="/wiki/Cylinder-Head-Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder-Head-Sector">Cylinder-Head-Sector</a> (C/H/S) addressing used by <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> before 1996, therefore <code>core.img</code> is designed to be smaller than 32 KiB.</li> <li>On GPT partitioned disks <code>core.img</code> is written to its own partition. It must be flagged "BIOS_grub", must not be <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">formatted</a> and can be as tiny as 1 MiB.</li></ul></li> <li><b>stage 2:</b> <code>core.img</code> loads <code>/boot/grub/i386-pc/normal.mod</code> from the partition configured by <code>grub-install</code>. If the partition index has changed, GRUB will be unable to find the <code>normal.mod</code>, and presents the user with the GRUB Rescue prompt.</li> <li>Depending on how GRUB2 was installed, the <code>/boot/grub/</code> is either in the <i>root</i> partition of the Linux distribution, or in the separate <i>/boot</i> partition.</li> <li><b>after normal.mod loaded:</b> <code>normal.mod</code> parses <code>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</code>, optionally loads modules (eg. for graphical UI and file system support) and shows the menu.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Startup_on_systems_using_UEFI_firmware">Startup on systems using <a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a> firmware</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Startup on systems using UEFI firmware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><code>/efi/<distro>/grubx64.efi</code> (for <a href="/wiki/X64" class="mw-redirect" title="X64">x64</a> UEFI systems) is installed as a file in the <a href="/wiki/EFI_system_partition" title="EFI system partition">EFI System Partition</a>, and booted by the firmware directly, without a <code>boot.img</code> in MBR sector 0. This file is like stage1 and stage1.5.</li> <li><code>/boot/grub/</code> can be installed on the EFI System Partition or the separate <i>/boot</i> partition, among others.</li> <li>For x64 UEFI systems, stage2 are the <code>/boot/grub/x86_64-efi/normal.mod</code> file and other <code>/boot/grub/</code> files.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_startup">After startup</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After startup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GRUB presents a menu where the user can choose from operating systems (OS) found by grub-install. GRUB can be configured to automatically load a specified OS after a user-defined timeout. If the timeout is set to zero seconds, pressing and holding <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1249182868">.mw-parser-output .keyboard-key{border:1px solid #aaa;border-radius:0.2em;box-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom,var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0),var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa),var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0));color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.1em 0.3em;font-family:inherit;font-size:0.85em}</style><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">⇧ Shift</kbd> while the computer is booting makes it possible to access the boot menu.<sup id="cite_ref-howtogeek.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howtogeek.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the operating system selection menu GRUB accepts a couple of commands: </p> <ul><li>By pressing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">e</kbd>, it is possible to edit kernel parameters of the selected menu item <i>before the operating system is started</i>. The reason for doing this in GRUB (i.e. not editing the parameters in an already booted system) can be an emergency case: the system has failed to boot. Using the kernel parameters line it is possible, among other things, to specify a module to be disabled (blacklisted) for the kernel. This could be required if the specific kernel module is broken and thus prevents boot-up. For example, to blacklist the kernel module <code>nvidia-current</code>, one could append <code>modprobe.blacklist=nvidia-current</code> at the end of the kernel parameters.</li> <li>By pressing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1249182868"><kbd class="keyboard-key nowrap">c</kbd>, the user enters the GRUB command line. The GRUB command line is not a regular Linux shell, like e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">bash</a>, and accepts only certain GRUB-specific commands, documented by various Linux distributions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Once boot options have been selected, GRUB loads the selected kernel into memory and passes control to the kernel. Alternatively, GRUB can pass control of the boot process to another boot loader, using <i><a href="/wiki/Chain_loading" title="Chain loading">chain loading</a></i>. This is the method used to load operating systems that do not support the <a href="/wiki/Multiboot_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiboot Specification">Multiboot Specification</a> or are not supported directly by GRUB. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Identifying_partitions_(UUID_workaround)"><span id="Identifying_partitions_.28UUID_workaround.29"></span>Identifying partitions (UUID workaround)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Identifying partitions (UUID workaround)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A computer can have multiple hard disks connected to it. These could be identified via their SATA port. Each time the computer <a href="/wiki/Power-on_self-test" title="Power-on self-test">POSTs</a>, the hard disk connected to a specific motherboard port <i>could</i> be assigned the same identifier, for example <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">hd0, hd1, …</code>. But what if such consistency cannot be guaranteed? What if the constellation of connected hard disks changed from one start up to another? What if a hard disk will be connected to another computer? </p><p>By entering <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ls</code> into either the <i>GRUB rescue console</i> (available after loading <code>core.img</code> ) or the <i>GRUB console</i> (available after loading <code>normal.mod</code>) a list of all available hard disks and partitions can be obtained. For example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ls (hd0,5)/</code>) will show numbers that can be assigned to actual hard disks and partitions. </p><p>As it cannot be guaranteed that the "<code>hd0"</code>style numbering of hard disks via device numbers is consistent, GNU GRUB can use a <a href="/wiki/Universally_Unique_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Universally Unique Identifier">Universally Unique Identifier</a> (UUID) to identify partitions (actually file system instances). </p><p>The file systems ext2, ext3, ext4 and xfs use a UUID to uniquely identify an instance. The UUID is created when a partition is formatted. The UUID is part of the file system and written to the <a href="/wiki/Superblock_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superblock (file system)">superblock</a>. All operations other than formatting should leave the UUID unaltered. It is possible to change the UUID or duplicate it by using <a href="/wiki/Dd_(Unix)" title="Dd (Unix)">dd</a> to clone an entire partition. </p><p>The file <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">grub.cfg</code> is used to configure GRUB. It contains commands to be executed during each start-up. Without an existing and valid <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">grub.cfg</code>, GRUB will present a prompt. </p><p>An absolute minimal <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">grub.cfg</code> might contain only the following two commands (cf. <a href="/wiki/Initial_ramdisk" title="Initial ramdisk">initial ramdisk</a>): </p> <pre>linux (hd0,1)/kernel/vmlinuz-3.20.1-4 ro # use the file name "vmlinuz-…" located in the directory /kernel on the first partition of the first hard disk as linux kernel image initrd (hd0,1)/boot/initrd.img-3.20.1-4 # use the file named "initrd.img–…" located in the directory /boot on the first partition of the first hard disk as initial ramdisk </pre> <p>A fancier <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">grub.cfg</code> will describe a menu to be presented, use multiple colors, and may specify a background picture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GRUB was initially developed by Erich Boleyn as part of work on booting the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>/<a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a>, developed by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-history_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, Gordon Matzigkeit and Yoshinori K. Okuji made GRUB an official software package of the <a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a> and opened the <a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">development process</a> to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-history_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the majority of Linux distributions have adopted GNU GRUB 2, as well as other systems such as Sony's <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GRUB version 0 (also known as "GRUB Legacy") is no longer under development and is being phased out.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GNU GRUB developers have switched their focus to GRUB 2,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Rewrite_(programming)" title="Rewrite (programming)">complete rewrite</a> with goals including making GNU GRUB cleaner, more robust, more portable and more powerful. GRUB 2 started under the name <b>PUPA</b>. PUPA was supported by the Information-technology Promotion Agency (IPA) in Japan. PUPA was integrated into GRUB 2 development around 2002, when GRUB version 0.9x was renamed GRUB Legacy. </p><p>Some of the goals of the GRUB 2 project include support for non-x86 <a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">platforms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">internationalization and localization</a>, non-ASCII characters, dynamic modules, <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">memory management</a>, a scripting <a href="/wiki/Mini-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-language">mini-language</a>, migrating platform specific (x86) code to platform specific modules, and an object-oriented framework. GNU GRUB version 2.00 was officially released on June 26, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three of the most widely used <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a> use GRUB 2 as their mainstream boot loader.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (operating system)">Ubuntu</a> adopted it as the default boot loader in its 9.10 version of October 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a> followed suit with Fedora 16 released in November 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/OpenSUSE" title="OpenSUSE">OpenSUSE</a> adopted GRUB 2 as the default boot loader with its 12.2 release of September 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> also adopted GRUB 2 on the x86 platform in the Solaris 11.1 release.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Buildroot" title="Buildroot">Buildroot</a> also uses GNU GRUB for <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> and <a href="/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86_64</a> targets. </p><p>In late 2015, the exploit of pressing backspace 28 times to bypass the login password was found and quickly fixed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variants"><span class="anchor" id="TRUSTED"></span>Variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GNU GRUB is <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>, so several variants have been created. Some notable ones, which have not been merged into GRUB mainline: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a> includes a modified GRUB Legacy that supports Solaris VTOC slices, automatic 64-bit kernel selection, and booting from <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compression</a> and multiple boot environments).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Summer_of_Code" title="Google Summer of Code">Google Summer of Code</a> 2008 had a project to support GRUB legacy to boot from <a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a> formatted partitions.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Syllable_Desktop" title="Syllable Desktop">Syllable</a> project made a modified version of GRUB to load the system from its <a href="/wiki/AtheOS_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS File System">AtheOS File System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>TrustedGRUB</i> extends GRUB by implementing verification of the system integrity and boot process security, using the <a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">Trusted Platform Module</a> (TPM).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Intel BIOS Implementation Test Suite (BITS) provides a GRUB environment for testing BIOSes and in particular their initialization of Intel processors, hardware, and technologies. BITS supports scripting via Python, and includes Python APIs to access various low-level functionality of the hardware platform, including ACPI, CPU and chipset registers, PCI, and PCI Express.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GRUB4DOS is a GRUB legacy fork that improves the installation experience on DOS and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> by putting everything besides the GRLDR config in one image file. It can be loaded directly from DOS, or by <a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a> or <a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Windows Boot Manager</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GRUB4DOS is under active development and as of 2021 supports UEFI.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilities">Utilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Utilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GRUB_configuration_tools">GRUB configuration tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: GRUB configuration tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StartUp-Manager.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/StartUp-Manager.png/200px-StartUp-Manager.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/StartUp-Manager.png/300px-StartUp-Manager.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/StartUp-Manager.png/400px-StartUp-Manager.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>StartUp-Manager, a program used to configure GRUB</figcaption></figure> <p>The setup tools in use by various distributions often include modules to set up GRUB. For example, <a href="/wiki/YaST" title="YaST">YaST2</a> on <a href="/wiki/SUSE_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="SUSE Linux">SUSE Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/OpenSUSE" title="OpenSUSE">openSUSE</a> distributions and <a href="/wiki/Anaconda_(installer)" title="Anaconda (installer)">Anaconda</a> on <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora</a>/<a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">RHEL</a> distributions. StartUp-Manager and GRUB Customizer are graphical configuration editors for Debian-based distributions. The development of StartUp-Manager stopped on 6 May 2011 after the lead developer cited personal reasons for not actively developing the program.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GRUB Customizer is also available for Arch-based distributions. </p><p>For GRUB 2 there are KDE Control Modules.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>GRLDR ICE is a tiny tool for modifying the default configuration of grldr file for GRUB4DOS.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boot_repair_utilities">Boot repair utilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Boot repair utilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://sourceforge.net/p/boot-repair/home/Home/" class="extiw" title="sourceforge:p/boot-repair/home/Home/">Boot-Repair</a> is a simple graphical tool for recovering from frequent boot-related problems with GRUB and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> bootloader. This application is available under <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL license</a>. Boot-Repair can repair GRUB on multiple Linux distributions including, but not limited to, Debian, Ubuntu, <a href="/wiki/Linux_Mint" title="Linux Mint">Mint</a>, Fedora, openSUSE, and <a href="/wiki/Arch_Linux" title="Arch Linux">Arch Linux</a>.</p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GRUB_customizer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/GRUB_customizer.png/212px-GRUB_customizer.png" decoding="async" width="212" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/GRUB_customizer.png/318px-GRUB_customizer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/GRUB_customizer.png/424px-GRUB_customizer.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>GRUB Customizer</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Installer_for_Windows">Installer for Windows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Installer for Windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/grub2win" class="extiw" title="sourceforge:projects/grub2win">Grub2Win</a> is a Windows open-source software package. It allows GNU GRUB to boot from a Windows directory. The setup program installs GNU GRUB version 2.12 to an NTFS partition. A Windows GUI application is then used to customize the GRUB boot menu, themes, UEFI boot order, scripts etc. All GNU GRUB scripts and commands are supported for both UEFI and legacy systems. Grub2Win can configure GRUB for multiboot of Windows, Ubuntu, openSuse, Fedora and many other Linux distributions. It is freely available under <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU GPL License</a> at <a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/grub2win" class="extiw" title="sourceforge:projects/grub2win">SourceForge</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_boot_managers">Alternative boot managers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Alternative boot managers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_bootloaders" title="Comparison of bootloaders">Comparison of bootloaders</a></div> <p>The strength of GRUB is the wide range of supported platforms, file systems, and operating systems, making it the default choice for distributions and embedded systems. </p><p>However, there are boot managers targeted at the end user that give more friendly user experience, graphical OS selector and simpler configuration: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/REFInd" title="REFInd">rEFInd</a> – Macintosh-style graphical boot manager, only for UEFI-based computers (BIOS not supported).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/CloverHackyColor/CloverBootloader">CloverEFI</a> – Macintosh-style graphical boot manager for BIOS and UEFI-based computers. It emulates UEFI with a heavily modified <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/tianocore/tianocore.github.io/wiki/DuetPkg">DUET</a> from the TianoCore project and requires a FAT formatted partition even on BIOS systems. As a benefit, it has a basic filesystem driver in the partition boot sector, avoiding the brittleness of a second or third stage and the infamous GRUB Rescue prompt. The user interface looks similar to rEFInd: both inherit from the abandoned boot manager <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://refit.sourceforge.net/">rEFIt</a>.</li></ul> <p>Non-graphical alternatives: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systemd-boot" title="Systemd-boot">systemd-boot</a> – Light, UEFI-only boot manager with text-based OS selector menu.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:GNU_GRUB" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:GNU GRUB">GNU GRUB</a></span>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/GRUB_Installation_After_Windows_Installation" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:GRUB Installation After Windows Installation">GRUB Installation After Windows Installation</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How-Tos_and_troubleshooting">How-Tos and troubleshooting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: How-Tos and troubleshooting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Distribution wikis have many solutions for common issues and custom setups that might help you: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/GRUB">Arch Linux /GRUB</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Grub2#Links">Ubuntu /Grub2</a> (also see Links at the bottom)</li> <li><a href="//fedoraproject.org/wiki/GRUB_2" class="extiw" title="fedora:GRUB 2">Fedora /GRUB_2</a></li> <li><a href="//wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/GRUB2" class="extiw" title="gentoo:GRUB2">Gentoo /GRUB2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.rosalab.ru/en/index.php/Grub2_theme_tutorial">Grub2 theme tutorial</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentation">Documentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/">GRUB manual</a> – most detailed documentation, including all commands</li> <li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212885#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005232749/http://grub.enbug.org/">GRUB wiki archived in 2010</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introductory_articles">Introductory articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Introductory articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/4622">Boot with GRUB</a>, an April 2001 article in <a href="/wiki/Linux_Journal" title="Linux Journal">Linux Journal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technicalities">Technicalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Technicalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moi.vonos.net/linux/Booting_Linux_on_x86_with_Grub2/">Booting Linux on x86 using Grub2</a> – in-depth article</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Extensible Firmware Interface">Unified Extensible Firmware Interface</a> (UEFI firmware, common since 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a> (GPT) – handles hard drives bigger than 2 <a href="/wiki/TiB" class="mw-redirect" title="TiB">TiB</a> and more than 4 partitions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">Master boot record</a> used with <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS firmware</a> (motherboards roughly before 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scs.stanford.edu/05au-cs240c/lab/specsbbs101.pdf">BIOS Boot Specification Version 1.01 (January 11, 1996)</a> – hard to find</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/28px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/42px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg/56px-Free_and_open-source_software_logo_%282009%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Free_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Free software">Free software portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SYSLINUX" title="SYSLINUX">SysLinux (IsoLinux)</a> – commonly used bootloader on CDs, DVDs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT_6_startup_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows NT 6 startup process">BOOTMGR</a> – current Windows bootloader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a> - previous Windows bootloader, used before <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REFInd" title="REFInd">rEFInd</a> - alternative boot loader for UEFI-based computers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_bootloaders" title="Comparison of bootloaders">Comparison of bootloaders</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GPL-3.0-or-later since 2007-07-21.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GPL-2.0-or-later from 1999 until 2007-07-02.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-2dd8125a6b82b8daef7ff6609b6766fe4c39a798-v18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-2dd8125a6b82b8daef7ff6609b6766fe4c39a798-v18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Kiper2023" class="citation web cs1">Daniel Kiper (December 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/grub-devel/2023-12/msg00052.html">"GRUB 2.12 released"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GRUB+2.12+released&rft.date=2023-12-20&rft.au=Daniel+Kiper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flists.gnu.org%2Farchive%2Fhtml%2Fgrub-devel%2F2023-12%2Fmsg00052.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikidata-699f7e4b56c585c97a1da9a144d9e9fb7bc9da97-v18-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-699f7e4b56c585c97a1da9a144d9e9fb7bc9da97-v18_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/grub.git/tag/?h=grub-2.12-rc1">"GRUB 2.12 release candidate 1"</a>. July 10, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GRUB+2.12+release+candidate+1&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.savannah.gnu.org%2Fcgit%2Fgrub.git%2Ftag%2F%3Fh%3Dgrub-2.12-rc1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohloh-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ohloh_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohloh.net/p/grub">"Ohloh Analysis Summary – GNU GRUB"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ohloh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohloh">Ohloh</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204221010/http://www.ohloh.net/p/grub">Archived</a> from the original on February 4, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ohloh+Analysis+Summary+%E2%80%93+GNU+GRUB&rft.pub=Ohloh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohloh.net%2Fp%2Fgrub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/grub.git/commit/?id=5a79f472c750dc08f1d074f7d480ef571c6f2e36">"Migrate to GNU General Public License Version 3"</a>. July 21, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027004239/https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/grub.git/commit/?id=5a79f472c750dc08f1d074f7d480ef571c6f2e36">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Migrate+to+GNU+General+Public+License+Version+3.&rft.date=2007-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgit.savannah.gnu.org%2Fcgit%2Fgrub.git%2Fcommit%2F%3Fid%3D5a79f472c750dc08f1d074f7d480ef571c6f2e36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNU_GRUB_license-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GNU_GRUB_license_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130911174027/http://bzr.savannah.gnu.org/lh/grub/trunk/grub/annotate/head:/COPYING">"GNU GRUB license"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bzr.savannah.gnu.org/lh/grub/trunk/grub/annotate/head:/COPYING">the original</a> on September 11, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU+GRUB+license&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbzr.savannah.gnu.org%2Flh%2Fgrub%2Ftrunk%2Fgrub%2Fannotate%2Fhead%3A%2FCOPYING&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/definition/GRUB-GRand-Unified-Bootloader">EnterpriseLinux.com Definitions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203081648/http://searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/definition/GRUB-GRand-Unified-Bootloader">Archived</a> December 3, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Definition of GRand Unified Bootloader</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Ryan (December 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anandtech.com/show/2888">"Western Digital's Advanced Format: The 4K Sector Transition Begins"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AnandTech" title="AnandTech">AnandTech</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312061308/http://www.anandtech.com/show/2888">Archived</a> from the original on March 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Digital%27s+Advanced+Format%3A+The+4K+Sector+Transition+Begins&rft.pub=AnandTech&rft.date=2009-12-18&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandtech.com%2Fshow%2F2888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mbldr.sourceforge.net/">"mbldr (Master Boot LoaDeR)"</a>. <i>mbldr.sourceforge.net</i>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130316062331/http://mbldr.sourceforge.net/">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mbldr.sourceforge.net&rft.atitle=mbldr+%28Master+Boot+LoaDeR%29&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmbldr.sourceforge.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boot-admin-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boot-admin_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boot-admin_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-uxsup.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/doc/suse/suse9.0/adminguide-9.0/node8.html">"Booting and Boot Managers"</a>. SUSE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917130646/http://www-uxsup.csx.cam.ac.uk/pub/doc/suse/suse9.0/adminguide-9.0/node8.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Booting+and+Boot+Managers&rft.pub=SUSE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-uxsup.csx.cam.ac.uk%2Fpub%2Fdoc%2Fsuse%2Fsuse9.0%2Fadminguide-9.0%2Fnode8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/grub.html#Images">"GNU GRUB Manual 2.04"</a>. <i>www.gnu.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180403023208/http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/grub.html#Images">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnu.org&rft.atitle=GNU+GRUB+Manual+2.04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fgrub%2Fmanual%2Fgrub%2Fgrub.html%23Images&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howtogeek.com-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-howtogeek.com_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2014" class="citation web cs1">Hoffman, Chris (September 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.howtogeek.com/196655/how-to-configure-the-grub2-boot-loaders-settings/">"How to Configure the GRUB2 Boot Loader's Settings"</a>. <i>HowToGeek.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428233135/http://www.howtogeek.com/196655/how-to-configure-the-grub2-boot-loaders-settings/">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HowToGeek.com&rft.atitle=How+to+Configure+the+GRUB2+Boot+Loader%27s+Settings&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtogeek.com%2F196655%2Fhow-to-configure-the-grub2-boot-loaders-settings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub-documentation.html">"GNU GRUB documentation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140418191412/http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub-documentation.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU+GRUB+documentation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fgrub%2Fgrub-documentation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/html_node/History.html">GRUB Manual – 1.2 Grub History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181331/https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/html_node/History.html">Archived</a> April 16, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Gnu.org (2012-06-23). Retrieved on 2012-12-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extremetech.com/gaming/159476-ps4-runs-orbis-os-a-modified-version-of-freebsd-thats-similar-to-linux">"PS4 runs Orbis OS, a modified version of FreeBSD that's similar to Linux"</a>. <i>extremetech.com</i>. June 24, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201118102620/http://www.extremetech.com/gaming/159476-ps4-runs-orbis-os-a-modified-version-of-freebsd-thats-similar-to-linux">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=extremetech.com&rft.atitle=PS4+runs+Orbis+OS%2C+a+modified+version+of+FreeBSD+that%27s+similar+to+Linux&rft.date=2013-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extremetech.com%2Fgaming%2F159476-ps4-runs-orbis-os-a-modified-version-of-freebsd-thats-similar-to-linux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub-legacy.html">GNU GRUB – GRUB Legacy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140420104228/http://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub-legacy.html">Archived</a> April 20, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Gnu.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607115918/https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/grub-2.en.html">"GNU GRUB – GRUB 2"</a>. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GNU+GRUB+%E2%80%93+GRUB+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnu.org%2Fsoftware%2Fgrub%2Fgrub-2.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerbinenko2012" class="citation mailinglist cs1">Serbinenko, Vladimir (June 28, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/grub-devel/2012-06/msg00093.html">"GRUB 2.00 released"</a>. <i>grub-devel</i> (Mailing list). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113150325/http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/grub-devel/2012-06/msg00093.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GRUB+2.00+released&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft.aulast=Serbinenko&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.gnu.org%2Farchive%2Fhtml%2Fgrub-devel%2F2012-06%2Fmsg00093.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarabel" class="citation web cs1">Larabel, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTEyODc">"GRUB 2.00 Boot-Loader Officially Released"</a>. <i>Phoronix.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160913072241/http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTEyODc">Archived</a> from the original on September 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoronix.com&rft.atitle=GRUB+2.00+Boot-Loader+Officially+Released&rft.aulast=Larabel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Dnews_item%26px%3DMTEyODc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaddon2012" class="citation web cs1">Haddon, Tom (January 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028160701/http://www.webjunction.org/documents/webjunction/An_Introduction_to_Ubuntu.html">"An Introduction to Ubuntu"</a>. WebJunction. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webjunction.org/documents/webjunction/An_Introduction_to_Ubuntu.html">the original</a> on October 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Ubuntu&rft.pub=WebJunction&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft.aulast=Haddon&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webjunction.org%2Fdocuments%2Fwebjunction%2FAn_Introduction_to_Ubuntu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanssen" class="citation web cs1">Janssen, Cory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techopedia.com/definition/15777/red-hat-enterprise-linux-rhel">"What is Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)?"</a>. Technopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121003043553/http://www.techopedia.com/definition/15777/red-hat-enterprise-linux-rhel">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Red+Hat+Enterprise+Linux+%28RHEL%29%3F&rft.pub=Technopedia&rft.aulast=Janssen&rft.aufirst=Cory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techopedia.com%2Fdefinition%2F15777%2Fred-hat-enterprise-linux-rhel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarghese2012" class="citation web cs1">Varghese, Sam (September 20, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/56686-suse-chief-lists-progress-since-privatisation">"SUSE chief lists progress since privatisation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120922122233/http://www.itwire.com/business-it-news/open-source/56686-suse-chief-lists-progress-since-privatisation">Archived</a> from the original on September 22, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SUSE+chief+lists+progress+since+privatisation&rft.date=2012-09-20&rft.aulast=Varghese&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itwire.com%2Fbusiness-it-news%2Fopen-source%2F56686-suse-chief-lists-progress-since-privatisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu">"9.10 Karmic GRUB version"</a>. Distrowatch.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509124455/http://distrowatch.com/table.php?distribution=ubuntu">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=9.10+Karmic+GRUB+version&rft.pub=Distrowatch.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdistrowatch.com%2Ftable.php%3Fdistribution%3Dubuntu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/GRUB_2">GRUB 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120805080954/http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/GRUB_2">Archived</a> August 5, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. FedoraProject. Retrieved on 2012-12-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE:Upcoming_features">openSUSE:Upcoming features – openSUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120920065446/http://en.opensuse.org/openSUSE%3AUpcoming_features">Archived</a> September 20, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. En.opensuse.org. Retrieved on 2012-12-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/overview/solaris11-1-1845817.html">Solaris 11.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619201612/http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/server-storage/solaris11/overview/solaris11-1-1845817.html">Archived</a> June 19, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Oracle Retrieved 2015-03-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhandelwal2015" class="citation web cs1">Khandelwal, Swati (December 16, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehackernews.com/2015/12/hack-linux-grub-password.html">"You can Hack into a Linux Computer just by pressing 'Backspace' 28 times"</a>. <i>thehackernews.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430230510/http://thehackernews.com/2015/12/hack-linux-grub-password.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thehackernews.com&rft.atitle=You+can+Hack+into+a+Linux+Computer+just+by+pressing+%27Backspace%27+28+times&rft.date=2015-12-16&rft.aulast=Khandelwal&rft.aufirst=Swati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehackernews.com%2F2015%2F12%2Fhack-linux-grub-password.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarco_andRipoll2015" class="citation web cs1">Marco and, Hector; Ripoll, Ismael (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hmarco.org/bugs/CVE-2015-8370-Grub2-authentication-bypass.html#exploit">"Back to 28: Grub2 Authentication 0-Day"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517200459/http://hmarco.org/bugs/CVE-2015-8370-Grub2-authentication-bypass.html#exploit">Archived</a> from the original on May 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Back+to+28%3A+Grub2+Authentication+0-Day&rft.date=2015-12&rft.aulast=Marco+and&rft.aufirst=Hector&rft.au=Ripoll%2C+Ismael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhmarco.org%2Fbugs%2FCVE-2015-8370-Grub2-authentication-bypass.html%23exploit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlc.sun.com/osol/docs/content/SYSADV1/getov.html#fwbqs">x86: Modifying Boot Behavior by Editing the GRUB Menu at Boot Time</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719115732/http://dlc.sun.com/osol/docs/content/SYSADV1/getov.html">Archived</a> July 19, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Modifying Solaris Boot Behavior on x86 Based Systems (Task Map) – System Administration Guide: Basic Administration</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/819-2379/getnk?a=view">x86: Supported GRUB Implementations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091021160244/http://docs.sun.com/app/docs/doc/819-2379/getnk?a=view">Archived</a> October 21, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (System Administration Guide: Basic Administration) – Sun Microsystems</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeng" class="citation web cs1">Peng, Tao. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.google.com/archive/p/grub4ext4/">"Grub4ext4"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161231162436/https://code.google.com/archive/p/grub4ext4/">Archived</a> from the original on December 31, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grub4ext4&rft.aulast=Peng&rft.aufirst=Tao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcode.google.com%2Farchive%2Fp%2Fgrub4ext4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.syllable.org/documentation/FAQ.html#2_3">2.3 Why does Syllable have its own version of GRUB?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110107003333/http://web.syllable.org/documentation/FAQ.html">Archived</a> January 7, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Syllable Documentation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourceforge.net/projects/trustedgrub/">"TrustedGRUB project"</a>. <i>sourceforge.net</i>. June 5, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024847/http://sourceforge.net/projects/trustedgrub/">Archived</a> from the original on November 29, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sourceforge.net&rft.atitle=TrustedGRUB+project&rft.date=2013-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Ftrustedgrub%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biosbits.org:">BIOS Implementation Test Suite</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161019132535/https://biosbits.org/">Archived</a> October 19, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Official BITS website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/grubdos/">"grub4dos"</a>. <i>Google Site</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407043143/https://sites.google.com/site/grubdos/">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Site&rft.atitle=grub4dos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fsite%2Fgrubdos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407042958/http://microsaint.narod.ru/_Info_Grub4Dos/Grub4dos_tutorial.html">"GRUB for DOS Introduction"</a>. <i>grub4dos.sourceforge.net</i>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grub4dos.sourceforge.net/wiki/index.php/Grub4dos_tutorial">the original</a> on April 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grub4dos.sourceforge.net&rft.atitle=GRUB+for+DOS+Introduction&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrub4dos.sourceforge.net%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FGrub4dos_tutorial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/chenall/grub4dos">grub4dos</a> on <a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://launchpad.net/startup-manager/+announcement/8300">"StartUp-Manager is dead : StartUp-Manager"</a>. <i>launchpad.net</i>. May 6, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801025445/https://launchpad.net/startup-manager/+announcement/8300">Archived</a> from the original on August 1, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=launchpad.net&rft.atitle=StartUp-Manager+is+dead+%3A+StartUp-Manager&rft.date=2011-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaunchpad.net%2Fstartup-manager%2F%2Bannouncement%2F8300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kde-apps.org/content/show.php/GRUB2+Bootloader+Editor?content=139643">GRUB2 Bootloader Editor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907210938/http://kde-apps.org/content/show.php/GRUB2+Bootloader+Editor?content=139643">Archived</a> September 7, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Kde-apps.org (2012-06-18). Retrieved on 2012-12-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kde-apps.org/content/show.php/Grub2+Kcm?content=137886">"Grub2 KCM"</a>. <i>KDE-Apps.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906234436/http://kde-apps.org/content/show.php/Grub2+Kcm?content=137886">Archived</a> from the original on September 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 27,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KDE-Apps.org&rft.atitle=Grub2+KCM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkde-apps.org%2Fcontent%2Fshow.php%2FGrub2%2BKcm%3Fcontent%3D137886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://microsaint.narod.ru/_Info_Grub4Dos/Grub4dos_tutorial.html">"Grub4dos tutorial"</a>. <i>Narod.ru</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503014019/http://microsaint.narod.ru/_Info_Grub4Dos/Grub4dos_tutorial.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 3, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Narod.ru&rft.atitle=Grub4dos+tutorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicrosaint.narod.ru%2F_Info_Grub4Dos%2FGrub4dos_tutorial.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGNU+GRUB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="GNU_Project" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GNU" title="Template:GNU"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GNU" title="Template talk:GNU"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GNU" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GNU"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="GNU_Project" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/GNU_Project" title="GNU Project">GNU Project</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Manifesto" title="GNU Manifesto">GNU Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Europe" title="Free Software Foundation Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_of_India" title="Free Software Foundation of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_Latin_America" title="Free Software Foundation Latin America">Latin America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="History of free and open-source software">History of free software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Licenses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPL_linking_exception" title="GPL linking exception">linking exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPL_font_exception" title="GPL font exception">font exception</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">GNU Lesser General Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Affero_General_Public_License" title="GNU Affero General Public License">GNU Affero General Public License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="GNU Free Documentation License">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNAT_Modified_General_Public_License" title="GNAT Modified General Public License">GNAT Modified General Public License</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_variants" title="GNU variants">variants</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Hurd" title="GNU Hurd">Hurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux-libre" title="Linux-libre">Linux-libre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibc" title="Glibc">glibc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_(Unix_shell)" title="Bash (Unix shell)">Bash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Core_Utilities" title="GNU Core Utilities">coreutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Find_Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Find Utilities">findutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Autotools" title="GNU Autotools">Build system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Compiler_Collection" title="GNU Compiler Collection">GCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Binutils" title="GNU Binutils">binutils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Debugger" title="GNU Debugger">GDB</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">GRUB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUstep" title="GNUstep">GNUstep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIMP" title="GIMP">GIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Emacs" title="GNU Emacs">GNU Emacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_TeXmacs" title="GNU TeXmacs">GNU TeXmacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Octave" title="GNU Octave">GNU Octave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Taler" title="GNU Taler">GNU Taler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">GNU R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Scientific_Library" title="GNU Scientific Library">GSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Multiple_Precision_Arithmetic_Library" title="GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library">GMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_(software)" title="Electric (software)">GNU Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Archimedes" title="GNU Archimedes">GNU Archimedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard" title="GNU Privacy Guard">GNU Privacy Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnuzilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnuzilla">Gnuzilla</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNU_IceCat" title="GNU IceCat">IceCat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Health" title="GNU Health">GNU Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUmed" title="GNUmed">GNUmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LilyPond" title="LilyPond">GNU LilyPond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Go" title="GNU Go">GNU Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Chess" title="GNU Chess">GNU Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnash_(software)" title="Gnash (software)">Gnash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Guix" title="GNU Guix">Guix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GNU_packages" title="List of GNU packages"><i>more...</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Oliva" title="Alexandre Oliva">Alexandre Oliva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mako_Hill" title="Benjamin Mako Hill">Benjamin Mako Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_M._Kuhn" title="Bradley M. Kuhn">Bradley M. Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Fox_(programmer)" title="Brian Fox (programmer)">Brian Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Heinz" class="mw-redirect" title="Federico Heinz">Federico Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_C._F._Greve" title="Georg C. F. Greve">Georg C. F. Greve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Sullivan" title="William John Sullivan">John Sullivan</a></li> <li>Nagarjuna G.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard M. Stallman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNU/Linux_naming_controversy" title="GNU/Linux naming controversy">GNU/Linux naming controversy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolution_OS" title="Revolution OS">Revolution OS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation_anti-Windows_campaigns" title="Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns">Free Software Foundation anti-Windows campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&oldid=1255212178">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&oldid=1255212178</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free_boot_loaders" title="Category:Free boot loaders">Free boot loaders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software_primarily_written_in_assembly_language" title="Category:Free software primarily written in assembly language">Free software primarily written in assembly language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free_software_programmed_in_C" title="Category:Free software programmed in C">Free software programmed in C</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:GNU_Project_software" title="Category:GNU Project software">GNU Project software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Research_projects" title="Category:Research projects">Research projects</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1995_software" title="Category:1995 software">1995 software</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2017" title="Category:Use mdy dates from April 2017">Use mdy dates from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_that_are_too_technical_from_August_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles that are too technical from August 2021">Wikipedia articles that are too technical from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_are_too_technical" title="Category:All articles that are too technical">All articles that are too technical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_October_2013" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2013">Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2014" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 19:11<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GNU_GRUB&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-cdf8n","wgBackendResponseTime":176,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.879","walltime":"1.103","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4330,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":107182,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7656,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":128267,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 983.657 1 -total"," 31.06% 305.530 2 Template:Infobox"," 28.54% 280.756 1 Template:Infobox_software"," 24.31% 239.080 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.62% 163.473 1 Template:Infobox_software/simple"," 14.80% 145.547 25 Template:Cite_web"," 14.42% 141.838 6 Template:Wikidata"," 9.33% 91.762 1 Template:GNU"," 9.10% 89.494 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.70% 75.747 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.539","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9173350,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-h4jfq","timestamp":"20241123130342","ttl":644191,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"GNU GRUB","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/GNU_GRUB","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q212885","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q212885","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-28T07:14:21Z","dateModified":"2024-11-03T19:11:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/81\/Grub_logo_large.png","headline":"boot loader package"}</script> </body> </html>