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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhikkhuni_Sangha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhikkhuni_Sangha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bhikkhuni Sangha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhikkhuni_Sangha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uduvapa_Poya_festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uduvapa_Poya_festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uduvapa Poya festival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uduvapa_Poya_festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sanghamitta</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="সংঘমিত্ৰা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংঘমিত্ৰা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="সঙ্ঘমিত্রা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সঙ্ঘমিত্রা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="संघमित्ता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="संघमित्ता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sanghamitta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sanghamitta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sanghamitta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%EA%B0%80%EB%AF%B8%ED%83%80" title="상가미타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상가미타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="संघमित्रा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संघमित्रा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85ghamitt%C4%81" title="Saṅghamittā – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saṅghamittā" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83ghamitta" title="Saṃghamitta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saṃghamitta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szangamitt%C3%A1" title="Szangamittá – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szangamittá" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0" title="സംഘമിത്ര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംഘമിത്ര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="संघमित्रा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संघमित्रा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Сангхамитта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сангхамитта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="सङ्गमित्रा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सङ्गमित्रा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9D%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="සංඝමිත්තා තෙරණිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංඝමිත්තා තෙරණිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sanghamitta" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanghamitta" title="Sanghamitta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sanghamitta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="சங்கமித்தை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சங்கமித்தை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%98%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0" title="సంఘమిత్ర – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సంఘమిత్ర" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%86%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="พระสังฆมิตตาเถรี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระสังฆมิตตาเถรี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="سنگھ مترا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنگھ مترا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83ng-gi%C3%A0-m%E1%BA%ADt-%C4%91a" title="Tăng-già-mật-đa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tăng-già-mật-đa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BC%BD%E8%9C%9C%E5%A4%9A" title="僧伽蜜多 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="僧伽蜜多" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2462385#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Sanghamitta</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Arhat_Sangamitta_Theri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sanghamitta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Arhat_Sangamitta_Theri.jpg/220px-Arhat_Sangamitta_Theri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Arhat_Sangamitta_Theri.jpg/330px-Arhat_Sangamitta_Theri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Arhat_Sangamitta_Theri.jpg/440px-Arhat_Sangamitta_Theri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="487" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Arahath Sangamitta Theri Statue at a Monastery in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFCC33; color: #000000;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">282 BC<sup id="cite_ref-Dalmiya_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalmiya-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avantirastra" title="Avantirastra">Avantirastra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Empire</a>, (Present day <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">203 BC<sup id="cite_ref-Dalmiya_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalmiya-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (aged c. 78  –  79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">Anuradhapura Kingdom</a>, (Present day <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Aggibrahmā</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Son – Sumana</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_(Ashoka%27s_wife)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi (Ashoka's wife)">Devi</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Establishing a Theravāda Buddhist nunnery in Sri Lanka</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Sanghamitrā (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>), Ayapali</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFCC33; color: #000000;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sect</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Saṅghamittā</b> (<b>Saṅghamitrā</b> in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, nun's name <b>Ayapali</b>;<sup id="cite_ref-Dalmiya_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalmiya-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 282 BC – 203 BC<sup id="cite_ref-Dalmiya_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalmiya-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was an Indian Buddhist nun and believed to be the eldest daughter (Sri Lankan Tradition) of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> (304 BC – 232 BC) from his first wife <a href="/wiki/Devi_(Ashoka%27s_wife)" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi (Ashoka's wife)">Queen Devi</a> (302 BCE – 242 BCE). Together with her brother <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(buddhist_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda (buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a>, she entered an order of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist monk">Buddhist monks</a>. The two siblings later went to <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Sri Lanka</a> to spread the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> at the request of Sri Lankan King <a href="/wiki/Devanampiya_Tissa_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanampiya Tissa of Sri Lanka">Devanampiya Tissa</a> (250 BC – 210 BC) who was a contemporary of Ashoka. Ashoka was initially reluctant to send his daughter (Sri Lankan Tradition) on an overseas mission. However, because of the insistence of Sangamitta herself, he finally agreed. She was sent to Sri Lanka together with several other nuns to start the nun-lineage of <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">Bhikkhunis</a> (a fully ordained female <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastic">monastic</a>) at the request of King Tissa to ordain queen Anulā and other women of Tissa's court at <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a> who desired to be ordained as nuns after Mahinda converted them to <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangha_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangha-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thailand_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thailand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-more_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-more-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harishchandra_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harishchandra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Sanghamittā’s contribution to the propagation of Buddhism in Sri Lanka and her establishing the <i>Bhikkhunī Sangha</i> or <i>Meheini Sasna</i> (Order of Nuns) there, her name became synonymous with "Buddhist Female Monastic Order of Theravāda Buddhism" that was established not only in Sri Lanka but also in <a href="/wiki/History_of_burma" class="mw-redirect" title="History of burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thailand</a>, in particular. The day the most revered tree, the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a>, a sapling of which was brought by her to Sri Lanka and planted in <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a>, and which still survives, is also celebrated every year on the <a href="/wiki/Full_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Full Moon">Full Moon</a> day of December as <i>Uduvapa Poya</i> or <i>Uposatha Poya</i> and Sanghamittā Day by Theravāda Buddhists in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-Thailand_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thailand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-festival_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-festival-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanghamitta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:116_Sanghamitta_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_(20256206059).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/116_Sanghamitta_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_%2820256206059%29.jpg/220px-116_Sanghamitta_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_%2820256206059%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/116_Sanghamitta_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_%2820256206059%29.jpg/330px-116_Sanghamitta_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_%2820256206059%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/116_Sanghamitta_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_%2820256206059%29.jpg/440px-116_Sanghamitta_and_the_Bodhi_Tree_%2820256206059%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Sanghamitta bringing a sapling of the right branch of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_tree" title="Bodhi tree">Bodhi tree</a> to Sri Lanka. <a href="/wiki/Kelaniya_Raja_Maha_Vihara" title="Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara">Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sanghamitra is known for the <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytisation</a> activity among women that she pursued as her lifetime goal in Sri Lanka, along with her brother, Mahendra (called <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(buddhist_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda (buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a> in Sri Lanka) at the initiation of her father, Emperor Ashoka of the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurya dynasty">Maurya dynasty</a> who ruled in India in the 3rd century BC. Ashoka, after adopting Buddhism, took to spreading tenets of Buddhism in nine other countries of the region. His contemporary in Sri Lanka, King Devanampiya Tissa, in close alliance with Ashoka, saw the <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Anuradhapura Kingdom">arrival of Buddhism</a> in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-more_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-more-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harishchandra_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harishchandra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, before deputing missions abroad in the region around India, Ashoka, in consultation with Venerable <a href="/wiki/Moggaliputta_Tissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moggaliputta Tissa">Moggaliputta Tissa</a> convened a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Buddhist_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Buddhist Council">Third Buddhist Council</a> in which 1,000 <a href="/wiki/Arahants" class="mw-redirect" title="Arahants">Arahants</a> participated. The purpose of this council meeting was not only to purge the Sangha of undesirable elements but also to take a view on the proselytisation of Buddhism. Moggaliputta presided over the Council meeting where it was decided to send nine delegations to different regions to spread Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Ashoka then sent out missionaries in nine different directions. The delegation that was sent south to Sri Lanka, at the request of Tissa, was led by Ashoka's son Mahendra. Before taking the long journey, Mahendra sought blessings of his mother. The delegation (considered a diplomatic mission) comprised six other Arhats, namely Ittiya, <a href="/wiki/Uttiya" title="Uttiya">Uttiya</a>, Sambala, Bhaddasala, young <a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Samanera</a> (nephew of Mahendra) and a Bhanduka (also a cousin of Mahendra). All members of the mission belonged to the royal family, indicating the importance Ashoka attached to spreading Buddhism in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-Thailand_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thailand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-more_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-more-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was also considered an opportune moment to spread Buddhism in Sri Lanka since Buddha himself had created awareness of his philosophy and precepts of Buddhism among the royalty and the common people during his three visits to Sri Lanka undertaken in the eight years following his enlightenment. Buddha, during his lifetime, had also created a social structure for the practice of <a href="/wiki/Dhammavinaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammavinaya">Dhammavinaya</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dhamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma">Dhamma</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a>), which comprised the Sangha – order of <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhus">bhikkhus</a> (monks) and <a href="/wiki/Bhikkuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkuni">bhikkunis</a> (nuns) to preserve his teachings for posterity.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was only King Tissa, realising the poor status of the religion in his country, desired fresh efforts by a delegation from India.<sup id="cite_ref-Thailand_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thailand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mahendra arrived with his delegation at Anuradhapura where King Tissa, accompanied by his sister-in-law (brother's wife) Princess Anula with her entourage of 500 women, met him at the Mahamegha Garden. The Mahendra mission was very successful in introducing Buddhism to Sri Lanka. He established the Bhikkhu Order for men. However, thousands of women, starting with Anula, who had converted to Buddhism along with King Tissa, wished to be ordained into the Bhikkuni Order. Mahindra Thera expressed his inability to do so since this ordination had to be performed by a priestess or a Theri Arahat. He therefore advised the King to write to Emperor Ashoka and seek the services of his younger sister Theri Sangamitta, who was "profoundly learned", to be deputed to Sri Lanka for the purpose. He also desired that a sapling of the right branch of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a> (where the <a href="/wiki/Tathagata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathagata">Tathagata</a> got his enlightenment) from <a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a> should also be brought by her to Sri Lanka. King Tissa then chose his Minister Prince <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arittha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arittha (page does not exist)">Arittha</a> (his nephew) for the purpose since the minister had volunteered to go to India on the condition that on his return he would also be ordained into the Bhikkhu Sasana by Thera Mahindra. This was agreed.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harishchandra_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harishchandra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanghamitta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sangamitta's parents were Emperor Ashoka and his first wife, Devi, who was a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>. Her birth in 282 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-Dalmiya_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalmiya-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as popularly known in published texts was as the second child of Ashoka and younger sister of brother <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(buddhist_monk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahinda (buddhist monk)">Mahindra</a>. She was born in <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjeini</a> (present day Ujjain in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>). Her mother did not join Ashoka when he was crowned and her two children had embraced Buddhism. She was married at the age of 14 to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agribrahma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agribrahma (page does not exist)">Agribrahma</a>, a nephew of Emperor Ashoka, who was also an Arhant. She had a son, Saamanera Sumana who also later became an Arhant and went along with his uncle Mahindra to Sri Lanka to preach Buddhism. Her teacher was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayupala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayupala (page does not exist)">Ayupala</a>. She was ordained at the age of 18 into the Theravada Buddhism Order by their preceptor <a href="/wiki/Dhammapala" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammapala">Dhammapala</a>. Her brother was also ordained at the same time. With her dedicated perseverance to Dhamma she became an Arhant Theri and resided in <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> (now known as <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Thailand_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thailand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-early_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-early-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Malalasekera_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malalasekera-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_life">Middle life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanghamitta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Middle life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mahindra’s mission in Sri Lanka was very successful. Among his new converts was Princess Anula, King Tissa’s sister-in-law who became <a href="/wiki/Sotapanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sotapanna">Sotapanna</a> and requested ordination. King Tissa wrote to Emperor Ashoka to depute Sangamitta for the purpose. Mahindra also wrote to his father to depute his sister Sanghamitta to Sri Lanka as requested by King Tissa.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Following this invitation from the King and also the request made by his son Mahindra, Ashoka sent Sanghamitta with a retinue of 10 other learned bhikkunis (priestesses) to accompany her and to give ordination to Sri Lanka's princess Anula and other women. Ashoka was initially distraught at the prospect of sending his daughter (Sri Lankan Tradition) away but Sangamitta herself persisted that she would like to go to Sri Lanka. She appealed to her father stating:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Great King! the injunction of my brother is imperative and the females who are to be ordained in Lanka are many; on that account, it is absolutely essential that I should go there.<sup id="cite_ref-Harishchandra_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harishchandra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The purpose was also to establish the Bhikkuni Order to spread Buddhism in that country with the devoted participation and assistance of women. Ashoka finally agreed to send her. She travelled to Sri Lanka by sea carrying a sapling of Bodhi-Tree in a golden vase. She landed at Jambukola in the North.<sup id="cite_ref-Malalasekera_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malalasekera-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King Tissa himself received Sangamitta and the sapling of the Bodhi Tree with deep veneration. They were then ceremonially escorted by the king and his people to Anuradhapura. They entered at the northern gate of Anuradhapura along a road sprinkled with white sand. The Bodhi sapling was planted with great fanfare in the Mahāmeghavana Grove in Anuradhapura. It is still seen at the same location.<sup id="cite_ref-Thailand_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thailand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harishchandra_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harishchandra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Dipavamsa chronicle, the number of nuns who accompanied Sangamitta has been mentioned differently – three figures have been quoted but the figure of 11 including Sangamitta is inferred as the plausible number. The names of the young nuns who accompanied here on the ship were: Uttara, Hema, Pasadpala, Aggimitta, Dasika, Pheggu, Pabbata, Matta, Malla, and Dhammadasiya.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the delegation headed by the Sri Lankan Ambassador Prince Athitha, which returned to Sri Lanka, comprised the Chief priestess Sangamitta and ten other priestesses, eight people of royal lineage of <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> (Bogut, Sumitta, Sangot, Devgot, Damgot, Hirugot, Sisigot and Jutindhara), eight members of nobility (families of ministers), eight Brahmins, eight Vaishyas (traders), herdsmen, Hyaenna, Sparrow-hawk, Nagas, Yakkas, craftsmen, weavers, potters and many members of other castes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Obeyesekere_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obeyesekere-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A legend mentioned related to the journey of Sangamitta to Sri Lanka is that <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nagas</a> encircled the Bodhi tree. Sangamitta drove them away by assuming the form of <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> (half-man half-bird form).<sup id="cite_ref-Malalasekera_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malalasekera-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanghamitta was 32 years of age when she took this journey. Her son Samanera was already in Sri Lanka as he had joined his uncle Mahindra's mission to spread Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-Thailand_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thailand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sangamitta performed the formal <i><a href="/wiki/Pabbajja" class="mw-redirect" title="Pabbajja">Pabbajja</a></i> ordination of Princess Anula. Anula was the first Sri Lankan woman to be ordained as a bhikkuni; concurrently her companions numbering more than 1000 who were also observing <i>Dasa Sil</i> were bestowed with <i>Pabbajja</i> ordination. This formally created the "first ecclesiastical life of the Bhikkuni Sasana in Sri Lanka".<sup id="cite_ref-poya_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poya-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ordination covered not only the royalty but also common people of various strata of the society. She pursued every effort to enhance the status of women, with sustained devotion, dedication and diligence.<sup id="cite_ref-poya_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poya-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sangamitta, on arrival at Anuradhapura, was put up initially at the Upasika Viharaya along with the bhikkunis who had accompanied her. An additional 12 buildings (<a href="/wiki/Ashramas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashramas">ashramas</a>) were built to accommodate the bhikkunis. Subsequently, the King also built a separate house for Sangamitta known as 'Hathalakha-Vihara' acceding to the request of the nuns to reside in a secluded place where they could exclusively concentrate on devotional religious pursuits.<sup id="cite_ref-Obeyesekere_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obeyesekere-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dipavamsa, a chronicle written in 400 BC, records that after the Bhikkuni Sangha was established, there was a widespread following in the country among women of all ages and from all levels of society. The women who ordained were highly learned in the scriptures and they readily taught their knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a> or rules of discipline to others.<sup id="cite_ref-women_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-women-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bodhi_tree_and_celebrations">Bodhi tree and celebrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanghamitta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bodhi tree and celebrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg/250px-Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg/375px-Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg/500px-Photograph_of_Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi_Anuradhapura_Sri_Lanka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Revered Bodhi tree brought by Sangamitta and planted at <a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Anuradhapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> -Oldest surviving <a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sangamittā carried the right south branch of the Bodhi Tree (selected by Ashoka from the Maha Bodhi Tree in Gaya) on a ship to Anurādhapura, during the 12th year of Ashoka's reign. The sapling was planted by Devānāmpiya Tissa in the Mahāmeghavana in Anuradhapura. It seems that "the Buddha, on his death bed, had resolved five things, one being that the branch which should be taken to <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a> should detach itself". The journey route followed by Sangamitta who carried the tree branch was from Gayā to Pātaliputta and then to Tāmalittī in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. Here, it was placed in a golden vase on the ship and transported to Jambukola across the sea. The entourage reached Anurādhapura, staying en route at Tivakka.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodhi_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodhi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Relics_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relics-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The planting of the Bodhi Tree was a grand ceremony performed by the king himself with assistance from the nobles of Kājaragāma, Candanagāma and Tivakka, in the presence of Sangamitta and her brother Mahindra. The tree took eight roots and yielded fruits and seeds. As fresh eight saplings emerged, they were moved and planted at Jambukola (present Colombogaon in north Sri Lanka), in the village of Tivakka, at Thūpārāmā, at Issaramanārāma, in the court of the Pathamacetiya, in Cetiyagiri, in Kājaragāma and Candanagāma.<sup id="cite_ref-Obeyesekere_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obeyesekere-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bodhi_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodhi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Relics_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relics-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tree, as it stands, is on a raised mound. In 1907, it was 32 feet (9.8 m) in height with 8.17 feet (2.49 m) in girth. The tree and the shrine have been built around a compound wall measuring 61 feet (19 m) x 57 feet (17 m) and 21 feet (6.4 m) in height, primarily to protect the tree and the shrine built around it. Ten more trees of the same species are also seen within precincts of the enclosure. A damaged Buddha statue made of bricks (attributed to its creation during Tissa's rule) is a marker to locate the main Bodhi Tree here.<sup id="cite_ref-Harishchandra_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harishchandra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bodhi_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodhi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Relics_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relics-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 32 more saplings, from four other fruits, were also planted in the near vicinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodhi_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodhi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Relics_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relics-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bodhi Tree at Anuradhapura was well tended by successive royal family members of Sri Lanka over the centuries, so much so that a village near Anurādhapura was also earmarked to provide for the maintenance of the tree.<sup id="cite_ref-Bodhi_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bodhi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Relics_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Relics-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> A comment by Historian <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a> on this oldest historical tree in the world, which is well-maintained states:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Ceylon there grows to this day a tree, the oldest historical tree in the world, which we know certainly to have been planted as a cutting from the Bodhi-Tree in the year 245 BC. From that time to this it has been carefully tended and watered.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanghamitta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sangamitta died in 203 BC<sup id="cite_ref-Dalmiya_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalmiya-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the age of 79 in the ninth year of the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Uttiya" title="Uttiya">Uttiya</a> at her residence in Hatthaloka Upasikaramaya Anuradhapura. Uttiya performed her last rites. The occasion was also marked with observances in her honour throughout Sri Lanka, for one week.<sup id="cite_ref-early_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-early-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was cremated to the east of the Thūpārāma near the Cittasālā, in front of the Bodhi Tree. The location for the cremation had been selected by the Therī herself before her death. A stupa was erected by Uttiya over her ashes.<sup id="cite_ref-early_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-early-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poya_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poya-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bhikkhuni_Sangha">Bhikkhuni Sangha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanghamitta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bhikkhuni Sangha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venerabletzuchuang-cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Venerabletzuchuang-cropped.JPG/220px-Venerabletzuchuang-cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Venerabletzuchuang-cropped.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bhikkuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkuni">bhikkuni</a> of the Chinese Mahayana tradition</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bhikkhuni Sangha (a Dhamma-Vinaya heritage started by Buddha during his lifetime in India), locally known as <i>Bhikkhuni Sasana</i> or <i>Meheini Sasna</i> (Order of Priestesses or Nuns) was established by Sangamitta in Sri Lanka prospered for over 1000 years, till it disappeared in 1017 AD. The reason for such an end is attributed to the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Chola" class="mw-redirect" title="Chola">Cholas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> rulers from <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, whereafter Bhikkhus and Bhikkunis were not seen in Sri Lanka for quite some years.<sup id="cite_ref-Thailand_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thailand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bhikkuni ordination is the third and ultimate stage of the ordination of nuns; the earlier two stages are the <i>sramanerika</i> (novice) and <i>siksamana</i> (probationary). In India, the Bhikkuni Order was established by Buddha six years after the Bhikkhu Order was established, in the 6th century BC. It was spread to Sri Lanka by Sangamitta in the 3rd BC. Initially, with the spread of Buddhism in ancient India, 18 (eighteen) Vinaya schools developed. However, now only three are extant. These are the Theravada practiced in Sri Lanka and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Dharmaguptaka" title="Dharmaguptaka">Dharmaguptaka</a> that is practiced in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, China, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>; and the third school is the <a href="/wiki/Mulasarvastivada" title="Mulasarvastivada">Mulasarvastivada</a> adopted in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chodron_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chodron-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 429 AD, Bhikkuni Devasara had realised that Bhikkuni Sanga, on account of war and famine, could vanish from Sri Lanka. She, therefore, had led a mission to China to establish the Bhikkuni Sasana. The original Theravada Bhikkuni lineage established in China since 429 AD has continued to function to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-Thailand_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thailand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Asarana_Sarana_Saranankara_Maha_Thera" class="mw-redirect" title="Asarana Sarana Saranankara Maha Thera">Asarana Sarana Saranankara Maha Thera</a> re-introduced the Higher Ordination from Thailand. He is credited with re-establishing the Order of Monks in Sri Lanka in 1753 AD. It is now said that there are more than 400 Bhikkunis in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chodron_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chodron-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Thailand, the lineage is well established. A clay statue of Sanghamitta made by Dhammananda in 2002, is deified in a shrine room at Songdhammakalyani Monastery in Nakhonpathom. Her image is flanked by images of 13 Arahat Theris.<sup id="cite_ref-Thailand_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thailand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also reported that a few women from Western countries practising the Theravada tradition and a few women from Thailand have been ordained to bhikkuni order in Sri Lanka in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-Chodron_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chodron-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uduvapa_Poya_festival">Uduvapa Poya festival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanghamitta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uduvapa Poya festival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unduvapa Poya festival is observed in Sri Lanka on the Full Moon of December to commemorate two specific events namely, Theri Sangamitta day of arrival from India to establish the Order of Nuns and to also mark her bringing a sapling of the sacred Bodhi-Tree from Bodh Gaya and planting it in Anuradhapura. The festival day has been designated as "Sanghamitta Day". On this day, ten ordained nuns initiate the festive celebrations every year.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-festival_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-festival-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This observance was revived in 1903 at the suggestion of the Mahabodhi Society of Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-Harishchandra_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harishchandra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> This Observance is performed by Buddhists by first following the 'Five Precepts'; bathing, shaving, wearing white robes, and kneeling with clean bare feet in a shrine before a Buddha statue. The kneeling and bowing are done the first three times with feet, hands, elbows, knees and head touching the floor. This is followed by reciting loudly the memorised prayers, with folded hands (palms at the heart). The prayers offered from sunrise until the next dawn starting with the words are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As long as this life lasts.<br /> </p><p>I hereby take refuge in the Buddha.<br /> I hereby take refuge in the Dhamma.<br /> I hereby take refuge in the Sangha.<br /> I hereby seek shelter in the Buddha for the 2nd time.<br /> I hereby seek shelter in the Dhamma for the 2nd time.<br /> I hereby seek shelter in the Sangha for the 2nd time.<br /> I hereby request protection from the Buddha for the 3rd time.<br /> I hereby request protection from the Dhamma for the 3rd time.<br /> I hereby request protection from the Sangha for the 3rd time.<br /> I will hereby respect these Three Jewels the rest of my life! <br /> I accept to respect & undertake these 5 training rules: <br /> I hereby accept the training rule of avoiding all Killing.<br /> I hereby accept the training rule of avoiding all Stealing.<br /> I hereby accept the training rule of avoiding all Sexual Abuse.<br /> I hereby accept the training rule of avoiding all Dishonesty.<br /> I hereby accept the training rule of avoiding all Alcohol & Drugs.<br /> </p><p> As long as this life lasts, I am thus protected by these 5 precepts...<br /><sup id="cite_ref-festival_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-festival-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>It is also a prayer offered on this day for the revival of Bhikkuni Sasana in Sri Lanka with the hope that it will flourish in the future. It is proposed that the day should also be celebrated as the <a href="/wiki/International_Women%E2%80%99s_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="International Women’s Day">International Women’s Day</a>, as a mark of honour to Sangamitta who established the women's Order.<sup id="cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanghamitta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dalmiya-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalmiya_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalmiya_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalmiya_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalmiya_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalmiya_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalmiya_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDalmiya" class="citation web cs1">Dalmiya, Rita. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.streeshakti.com/bookS.aspx?author=4">"SANGHAMITRA (282–203 BCE)"</a>. <i>streeshakti.com</i>. Streeshakti The Parallel Force<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=streeshakti.com&rft.atitle=SANGHAMITRA+%28282%E2%80%93203+BCE%29&rft.aulast=Dalmiya&rft.aufirst=Rita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.streeshakti.com%2FbookS.aspx%3Fauthor%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanghamitta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sangha-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sangha_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904163231/http://what-buddha-said.net/library/DPPN/sa/sanghamitta_theri.htm">"Sanghamittā Therī"</a>. What the Buddha said in plain English!. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://what-buddha-said.net/library/DPPN/sa/sanghamitta_theri.htm">the original</a> on 4 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanghamitt%C4%81+Ther%C4%AB&rft.pub=What+the+Buddha+said+in+plain+English%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhat-buddha-said.net%2Flibrary%2FDPPN%2Fsa%2Fsanghamitta_theri.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanghamitta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thailand-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thailand_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thailand_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thailand_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thailand_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thailand_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thailand_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thailand_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thailand_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thailand_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thailand_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725205251/http://www.thaibhikkhunis.org/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=21">"A brief history of Sanghamitta"</a>. Bodhistav Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaibhikkhunis.org/eng/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=51&Itemid=21">the original</a> on 25 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+history+of+Sanghamitta&rft.pub=Bodhistav+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaibhikkhunis.org%2Feng%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D51%26Itemid%3D21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanghamitta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-more-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-more_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-more_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-more_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906165938/http://dhammatimes.blogspot.com/2007/06/mahindagamanaya-was-more-than.html">"Mahindagamanaya was more than a diplomatic mission"</a>. Daily Mirror. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhammatimes.blogspot.com/2007/06/mahindagamanaya-was-more-than.html">the original</a> on 6 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahindagamanaya+was+more+than+a+diplomatic+mission&rft.pub=Daily+Mirror&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhammatimes.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F06%2Fmahindagamanaya-was-more-than.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanghamitta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sangamitta-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sangamitta_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724120135/http://www.usamyanmar.net/Buddha/Article/The%20Theri%20Arahant%20Sanghamitta.pdf">"Theri Sanghamitta and The Bodhii—tree"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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What Buddha Said Net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://what-buddha-said.net/drops/III/Unduwap_Poya_Day.htm">the original</a> on 27 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+be+Real+Buddhist+through+Observance%3F&rft.pub=What+Buddha+Said+Net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhat-buddha-said.net%2Fdrops%2FIII%2FUnduwap_Poya_Day.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanghamitta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deniyaye Pannaloka Buddarakkitha Thera (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210601125105/https://kelaniyatemple.lk/new-paintings">Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara: New Paintings</a> (archived).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-early-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-early_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-early_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-early_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904163231/http://what-buddha-said.net/library/DPPN/sa/sanghamitta_theri.htm">"Sangamitta Teri"</a>. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x8ObMQ1GGsUC&q=Sanghamitta&pg=PA990"><i>Dictionary of Pali Proper Names: Pali-English</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-1823-8" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-1823-8"><bdi>81-206-1823-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Women+in+India+and+Pre-Colonial+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Buddhism+Today&rft.au=Lorna+DeWaraja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhismtoday.com%2Fenglish%2Fsociology%2F029-WomeninIndia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanghamitta" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bodhi-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bodhi_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodhi_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodhi_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodhi_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bodhi_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100601061818/http://what-buddha-said.net/library/DPPN/b/bodhirukka.htm">"Bodhirukka"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bodhirukka&rft.pub=What+Buddha+Said+Net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhat-buddha-said.net%2Flibrary%2FDPPN%2Fb%2Fbodhirukka.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanghamitta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Relics-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Relics_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Relics_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Relics_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Relics_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Relics_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakdiva.org/mahavamsa/chap017.html">"Chapter XVII: The Arrival Of The Relics"</a>. Lakdiva Org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chapter+XVII%3A+The+Arrival+Of+The+Relics&rft.pub=Lakdiva+Org.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flakdiva.org%2Fmahavamsa%2Fchap017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanghamitta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_George_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert George Wells">Wells, Herbert George</a> (1920). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Outline_of_History_Vol_1.djvu/445">"The Rise and Spread of Buddhism"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:The_Outline_of_History_Vol_1.djvu"><i>The Outline of History</i></a>. New York: The Macmillan Company. p. 421.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Spread+of+Buddhism&rft.btitle=The+Outline+of+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Herbert+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPage%3AThe_Outline_of_History_Vol_1.djvu%2F445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanghamitta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chodron-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chodron_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chodron_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chodron_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhikshuni_Thubten_Chodron" class="citation web cs1">Bhikshuni Thubten Chodron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928185818/http://www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org/index.php?id=30">"A New Possibility: Introducing Full Ordination for Women into the Tibetan Buddhist Tradition"</a>. International Congress on Buddhist Women’s Role in the Sangha Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.congress-on-buddhist-women.org/index.php?id=30">the original</a> on 28 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+New+Possibility%3A+Introducing+Full+Ordination+for+Women+into+the+Tibetan+Buddhist+Tradition&rft.pub=International+Congress+on+Buddhist+Women%E2%80%99s+Role+in+the+Sangha+Bhikshuni+Vinaya+and+Ordination+Lineages&rft.au=Bhikshuni+Thubten+Chodron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress-on-buddhist-women.org%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanghamitta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanghamitta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040823083952/http://www.buddhistinformation.com/sanghamitta_theri.htm">Sanghmitra Theri, A liberated woman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://What-Buddha-Said.net/library/DPPN/sa/sanghamitta_theri.htm">Arahat Theri Sanghmitra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904163231/http://what-buddha-said.net/library/DPPN/sa/sanghamitta_theri.htm">Archived</a> 4 September 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://What-Buddha-Said.net/drops/III/Unduwap_Poya_Day.htm">She is celebrated @ Fullmoon in December</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627091256/http://what-buddha-said.net/drops/III/Unduwap_Poya_Day.htm">Archived</a> 27 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div 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Lanka</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">Temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellanwila_Rajamaha_Viharaya" title="Bellanwila Rajamaha Viharaya">Bellanwila Rajamaha Viharaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangaramaya_Temple" title="Gangaramaya Temple">Gangaramaya Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataragama_temple" title="Kataragama temple">Kataragama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothduwa_temple" title="Kothduwa temple">Kothduwa temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihintale" title="Mihintale">Mihintale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridi_Viharaya" title="Ridi Viharaya">Ridi Viharaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seema_Malaka" title="Seema Malaka">Seema Malaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sithulpawwa_Rajamaha_Viharaya" title="Sithulpawwa Rajamaha Viharaya">Sithulpawwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solosmasthana" title="Solosmasthana">Solosmasthana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahiyangana_Raja_Maha_Vihara" title="Mahiyangana Raja Maha Vihara">Mahiyangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainativu" title="Nainativu">Nagadipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelaniya_Raja_Maha_Vihara" title="Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara">Kelaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_Peak" title="Adam's Peak">Sri Pada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diva_Guhava" class="mw-redirect" title="Diva Guhava">Diva Guhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dighavapi" class="mw-redirect" title="Dighavapi">Dighavapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthiyangana_Raja_Maha_Vihara" title="Muthiyangana Raja Maha Vihara">Muthiyangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissamaharama_Raja_Maha_Vihara" title="Tissamaharama Raja Maha Vihara">Tissamaharama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirisaveti_Stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirisaveti Stupa">Mirisaveti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwanwelisaya" title="Ruwanwelisaya">Ruwanwelisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuparamaya" title="Thuparamaya">Thuparamaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhayagiri_Dagaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhayagiri Dagaba">Abhayagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetavanaramaya" title="Jetavanaramaya">Jetavanaramaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sela_Cetiya" title="Sela Cetiya">Sela Cetiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiri_Vehera" title="Kiri Vehera">Kiri Vehera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atamasthana" title="Atamasthana">Atamasthana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwanwelisaya" title="Ruwanwelisaya">Ruwanwelisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuparamaya" title="Thuparamaya">Thuparamaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovamahapaya" title="Lovamahapaya">Lovamahapaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhayagiri_Dagaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhayagiri Dagaba">Abhayagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetavanaramaya" title="Jetavanaramaya">Jetavanaramaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirisaveti_Stupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirisaveti Stupa">Mirisaveti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankarama" title="Lankarama">Lankarama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/100px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/150px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Dharma_Wheel.svg/200px-Dharma_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><div style="padding-top:8px;"></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_constructions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Ancient constructions of Sri Lanka">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_stupas_of_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient stupas of Sri Lanka">Stupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somawathiya_Chaitya" title="Somawathiya Chaitya">Somawathiya Chaitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isurumuniya" title="Isurumuniya">Isurumuniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathna_Prasadaya" title="Rathna Prasadaya">Rathna Prasadaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakkhina_Stupa" title="Dakkhina Stupa">Dakkhina Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naka_Vihara" title="Naka Vihara">Naka Vihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribath_Vehera" title="Kiribath Vehera">Kiribath Vehera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Jayanthi_Chaithya" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha Jayanthi Chaithya">Buddha Jayanthi Chaithya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">Cave temples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vessagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Vessagiri">Vessagiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambulla_cave_temple" title="Dambulla cave temple">Dambulla cave temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimbulagala_Raja_Maha_Vihara" title="Dimbulagala Raja Maha Vihara">Dimbulagala Raja Maha Vihara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">Sculpture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buduruvagala" title="Buduruvagala">Buduruvagala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_Statue" title="Samadhi Statue">Samadhi Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluvila_statue" title="Toluvila statue">Toluvila statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avukana_Buddha_statue" title="Avukana Buddha statue">Avukana Buddha statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal_Vihara" title="Gal Vihara">Gal Vihara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maligawila_Buddha_statue" title="Maligawila Buddha statue">Maligawila Buddha statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reswehera" title="Reswehera">Reswehera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">Notable monks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arahant <a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Mahinda (Buddhist monk)"> Mahinda</a></li> <li>Arahant <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sanghamitta</a></li> <li>Arahant <a href="/wiki/Maliyadeva" title="Maliyadeva">Maliyadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thotagamuwe_Sri_Rahula_Thera" title="Thotagamuwe Sri Rahula Thera">Thotagamuwe Sri Rahula Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weliwita_Sri_Saranankara_Thero" title="Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero">Weliwita Sri Saranankara Thero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangoda_Ananda_Maitreya_Thero" title="Balangoda Ananda Maitreya Thero">Balangoda Ananda Maitreya Thero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henepola_Gunaratana" title="Henepola Gunaratana">Henepola Gunaratana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madihe_Pannaseeha_Thero" title="Madihe Pannaseeha Thero">Madihe Pannaseeha Thero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_Maha_Thera" title="Narada Maha Thera">Narada Maha Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpola_Rahula" class="mw-redirect" title="Walpola Rahula">Walpola Rahula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Piyaratana_Tissa_Mahanayake_Thero" title="Sri Piyaratana Tissa Mahanayake Thero">Sri Piyaratana Tissa Mahanayake Thero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wariyapola_Sri_Sumangala" title="Wariyapola Sri Sumangala">Wariyapola Sri Sumangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migettuwatte_Gunananda_Thera" title="Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera">Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikkaduwe_Sri_Sumangala_Thera" title="Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera">Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangodawila_Soma_Thero" title="Gangodawila Soma Thero">Gangodawila Soma Thero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapalagama_Wipulasara_Maha_Thera" title="Mapalagama Wipulasara Maha Thera">Mapalagama Wipulasara Maha Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanaponika_Thera" title="Nyanaponika Thera">Nyanaponika Thera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanatiloka" title="Nyanatiloka">Nyanatiloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Mahinda" title="S. Mahinda">S. Mahinda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">Notable figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">Buddhists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_De_Abrew" title="Peter De Abrew">Peter De Abrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Dharmapala" title="Anagarika Dharmapala">Anagarika Dharmapala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisinghe_Harischandra" title="Walisinghe Harischandra">Walisinghe Harischandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alwis_Hewavitharana" title="Charles Alwis Hewavitharana">Charles Alwis Hewavitharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carolis_Hewavitharana" title="Don Carolis Hewavitharana">Don Carolis Hewavitharana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._A._Mirando" title="R. A. Mirando">R. A. Mirando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._W._Adikaram" title="E. W. Adikaram">E. W. Adikaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Ariyaratne" title="A. T. Ariyaratne">A. T. Ariyaratne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Baron_Jayatilaka" title="Don Baron Jayatilaka">Don Baron Jayatilaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._N._Jayatilleke" title="K. N. Jayatilleke">K. N. Jayatilleke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Keyt" title="George Keyt">George Keyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neranjan_Wijeyeratne" title="Neranjan Wijeyeratne">Neranjan Wijeyeratne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nissanka_Wijeyeratne" title="Nissanka Wijeyeratne">Nissanka Wijeyeratne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalin_de_Silva" title="Nalin de Silva">Nalin de Silva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">Monastic orders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siam_Nikaya" title="Siam Nikaya">Siam Nikaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarapura_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Amarapura Nikāya">Amarapura Nikāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ma%C3%B1%C3%B1a_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Rāmañña Nikāya">Rāmañña Nikāya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_and_Pali_University_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka">Buddhist and Pali University of Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_College" title="Ananda College">Ananda College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmaraja_College" title="Dharmaraja College">Dharmaraja College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalanda_Maha_Vidyalaya_Colombo" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda Maha Vidyalaya Colombo">Nalanda College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmasoka_College" title="Dharmasoka College">Dharmasoka College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_College" title="Mahinda College">Mahinda College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliyadeva_College" title="Maliyadeva College">Maliyadeva College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmapala_Vidyalaya" title="Dharmapala Vidyalaya">Dharmapala Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahula_College" title="Rahula College">Rahula College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Relic of the tooth of the Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandy_Esala_Perahera" title="Kandy Esala Perahera">Kandy Esala Perahera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natha_Devale,_Kandy" title="Natha Devale, Kandy">Natha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upulvan" title="Upulvan">Upulvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataragama_deviyo" title="Kataragama deviyo">Kataragama deviyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman_(deity)" title="Saman (deity)">Saman (deity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhishana" title="Vibhishana">Vibhishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattini" title="Pattini">Pattini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ves%C4%81kha#Vesak_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesākha">Vesak in Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Culavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Culavamsa">Culavamsa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa_sil_mata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasa sil mata">Dasa sil mata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyawadana_Nilame" title="Diyawadana Nilame">Diyawadana Nilame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Forest_Tradition" title="Sri Lankan Forest Tradition">Sri Lankan Forest Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathika_Hela_Urumaya" title="Jathika Hela Urumaya">Jathika Hela Urumaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodu_Bala_Sena" title="Bodu Bala Sena">Bodu Bala Sena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champika_Ranawaka" title="Champika Ranawaka">Champika Ranawaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udaya_Gammanpila" title="Udaya Gammanpila">Udaya Gammanpila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uduwe_Dhammaloka" title="Uduwe Dhammaloka">Uduwe Dhammaloka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellawala_Medhananda_Thero" title="Ellawala Medhananda Thero">Ellawala Medhananda Thero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athuraliye_Rathana_Thero" title="Athuraliye Rathana Thero">Athuraliye Rathana Thero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffd068;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/48px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/64px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sri_Lanka" 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colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Anuradhapura kingdom</a> 377 BC – 1017 AD</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura" title="Anuradhapura">Background</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Outline of Sri Lanka">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Bibliography of Sri Lanka">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Sri_Lankan_history" title="Timeline of Sri Lankan history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of years in Sri Lanka">Years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Anuradhapura_period" title="Pre-Anuradhapura period">Pre-Anuradhapura period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early period <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(377 BC–463 AD)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka#Introduction_of_Buddhism" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Arrival of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellalan" title="Ellalan">Elara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dutugamunu_Campaign&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dutugamunu Campaign (page does not exist)">Dutugamunu Campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vijithapura" title="Battle of Vijithapura">Battle of Vijithapura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Dravidians" title="The Five Dravidians">The Five Dravidians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Buddhist_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Buddhist council">Fourth Buddhist council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gajabahu%27s_invasion_of_Chola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gajabahu's invasion of Chola (page does not exist)">Gajabahu's invasion of Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beminitiya_Seya" title="Beminitiya Seya">Beminitiya Seya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relic_of_the_tooth_of_the_Buddha" title="Relic of the tooth of the Buddha">Relic of the tooth of the Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipavamsa">Dipavamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Six_Dravidians" title="The Six Dravidians">The Six Dravidians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle period <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(463–691)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavamsa">Mahavamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late period <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(691–1017)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_invasion_of_Pandya" title="Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya">Anuradhapura invasion of Pandya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chola_conquest_of_Anuradhapura" title="Chola conquest of Anuradhapura">Chola conquest of Anuradhapura</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Government_and_military" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sri_Lankan_monarchs" title="List of Sri Lankan monarchs">Monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vijaya" title="House of Vijaya">Vijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lambakanna_I" title="House of Lambakanna I">Lambakanna I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Moriya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Moriya (page does not exist)">Moriya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=House_of_Lambakanna_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="House of Lambakanna II (page does not exist)">Lambakanna II</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Military" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_immigration_to_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka">Tamil mercenaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Law" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Capital of Sri Lanka">Capital city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Politics of Sri Lanka">Politics</a> and people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Foreign relations of Sri Lanka">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahinda_(Buddhist_monk)" title="Mahinda (Buddhist monk)">Mahinda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sanghamitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Administrative divisions of Sri Lanka">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaya_Rata" title="Malaya Rata">Malaya Rata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Rata" title="Maya Rata">Maya Rata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajarata" title="Rajarata">Rajarata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Ruhuna" title="Principality of Ruhuna">Ruhuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sri_Lanka" title="List of cities in Sri Lanka">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonnaruwa" title="Polonnaruwa">Polonnaruwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigiriya" title="Sigiriya">Sigiriya</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhayagiri_vih%C4%81ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhayagiri vihāra">Abhayagiri vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_Maha_Viharaya" title="Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya">Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atamasthana" title="Atamasthana">Atamasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamevn%C4%81wa_Gardens" title="Mahamevnāwa Gardens">Mahamevnāwa Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapagala_fortress" title="Mapagala fortress">Mapagala fortress</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Economy" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_irrigation_network" title="Sri Lankan irrigation network">Irrigation network</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tank_cascade_system" title="Tank cascade system">Tank cascade system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gems_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Gems of Sri Lanka">Gems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kahapana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kahapana (page does not exist)">Kahapana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahavanu" title="Kahavanu">Kahavanu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Gokanna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Gokanna (page does not exist)">Port of Gokanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Port of Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_of_Mahatittha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Port of Mahatittha (page does not exist)">Port of Mahatittha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajakariya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajakariya">Rajakariya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anuradhapura_kingdom#Culture" title="Anuradhapura kingdom">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_ancient_Sri_Lanka" title="Architecture of ancient Sri Lanka">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Caste system in Sri Lanka">Caste system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_constructions_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Ancient constructions of Sri Lanka">Constructions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_immigration_to_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil immigration to Sri Lanka">Immigration</a></li> <li>Literature <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali_literature" title="Pali literature">in Pali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinhala_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinhala literature">in 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