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Los Angeles abrasion test - Wikipedia
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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Standard for testing toughness of aggregate</div> <p>The <b>Los Angeles abrasion test</b> (<b>LA abrasion</b>) is the North American standard for testing <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">toughness</a> (resistance to <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(mechanical)" title="Abrasion (mechanical)">abrasion</a> and degradation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavin200348_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavin200348-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) of <a href="/wiki/Construction_aggregate" title="Construction aggregate">construction aggregate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> and its suitability for <a href="/wiki/Road#Construction" title="Road">road construction</a>. Test methodology and equipment is defined in the <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM International</a> publications ASTM C131 for particle sizes smaller than 37 <a href="/wiki/Millimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Millimeter">mm</a> (1.5 inches) and ASTM C535 for sizes larger than 19 mm (3/4 of an inch); the overlapping range of 19 to 37 mm can be tested by either of two standards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavin200348_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavin200348-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM20031.1_with_n._1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM20031.1_with_n._1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <b>Los Angeles machine</b> defined in the standard is a simple <a href="/wiki/Ball_mill" title="Ball mill">ball mill</a> of specified size and shape<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM20036_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM20036-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard charge of rock is set at 2.5–5 kilograms (5.5–11.0 lb) depending on the size of the particles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM20036.4.1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM20036.4.1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drum of the mill has a single shelf plate that scoops test samples and steel balls from the bottom, lifts them up and then drops them, creating a crushing impact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM20034_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM20034-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interaction of the drum, steel balls and the samples at the bottom of the drum causes further abrading and grinding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM20034_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM20034-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complete test requires 500 drum revolutions at a speed of 30-33 <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute" title="Revolutions per minute">revolutions per minute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM20039_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM20039-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crushed sample is then separated from fine dust on a sieve, washed, dried and weighed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM20039_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM20039-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The test reports loss of mass to abrasion and impact, expressed as a percentage of initial sample mass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM200311_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM200311-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximum acceptable loss for the base course of the road is 45%; the more demanding surface course must be 35% or less.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavin200348_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavin200348-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The test was developed by the city engineers of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolfRunner1935125_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolfRunner1935125-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/California_Highway_Commission" title="California Highway Commission">California Highway Commission</a> found the new methodology superior to the established <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deval_abrasion_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deval abrasion test (page does not exist)">Deval abrasion test</a>, and adopted the LA test in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolfRunner1935125_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolfRunner1935125-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s, national studies demonstrated the Deval test did not correlate with the service record of sampled rock altogether, while an LA loss rating of less than 40% was a reliable indicator of quality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolfRunner1935132_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolfRunner1935132-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal standard for LA abrasion testing was formally adopted by the ASTM in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM2003n._1_to_title_heading_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM2003n._1_to_title_heading-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Decades later, field studies found that the LA test results do not always correlate with reality, thus engineers outside of the United States developed different national standards like the French wet micro-Deval procedure or the British Standard 812.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavin200348_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavin200348-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_abrasion_test&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELavin200348-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavin200348_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavin200348_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavin200348_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELavin200348_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLavin2003">Lavin (2003)</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM20031.1_with_n._1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM20031.1_with_n._1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFASTM2003">ASTM (2003)</a>, p. 1.1 with n. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM20036-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM20036_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFASTM2003">ASTM (2003)</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM20036.4.1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM20036.4.1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFASTM2003">ASTM (2003)</a>, p. 6.4.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM20034-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM20034_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM20034_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFASTM2003">ASTM (2003)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM20039-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM20039_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM20039_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFASTM2003">ASTM (2003)</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM200311-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM200311_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFASTM2003">ASTM (2003)</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolfRunner1935125-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolfRunner1935125_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolfRunner1935125_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolfRunner1935">Woolf & Runner (1935)</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoolfRunner1935132-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoolfRunner1935132_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoolfRunner1935">Woolf & Runner (1935)</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEASTM2003n._1_to_title_heading-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEASTM2003n._1_to_title_heading_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFASTM2003">ASTM (2003)</a>, n. 1 to title heading.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_abrasion_test&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFASTM2003" class="citation book cs1">ASTM (2003). <i>C 131–03. Standard Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los Angeles Machine</i>. ASTM International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C+131%E2%80%9303.+Standard+Test+Method+for+Resistance+to+Degradation+of+Small-Size+Coarse+Aggregate+by+Abrasion+and+Impact+in+the+Los+Angeles+Machine&rft.pub=ASTM+International&rft.date=2003&rft.au=ASTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALos+Angeles+abrasion+test" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavin2003" class="citation book cs1">Lavin, P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XuM3YYeQrk8C"><i>Asphalt Pavements: A Practical Guide to Design, Production and Maintenance for Engineers and Architects</i></a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-45329-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-45329-2"><bdi>978-0-203-45329-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asphalt+Pavements%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Design%2C+Production+and+Maintenance+for+Engineers+and+Architects&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-203-45329-2&rft.aulast=Lavin&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXuM3YYeQrk8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALos+Angeles+abrasion+test" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolfRunner1935" class="citation journal cs1">Woolf, D.; Runner, D. (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4WG8d8i7MxQC">"The Los Angeles Abrasion Machine for Determining the Quality of Coarse Aggregate"</a>. <i>Public Roads</i>. <b>16</b> (7).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Roads&rft.atitle=The+Los+Angeles+Abrasion+Machine+for+Determining+the+Quality+of+Coarse+Aggregate&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=7&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Runner%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4WG8d8i7MxQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALos+Angeles+abrasion+test" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:ASTM_standards" title="Template:ASTM standards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:ASTM_standards" title="Template talk:ASTM standards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ASTM_standards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:ASTM standards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="ASTM_Standards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM Standards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Selected standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">A</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A53_steel" title="ASTM A53 steel">ASTM A53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A325" title="ASTM A325">ASTM A325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A354" title="ASTM A354">ASTM A354</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A490" title="ASTM A490">ASTM A490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A500" title="ASTM A500">ASTM A500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_A992" title="ASTM A992">ASTM A992</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ASTM C131</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ASTM C535</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noack_volatility_test" title="Noack volatility test">ASTM D5800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_E1714" title="ASTM E1714">ASTM E1714</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">F</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_F568M" title="ASTM F568M">ASTM F568M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_F883" title="ASTM F883">ASTM F883</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_International_Award_of_Merit" title="ASTM International Award of Merit">ASTM International Award of Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Benjamin_Dudley" title="Charles Benjamin Dudley">Charles Benjamin Dudley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/ASTM_Subcommittee_E20.02_on_Radiation_Thermometry" title="ASTM Subcommittee E20.02 on Radiation Thermometry">ASTM Subcommittee E20.02 on Radiation Thermometry</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐759d5489db‐5pdl7 Cached time: 20241202193900 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.350 seconds Real time usage: 0.467 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1456/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 22061/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1950/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion 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