CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Permaculture - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"af853d0f-c132-4724-889d-daeefed2f354","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Permaculture","wgTitle":"Permaculture","wgCurRevisionId":1257616212,"wgRevisionId":1257616212,"wgArticleId":78214,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","EngvarB from April 2017","Use dmy dates from October 2021","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles with excerpts","Permaculture","Permaculture concepts","Australian inventions","Environmental design","Environmental social science concepts","Horticulture","Landscape architecture", "Rural community development","Sustainable agriculture","Sustainable design","Sustainable food system","Sustainable gardening","Systems ecology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Permaculture","wgRelevantArticleId":78214,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true, "wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q4572","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"}; RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Permaculture_garden.JPG/1200px-Permaculture_garden.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="798"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Permaculture_garden.JPG/800px-Permaculture_garden.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="532"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Permaculture_garden.JPG/640px-Permaculture_garden.JPG"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="426"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Permaculture - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Permaculture rootpage-Permaculture skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Permaculture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Permaculture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Permaculture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Permaculture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundational_ethics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundational_ethics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Foundational ethics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundational_ethics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Theory </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theory subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design_principles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_principles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Design principles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guilds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guilds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Guilds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guilds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edge_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edge_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Edge effect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edge_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Common practices </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Common practices subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Common_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hügelkultur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hügelkultur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Hügelkultur </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hügelkultur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sheet_mulching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sheet_mulching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Sheet mulching </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sheet_mulching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No-till_gardening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No-till_gardening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 No-till gardening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No-till_gardening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cropping_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cropping_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cropping practices </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cropping_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rainwater_harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rainwater_harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Rainwater harvesting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rainwater_harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compost_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compost_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Compost production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compost_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economising_on_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economising_on_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Economising on space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economising_on_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domesticated_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domesticated_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Domesticated animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domesticated_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruit_trees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruit_trees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Fruit trees </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruit_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agroforestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agroforestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Agroforestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agroforestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forest_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forest_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Forest gardens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forest_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suburban_and_urban_permaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suburban_and_urban_permaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Suburban and urban permaculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suburban_and_urban_permaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Marine systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grazing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grazing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Grazing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grazing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Natural building </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Issues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Issues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intellectual_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Intellectual property </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Methodology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Permaculture</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%90%E1%88%AD%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8D%E1%89%B8%E1%88%AD" title="ፐርማካልቸር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፐርማካልቸር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="زراعة معمرة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زراعة معمرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permacultura" title="Permacultura – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Permacultura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permacultura" title="Permacultura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Permacultura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пермакультура – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пермакультура" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пермакултура – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пермакултура" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakuitua" title="Permakuitua – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Permakuitua" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour-douar_pad" title="Labour-douar pad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Labour-douar pad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permacultura" title="Permacultura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Permacultura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakultura" title="Permakultura – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Permakultura" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramaeth" title="Paramaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paramaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakultur" title="Permakultur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Permakultur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakultur" title="Permakultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Permakultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakultuur" title="Permakultuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Permakultuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Αεικαλλιέργεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αεικαλλιέργεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permacultura" title="Permacultura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Permacultura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakulturo" title="Permakulturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Permakulturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakultura" title="Permakultura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Permakultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کشت پایا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشت پایا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Permaculture" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permacultura" title="Permacultura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Permacultura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8D%BC%EB%A8%B8%EC%BB%AC%EC%B2%98" title="퍼머컬처 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퍼머컬처" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B7%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%87_%D5%A3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մշտատև գյուղատնտեսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մշտատև գյուղատնտեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="परमाकल्चर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परमाकल्चर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakultura" title="Permakultura – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Permakultura" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakultur" title="Permakultur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Permakultur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vistmenning" title="Vistmenning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vistmenning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permacultura" title="Permacultura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Permacultura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A6%27%D7%A8" title="פרמקלצ'ר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרמקלצ'ר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakult%C3%BAra" title="Permakultúra – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Permakultúra" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Пермамәдениет – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пермамәдениет" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permacultura" title="Permacultura – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Permacultura" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakult%C3%BAra" title="Permakultúra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Permakultúra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пермакултура – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пермакултура" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakultur" title="Permakultur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Permakultur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permacultuur" title="Permacultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Permacultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="パーマカルチャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パーマカルチャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permacultura" title="Permacultura – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Permacultura" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakultur" title="Permakultur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Permakultur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0" title="ਪਰਮਾਕਲਚਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਰਮਾਕਲਚਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="پایداره کرنه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پایداره کرنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakultura" title="Permakultura – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Permakultura" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permacultura" title="Permacultura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Permacultura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permacultur%C4%83" title="Permacultură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Permacultură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пермакультура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пермакультура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Permaculture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakult%C3%BAra" title="Permakultúra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Permakultúra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakultura" title="Permakultura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Permakultura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakultura" title="Permakultura – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Permakultura" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakulttuuri" title="Permakulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Permakulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permakultur" title="Permakultur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Permakultur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="நிலைகொள் வேளாண்மை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலைகொள் வேளாண்மை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permak%C3%BClt%C3%BCr" title="Permakültür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Permakültür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пермакультура – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пермакультура" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Permaculture" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E7%BA%8C%E6%A0%BD%E5%9F%B9%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88" title="永續栽培設計 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="永續栽培設計" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%B8%E9%96%80" title="樸門 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="樸門" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4572#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Permaculture" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Permaculture">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Permaculture">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Permaculture" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Permaculture" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&oldid=1257616212" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Permaculture&id=1257616212&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPermaculture">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPermaculture">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Permaculture&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Permaculture" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Permaculture" hreflang="en">Wikiversity</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4572" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Approach to agriculture and land management</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Permaculture_garden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Permaculture_garden.JPG/330px-Permaculture_garden.JPG" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Permaculture_garden.JPG/495px-Permaculture_garden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Permaculture_garden.JPG/660px-Permaculture_garden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A garden cultivated on permaculture principles</figcaption></figure> Permaculture is an approach to land management and settlement design that adopts arrangements observed in flourishing natural <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. It includes a set of design principles derived using <a href="/wiki/Systems_theory" title="Systems theory">whole-systems thinking</a>. It applies these principles in fields such as <a href="/wiki/Regenerative_agriculture" title="Regenerative agriculture">regenerative agriculture</a>, town planning, <a href="/wiki/Rewilding_(conservation_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rewilding (conservation biology)">rewilding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Community_resilience" title="Community resilience">community resilience</a>. The term was coined in 1978 by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Mollison" title="Bill Mollison">Bill Mollison</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Holmgren" title="David Holmgren">David Holmgren</a>, who formulated the concept in opposition to modern industrialized methods, instead adopting a more traditional or "natural" approach to agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a> Permaculture has been criticised as being poorly defined and unscientific.<a href="#cite_note-For_Sceptics_2021-4">[4]</a> Critics have pushed for less reliance on anecdote and extrapolation from ecological first principles, in favor of peer-reviewed research to substantiate productivity claims and to clarify methodology. Peter Harper from the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a> suggests that most of what passes for permaculture has no relevance to real problems.<a href="#cite_note-:13-5">[5]</a> Defenders of permaculture reply that researchers have concluded it to be a “sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture,” that it “strongly” enhances carbon stocks, soil quality, and biodiversity, making it “an effective tool to promote sustainable agriculture, ensure sustainable production patterns, combat climate change and halt and reverse land degradation and biodiversity loss.”<a href="#cite_note-Reiff_1–14-6">[6]</a> They further point out that most of permaculture’s most common methods, such as agroforestry,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> polycultures,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and water harvesting features<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> are also backed by peer-reviewed research. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franklin_Hiram_King.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Franklin_Hiram_King.jpg/130px-Franklin_Hiram_King.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Franklin_Hiram_King.jpg/195px-Franklin_Hiram_King.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Franklin_Hiram_King.jpg/260px-Franklin_Hiram_King.jpg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Hiram_King" title="Franklin Hiram King">Franklin Hiram King</a> introduced the term "permanent agriculture" in 1911</figcaption></figure> In 1911, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Hiram_King" title="Franklin Hiram King">Franklin Hiram King</a> wrote Farmers of Forty Centuries: Or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan, describing farming practices of East Asia designed for "permanent agriculture".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1911Title_page-10">[10]</a> In 1929, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Russell_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Russell Smith">Joseph Russell Smith</a> appended King's term as the subtitle for Tree Crops: A Permanent Agriculture, which he wrote in response to widespread deforestation, plow agriculture, and erosion in the eastern mountains and hill regions of the United States. He proposed the planting of tree fruits and nuts as human and animal food crops that could stabilize watersheds and restore soil health.<a href="#cite_note-jrsjs-11">[11]</a> Smith saw the world as an inter-related whole and suggested mixed systems of trees with understory crops. This book inspired individuals such as <a href="/wiki/Toyohiko_Kagawa" title="Toyohiko Kagawa">Toyohiko Kagawa</a> who pioneered <a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">forest farming</a> in Japan in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN01940btQAQCpgPA41_41]-12">[12]</a> Another pioneer, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a>, advocated for practices now common in permaculture, including the use of <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a> to restore nitrogen to the soil and repair damaged farmland, in his work at the <a href="/wiki/Tuskegee_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuskegee Institute">Tuskegee Institute</a> between 1896 and his death in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In his 1964 book Water for Every Farm, the Australian agronomist and engineer <a href="/wiki/P._A._Yeomans" title="P. A. Yeomans">P. A. Yeomans</a> advanced a definition of permanent agriculture as one that can be sustained indefinitely. Yeomans introduced both an observation-based approach to land use in Australia in the 1940s and in the 1950s the Keyline Design as a way of managing the supply and distribution of water in semi-arid regions. Other early influences include <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Brand" title="Stewart Brand">Stewart Brand</a>'s works, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Stout" title="Ruth Stout">Ruth Stout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esther_Deans" class="mw-redirect" title="Esther Deans">Esther Deans</a>, who pioneered <a href="/wiki/No-dig_gardening" title="No-dig gardening">no-dig gardening</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Masanobu_Fukuoka" title="Masanobu Fukuoka">Masanobu Fukuoka</a> who, in the late 1930s in Japan, began advocating <a href="/wiki/No-dig_gardening" title="No-dig gardening">no-till</a> orchards and gardens and <a href="/wiki/Natural_farming" title="Natural farming">natural farming</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Mollison_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bill_Mollison_01.jpg/220px-Bill_Mollison_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bill_Mollison_01.jpg/330px-Bill_Mollison_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bill_Mollison_01.jpg/440px-Bill_Mollison_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bill_Mollison" title="Bill Mollison">Bill Mollison</a>, who has been described as the "father of permaculture," cites Aboriginal Tasmanian belief systems as an inspiration of the practice.<a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> In the late 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Mollison" title="Bill Mollison">Bill Mollison</a>, senior lecturer in Environmental Psychology at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tasmania" title="University of Tasmania">University of Tasmania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Holmgren" title="David Holmgren">David Holmgren</a>, graduate student at the then Tasmanian College of Advanced Education started developing ideas about stable agricultural systems on the southern Australian island of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>. Their recognition of the unsustainable nature of modern industrialized methods and their inspiration from Tasmanian Aboriginal and other traditional practises were critical to their formulation of permaculture.<a href="#cite_note-:3-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Permaculture_1991-18">[18]</a> In their view, industrialized methods were highly dependent on non-<a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable resources</a>, and were additionally poisoning land and water, reducing <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, and removing billions of tons of <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> from previously fertile landscapes. They responded with permaculture. This term was first made public with the publication of their 1978 book Permaculture One.<a href="#cite_note-Permaculture_1991-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Permaculture is a philosophy of working with, rather than against nature; of protracted and thoughtful observation rather than protracted and thoughtless labor; and of looking at plants and animals in all their functions, rather than treating any area as a <a href="/wiki/Monocropping" title="Monocropping">single product system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bill Mollison</cite></div></blockquote> Following the publication of Permaculture One, Mollison responded to widespread enthusiasm for the work by traveling and teaching a three-week program that became known as the Permaculture Design Course. It addressed the application of permaculture design to growing in major climatic and soil conditions, to the use of renewable energy and natural building methods, and to "invisible structures" of human society. He found ready audiences in Australia, New Zealand, the USA, Britain, and Europe, and from 1985 also reached the Indian subcontinent and southern Africa. By the early 1980s, the concept had broadened from agricultural systems towards <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_habitat" title="Sustainable habitat">sustainable human habitats</a> and at the 1st Intl. Permaculture Convergence, a gathering of graduates of the PDC held in Australia, the curriculum was formalized and its format shortened to two weeks. After Permaculture One, Mollison further refined and developed the ideas while designing hundreds of properties. This led to the 1988 publication of his global reference work, Permaculture: A Designers Manual. Mollison encouraged graduates to become teachers and set up their own institutes and demonstration sites.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Critics suggest that this success weakened permaculture's social aspirations of moving away from industrial social forms. They argue that the self-help model (akin to <a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">franchising</a>) has had the effect of creating market-focused social relationships that the originators initially opposed.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundational_ethics">Foundational ethics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundational ethics">edit</a>]</div> The ethics on which permaculture builds are:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollison19882-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-24">[24]</a> <ol><li>"Care of the Earth: Provision for all life systems to continue and multiply".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollison19882-23">[23]</a></li> <li>"Care of people: Provision for people to access those resources necessary for their existence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollison19882-23">[23]</a></li> <li>"Setting limits to population and consumption: By governing our own needs, we can set resources aside to further the above principles".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollison19882-23">[23]</a></li></ol> Mollison's 1988 formulation of the third ethic was restated by Holmgren<a href="#cite_note-:14-24">[24]</a> in 2002 as "Set limits to consumption and reproduction, and redistribute surplus" and is elsewhere condensed to "share the surplus".<a href="#cite_note-:5-25">[25]</a> Permaculture emphasizes patterns of <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a>, function, and species assemblies. It determines where these elements should be placed so they can provide maximum benefit to the local environment. Permaculture maximizes <a href="/wiki/Synergy" title="Synergy">synergy</a> of the final design. The focus of permaculture, therefore, is not on individual elements, but rather on the relationships among them. The aim is for the whole to become <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">greater than the sum of its parts</a>, minimizing <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, human labour, and energy input, and to and maximize benefits through <a href="/wiki/Synergy" title="Synergy">synergy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Edible_Forest_Gardening-26">[26]</a> Permaculture design is founded in replicating or imitating natural patterns found in ecosystems because these solutions have emerged through evolution over thousands of years and have proven to be effective. As a result, the implementation of permaculture design will vary widely depending on the region of the Earth it is located in. Because permaculture's implementation is so localized and place specific, scientific literature for the field is lacking or not always applicable.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Design principles derive from the science of <a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">systems ecology</a> and the study of pre-industrial examples of <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainable</a> land use.<a href="#cite_note-:9-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-David_Holmgren_1997-29">[29]</a> A core theme of permaculture is the idea of "people care". Seeking prosperity begins within a local community or culture that can apply the tenets of permaculture to sustain an environment that supports them and vice versa. This is in contrast to typical modern industrialized societies, where locality and generational knowledge is often overlooked in the pursuit of wealth or other forms of societal leverage.<a href="#cite_note-Mollison_on_people-30">[30]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The tragic reality is that very few sustainable systems are designed or applied by those who hold power, and the reason for this is obvious and simple: to let people arrange their own food, energy and shelter is to lose economic and political control over them. We should cease to look to power structures, hierarchical systems, or governments to help us, and devise ways to help ourselves. - Bill Mollison<a href="#cite_note-Mollison_on_people-30">[30]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Theory">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_principles">Design principles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Design principles">edit</a>]</div> Holmgren articulated twelve permaculture design principles in his Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability:<a href="#cite_note-H's_12_Ps-31">[31]</a> <ul><li>Observe and interact: Take time to engage with nature to design solutions that suit a particular situation.<a href="#cite_note-H's_12_Ps-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Catch and store energy: Develop systems that collect resources at peak abundance for use in times of need.<a href="#cite_note-H's_12_Ps-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Obtain a yield: Emphasize projects that generate meaningful rewards.<a href="#cite_note-H's_12_Ps-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Apply self-regulation and accept feedback: Discourage inappropriate activity to ensure that systems function well.<a href="#cite_note-H's_12_Ps-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Use and value renewable resources and services: Make the best use of nature's abundance: reduce consumption and dependence on non-renewable resources.<a href="#cite_note-H's_12_Ps-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Produce no waste: Value and employ all available resources: waste nothing.<a href="#cite_note-H's_12_Ps-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Design from patterns to details: Observe patterns in nature and society and use them to inform designs, later adding details.<a href="#cite_note-H's_12_Ps-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Integrate rather than segregate: Proper designs allow relationships to develop between design elements, allowing them to work together to support each other.<a href="#cite_note-H's_12_Ps-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Use small and slow solutions: Small and slow systems are easier to maintain, make better use of local resources, and produce more sustainable outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-H's_12_Ps-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Use and value diversity: Diversity reduces system-level vulnerability to threats and fully exploits its environment.<a href="#cite_note-H's_12_Ps-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Use edges and value the marginal: The border between things is where the most interesting events take place. These are often the system's most valuable, diverse, and productive elements.<a href="#cite_note-H's_12_Ps-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Creatively use and respond to change: A positive impact on inevitable change comes from careful observation, followed by well-timed intervention.<a href="#cite_note-H's_12_Ps-31">[31]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guilds">Guilds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Guilds">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycorrhizal_network.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mycorrhizal_network.svg/220px-Mycorrhizal_network.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mycorrhizal_network.svg/330px-Mycorrhizal_network.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mycorrhizal_network.svg/440px-Mycorrhizal_network.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycorrhizal fungi">Mycorrhizal fungi</a> usually function in a mutualistic <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic relationship</a> with plants.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ladybug_aphids.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ladybug_aphids.JPG/220px-Ladybug_aphids.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ladybug_aphids.JPG/330px-Ladybug_aphids.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ladybug_aphids.JPG/440px-Ladybug_aphids.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coccinellidae" title="Coccinellidae">Ladybugs</a> are seen as <a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">beneficial insects</a> in permaculture because of their help with <a href="/wiki/Aphid" title="Aphid">aphid</a> control.</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Guild_(ecology)" title="Guild (ecology)">guild</a> is a mutually beneficial group of species that form a part of the larger ecosystem. Within a guild each species of insect or plant provides a unique set of diverse services that work in harmony. Plants may be grown for food production, drawing nutrients from deep in the soil through tap roots, balancing nitrogen levels in the soil (<a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">legumes</a>), for attracting <a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Beneficial insects">beneficial insects</a> to the garden, and repelling undesirable insects or pests.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> There are several types of guilds, such as community function guilds, mutual support guilds, and resource partitioning guilds.<a href="#cite_note-:11-34">[34]</a> <ul><li>Community function guilds group species based on a specific function or niche that they fill in the garden. Examples of this type of guild include plants that attract a particular beneficial insect or plants that restore nitrogen to the soil. These types of guilds are aimed at solving specific problems which may arise in a garden, such as infestations of harmful insects and poor nutrition in the soil.<a href="#cite_note-:11-34">[34]</a></li> <li>Establishment guilds are commonly used when working to establish target species (the primary vegetables, fruits, herbs, etc. you want to be established in your garden) with the support of pioneer species (plants that will help the target species succeed). For example, in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a>, plants such as <a href="/wiki/Comfrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Comfrey">comfrey</a> (as a weed barrier and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_accumulator" title="Dynamic accumulator">dynamic accumulator</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lupine_(flower)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lupine (flower)">lupine</a> (as a nitrogen fixer), and <a href="/wiki/Daffodil" class="mw-redirect" title="Daffodil">daffodil</a> (as a <a href="/wiki/Gopher" title="Gopher">gopher</a> deterrent) can together form a guild for a fruit tree. As the tree matures, the support plants will likely eventually be shaded out and can be used as compost.<a href="#cite_note-:11-34">[34]</a></li> <li>Mature guilds form once your target species are established. For example, if the tree layer of your landscape closes its <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a>, sun-loving support plants will be shaded out and die. Shade loving <a href="/wiki/Medicinal_herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal herbs">medicinal herbs</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">ginseng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Cohosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Cohosh">Black Cohosh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goldenseal" title="Goldenseal">goldenseal</a> can be planted as an <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-34">[34]</a></li> <li>Mutual support guilds group species together that are complementary by working together and supporting each other. This guild may include a plant that fixes nitrogen, a plant that hosts insects that are predators to pests, and another plant that attracts pollinators.<a href="#cite_note-:11-34">[34]</a></li> <li>Resource partitioning guilds group species based on their abilities to share essential resources with one another through a process of niche differentiation. An example of this type of guild includes placing a <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_root_system" title="Fibrous root system">fibrous- or shallow-rooted plant</a> next to a <a href="/wiki/Taproot" title="Taproot">tap-rooted plant</a> so that they draw from different levels of soil nutrients.<a href="#cite_note-:11-34">[34]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zones">Zones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Zones">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Permaculture_Zones.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Permaculture_Zones.svg/220px-Permaculture_Zones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Permaculture_Zones.svg/330px-Permaculture_Zones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Permaculture_Zones.svg/440px-Permaculture_Zones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Permaculture zones 0-5</figcaption></figure> Zones intelligently organize design elements in a human environment based on the frequency of human use and plant or animal needs. Frequently manipulated or harvested elements of the design are located close to the house in zones 1 and 2. Manipulated elements located further away are used less frequently. Zones are numbered from 0 to 5 based on positioning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126-35">[35]</a> <dl><dt>Zone 0</dt> <dd>The house, or home center. Here permaculture principles aim to reduce energy and water needs harnessing natural resources such as sunlight, to create a harmonious, sustainable environment in which to live and work. Zone 0 is an informal designation, not specifically defined in Mollison's book.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126-35">[35]</a></dd> <dt>Zone 1</dt> <dd>The zone nearest to the house, the location for those elements in the system that require frequent attention, or that need to be visited often, such as salad crops, herb plants, soft fruit like <a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">strawberries</a> or <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cold_frame" title="Cold frame">cold frames</a>, propagation area, <a href="/wiki/Vermicompost" title="Vermicompost">worm compost</a> bin for kitchen waste, etc. <a href="/wiki/Raised_bed_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Raised bed gardening">Raised beds</a> are often used in Zone 1 in <a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126-35">[35]</a></dd> <dt>Zone 2</dt> <dd>This area is used for siting <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a> plants that require less frequent maintenance, such as occasional <a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">weed control</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">pruning</a>, including currant bushes and orchards, pumpkins, sweet potato, etc. Also, a good place for <a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">beehives</a>, larger-scale <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">composting</a> bins, etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126-35">[35]</a></dd> <dt>Zone 3</dt> <dd>The area where main crops are grown, both for domestic use and for trade purposes. After establishment, care and maintenance required are fairly minimal (provided <a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">mulches</a> and similar things are used), such as watering or weed control maybe once a week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126-35">[35]</a></dd> <dt>Zone 4</dt> <dd>A semi-wild area, mainly used for <a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">forage</a> and collecting wild plants as well as production of timber for construction or firewood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126-35">[35]</a></dd> <dt>Zone 5</dt> <dd>A wilderness area. Humans do not intervene in zone 5 apart from observing natural <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> and cycles. This zone hosts <a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">a natural reserve of bacteria, molds, and insects</a> that can aid the zones above it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edge_effect">Edge effect</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Edge effect">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Edge_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge effect">edge effect</a> in ecology is the increased diversity that results when two <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> meet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemenway200945–47,_286-37">[37]</a> Permaculturists argue that these places can be highly productive. An example of this is a coast. Where land and sea meet is a rich area that meets a disproportionate percentage of human and animal needs. This idea is reflected in permacultural designs by using spirals in herb gardens, or creating ponds that have wavy undulating shorelines rather than a simple circle or oval (thereby increasing the amount of edge for a given area).<a href="#cite_note-DeepGreen_2013-38">[38]</a> On the other hand, in a keyhole bed, edges are minimized to avoid wasting space and effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemenway200945–47,_286-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_practices">Common practices</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Common practices">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hügelkultur">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sketch_of_Hugelkulture_bed_in_cross_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sketch_of_Hugelkulture_bed_in_cross_section.jpg/220px-Sketch_of_Hugelkulture_bed_in_cross_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Sketch_of_Hugelkulture_bed_in_cross_section.jpg/330px-Sketch_of_Hugelkulture_bed_in_cross_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Sketch_of_Hugelkulture_bed_in_cross_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of a Hügelkultur bed</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a> is the practice of burying wood to increase soil water retention. The porous structure of wood acts like a sponge when decomposing underground. During the rainy season, sufficient buried wood can absorb enough water to sustain crops through the dry season.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemenway200984–85-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> This technique is a traditional practice that has been developed over centuries in Europe and has been recently adopted by permaculturalists.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The Hügelkultur technique can be implemented through building mounds on the ground as well as in <a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">raised garden beds</a>. In raised beds, the practice "imitates natural <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrient cycling">nutrient cycling</a> found in wood decomposition and the high water-holding capacities of organic detritus, while also improving bed structure and drainage properties." This is done by placing wood material (e.g. logs and sticks) in the bottom of the bed before piling organic soil and compost on top. A study comparing the water retention capacities of Hügel raised beds to non-Hügel beds determined that Hügel beds are both lower maintenance and more efficient in the long term by requiring less irrigation.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sheet_mulching">Sheet mulching</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sheet mulching">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sheet_mulching" title="Sheet mulching">Sheet mulching</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A9paration_d%27une_lasagne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pr%C3%A9paration_d%27une_lasagne.jpg/197px-Pr%C3%A9paration_d%27une_lasagne.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pr%C3%A9paration_d%27une_lasagne.jpg/296px-Pr%C3%A9paration_d%27une_lasagne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pr%C3%A9paration_d%27une_lasagne.jpg/394px-Pr%C3%A9paration_d%27une_lasagne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2171" data-file-height="1540" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Preparation of a <a href="/wiki/Sheet_mulching" title="Sheet mulching">sheet mulch</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:139px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomates_sur_lasagnes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tomates_sur_lasagnes.jpg/187px-Tomates_sur_lasagnes.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tomates_sur_lasagnes.jpg/281px-Tomates_sur_lasagnes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tomates_sur_lasagnes.jpg/374px-Tomates_sur_lasagnes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tomato plants growing on a "lasagna" or sheet mulch</div></div></div></div></div> Mulch is a protective cover placed over soil. Mulch material includes leaves, cardboard, and wood chips. These absorb rain, reduce evaporation, provide nutrients, increase soil organic matter, create habitat for soil organisms, suppress weed growth and seed germination, moderate diurnal temperature swings, protect against frost, and reduce erosion.<a href="#cite_note-agroforestry-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheet_mulching" title="Sheet mulching">Sheet mulching</a> or lasagna gardening<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> is a gardening technique that attempts to mimic the leaf cover that is found on forest floors.<a href="#cite_note-agroforestry-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No-till_gardening">No-till gardening</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: No-till gardening">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/No-dig_gardening" title="No-dig gardening">No-dig gardening</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/No-till_farming" title="No-till farming">No-till farming</a>.</div> Edward Faulkner's 1943 book Plowman's Folly,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> King's 1946 pamphlet "Is Digging Necessary?",<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> A. Guest's 1948 book "Gardening without Digging",<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and Fukuoka's "<a href="/wiki/Do_Nothing_Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Do Nothing Farming">Do Nothing Farming</a>" all advocated forms of no-till or no-dig gardening.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> No-till gardening seeks to minimise disturbance to the soil community so as to maintain soil structure and organic matter.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cropping_practices">Cropping practices</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cropping practices">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">Crop rotation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></div> Low-effort permaculture favours <a href="/wiki/Perennial_crop" title="Perennial crop">perennial crops</a> which do not require tilling and planting every year. <a href="/wiki/Annual_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual crop">Annual crops</a> inevitably require more cultivation. They can be incorporated into permaculture by using traditional techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Crop_rotation" title="Crop rotation">crop rotation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">intercropping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">companion planting</a> so that pests and weeds of individual annual crop species do not build up, and minerals used by specific crop plants do not become successively depleted.<a href="#cite_note-Engels_2016-53">[53]</a> Companion planting aims to make use of beneficial interactions between species of cultivated plants.<a href="#cite_note-Ludwig-Cooper_2011-54">[54]</a> Such interactions include <a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">pest control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a>, providing habitat for <a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">beneficial insects</a>, and maximizing use of space; all of these may help to increase productivity.<a href="#cite_note-mcclure-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rainwater_harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rainwater harvesting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainwater_Collection.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rainwater_Collection.JPG/220px-Rainwater_Collection.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rainwater_Collection.JPG/330px-Rainwater_Collection.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Rainwater_Collection.JPG/440px-Rainwater_Collection.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="899" /></a><figcaption>Rainwater collection is a common practice of permaculture.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a> is the accumulation and storage of rainwater for reuse before it runs off or reaches the <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rainwater_harvesting-56">[56]</a> It has been used to provide <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, water for livestock, and water for <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, as well as other typical uses. Rainwater collected from the roofs of houses<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and local institutions can make an important contribution to the availability of drinking water. It can supplement the water table and increase urban greenery. Water collected from the ground, sometimes from areas which are specially prepared for this purpose, is called <a href="/wiki/Stormwater_harvesting" title="Stormwater harvesting">stormwater harvesting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a> is <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> generated from domestic activities such as laundry, dishwashing, and bathing, which can be recycled for uses such as landscape irrigation and <a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">constructed wetlands</a>. Greywater is largely sterile, but not <a href="/wiki/Potable" class="mw-redirect" title="Potable">potable</a> (drinkable).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Keyline_design" title="Keyline design">Keyline design</a> is a technique for maximizing the beneficial use of water resources. It was developed in Australia by farmer and engineer <a href="/wiki/P._A._Yeomans" title="P. A. Yeomans">P. A. Yeomans</a>. Keyline refers to a <a href="/wiki/Contour_line" title="Contour line">contour line</a> extending in both directions from a keypoint. Plowing above and below the keyline provides a watercourse that directs water away from a purely downhill course to reduce erosion and encourage infiltration.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> It is used in designing drainage systems.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compost_production">Compost production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Compost production">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worm.bin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Worm.bin.jpg/220px-Worm.bin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Worm.bin.jpg/330px-Worm.bin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Worm.bin.jpg/440px-Worm.bin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Healthy population of <a href="/wiki/Red_wiggler" class="mw-redirect" title="Red wiggler">red wigglers</a> in a vermicomposting bin</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Vermicompost" title="Vermicompost">Vermicomposting</a> is a common practice in permaculture. The practice involves using <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Red_wiggler" class="mw-redirect" title="Red wiggler">red wigglers</a>, to break down <a href="/wiki/Green_waste" title="Green waste">green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_waste" title="Brown waste">brown waste</a>. The worms produce worm castings, which can be used to <a href="/wiki/Organic_fertilizer" title="Organic fertilizer">organically fertilize</a> the garden. Worms are also introduced to garden beds, helping to <a href="/wiki/Soil_aeration" title="Soil aeration">aerate the soil</a> and improve <a href="/wiki/Permeability_of_soils" title="Permeability of soils">water retention</a>. Worms may multiply quickly if provided conditions are ideal.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-63">[63]</a> For example, a permaculture farm in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> began with 9 <a href="/wiki/Tiger_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiger worm">tiger worms</a> in 2001 and 15 years later had a population of over 500,000.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The worm castings are particularly useful as part of a seed starting mix and regular fertilizer. Worm castings are reportedly more successful than conventional compost for seed starting.<a href="#cite_note-:12-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">blackwater</a> contains <a href="/wiki/Human_waste" title="Human waste">human or animal waste</a>. It can be <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">composted</a>, producing <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a> and manure. Human waste can be sourced from a <a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">composting toilet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outhouse" title="Outhouse">outhouse</a> or dry bog (rather than a plumbed toilet).<a href="#cite_note-Tilley_Ulrich_2014-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economising_on_space">Economising on space</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economising on space">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Herb_spiral" title="Herb spiral">Herb spiral</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kr%C3%A4uterspirale.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kr%C3%A4uterspirale.JPG/220px-Kr%C3%A4uterspirale.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kr%C3%A4uterspirale.JPG/330px-Kr%C3%A4uterspirale.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Kr%C3%A4uterspirale.JPG/440px-Kr%C3%A4uterspirale.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Herb_spiral" title="Herb spiral">herb spiral</a> provides varied conditions in a small space for multiple species to grow together.</figcaption></figure> Space can be saved in permaculture gardens with techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Herb_spiral" title="Herb spiral">herb spirals</a> which group plants closely together. A herb spiral, invented by Mollison, is a round cairn of stones packed with earth at the base and sand higher up; sometimes there is a small pond on the south side (in the northern hemisphere). The result is a series of <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a> zones, wetter at the base, drier at the top, warmer and sunnier on the south side, cooler and drier to the north. Each herb is planted in the zone best suited to it.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domesticated_animals">Domesticated animals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Domesticated animals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garden_chicks_and_herbs_-_Flickr_-_hardworkinghippy_,_La_Ferme_de_Sourrou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Garden_chicks_and_herbs_-_Flickr_-_hardworkinghippy_%2C_La_Ferme_de_Sourrou.jpg/220px-Garden_chicks_and_herbs_-_Flickr_-_hardworkinghippy_%2C_La_Ferme_de_Sourrou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Garden_chicks_and_herbs_-_Flickr_-_hardworkinghippy_%2C_La_Ferme_de_Sourrou.jpg/330px-Garden_chicks_and_herbs_-_Flickr_-_hardworkinghippy_%2C_La_Ferme_de_Sourrou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Garden_chicks_and_herbs_-_Flickr_-_hardworkinghippy_%2C_La_Ferme_de_Sourrou.jpg/440px-Garden_chicks_and_herbs_-_Flickr_-_hardworkinghippy_%2C_La_Ferme_de_Sourrou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Chicken roaming in an herb garden</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/List_of_domesticated_animals" title="List of domesticated animals">Domesticated animals</a> are often incorporated into site design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollison19885-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-permaculture.org-69">[69]</a> Activities that contribute to the system include: foraging to cycle nutrients, clearing fallen fruit, weed maintenance, spreading seeds, and pest maintenance. Nutrients are cycled by animals, transformed from their less digestible form (such as grass or twigs) into more nutrient-dense manure.<a href="#cite_note-permaculture.org-69">[69]</a> Multiple animals can contribute, including cows, goats, chickens, geese, turkey, rabbits, and worms. An example is chickens who can be used to scratch over the soil, thus breaking down the <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> and using fecal matter as manure. Factors such as timing and habits are critical. For example, animals require much more daily attention than plants.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruit_trees">Fruit trees</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fruit trees">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Masanobu_Fukuoka" title="Masanobu Fukuoka">Masanobu Fukuoka</a> experimented with no-pruning methods on his family farm in Japan, finding that trees which were never pruned could grow well, whereas previously-pruned trees often died when allowed to grow without further pruning.<a href="#cite_note-Natural_Way_Farming-Pruning-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFukuoka197813,_15–18,_46,_58–60-72">[72]</a> He felt that this reflected the <a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a>-philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wú wéi</a>, meaning no action against nature or "do-nothing" farming. He claimed yields comparable to intensive arboriculture with pruning and chemical fertilisation.<a href="#cite_note-Natural_Way_Farming-Pruning-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramon_Magsaysay_Award-Bio-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Agroforestry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Faidherbia_albida.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Faidherbia_albida.JPG/220px-Faidherbia_albida.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Faidherbia_albida.JPG/330px-Faidherbia_albida.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Faidherbia_albida.JPG/440px-Faidherbia_albida.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> in Burkina Faso, with maize under trees</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> uses the interactive benefits from combining trees and shrubs with crops or livestock. It combines agricultural and <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> technologies to create more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Trees or shrubs are intentionally used within agricultural systems, or <a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber forest products</a> are cultured in forest settings.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forest_gardens">Forest gardens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Forest gardens">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Claire_Gregorys_Permaculture_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Claire_Gregorys_Permaculture_garden.jpg/220px-Claire_Gregorys_Permaculture_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Claire_Gregorys_Permaculture_garden.jpg/330px-Claire_Gregorys_Permaculture_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Claire_Gregorys_Permaculture_garden.jpg/440px-Claire_Gregorys_Permaculture_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Suburban forest garden in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, UK, with different layers of vegetation</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardens</a> or food forests are permaculture systems designed to mimic natural forests. Forest gardens incorporate processes and relationships that the designers understand to be valuable in natural ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-Edible_Forest_Gardening-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> A mature forest ecosystem is organised into layers with constituents such as trees, <a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">understory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ground_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground cover">ground cover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, fungi, insects, and other animals. Because plants grow to different heights, a diverse community of organisms can occupy a relatively small space, each at a different layer.<a href="#cite_note-TCP_2013-78">[78]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizosphere (ecology)">Rhizosphere</a>: Root layers within the soil. The major components of this layer are the soil and the organisms that live within it such as plant roots and <a href="/wiki/Rhizomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizomes">zomes</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Root_crop" class="mw-redirect" title="Root crop">root crops</a> such as potatoes and other edible <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a>), fungi, insects, nematodes, and earthworms.<a href="#cite_note-TCP_2013-78">[78]</a></li> <li>Soil surface/<a href="/wiki/Groundcover" title="Groundcover">groundcover</a>: Overlaps with the <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous layer">herbaceous layer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Groundcover_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundcover layer">groundcover layer</a>; however plants in this layer grow much closer to the ground, densely fill bare patches, and typically can tolerate some foot traffic. <a href="/wiki/Cover_crop" title="Cover crop">Cover crops</a> retain soil and lessen <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Green_manure" title="Green manure">green manures</a> that add nutrients and <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TCP_2013-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous layer">Herbaceous layer</a>: Plants that die back to the ground every winter, if cold enough. No woody stems. Many beneficial plants such as culinary and medicinal herbs are in this layer; whether <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annuals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennials</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Perennials" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennials">perennials</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TCP_2013-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrub layer">Shrub layer</a>: woody <a href="/wiki/Perennials" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennials">perennials</a> of limited height. Includes most berry bushes.<a href="#cite_note-TCP_2013-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understory" title="Understory">Understory</a> layer: trees that flourish under the canopy.<a href="#cite_note-TCP_2013-78">[78]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a>: the tallest trees. Large trees dominate, but typically do not saturate the area, i.e., some patches are devoid of trees.<a href="#cite_note-TCP_2013-78">[78]</a></li> <li>Vertical layer: climbers or <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">vines</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Runner_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Runner bean">runner beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lima_bean" title="Lima bean">lima beans</a> (vine varieties).<a href="#cite_note-TCP_2013-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suburban_and_urban_permaculture">Suburban and urban permaculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Suburban and urban permaculture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Central_Farm_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/South_Central_Farm_4.jpg/220px-South_Central_Farm_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/South_Central_Farm_4.jpg/330px-South_Central_Farm_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/South_Central_Farm_4.jpg/440px-South_Central_Farm_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Farm" title="South Central Farm">South Central Farm</a> was one of the largest urban gardens in the United States before its demolition in 2006.</figcaption></figure> The fundamental element of suburban and urban permaculture is the efficient utilization of space. Wildfire journal suggests using methods such as the <a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">keyhole garden</a> which require little space.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Neighbors can collaborate to increase the scale of transformation, using sites such as recreation centers, neighborhood associations, city programs, faith groups, and schools. Columbia, an <a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">ecovillage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>, consisting of 37 apartment condominiums, influenced its neighbors to implement permaculture principles, including in front-yard gardens.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Suburban permaculture sites such as one in <a href="/wiki/Eugene,_Oregon" title="Eugene, Oregon">Eugene, Oregon</a>, include rainwater catchment, edible landscaping, removing paved driveways, turning a garage into living space, and changing a south side patio into passive solar.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vacant_lot_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacant lot farm">Vacant lot farms</a> are community-managed farm sites, but are often seen by authorities as temporary rather than permanent.<a href="#cite_note-Korsunsky_2019-83">[83]</a> For example, Los Angeles' <a href="/wiki/South_Central_Farm" title="South Central Farm">South Central Farm</a> (1994–2006), one of the largest urban gardens in the United States, was bulldozed with approval from property owner Ralph Horowitz, despite community protest.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The possibilities and challenges for suburban or urban permaculture vary with the built environment around the world. For example, land is used more ecologically in <a href="/wiki/Jaisalmer" title="Jaisalmer">Jaisalmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> than in American <a href="/wiki/Planned_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned city">planned cities</a> such as Los Angeles:<a href="#cite_note-Korsunsky_2019-83">[83]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">the application of universal rules regarding setbacks from roads and property lines systematically creates unused and purposeless space as an integral part of the built landscape, well beyond the classic image of the vacant lot. ... Because these spaces are created in accordance with a general pattern, rather than responding to any local need or desire, many if not most are underutilized, unproductive, and generally maintained as ecologically disastrous lawns by unenthusiastic owners. In this broadest understanding of wasted land, the concept is opened to reveal how our system of urban design gives rise to a ubiquitous pattern of land that, while not usually conceived as vacant, is in fact largely without ecological or social value.<a href="#cite_note-Korsunsky_2019-83">[83]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Korsunsky (2019), "From vacant land to urban fallows: a permacultural approach to wasted land in cities and suburbs"</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_systems">Marine systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Marine systems">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvesting_seaweed_in_Jambiani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Harvesting_seaweed_in_Jambiani.jpg/220px-Harvesting_seaweed_in_Jambiani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Harvesting_seaweed_in_Jambiani.jpg/330px-Harvesting_seaweed_in_Jambiani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Harvesting_seaweed_in_Jambiani.jpg/440px-Harvesting_seaweed_in_Jambiani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5457" data-file-height="3560" /></a><figcaption>Harvesting of <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jambiani" title="Jambiani">Jambiani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </figcaption></figure> Permaculture derives its origin from agriculture, although the same principles, especially its foundational ethics, can also be applied to <a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">mariculture</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">seaweed farming</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Marine_Permaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Permaculture">Marine Permaculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">artificial upwelling</a> of cold, deep ocean water is induced.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[88]</a> When an attachment substrate is provided in association with such an upwelling, and <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> <a href="/wiki/Sporophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporophytes">sporophytes</a> are present, a <a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">kelp forest</a> ecosystem can be established (since kelp needs the cool temperatures and abundant dissolved macronutrients present in such an environment).<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Microalgae" title="Microalgae">Microalgae</a> proliferate as well.<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Marine forest habitat is beneficial for many fish species,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and the kelp is a renewable resource for food, animal feed,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> medicines<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and various other commercial products.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> It is also a powerful tool for carbon fixation.<a href="#cite_note-:1-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The upwelling can be powered by <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> on location. Vertical mixing has been reduced due to <a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">ocean stratification</a> effects associated with <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Reduced vertical mixing and marine heatwaves have decimated seaweed ecosystems in many areas.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Marine permaculture mitigates this by restoring some vertical mixing and preserves these important ecosystems. By preserving and regenerating habitat offshore on a platform, marine permaculture employs natural processes to regenerate marine life.<a href="#cite_note-:0-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grazing">Grazing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Grazing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conservation_Grazing_Longhorn_Cattle_to_manage_NNR_at_Ruislip_Lido.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Conservation_Grazing_Longhorn_Cattle_to_manage_NNR_at_Ruislip_Lido.jpg/220px-Conservation_Grazing_Longhorn_Cattle_to_manage_NNR_at_Ruislip_Lido.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Conservation_Grazing_Longhorn_Cattle_to_manage_NNR_at_Ruislip_Lido.jpg/330px-Conservation_Grazing_Longhorn_Cattle_to_manage_NNR_at_Ruislip_Lido.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Conservation_Grazing_Longhorn_Cattle_to_manage_NNR_at_Ruislip_Lido.jpg/440px-Conservation_Grazing_Longhorn_Cattle_to_manage_NNR_at_Ruislip_Lido.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Conservation grazing: <a href="/wiki/English_Longhorn" title="English Longhorn">Longhorn Cattle</a> managing the <a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserve_(United_Kingdom)" title="National nature reserve (United Kingdom)">national nature reserve</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ruislip_Lido" title="Ruislip Lido">Ruislip Lido</a> </figcaption></figure> Grazing is blamed for much destruction. However, when grazing is modeled after nature, it can have the opposite effect.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grazing#Cell_grazing" title="Grazing">Cell grazing</a> is a system of grazing in which herds or flocks are regularly and systematically moved to fresh range with the intent to maximize forage quality and quantity. <a href="/wiki/Sepp_Holzer" title="Sepp Holzer">Sepp Holzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joel_Salatin" title="Joel Salatin">Joel Salatin</a> have shown how grazing can start <a href="/wiki/Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">ecological succession</a> or prepare ground for planting. <a href="/wiki/Allan_Savory" title="Allan Savory">Allan Savory</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Holistic_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic management">holistic management</a> technique has been likened to "a permaculture approach to <a href="/wiki/Rangeland_management" title="Rangeland management">rangeland management</a>".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> One variation is <a href="/wiki/Conservation_grazing" title="Conservation grazing">conservation grazing</a>, where the primary purpose of the animals is to benefit the environment and the animals are not necessarily used for meat, milk or fiber.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Sheep can replace lawn mowers.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Goats and sheep can eat invasive plants.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_building">Natural building</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Natural building">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cob_with_living_roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cob_with_living_roof.jpg/220px-Cob_with_living_roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cob_with_living_roof.jpg/330px-Cob_with_living_roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cob_with_living_roof.jpg/440px-Cob_with_living_roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Small <a href="/wiki/Cob_(material)" title="Cob (material)">cob</a> building with a <a href="/wiki/Living_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Living roof">living roof</a> </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a> involves using a range of building systems and materials that apply permaculture principles. The focus is on durability and the use of minimally processed, plentiful, or <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable resources</a>, as well as those that, while recycled or salvaged, produce healthy living environments and maintain indoor air quality. For example, cement, a common building material, emits <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and is harmful to the environment while natural building works with the environment, using materials that are biodegradable, such as <a href="/wiki/Cob_(material)" title="Cob (material)">cob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> (unburnt clay), and <a href="/wiki/Straw-bale_construction" title="Straw-bale construction">straw bale</a> (which insulates as well as modern synthetic materials).<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_property">Intellectual property</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Intellectual property">edit</a>]</div> Trademark and <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> disputes surround the word permaculture. Mollison's books claimed on the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright page">copyright page</a>, "The contents of this book and the word PERMACULTURE are copyright." Eventually Mollison acknowledged that he was mistaken and that no copyright protection existed.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In 2000, Mollison's U.S.-based Permaculture Institute sought a <a href="/wiki/Service_mark" title="Service mark">service mark</a> for the word permaculture when used in educational services such as conducting classes, seminars, or workshops.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The service mark would have allowed Mollison and his two institutes to set enforceable guidelines regarding how permaculture could be taught and who could teach it, particularly with relation to the PDC, despite the fact that he had been certifying teachers since 1993. This attempt failed and was abandoned in 2001. Mollison's application for trademarks in Australia for the terms "Permaculture Design Course" and "Permaculture Design" was withdrawn in 2003. In 2009 he sought a trademark for "Permaculture: A Designers' Manual" and "Introduction to Permaculture", the names of two of his books. These applications were withdrawn in 2011. Australia has never authorized a trademark for the word permaculture.<a href="#cite_note-IPA-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodology">Methodology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Methodology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></div> Permaculture has been criticised as being poorly defined and unscientific.<a href="#cite_note-For_Sceptics_2021-4">[4]</a> Critics have pushed for less reliance on anecdote and extrapolation from <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a> first principles, in favor of <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed research</a> to substantiate productivity claims and to clarify methodology. Peter Harper from the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a> suggests that most of what passes for permaculture has no relevance to real problems.<a href="#cite_note-:13-5">[5]</a> Harper notes that British <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic farmers</a> are "embarrassed or openly derisive" of permaculture, while the permaculture expert Robert Kourik found the supposed advantages of "less- or no-work gardening, bountiful yields, and the soft fuzzy glow of knowing that the garden will ... live on without you" were often illusory.<a href="#cite_note-:13-5">[5]</a> Harper found "many permacultures" are based on ideas ranging from practical farming techniques to "bullshit ... no more than charming cultural graces."<a href="#cite_note-:13-5">[5]</a> Defenders respond that permaculture is not yet a mainstream scientific tradition and lacks the resources of mainstream industrial agriculture. Rafter Ferguson and Sarah Lovell point out that permaculturalists rarely engage with mainstream research in <a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">agroecology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">ecological engineering</a>, and claim that mainstream science has an elitist or pro-corporate bias.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-5">[5]</a> Julius Krebs and Sonja Bach argue in Sustainability that there is "scientific evidence for all twelve [of Holmgren's] principles".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In 2017, Ferguson and Lovell presented sociological and demographic data from 36 self-described American permaculture farms. The farms were well diversified, with a median effective number of enterprises per farm of 3.6 (out of a maximum of 6 in the analysis method used). Business strategies included small mixed farms, integrated producers of perennial and animal crops, mixes of production and services, livestock, and service-based businesses. Median household income ($38,750) was less than either national median household income ($51,017) or national median farm household income ($68,680).<a href="#cite_note-Ferguson_Lovell_2017-123">[123]</a> A 2019 study by Hirschfeld and Van Acker found that adopting permaculture consistently encouraged cultivation of perennials, crop diversity, landscape heterogeneity, and nature conservation. They found that grass-roots adopters were "remarkably consistent" in their implementation of permaculture, leading them to conclude that the movement could exert influence over positive agroecological transitions.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In 2024, Reiff and colleagues stated that permaculture is a "sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture", and that it "strongly" enhances carbon stocks, soil quality, and biodiversity, making it "an effective tool to promote sustainable agriculture, ensure sustainable production patterns, combat climate change and halt and reverse land degradation and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>." They point out that most of permaculture's commonest methods, such as agroforestry, polycultures, and water harvesting features, are backed by peer-reviewed research.<a href="#cite_note-Reiff_1–14-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a> – Low greenhouse gases gardening</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%C3%AF" title="Zaï">Zaï</a> – Sahelian farming technique</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirnbaum_Fox2010" class="citation journal cs1">Birnbaum Fox, Juliana (9 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/handle/10535/7956">"Indigenous Science"</a>. Cultural Survival Quarterly. 33 (1) – via Indiana University. <q>Bill Mollison, often called the 'father of permaculture,' worked with indigenous people in his native Tasmania and worldwide, and credits them with inspiring his work. "I believe that unless we adopt sophisticated aboriginal belief systems and learn respect for all life, then we lose our own," he wrote in the seminal Permaculture: A Designers' Manual.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Survival+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Indigenous+Science&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2010-06-09&rft.aulast=Birnbaum+Fox&rft.aufirst=Juliana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlc.dlib.indiana.edu%2Fdlc%2Fhandle%2F10535%2F7956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmgren2007" class="citation journal cs1">Holmgren, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transitionmonty.org/uploads/6/5/4/9/6549206/essence_of_pc_ebook_1.pdf">"Essence of Permaculture"</a> (PDF). Permaculture: Principles & Pathways Beyond Sustainability: 7. <q>This focus in permaculture on learning from indigenous, tribal and cultures of place is based on the evidence that these cultures have existed in relative balance with their environment, and survived for longer than any of our more recent experiments in civilisation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Permaculture%3A+Principles+%26+Pathways+Beyond+Sustainability&rft.atitle=Essence+of+Permaculture&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Holmgren&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transitionmonty.org%2Fuploads%2F6%2F5%2F4%2F9%2F6549206%2Fessence_of_pc_ebook_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaeffer2014" class="citation book cs1">Schaeffer, John (2014). Real Goods Solar Living Sourcebook. New Society Publishers. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865717848" title="Special:BookSources/9780865717848"><bdi>9780865717848</bdi></a>. <q>Bill Mollison and a younger David Holmgren, who were studying the unstable and unsustainable characteristics of Western industrialized culture [...] They were drawn to indigenous worldviews...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Goods+Solar+Living+Sourcebook&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780865717848&rft.aulast=Schaeffer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-For_Sceptics_2021-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-For_Sceptics_2021_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-For_Sceptics_2021_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421231533/https://www.permaculturenews.org/2021/03/11/permaculture-for-sceptics/">"Permaculture for Sceptics"</a>. The Permaculture Research Institute. 11 March 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.permaculturenews.org/2021/03/11/permaculture-for-sceptics/">the original</a> on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Permaculture+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Permaculture+for+Sceptics&rft.date=2021-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.permaculturenews.org%2F2021%2F03%2F11%2Fpermaculture-for-sceptics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Harper2003" class="citation web cs1">Peter Harper (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://academia-danubiana.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/2.12.09.01_HARPER-A-critique-of-permaculture.pdf">"A Critique of Permaculture: Cleaning out the stables"</a> (PDF). Academia-danubiana.net. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia-danubiana.net&rft.atitle=A+Critique+of+Permaculture%3A+Cleaning+out+the+stables&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Peter+Harper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facademia-danubiana.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F05%2F2.12.09.01_HARPER-A-critique-of-permaculture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reiff_1–14-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reiff_1–14_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reiff_1–14_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiffJungkunstMauserKampel2024" class="citation journal cs1">Reiff, Julius; Jungkunst, Hermann F.; Mauser, Ken M.; Kampel, Sophie; Regending, Sophie; Rösch, Verena; Zaller, Johann G.; Entling, Martin H. (4 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43247-024-01405-8">"Permaculture enhances carbon stocks, soil quality and biodiversity in Central Europe"</a>. Communications Earth & Environment. 5 (1): 305. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ComEE...5..305R">2024ComEE...5..305R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43247-024-01405-8">10.1038/s43247-024-01405-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-4435">2662-4435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+Earth+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Permaculture+enhances+carbon+stocks%2C+soil+quality+and+biodiversity+in+Central+Europe&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=305&rft.date=2024-07-04&rft.issn=2662-4435&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43247-024-01405-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024ComEE...5..305R&rft.aulast=Reiff&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft.au=Jungkunst%2C+Hermann+F.&rft.au=Mauser%2C+Ken+M.&rft.au=Kampel%2C+Sophie&rft.au=Regending%2C+Sophie&rft.au=R%C3%B6sch%2C+Verena&rft.au=Zaller%2C+Johann+G.&rft.au=Entling%2C+Martin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs43247-024-01405-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastleMillerMertenOrdonez2022" class="citation journal cs1">Castle, Sarah E.; Miller, Daniel C.; Merten, Nikolas; Ordonez, Pablo J.; Baylis, Kathy (17 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11378871">"Evidence for the impacts of agroforestry on ecosystem services and human well-being in high-income countries: a systematic map"</a>. Environmental Evidence. 11 (1): 10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EnvEv..11...10C">2022EnvEv..11...10C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13750-022-00260-4">10.1186/s13750-022-00260-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2047-2382">2047-2382</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11378871">11378871</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39294716">39294716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Evidence&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+the+impacts+of+agroforestry+on+ecosystem+services+and+human+well-being+in+high-income+countries%3A+a+systematic+map&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2022-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11378871%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022EnvEv..11...10C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39294716&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13750-022-00260-4&rft.issn=2047-2382&rft.aulast=Castle&rft.aufirst=Sarah+E.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Daniel+C.&rft.au=Merten%2C+Nikolas&rft.au=Ordonez%2C+Pablo+J.&rft.au=Baylis%2C+Kathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11378871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookerBennettCongDaniell2015" class="citation journal cs1">Brooker, Rob W.; Bennett, Alison E.; Cong, Wen-Feng; Daniell, Tim J.; George, Timothy S.; Hallett, Paul D.; Hawes, Cathy; Iannetta, Pietro P. M.; Jones, Hamlyn G.; Karley, Alison J.; Li, Long; McKenzie, Blair M.; Pakeman, Robin J.; Paterson, Eric; Schöb, Christian (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.13132">"Improving intercropping: a synthesis of research in agronomy, plant physiology and ecology"</a>. New Phytologist. 206 (1): 107–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13132">10.1111/nph.13132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-646X">0028-646X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25866856">25866856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Improving+intercropping%3A+a+synthesis+of+research+in+agronomy%2C+plant+physiology+and+ecology&rft.volume=206&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-117&rft.date=2015-04&rft.issn=0028-646X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25866856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.13132&rft.aulast=Brooker&rft.aufirst=Rob+W.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Alison+E.&rft.au=Cong%2C+Wen-Feng&rft.au=Daniell%2C+Tim+J.&rft.au=George%2C+Timothy+S.&rft.au=Hallett%2C+Paul+D.&rft.au=Hawes%2C+Cathy&rft.au=Iannetta%2C+Pietro+P.+M.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Hamlyn+G.&rft.au=Karley%2C+Alison+J.&rft.au=Li%2C+Long&rft.au=McKenzie%2C+Blair+M.&rft.au=Pakeman%2C+Robin+J.&rft.au=Paterson%2C+Eric&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6b%2C+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.13132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenWangSuLi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Tong; Wang, Mo; Su, Jin; Li, Jianjun (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu15108141">"Unlocking the Positive Impact of Bio-Swales on Hydrology, Water Quality, and Biodiversity: A Bibliometric Review"</a>. Sustainability. 15 (10): 8141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu15108141">10.3390/su15108141</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050">2071-1050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Unlocking+the+Positive+Impact+of+Bio-Swales+on+Hydrology%2C+Water+Quality%2C+and+Biodiversity%3A+A+Bibliometric+Review&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=8141&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu15108141&rft.issn=2071-1050&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Tong&rft.au=Wang%2C+Mo&rft.au=Su%2C+Jin&rft.au=Li%2C+Jianjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Fsu15108141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1911Title_page-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1911Title_page_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing1911">King 1911</a>, p. Title page. </li> <li id="cite_note-jrsjs-11"><a href="#cite_ref-jrsjs_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithSmith1987" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Joseph Russell; Smith, John (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0PQvqpVnFbAC&pg=PP1">Tree Crops: A permanent agriculture</a>. Island Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59726873-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59726873-8"><bdi>978-1-59726873-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tree+Crops%3A+A+permanent+agriculture&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-59726873-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Russell&rft.au=Smith%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0PQvqpVnFbAC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN01940btQAQCpgPA41_41]-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart1996[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidN01940btQAQCpgPA41_41]_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHart1996">Hart 1996</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N01940btQAQC&pg=PA41">41</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/119838">"Biodiversity Heritage Library"</a> How to build up and maintain the virgin fertility of our soils, Holding institute: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library; Sponsor: U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library; Date Scanned: 08/10/2016. Retrieved 2022-08-19 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehenryford.org/collections-and-research/digital-collections/artifact/370968/#slide=gs-240553">"Henry Ford Collections and Research"</a> How to Build Up and Maintain the Virgin Fertility of Our Soils, October 1936. Retrieved 2022-08-19 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nal.usda.gov/exhibits/ipd/carver/">"National Agricultural Library, George Washington Carver: A national agricultural digital exhibit"</a> About George Washington Carver, scans of multiple publications by Carver. Retrieved 2022-08-19. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmgren2006" class="citation web cs1">Holmgren, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080526225318/http://www.holmgren.com.au/frameset.html?http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holmgren.com.au%2Fhtml%2FWritings%2Fweeds.html">"The Essence of Permaculture"</a>. Holmgren Design Services. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holmgren.com.au/frameset.html?http://www.holmgren.com.au/html/Writings/weeds.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2008. Retrieved 10 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Essence+of+Permaculture&rft.pub=Holmgren+Design+Services&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Holmgren&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holmgren.com.au%2Fframeset.html%3Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.holmgren.com.au%2Fhtml%2FWritings%2Fweeds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollison1978" class="citation news cs1">Mollison, Bill (15–21 September 1978). "The One-Straw Revolution by Masanobu Fukuoka". <a href="/wiki/Nation_Review" title="Nation Review">Nation Review</a>. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nation+Review&rft.atitle=The+One-Straw+Revolution+by+Masanobu+Fukuoka&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1978-09-15%2F1978-09-21&rft.aulast=Mollison&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Permaculture_1991-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Permaculture_1991_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Permaculture_1991_18-1">b</a> Introduction to Permaculture, 1991, Mollison, p.v </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Permaculture One. Transworld Publishers. 1978. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0552980753" title="Special:BookSources/978-0552980753"><bdi>978-0552980753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Permaculture+One&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Transworld+Publishers&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0552980753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollison,_B._C.1991" class="citation book cs1">Mollison, B. C. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/24484204">Introduction to permaculture</a>. Slay, Reny Mia., Jeeves, Andrew. Tyalgum, Australia: Tagari Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-908228-05-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-908228-05-8"><bdi>0-908228-05-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24484204">24484204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+permaculture&rft.place=Tyalgum%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Tagari+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24484204&rft.isbn=0-908228-05-8&rft.au=Mollison%2C+B.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F24484204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillingtonHolmgrenFrancisRosenfeldt" class="citation web cs1">Lillington, Ian; Holmgren, David; Francis, Robyn; Rosenfeldt, Robyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pipmagazine.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/what-is-permaculture.pdf">"The Permaculture Story: From 'Rugged Individuals' to a Million Member Movement"</a> (PDF). Pip Magazine. Retrieved 9 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pip+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Permaculture+Story%3A+From+%27Rugged+Individuals%27+to+a+Million+Member+Movement&rft.aulast=Lillington&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Holmgren%2C+David&rft.au=Francis%2C+Robyn&rft.au=Rosenfeldt%2C+Robyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pipmagazine.com.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F10%2Fwhat-is-permaculture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassicotteKelly-Bisson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Massicotte, Marie-Josée; Kelly-Bisson, Christopher (1 September 2019). "What's wrong with permaculture design courses? Brazilian lessons for agroecological movement-building in Canada". Agriculture and Human Values. 36 (3): 581–594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10460-018-9870-8">10.1007/s10460-018-9870-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-8366">1572-8366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158253671">158253671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agriculture+and+Human+Values&rft.atitle=What%27s+wrong+with+permaculture+design+courses%3F+Brazilian+lessons+for+agroecological+movement-building+in+Canada&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=581-594&rft.date=2019-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158253671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1572-8366&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10460-018-9870-8&rft.aulast=Massicotte&rft.aufirst=Marie-Jos%C3%A9e&rft.au=Kelly-Bisson%2C+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollison19882-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollison19882_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollison19882_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollison19882_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollison19882_23-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMollison1988">Mollison 1988</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmgren2002" class="citation book cs1">Holmgren, David (2002). Permaculture: Principles & Pathways Beyond Sustainability. Holmgren Design Services. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-646-41844-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-646-41844-5"><bdi>978-0-646-41844-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Permaculture%3A+Principles+%26+Pathways+Beyond+Sustainability&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Holmgren+Design+Services&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-646-41844-5&rft.aulast=Holmgren&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-25"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rhodes, Christopher J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10365330">"Permaculture: regenerative - not merely sustainable"</a>. Science Progress. 98 (4): 405. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3184%2F003685015X14467291596242">10.3184/003685015X14467291596242</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10365330">10365330</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26790178">26790178</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31694833">31694833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Progress&rft.atitle=Permaculture%3A+regenerative+-+not+merely+sustainable&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=405&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10365330%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31694833%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26790178&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3184%2F003685015X14467291596242&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10365330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edible_Forest_Gardening-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edible_Forest_Gardening_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edible_Forest_Gardening_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101061331/http://www.edibleforestgardens.com/">"Edible Forest Gardening"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edibleforestgardens.com/">the original</a> on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Edible+Forest+Gardening&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edibleforestgardens.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusonLovell2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ferguson, Rafter Sass; Lovell, Sarah Taylor (1 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13593-013-0181-6">"Permaculture for agroecology: design, movement, practice, and worldview. A review"</a>. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 34 (2): 251–274. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AgSD...34..251F">2014AgSD...34..251F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13593-013-0181-6">10.1007/s13593-013-0181-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1773-0155">1773-0155</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15089504">15089504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agronomy+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=Permaculture+for+agroecology%3A+design%2C+movement%2C+practice%2C+and+worldview.+A+review&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-274&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13593-013-0181-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15089504%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1773-0155&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014AgSD...34..251F&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Rafter+Sass&rft.au=Lovell%2C+Sarah+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs13593-013-0181-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-28"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVetetoLockyear2008" class="citation journal cs1">Veteto, James R.; Lockyear, Joshua (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1556-486X.2008.00007.x">"Environmental Anthropology Engaging Permaculture: Moving Theory and Practice Toward Sustainability"</a>. Culture & Agriculture. 30 (1–2): 50–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1556-486X.2008.00007.x">10.1111/j.1556-486X.2008.00007.x</a> – via AnthroSource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Culture+%26+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Environmental+Anthropology+Engaging+Permaculture%3A+Moving+Theory+and+Practice+Toward+Sustainability&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=50-53&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1556-486X.2008.00007.x&rft.aulast=Veteto&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft.au=Lockyear%2C+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1556-486X.2008.00007.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-David_Holmgren_1997-29"><a href="#cite_ref-David_Holmgren_1997_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmgren1997" class="citation web cs1">Holmgren, David (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holmgren.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/23_weeds_or_wild_nature.pdf">"Weeds or Wild Nature"</a> (PDF). Permaculture International Journal. Retrieved 10 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weeds+or+Wild+Nature&rft.pub=Permaculture+International+Journal&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Holmgren&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholmgren.com.au%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F02%2F23_weeds_or_wild_nature.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mollison_on_people-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mollison_on_people_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mollison_on_people_30-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollison" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Mollison" title="Bill Mollison">Mollison, Bill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/10593799-the-tragic-reality-is-that-very-few-sustainable-systems-are">"A quote from Permaculture"</a>. www.goodreads.com. Retrieved 27 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goodreads.com&rft.atitle=A+quote+from+Permaculture&rft.aulast=Mollison&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fquotes%2F10593799-the-tragic-reality-is-that-very-few-sustainable-systems-are&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-H's_12_Ps-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H's_12_Ps_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H's_12_Ps_31-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H's_12_Ps_31-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H's_12_Ps_31-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H's_12_Ps_31-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H's_12_Ps_31-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H's_12_Ps_31-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H's_12_Ps_31-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H's_12_Ps_31-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H's_12_Ps_31-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H's_12_Ps_31-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H's_12_Ps_31-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H's_12_Ps_31-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://store.holmgren.com.au/product/principles-and-pathways/">"Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability"</a>. Holmgren Design. Retrieved 21 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Permaculture%3A+Principles+and+Pathways+Beyond+Sustainability&rft.pub=Holmgren+Design&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstore.holmgren.com.au%2Fproduct%2Fprinciples-and-pathways%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimberloffDayan1991" class="citation journal cs1">Simberloff, D.; Dayan, T. (1991). "The Guild Concept and the Structure of Ecological Communities". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 22: 115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.es.22.110191.000555">10.1146/annurev.es.22.110191.000555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Ecology+and+Systematics&rft.atitle=The+Guild+Concept+and+the+Structure+of+Ecological+Communities&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=115&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.es.22.110191.000555&rft.aulast=Simberloff&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Dayan%2C+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsHero1998" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, S.E.; Hero, J.M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1689015">"Rainforest frogs of the Australian Wet Tropics: guild classification and the ecological similarity of declining species"</a>. Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 265 (1396): 597–602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.1998.0336">10.1098/rspb.1998.0336</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1689015">1689015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9881468">9881468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Rainforest+frogs+of+the+Australian+Wet+Tropics%3A+guild+classification+and+the+ecological+similarity+of+declining+species&rft.volume=265&rft.issue=1396&rft.pages=597-602&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1689015%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9881468&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.1998.0336&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=S.E.&rft.au=Hero%2C+J.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1689015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_34-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBoehnlein2015" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jessi; Boehnlein, Dave (2015). Practical Permaculture: For Home Landscapes, Your Community, and the Whole Earth. Timber Press. pp. 223–24, 232–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604694437" title="Special:BookSources/9781604694437"><bdi>9781604694437</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Permaculture%3A+For+Home+Landscapes%2C+Your+Community%2C+and+the+Whole+Earth&rft.pages=223-24%2C+232-33&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781604694437&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jessi&rft.au=Boehnlein%2C+Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126_35-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126_35-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurnett200126_35-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurnett2001">Burnett 2001</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edepot.wur.nl/115721">"Permacultuur course"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: WUR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Permacultuur+course&rft.place=Netherlands&rft.pub=WUR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedepot.wur.nl%2F115721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemenway200945–47,_286-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemenway200945–47,_286_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemenway200945–47,_286_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHemenway2009">Hemenway 2009</a>, pp. 45–47, 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-DeepGreen_2013-38"><a href="#cite_ref-DeepGreen_2013_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepgreenpermaculture.com/permaculture/permaculture-design-principles/10-edge-effect/">"10. Edge Effect"</a>. Deep Green Permaculture. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deep+Green+Permaculture&rft.atitle=10.+Edge+Effect&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeepgreenpermaculture.com%2Fpermaculture%2Fpermaculture-design-principles%2F10-edge-effect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Wheaton, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richsoil.com/hugelkultur/">"Raised garden beds: hugelkultur instead of irrigation"</a> Richsoil. Retrieved 15 July 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHemenway200984–85-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHemenway200984–85_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHemenway2009">Hemenway 2009</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Feineigle, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permaculture.org.au/2012/01/04/hugelkultur-composting-whole-trees-with-ease/#more-6825">"Hugelkultur: Composting Whole Trees With Ease"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928110713/http://permaculture.org.au/2012/01/04/hugelkultur-composting-whole-trees-with-ease/#more-6825">Archived</a> 28 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Permaculture Research Institute of Australia. Retrieved 15 July 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon_Glore2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon Glore, Angela (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:G3R1P9vwzr4J:scholar.google.com/+H%C3%BCgelkultur+permaculture&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5">"A worldwide tour of (almost) permaculture"</a>. Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development. 5: 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agriculture%2C+Food+Systems%2C+and+Community+Development&rft.atitle=A+worldwide+tour+of+%28almost%29+permaculture&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=151&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Gordon+Glore&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.googleusercontent.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dcache%3AG3R1P9vwzr4J%3Ascholar.google.com%2F%2BH%25C3%25BCgelkultur%2Bpermaculture%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%2C5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaffoonMeierGroves2015" class="citation journal cs1">Laffoon, Megan; Meier, Albert; Groves, Chris (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=nckms">"Potential Application of Hugelkultur to Increase Water Holding Capacity of Karst Rocky Desertified Lands"</a>. National Cave and Karst Management Symposium. 21: 9–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Cave+and+Karst+Management+Symposium&rft.atitle=Potential+Application+of+Hugelkultur+to+Increase+Water+Holding+Capacity+of+Karst+Rocky+Desertified+Lands&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=9-11&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Laffoon&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft.au=Meier%2C+Albert&rft.au=Groves%2C+Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.wku.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1057%26context%3Dnckms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-agroforestry-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agroforestry_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agroforestry_44-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021210053204/http://www.agroforestry.net/pubs/Sheet_Mulching.html">"Sheet Mulching: Greater Plant and Soil Health for Less Work"</a>. Agroforestry. 3 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agroforestry.net/pubs/Sheet_Mulching.html">the original</a> on 10 December 2002. Retrieved 21 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sheet+Mulching%3A+Greater+Plant+and+Soil+Health+for+Less+Work&rft.pub=Agroforestry&rft.date=2011-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agroforestry.net%2Fpubs%2FSheet_Mulching.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToensmeier2022" class="citation web cs1">Toensmeier, Eric (24 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.permaculture.co.uk/articles/sheet-mulching-in-9-easy-steps/">"Sheet Mulching in 9 Easy Steps"</a>. Permaculture.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Permaculture.co.uk&rft.atitle=Sheet+Mulching+in+9+Easy+Steps&rft.date=2022-11-24&rft.aulast=Toensmeier&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.permaculture.co.uk%2Farticles%2Fsheet-mulching-in-9-easy-steps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrattonBarkerRagsdale2000" class="citation journal cs1">Stratton, Margie Lynn; Barker, Allen; Ragsdale, James (April 2000). "Sheet composting overpowers weeds in restoration project". BioCycle. 41 (4): 57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioCycle&rft.atitle=Sheet+composting+overpowers+weeds+in+restoration+project&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2000-04&rft.aulast=Stratton&rft.aufirst=Margie+Lynn&rft.au=Barker%2C+Allen&rft.au=Ragsdale%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulkner1943" class="citation book cs1">Faulkner, Edward (1943). Plowman's Folly. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/563317">563317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plowman%27s+Folly&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F563317&rft.aulast=Faulkner&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1946" class="citation book cs1">King, F. C. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/135484">Is Digging Necessary?</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Times_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="New Times Media">New Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+Digging+Necessary%3F&rft.pub=New+Times&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=F.+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhandle.slv.vic.gov.au%2F10381%2F135484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuest1948" class="citation book cs1">Guest, A. (1948). Gardening without Digging. Wigfield.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardening+without+Digging&rft.pub=Wigfield&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Guest&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceanofpdf.com/authors/masanobu-fukuoka/pdf-epub-the-one-straw-revolution-an-introduction-to-natural-farming-download/">"Resource: The One-Straw Revolution: An Introduction to Natural Farming"</a>. oceanofpdf.com. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oceanofpdf.com&rft.atitle=Resource%3A+The+One-Straw+Revolution%3A+An+Introduction+to+Natural+Farming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foceanofpdf.com%2Fauthors%2Fmasanobu-fukuoka%2Fpdf-epub-the-one-straw-revolution-an-introduction-to-natural-farming-download%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/building-fertile-soil-zmaz03jjzgoe/">"Michael Rothman, Building Fertile Soil"</a>. www.motherearthnews.com. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.motherearthnews.com&rft.atitle=Michael+Rothman%2C+Building+Fertile+Soil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherearthnews.com%2Forganic-gardening%2Fbuilding-fertile-soil-zmaz03jjzgoe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305021221/http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/soilmgmt.html">"Preston Sullivan, NCAT Agriculture Specialist, Sustainable Soil Management"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/soilmgmt.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 10 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preston+Sullivan%2C+NCAT+Agriculture+Specialist%2C+Sustainable+Soil+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fattra.ncat.org%2Fattra-pub%2Fsoilmgmt.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Engels_2016-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Engels_2016_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels2016" class="citation web cs1">Engels, Jonathon (18 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.permaculturenews.org/2016/11/18/rotate-annual-crops/">"How and Why to Rotate Your Annual Crops"</a>. Permaculture Research Institute. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Permaculture+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=How+and+Why+to+Rotate+Your+Annual+Crops&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Jonathon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.permaculturenews.org%2F2016%2F11%2F18%2Frotate-annual-crops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludwig-Cooper_2011-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Ludwig-Cooper_2011_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudwig-Cooper2011" class="citation web cs1">Ludwig-Cooper, Stephanie (2 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.permaculturenews.org/2011/12/02/companion-planting-information-and-chart/">"Companion Planting Information and Chart"</a>. Permaculture News. Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Permaculture+News&rft.atitle=Companion+Planting+Information+and+Chart&rft.date=2011-12-02&rft.aulast=Ludwig-Cooper&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.permaculturenews.org%2F2011%2F12%2F02%2Fcompanion-planting-information-and-chart%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcclure-55"><a href="#cite_ref-mcclure_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClure1995" class="citation web cs1">McClure, Susan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220209082558/https://www.hpfb.org/uploads/companionplanting.pdf">"Companion Planting Made Easy"</a> (PDF). Hpfb.org. pp. 4–6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpfb.org/uploads/companionplanting.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hpfb.org&rft.atitle=Companion+Planting+Made+Easy&rft.pages=4-6&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpfb.org%2Fuploads%2Fcompanionplanting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> excerpted from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClure1994" class="citation book cs1">McClure, Susan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/companionplantin0000mccl">Companion Planting</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rodale,_Inc." title="Rodale, Inc.">Rodale Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87596-616-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87596-616-8"><bdi>978-0-87596-616-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companion+Planting&rft.pub=Rodale+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-87596-616-8&rft.aulast=McClure&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompanionplantin0000mccl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rainwater_harvesting-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Rainwater_harvesting_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130606063516/http://aramo.de/rain.html">"Rainwater harvesting"</a>. Germany: Aramo. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aramo.de/rain.html">the original</a> on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rainwater+harvesting&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Aramo&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faramo.de%2Frain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/rainwater-harvesting-regulatory-position-statement/rainwater-harvesting-regulatory-position-statement">"Rainwater harvesting: regulatory position statement"</a>. GOV.UK. Retrieved 27 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Rainwater+harvesting%3A+regulatory+position+statement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Frainwater-harvesting-regulatory-position-statement%2Frainwater-harvesting-regulatory-position-statement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.melbournewater.com.au/building-and-works/stormwater-management/stormwater-harvesting#:~:text=Stormwater%20harvesting%20involves%20collecting,%20treating,from%20drains%20rather%20than%20roofs.">"Stormwater harvesting | Melbourne Water"</a>. www.melbournewater.com.au. Retrieved 27 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.melbournewater.com.au&rft.atitle=Stormwater+harvesting+%7C+Melbourne+Water&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.melbournewater.com.au%2Fbuilding-and-works%2Fstormwater-management%2Fstormwater-harvesting%23%3A~%3Atext%3DStormwater%2520harvesting%2520involves%2520collecting%2C%2520treating%2Cfrom%2520drains%2520rather%2520than%2520roofs.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegreenage.co.uk/tech/greywater-recycling/">"Greywater Recycling"</a>. TheGreenAge. 14 April 2013. Retrieved 27 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheGreenAge&rft.atitle=Greywater+Recycling&rft.date=2013-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegreenage.co.uk%2Ftech%2Fgreywater-recycling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomas1954" class="citation book cs1">Yeomas, P.A (1954). The Keyline plan. Australia: Authour. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Keyline+plan&rft.place=Australia&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Authour&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Yeomas&rft.aufirst=P.A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTipping2013" class="citation news cs1">Tipping, Don (4 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.permaculture.co.uk/videos/creating-permaculture-keyline-water-systems-don-tipping">"Creating Permaculture Keyline Water Systems"</a> (video). UK: Beaver State Permaculture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Creating+Permaculture+Keyline+Water+Systems&rft.date=2013-01-04&rft.aulast=Tipping&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.permaculture.co.uk%2Fvideos%2Fcreating-permaculture-keyline-water-systems-don-tipping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyersMacLean" class="citation journal cs1">Beyers, R; MacLean, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcgill.ca/pfss/files/pfss/developing_an_educational_curriculum_for.pdf">"Developing an educational curriculum for organic farming and permaculture in theDistrict of Santa Fe"</a> (PDF). La Foundación Héctor Gallego: 16. <q>All the permaculture farms we visited had large, fully-functioning vermicompost which produced fertilizer that was naturally rich in nutrients and acid that was used as a substance for fumigation instead of synthetic based substances.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Foundaci%C3%B3n+H%C3%A9ctor+Gallego&rft.atitle=Developing+an+educational+curriculum+for+organic+farming+and+permaculture+in+theDistrict+of+Santa+Fe&rft.pages=16&rft.aulast=Beyers&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=MacLean%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgill.ca%2Fpfss%2Ffiles%2Fpfss%2Fdeveloping_an_educational_curriculum_for.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReza2016" class="citation web cs1">Reza, Shamim (24 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.permaculturenews.org/2016/03/24/vermicomposting-a-great-way-to-turn-the-burdens-into-resources/">"Vermicomposting – A Great Way to Turn the Burdens into Resources"</a>. Permaculture Research Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vermicomposting+%E2%80%93+A+Great+Way+to+Turn+the+Burdens+into+Resources&rft.pub=Permaculture+Research+Institute&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.aulast=Reza&rft.aufirst=Shamim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.permaculturenews.org%2F2016%2F03%2F24%2Fvermicomposting-a-great-way-to-turn-the-burdens-into-resources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Vega2016" class="citation journal cs1">de la Vega, Anna (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcc.edu/sustainability/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2017/10/DeLaVega_VermicompostChurchillReport2016Final.pdf">"Vermicomposting: The Future of Sustainable Agriculture and Organic Waste Management"</a> (PDF). Winston Churchill Report: 29–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Winston+Churchill+Report&rft.atitle=Vermicomposting%3A+The+Future+of+Sustainable+Agriculture+and+Organic+Waste+Management&rft.pages=29-31&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=de+la+Vega&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcc.edu%2Fsustainability%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F22%2F2017%2F10%2FDeLaVega_VermicompostChurchillReport2016Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilley_Ulrich_2014-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Tilley_Ulrich_2014_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilleyUlrichLüthiReymond2014" class="citation book cs1">Tilley, E.; Ulrich, L.; Lüthi, C.; Reymond, Ph.; Zurbrügg, C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eawag.ch/en/department/sandec/publications/compendium/">Compendium of Sanitation Systems and Technologies</a> (2nd Revised ed.). Duebendorf, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag). p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906484-57-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906484-57-0"><bdi>978-3-906484-57-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Sanitation+Systems+and+Technologies&rft.place=Duebendorf%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=10&rft.edition=2nd+Revised&rft.pub=Swiss+Federal+Institute+of+Aquatic+Science+and+Technology+%28Eawag%29&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-906484-57-0&rft.aulast=Tilley&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+L.&rft.au=L%C3%BCthi%2C+C.&rft.au=Reymond%2C+Ph.&rft.au=Zurbr%C3%BCgg%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eawag.ch%2Fen%2Fdepartment%2Fsandec%2Fpublications%2Fcompendium%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels2015" class="citation web cs1">Engels, Jonathon (17 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.permaculturenews.org/2015/04/17/the-magic-and-mystery-of-constructing-an-herb-spiral-and-why-every-suburban-lawn-should-have-one/">"The Magic and Mystery of Constructing a Herb Spiral and Why Every Suburban Lawn Should Have One"</a>. Permaculture News. Permaculture Research Institute. Retrieved 9 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Permaculture+News&rft.atitle=The+Magic+and+Mystery+of+Constructing+a+Herb+Spiral+and+Why+Every+Suburban+Lawn+Should+Have+One&rft.date=2015-04-17&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Jonathon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.permaculturenews.org%2F2015%2F04%2F17%2Fthe-magic-and-mystery-of-constructing-an-herb-spiral-and-why-every-suburban-lawn-should-have-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theherbexchange.com/advantages-of-an-herb-spiral/">"Advantages of an Herb Spiral"</a>. The Herb Exchange. The Growers Exchange. 12 July 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Herb+Exchange&rft.atitle=Advantages+of+an+Herb+Spiral&rft.date=2018-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheherbexchange.com%2Fadvantages-of-an-herb-spiral%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMollison19885-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMollison19885_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMollison1988">Mollison 1988</a>, p. 5: '<a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Deer</a>, rabbits, sheep, and <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> fish are very useful to us, in that they convert unusable herbage to acceptable human food. Animals represent a valid method of storing inedible vegetation as food.' </li> <li id="cite_note-permaculture.org-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-permaculture.org_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-permaculture.org_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141217221136/http://www.permaculture.org/resources/backyard-animals/">"Backyard Animals"</a>. Permaculture.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.permaculture.org/resources/backyard-animals/">the original</a> on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Permaculture.org&rft.atitle=Backyard+Animals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.permaculture.org%2Fresources%2Fbackyard-animals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permaculturenews.org/2016/03/07/permaculture-animals-as-a-discipline-to-the-system/">"Permaculture Animals as a Discipline to the System"</a>. The Permaculture Research Institute. 7 March 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Permaculture+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Permaculture+Animals+as+a+Discipline+to+the+System&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpermaculturenews.org%2F2016%2F03%2F07%2Fpermaculture-animals-as-a-discipline-to-the-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Natural_Way_Farming-Pruning-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_Way_Farming-Pruning_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natural_Way_Farming-Pruning_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasanobu1987" class="citation cs2">Masanobu, Fukuoka (1987) [1985], The Natural Way of Farming – The Theory and Practice of Green Philosophy (rev ed.), Tokyo: Japan Publications, p. 204</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+Way+of+Farming+%E2%80%93+The+Theory+and+Practice+of+Green+Philosophy&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=204&rft.edition=rev&rft.pub=Japan+Publications&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Masanobu&rft.aufirst=Fukuoka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFukuoka197813,_15–18,_46,_58–60-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFukuoka197813,_15–18,_46,_58–60_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFukuoka1978">Fukuoka 1978</a>, pp. 13, 15–18, 46, 58–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramon_Magsaysay_Award-Bio-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramon_Magsaysay_Award-Bio_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115211020/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/BiographyFukuokaMas.htm">"Masanobu Fukuoka"</a>, Public Service (biography), <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>: The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation, 1988, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/BiographyFukuokaMas.htm">the original</a> on 15 January 2009, retrieved 27 November 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Masanobu+Fukuoka&rft.btitle=Public+Service&rft.place=Philippines&rft.pub=The+Ramon+Magsaysay+Award+Foundation&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmaf.org.ph%2FAwardees%2FBiography%2FBiographyFukuokaMas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812062112/http://nac.unl.edu/">"USDA National Agroforestry Center (NAC)"</a>. UNL. 1 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nac.unl.edu">the original</a> on 12 August 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USDA+National+Agroforestry+Center+%28NAC%29&rft.pub=UNL&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnac.unl.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usda.gov/documents/OC/FactSheet_final_8-1-11.pdf">"USDA Agroforestry Strategic Framework"</a> (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture. 1 August 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USDA+Agroforestry+Strategic+Framework&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usda.gov%2Fdocuments%2FOC%2FFactSheet_final_8-1-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120308060346/http://permaculture.mediamice.net/?page_id=26">"Graham Bell's Forest Garden"</a>. Permaculture. Media mice. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permaculture.mediamice.net/?page_id=26">the original</a> on 8 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Permaculture&rft.atitle=Graham+Bell%27s+Forest+Garden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpermaculture.mediamice.net%2F%3Fpage_id%3D26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transitionculture.org/2009/02/11/film-review-%E2%80%9Cestablishing-a-food-forest-the-permaculture-way-series/">"Establishing a Food Forest"</a> (film review). Transition culture. 11 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Establishing+a+Food+Forest&rft.pub=Transition+culture&rft.date=2009-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransitionculture.org%2F2009%2F02%2F11%2Ffilm-review-%25E2%2580%259Cestablishing-a-food-forest-the-permaculture-way-series%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCP_2013-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TCP_2013_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCP_2013_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCP_2013_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCP_2013_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCP_2013_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCP_2013_78-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCP_2013_78-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCP_2013_78-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tcpermaculture.com/site/2013/05/27/nine-layers-of-the-edible-forest-garden/">"Nine layers of the edible forest garden"</a>. TC permaculture. 27 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nine+layers+of+the+edible+forest+garden&rft.pub=TC+permaculture&rft.date=2013-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftcpermaculture.com%2Fsite%2F2013%2F05%2F27%2Fnine-layers-of-the-edible-forest-garden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150519011208/http://permacultureschool.ca/food-forests/seven-layers-of-a-forest/">"Seven layers of a forest"</a>, Food forests, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">CA</a>: Permaculture school, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permacultureschool.ca/food-forests/seven-layers-of-a-forest/">the original</a> on 19 May 2015, retrieved 5 May 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seven+layers+of+a+forest&rft.btitle=Food+forests&rft.place=CA&rft.pub=Permaculture+school&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpermacultureschool.ca%2Ffood-forests%2Fseven-layers-of-a-forest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ReBKAAAAYAAJ">Wildfire</a>. Vol. 6. University of Virginia. 1992. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wildfire&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DReBKAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2017" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer, Jan (Winter 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/03837e98df0a0a8d1e29a5550efaddf1/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=48912">"Green and Resilient Neighborhoods: Portland, Oregon and Beyond"</a>. Communities. 177: 49–54 – via ProQuest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communities&rft.atitle=Green+and+Resilient+Neighborhoods%3A+Portland%2C+Oregon+and+Beyond&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=177&rft.pages=49-54&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F03837e98df0a0a8d1e29a5550efaddf1%2F1%3Fpq-origsite%3Dgscholar%26cbl%3D48912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suburbanpermaculture.org/">"Suburban Permaculture"</a>. Suburban Permaculture. Retrieved 12 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Suburban+Permaculture&rft.atitle=Suburban+Permaculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suburbanpermaculture.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korsunsky_2019-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Korsunsky_2019_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korsunsky_2019_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korsunsky_2019_83-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorsunsky2019" class="citation journal cs1">Korsunsky, Alex (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://206.189.126.38:8081/index.php/JPE/article/view/22949">"From vacant land to urban fallows: a permacultural approach to wasted land in cities and suburbs"</a>. Journal of Political Ecology. 26: 293–294. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2458%2Fv26i1.22949">10.2458/v26i1.22949</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199175607">199175607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ecology&rft.atitle=From+vacant+land+to+urban+fallows%3A+a+permacultural+approach+to+wasted+land+in+cities+and+suburbs&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=293-294&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2458%2Fv26i1.22949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199175607%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Korsunsky&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F206.189.126.38%3A8081%2Findex.php%2FJPE%2Farticle%2Fview%2F22949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuipers2020" class="citation web cs1">Kuipers, Dean (23 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.altaonline.com/dispatches/a7718/dean-kuipers-los-angeles-farm/">"Digging the Dirt on an L.A. Farm"</a>. Alta Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alta+Online&rft.atitle=Digging+the+Dirt+on+an+L.A.+Farm&rft.date=2020-04-23&rft.aulast=Kuipers&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.altaonline.com%2Fdispatches%2Fa7718%2Fdean-kuipers-los-angeles-farm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgo2018" class="citation web cs1">Ngo, Audrey (20 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820181314/http://www.laist.com/2018/08/20/new_hope_sprouts_in_fight_to_bring_back_las_historic_south_central_farm.php">"Hope Grows at the Once 'Magical' Site Of LA's South Central Farm"</a>. LAist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laist.com/2018/08/20/new_hope_sprouts_in_fight_to_bring_back_las_historic_south_central_farm.php">the original</a> on 20 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LAist&rft.atitle=Hope+Grows+at+the+Once+%27Magical%27+Site+Of+LA%27s+South+Central+Farm&rft.date=2018-08-20&rft.aulast=Ngo&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaist.com%2F2018%2F08%2F20%2Fnew_hope_sprouts_in_fight_to_bring_back_las_historic_south_central_farm.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpert_Reyes2019" class="citation web cs1">Alpert Reyes, Emily (2 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-south-central-farm-alameda-industrial-businesses-20190702-story.html">"Latest battle over South Central Farm ends – this time not with arrests, but a vote"</a>. Los Angeles Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Latest+battle+over+South+Central+Farm+ends+%E2%80%93+this+time+not+with+arrests%2C+but+a+vote&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.aulast=Alpert+Reyes&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Flanow%2Fla-me-ln-south-central-farm-alameda-industrial-businesses-20190702-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climatefoundation.org/what-is-marine-permaculture.html">"Climate Foundation: Marine Permaculture"</a>. Climate Foundation. Retrieved 29 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Foundation&rft.atitle=Climate+Foundation%3A+Marine+Permaculture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatefoundation.org%2Fwhat-is-marine-permaculture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_88-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbpermaculture.org/events.html#event46poster">"Santa Barbara Permaculture Network - local to global, an educational non-profit since 2000 - Events"</a>. Sbpermaculture.org. Retrieved 29 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sbpermaculture.org&rft.atitle=Santa+Barbara+Permaculture+Network+-+local+to+global%2C+an+educational+non-profit+since+2000+-+Events&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbpermaculture.org%2Fevents.html%23event46poster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollarsmithBuschmannCamusGrosholz2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hollarsmith, Jordan A.; Buschmann, Alejandro H.; Camus, Carolina; Grosholz, Edwin D. (1 January 2020). "Varying reproductive success under ocean warming and acidification across giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) populations". Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 522: 151247. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JEMBE.52251247H">2020JEMBE.52251247H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jembe.2019.151247">10.1016/j.jembe.2019.151247</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0981">0022-0981</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208555472">208555472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+Marine+Biology+and+Ecology&rft.atitle=Varying+reproductive+success+under+ocean+warming+and+acidification+across+giant+kelp+%28Macrocystis+pyrifera%29+populations&rft.volume=522&rft.pages=151247&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jembe.2019.151247&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208555472%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-0981&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020JEMBE.52251247H&rft.aulast=Hollarsmith&rft.aufirst=Jordan+A.&rft.au=Buschmann%2C+Alejandro+H.&rft.au=Camus%2C+Carolina&rft.au=Grosholz%2C+Edwin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlannery2017" class="citation book cs1">Flannery, Tim (2017). Sunlight and Seaweed: An Argument for How to Feed, Power and Clean Up the World. Melbourne, Victoria: Text Publishing House Melbourne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781925498684" title="Special:BookSources/9781925498684"><bdi>9781925498684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunlight+and+Seaweed%3A+An+Argument+for+How+to+Feed%2C+Power+and+Clean+Up+the+World&rft.place=Melbourne%2C+Victoria&rft.pub=Text+Publishing+House+Melbourne&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781925498684&rft.aulast=Flannery&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiangLiuLiChen2020" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang, Zhibing; Liu, Jingjing; Li, Shanglu; et al. (10 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969719355561">"Kelp cultivation effectively improves water quality and regulates phytoplankton community in a turbid, highly eutrophic bay"</a>. Science of the Total Environment. 707: 135561. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ScTEn.70735561J">2020ScTEn.70735561J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.135561">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135561</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-9697">0048-9697</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31972904">31972904</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209725048">209725048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Kelp+cultivation+effectively+improves+water+quality+and+regulates+phytoplankton+community+in+a+turbid%2C+highly+eutrophic+bay&rft.volume=707&rft.pages=135561&rft.date=2020-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209725048%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020ScTEn.70735561J&rft.issn=0048-9697&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2019.135561&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31972904&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Zhibing&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jingjing&rft.au=Li%2C+Shanglu&rft.au=Chen%2C+Yue&rft.au=Du%2C+Ping&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Yuanli&rft.au=Liao%2C+Yibo&rft.au=Chen%2C+Quanzhen&rft.au=Shou%2C+Lu&rft.au=Yan%2C+Xiaojun&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Jiangning&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jianfang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0048969719355561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernbergKrumhanslFilbee-DexterPedersen2019" class="citation cs2">Wernberg, Thomas; Krumhansl, Kira; Filbee-Dexter, Karen; Pedersen, Morten F. (1 January 2019), "Status and Trends for the World's Kelp Forests", in Sheppard, Charles (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128050521000036">World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition)</a>, Academic Press, pp. 57–78, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-805052-1.00003-6">10.1016/b978-0-12-805052-1.00003-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-805052-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-805052-1"><bdi>978-0-12-805052-1</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134294676">134294676</a>, retrieved 29 July 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Status+and+Trends+for+the+World%27s+Kelp+Forests&rft.btitle=World+Seas%3A+an+Environmental+Evaluation+%28Second+Edition%29&rft.pages=57-78&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134294676%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-805052-1.00003-6&rft.isbn=978-0-12-805052-1&rft.aulast=Wernberg&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Krumhansl%2C+Kira&rft.au=Filbee-Dexter%2C+Karen&rft.au=Pedersen%2C+Morten+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780128050521000036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelancheJonesParveenNewbold2016" class="citation journal cs1">Belanche, Alejandro; Jones, Eleanor; Parveen, Ifat; Newbold, Charles J. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4785176">"A Metagenomics Approach to Evaluate the Impact of Dietary Supplementation with Ascophyllum nodosum or Laminaria digitata on Rumen Function in Rusitec Fermenters"</a>. Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2016.00299">10.3389/fmicb.2016.00299</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-302X">1664-302X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4785176">4785176</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27014222">27014222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=A+Metagenomics+Approach+to+Evaluate+the+Impact+of+Dietary+Supplementation+with+Ascophyllum+nodosum+or+Laminaria+digitata+on+Rumen+Function+in+Rusitec+Fermenters&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=299&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4785176%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-302X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27014222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2016.00299&rft.aulast=Belanche&rft.aufirst=Alejandro&rft.au=Jones%2C+Eleanor&rft.au=Parveen%2C+Ifat&rft.au=Newbold%2C+Charles+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4785176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirãoRibeiroRibeiroAzevedo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Girão, Mariana; Ribeiro, Inês; Ribeiro, Tiago; et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6465344">"Actinobacteria Isolated From Laminaria ochroleuca: A Source of New Bioactive Compounds"</a>. Frontiers in Microbiology. 10: 683. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2019.00683">10.3389/fmicb.2019.00683</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-302X">1664-302X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6465344">6465344</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31024480">31024480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Actinobacteria+Isolated+From+Laminaria+ochroleuca%3A+A+Source+of+New+Bioactive+Compounds&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=683&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6465344%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-302X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31024480&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2019.00683&rft.aulast=Gir%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Mariana&rft.au=Ribeiro%2C+In%C3%AAs&rft.au=Ribeiro%2C+Tiago&rft.au=Azevedo%2C+Isabel+C.&rft.au=Pereira%2C+Filipe&rft.au=Urbatzka%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Le%C3%A3o%2C+Pedro+N.&rft.au=Carvalho%2C+Maria+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6465344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurensLaneNelson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Laurens, Lieve M. L.; Lane, Madeline; Nelson, Robert S. (6 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibtech.2020.03.015">"Sustainable Seaweed Biotechnology Solutions for Carbon Capture, Composition, and Deconstruction"</a>. Trends in Biotechnology. 38 (11): 1232–1244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tibtech.2020.03.015">10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.03.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0167-7799">0167-7799</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32386971">32386971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Biotechnology&rft.atitle=Sustainable+Seaweed+Biotechnology+Solutions+for+Carbon+Capture%2C+Composition%2C+and+Deconstruction&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1232-1244&rft.date=2020-05-06&rft.issn=0167-7799&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32386971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tibtech.2020.03.015&rft.aulast=Laurens&rft.aufirst=Lieve+M.+L.&rft.au=Lane%2C+Madeline&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.tibtech.2020.03.015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuschmannPrescottPotinFaugeron2014" class="citation cs2">Buschmann, Alejandro H.; Prescott, Steven; Potin, Philippe; et al. (1 January 2014), Bourgougnon, Nathalie (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780124080621000068">"Chapter Six - The Status of Kelp Exploitation and Marine Agronomy, with Emphasis on Macrocystis pyrifera, in Chile"</a>, Advances in Botanical Research, Sea Plants, vol. 71, Academic Press, pp. 161–188, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-408062-1.00006-8">10.1016/b978-0-12-408062-1.00006-8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10533%2F128618">10533/128618</a>, retrieved 29 July 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Botanical+Research&rft.atitle=Chapter+Six+-+The+Status+of+Kelp+Exploitation+and+Marine+Agronomy%2C+with+Emphasis+on+Macrocystis+pyrifera%2C+in+Chile&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=161-188&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10533%2F128618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-408062-1.00006-8&rft.aulast=Buschmann&rft.aufirst=Alejandro+H.&rft.au=Prescott%2C+Steven&rft.au=Potin%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Faugeron%2C+Sylvain&rft.au=V%C3%A1squez%2C+Julio+A.&rft.au=Camus%2C+Carolina&rft.au=Infante%2C+Javier&rft.au=Hern%C3%A1ndez-Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+Carmen&rft.au=Gut%C3%ADerrez%2C+Alfonso&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780124080621000068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlannery2019" class="citation cs2">Flannery, Tim (23 September 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/talks/tim_flannery_can_seaweed_help_curb_global_warming">Can seaweed help curb global warming?</a>, retrieved 29 July 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+seaweed+help+curb+global+warming%3F&rft.date=2019-09-23&rft.aulast=Flannery&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ted.com%2Ftalks%2Ftim_flannery_can_seaweed_help_curb_global_warming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrause-JensenLaverySerranoMarbà2018" class="citation journal cs1">Krause-Jensen, Dorte; Lavery, Paul; Serrano, Oscar; et al. (30 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6030603">"Sequestration of macroalgal carbon: the elephant in the Blue Carbon room"</a>. Biology Letters. 14 (6): 20180236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2018.0236">10.1098/rsbl.2018.0236</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6030603">6030603</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29925564">29925564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Sequestration+of+macroalgal+carbon%3A+the+elephant+in+the+Blue+Carbon+room&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=20180236&rft.date=2018-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6030603%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29925564&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2018.0236&rft.aulast=Krause-Jensen&rft.aufirst=Dorte&rft.au=Lavery%2C+Paul&rft.au=Serrano%2C+Oscar&rft.au=Marb%C3%A0%2C+N%C3%BAria&rft.au=Masque%2C+Pere&rft.au=Duarte%2C+Carlos+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6030603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonFieldRoy2013" class="citation journal cs1">Barton, E. D.; Field, D. B.; Roy, C. (1 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0079661113001134">"Canary current upwelling: More or less?"</a>. Progress in Oceanography. 116: 167–178. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PrOce.116..167B">2013PrOce.116..167B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pocean.2013.07.007">10.1016/j.pocean.2013.07.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F80552">10261/80552</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-6611">0079-6611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Oceanography&rft.atitle=Canary+current+upwelling%3A+More+or+less%3F&rft.volume=116&rft.pages=167-178&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F80552&rft.issn=0079-6611&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pocean.2013.07.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PrOce.116..167B&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=E.+D.&rft.au=Field%2C+D.+B.&rft.au=Roy%2C+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0079661113001134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsenMondardiniAlestraGerrity2019" class="citation journal cs1">Thomsen, Mads S.; Mondardini, Luca; Alestra, Tommaso; et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2019.00084">"Local Extinction of Bull Kelp (Durvillaea spp.) Due to a Marine Heatwave"</a>. Frontiers in Marine Science. 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2019.00084">10.3389/fmars.2019.00084</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-7745">2296-7745</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:69173935">69173935</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Local+Extinction+of+Bull+Kelp+%28Durvillaea+spp.%29+Due+to+a+Marine+Heatwave&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A69173935%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2296-7745&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmars.2019.00084&rft.aulast=Thomsen&rft.aufirst=Mads+S.&rft.au=Mondardini%2C+Luca&rft.au=Alestra%2C+Tommaso&rft.au=Gerrity%2C+Shawn&rft.au=Tait%2C+Leigh&rft.au=South%2C+Paul+M.&rft.au=Lilley%2C+Stacie+A.&rft.au=Schiel%2C+David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffmars.2019.00084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraubWernbergThomsenMoore2019" class="citation journal cs1">Straub, Sandra C.; Wernberg, Thomas; Thomsen, Mads S.; et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2019.00763">"Resistance, Extinction, and Everything in Between – The Diverse Responses of Seaweeds to Marine Heatwaves"</a>. Frontiers in Marine Science. 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmars.2019.00763">10.3389/fmars.2019.00763</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2160%2F465c66d5-e36f-4392-b45d-e76611368800">2160/465c66d5-e36f-4392-b45d-e76611368800</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-7745">2296-7745</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209324664">209324664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Marine+Science&rft.atitle=Resistance%2C+Extinction%2C+and+Everything+in+Between+%E2%80%93+The+Diverse+Responses+of+Seaweeds+to+Marine+Heatwaves&rft.volume=6&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2160%2F465c66d5-e36f-4392-b45d-e76611368800&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209324664%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2296-7745&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmars.2019.00763&rft.aulast=Straub&rft.aufirst=Sandra+C.&rft.au=Wernberg%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Thomsen%2C+Mads+S.&rft.au=Moore%2C+Pippa+J.&rft.au=Burrows%2C+Michael+T.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Ben+P.&rft.au=Smale%2C+Dan+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffmars.2019.00763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernbergBennettBabcockde_Bettignies2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wernberg, T.; Bennett, S.; Babcock, R. C.; et al. (8 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aad8745">"Climate-driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem"</a>. Science. 353 (6295): 169–172. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Sci...353..169W">2016Sci...353..169W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aad8745">10.1126/science.aad8745</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937%2F31133">20.500.11937/31133</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27387951">27387951</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206645399">206645399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Climate-driven+regime+shift+of+a+temperate+marine+ecosystem&rft.volume=353&rft.issue=6295&rft.pages=169-172&rft.date=2016-07-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11937%2F31133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206645399%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Sci...353..169W&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aad8745&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27387951&rft.aulast=Wernberg&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+S.&rft.au=Babcock%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=de+Bettignies%2C+T.&rft.au=Cure%2C+K.&rft.au=Depczynski%2C+M.&rft.au=Dufois%2C+F.&rft.au=Fromont%2C+J.&rft.au=Fulton%2C+C.+J.&rft.au=Hovey%2C+R.+K.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+E.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.aad8745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ZJLHJJNBsVI">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714195723/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJLHJJNBsVI">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowers2019" class="citation web cs1">Powers, Matt (10 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJLHJJNBsVI&list=PU9Jg0zsgjNxjltlFjE0YvNw&index=109">"Marine Permaculture with Brian Von Herzen Episode 113 A Regenerative Future"</a>. Youtube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youtube&rft.atitle=Marine+Permaculture+with+Brian+Von+Herzen+Episode+113+A+Regenerative+Future&rft.date=2019-07-10&rft.aulast=Powers&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DZJLHJJNBsVI%26list%3DPU9Jg0zsgjNxjltlFjE0YvNw%26index%3D109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/y8RojQZbsB8">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714195553/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8RojQZbsB8">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamble2019" class="citation web cs1">Gamble, Morag (3 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y8RojQZbsB8&t=1s">"Marine Permaculture with Dr Brian von Herzen & Morag Gamble"</a>. Youtube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Youtube&rft.atitle=Marine+Permaculture+with+Dr+Brian+von+Herzen+%26+Morag+Gamble&rft.date=2019-12-03&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Morag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dy8RojQZbsB8%26t%3D1s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315111928/http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/multimedia/video/?10774%2FPrince-Charles-sends-a-message-to-IUCNs-World-Conservation-Congress">"Prince Charles sends a message to IUCN's World Conservation Congress"</a>. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 26 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucn.org/knowledge/multimedia/video/?10774/Prince-Charles-sends-a-message-to-IUCNs-World-Conservation-Congress">the original</a> on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature&rft.atitle=Prince+Charles+sends+a+message+to+IUCN%27s+World+Conservation+Congress&rft.date=2012-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucn.org%2Fknowledge%2Fmultimedia%2Fvideo%2F%3F10774%2FPrince-Charles-sends-a-message-to-IUCNs-World-Conservation-Congress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUndersander" class="citation web cs1">Undersander, Dan; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/a3715.pdf">"Grassland birds: Fostering habitat using rotational grazing"</a> (PDF). University of Wisconsin-Extension. Retrieved 5 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grassland+birds%3A+Fostering+habitat+using+rotational+grazing&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin-Extension&rft.aulast=Undersander&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flearningstore.uwex.edu%2Fassets%2Fpdfs%2Fa3715.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairlie2010" class="citation book cs1">Fairlie, Simon (2010). Meat: A Benign Extravagance. Chelsea Green. pp. 191–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60358325-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60358325-1"><bdi>978-1-60358325-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meat%3A+A+Benign+Extravagance&rft.pages=191-93&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60358325-1&rft.aulast=Fairlie&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2010" class="citation web cs1">Bradley, Kirsten (26 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://milkwood.net/2010/04/27/holistic_management_herbivores_hats_and_hope/">"Holistic Management: Herbivores, Hats, and Hope"</a>. Milkwood. Retrieved 25 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holistic+Management%3A+Herbivores%2C+Hats%2C+and+Hope&rft.pub=Milkwood&rft.date=2010-04-26&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Kirsten&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilkwood.net%2F2010%2F04%2F27%2Fholistic_management_herbivores_hats_and_hope%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsh2002" class="citation cs2">Ash, Andrew (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120410052228/http://www.cse.csiro.au/publications/2002/Ecograzepart1.pdf">The Ecograze Project – developing guidelines to better manage grazing country</a> (PDF), et al., CSIRO, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9579842-0-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9579842-0-2"><bdi>978-0-9579842-0-2</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cse.csiro.au/publications/2002/Ecograzepart1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 April 2012, retrieved 7 April 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ecograze+Project+%E2%80%93+developing+guidelines+to+better+manage+grazing+country&rft.pub=CSIRO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9579842-0-2&rft.aulast=Ash&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cse.csiro.au%2Fpublications%2F2002%2FEcograzepart1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Caroline. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/things-to-make-you-happy-google-employs-goats/?tag=mncol;title">"Things to make you happy: Google employs goats"</a>. CNET. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Things+to+make+you+happy%3A+Google+employs+goats&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2Fthings-to-make-you-happy-google-employs-goats%2F%3Ftag%3Dmncol%3Btitle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon" class="citation web cs1">Gordon, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203081104/http://www.be-troplive.be/betroplive/pdf/20121205_944831251_2%20iain%20gordon.pdf">"A systems approach to livestock/resource interactions in tropical pasture systems"</a> (PDF). The James Hutton Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.be-troplive.be/betroplive/pdf/20121205_944831251_2%20iain%20gordon.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+James+Hutton+Institute&rft.atitle=A+systems+approach+to+livestock%2Fresource+interactions+in+tropical+pasture+systems&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.be-troplive.be%2Fbetroplive%2Fpdf%2F20121205_944831251_2%2520iain%2520gordon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/breaking-news/world/story/munching-sheep-replace-lawn-mowers-paris-20130404">"Munching sheep replace lawn mowers in Paris"</a>. The Straits Times. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Munching+sheep+replace+lawn+mowers+in+Paris&rft.date=2013-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fbreaking-news%2Fworld%2Fstory%2Fmunching-sheep-replace-lawn-mowers-paris-20130404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlynstra" class="citation web cs1">Klynstra, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203163425/http://www.cbsatlanta.com/story/19864571/100-sheep">"Hungry sheep invade Candler Park"</a>. CBS Atlanta. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsatlanta.com/story/19864571/100-sheep">the original</a> on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+Atlanta&rft.atitle=Hungry+sheep+invade+Candler+Park&rft.aulast=Klynstra&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsatlanta.com%2Fstory%2F19864571%2F100-sheep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittman2011" class="citation web cs1">Littman, Margaret (26 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2011/07/26/getting-your-goat-eco-friendly-mowers/">"Getting your goat: Eco-friendly mowers"</a>. Chicago Tribune News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512055949/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2011-07-26/classified/sc-home-0725-garden-goat-20110726_1_goats-invasive-plants-gardeners">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune+News&rft.atitle=Getting+your+goat%3A+Eco-friendly+mowers&rft.date=2011-07-26&rft.aulast=Littman&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2F2011%2F07%2F26%2Fgetting-your-goat-eco-friendly-mowers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens" class="citation news cs1">Stevens, Alexis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.com/news/local/kudzu-eating-sheep-take-bite-out-weeds/3DBdnOslJuZtPQIyaS5VdP/">"Kudzu-eating sheep take a bite out of weeds"</a>. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved 8 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlanta+Journal-Constitution&rft.atitle=Kudzu-eating+sheep+take+a+bite+out+of+weeds&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fkudzu-eating-sheep-take-bite-out-weeds%2F3DBdnOslJuZtPQIyaS5VdP%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuiquivix2017" class="citation journal cs1">Quiquivix, Linda (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10455752.2017.1353229?journalCode=rcns20">"Beyond Permaculture Ethics: Review of Permaculture Magazine's Film Series, "Living with the Land""</a>. Capitalism Nature Socialism. 28 (3): 130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10455752.2017.1353229">10.1080/10455752.2017.1353229</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148659771">148659771</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Capitalism+Nature+Socialism&rft.atitle=Beyond+Permaculture+Ethics%3A+Review+of+Permaculture+Magazine%27s+Film+Series%2C+%22Living+with+the+Land%22&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=130&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10455752.2017.1353229&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148659771%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Quiquivix&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F10455752.2017.1353229%3FjournalCode%3Drcns20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson2011" class="citation web cs1">Grayson, Russ (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pacific-edge.info/the-permaculture-papers-5-time-of-change-and-challenge-%E2%80%94-2000-2004/">"The Permaculture Papers 5: time of change and challenge - 2000–2004"</a>. Pacific edge. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Permaculture+Papers+5%3A+time+of+change+and+challenge+-+2000%E2%80%932004&rft.pub=Pacific+edge&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=Russ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpacific-edge.info%2Fthe-permaculture-papers-5-time-of-change-and-challenge-%25E2%2580%2594-2000-2004%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office" title="United States Patent and Trademark Office">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316040257/http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4005:o81il1.2.1">"Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS)"</a>. U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tess2.uspto.gov/bin/showfield?f=doc&state=4005:o81il1.2.1">the original</a> on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trademark+Electronic+Search+System+%28TESS%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Commerce&rft.date=2011&rft.au=United+States+Patent+and+Trademark+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftess2.uspto.gov%2Fbin%2Fshowfield%3Ff%3Ddoc%26state%3D4005%3Ao81il1.2.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IPA-119"><a href="#cite_ref-IPA_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514011248/http://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/atmoss/Falcon.Result">"Result"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IP_Australia" title="IP Australia">IP Australia</a>. 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pericles.ipaustralia.gov.au/atmoss/Falcon.Result">the original</a> on 14 May 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Result&rft.pub=IP+Australia&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpericles.ipaustralia.gov.au%2Fatmoss%2FFalcon.Result&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Ferguson and Lovell 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Scott" class="citation web cs1">Robert Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robscott.net/2010/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Scott2010.pdf">"A Critical Review of Permaculture in the United States"</a> (PDF). Robscott.net. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Robscott.net&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Review+of+Permaculture+in+the+United+States&rft.au=Robert+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frobscott.net%2F2010%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F01%2FScott2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebsBach2018" class="citation journal cs1">Krebs, Julius; Bach, Sonja (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/9/3218/pdf">"Permaculture—Scientific evidence of principles for the agroecological design of farming systems"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_(journal)" title="Sustainability (journal)">Sustainability</a>. 10 (9): 3218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fsu10093218">10.3390/su10093218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sustainability&rft.atitle=Permaculture%E2%80%94Scientific+evidence+of+principles+for+the+agroecological+design+of+farming+systems&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=3218&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fsu10093218&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Julius&rft.au=Bach%2C+Sonja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2071-1050%2F10%2F9%2F3218%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson_Lovell_2017-123"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson_Lovell_2017_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusonLovell2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ferguson, Rafter Sass; Lovell, Sarah Taylor (2 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rafter-Ferguson/publication/316639793_Livelihoods_and_Production_Diversity_on_US_Permaculture_Farms/links/5b48c56eaca272c6093f5a31/Livelihoods-and-Production-Diversity-on-US-Permaculture-Farms.pdf">"Livelihoods and production diversity on U.S. permaculture farms"</a> (PDF). Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems. 41 (6). Informa UK: 588–613. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AgSFS..41..588F">2017AgSFS..41..588F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21683565.2017.1320349">10.1080/21683565.2017.1320349</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2168-3565">2168-3565</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157437298">157437298</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agroecology+and+Sustainable+Food+Systems&rft.atitle=Livelihoods+and+production+diversity+on+U.S.+permaculture+farms&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=588-613&rft.date=2017-05-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21683565.2017.1320349&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157437298%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2168-3565&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017AgSFS..41..588F&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Rafter+Sass&rft.au=Lovell%2C+Sarah+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FRafter-Ferguson%2Fpublication%2F316639793_Livelihoods_and_Production_Diversity_on_US_Permaculture_Farms%2Flinks%2F5b48c56eaca272c6093f5a31%2FLivelihoods-and-Production-Diversity-on-US-Permaculture-Farms.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschfeldAcker2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hirschfeld, Sarah; Acker, Rene Van (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/renewable-agriculture-and-food-systems/article/abs/permaculture-farmers-consistently-cultivate-perennials-crop-diversity-landscape-heterogeneity-and-nature-conservation/ED6AA225064583F39E26E6A754BD138F">"Permaculture farmers consistently cultivate perennials, crop diversity, landscape heterogeneity and nature conservation"</a>. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 35 (3): 342–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1742170519000012">10.1017/S1742170519000012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-1705">1742-1705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renewable+Agriculture+and+Food+Systems&rft.atitle=Permaculture+farmers+consistently+cultivate+perennials%2C+crop+diversity%2C+landscape+heterogeneity+and+nature+conservation&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=342-351&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1742170519000012&rft.issn=1742-1705&rft.aulast=Hirschfeld&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Acker%2C+Rene+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Frenewable-agriculture-and-food-systems%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpermaculture-farmers-consistently-cultivate-perennials-crop-diversity-landscape-heterogeneity-and-nature-conservation%2FED6AA225064583F39E26E6A754BD138F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2004" class="citation book cs1">Bell, Graham (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/permaculturegard0000bell">The Permaculture Garden</a>. UK: Permanent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-027-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-027-8"><bdi>978-1-85623-027-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Permaculture+Garden&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Permanent&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85623-027-8&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpermaculturegard0000bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2004" class="citation book cs1">——— (2004) [1992]. The Permaculture Way (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Permanent Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-028-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-028-5"><bdi>978-1-85623-028-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Permaculture+Way&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Permanent+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85623-028-5&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2001" class="citation book cs1">Burnett, Graham (2001). Permaculture: a Beginner's Guide. UK: Spiralseed. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-95534921-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-95534921-8"><bdi>978-0-95534921-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Permaculture%3A+a+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Spiralseed&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-95534921-8&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusonLovell2013" class="citation cs2">Ferguson, Rafter Sass; Lovell, Sarah Taylor (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01234801/file/13593_2013_Article_181.pdf">"Permaculture for agroecology: design, movement, practice, and worldview"</a> (PDF), Agronomy for Sustainable Development (review), 34 (2): 251–274, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AgSD...34..251F">2014AgSD...34..251F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13593-013-0181-6">10.1007/s13593-013-0181-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15089504">15089504</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agronomy+for+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=Permaculture+for+agroecology%3A+design%2C+movement%2C+practice%2C+and+worldview&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-274&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15089504%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13593-013-0181-6&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014AgSD...34..251F&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Rafter+Sass&rft.au=Lovell%2C+Sarah+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-01234801%2Ffile%2F13593_2013_Article_181.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"> – The first systematic review of the permaculture literature, from the perspective of agroecology.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFern1997" class="citation book cs1">Fern, Ken (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXDXevCgtV0C">Plants for a Future</a>. UK: Permanent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-011-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-011-7"><bdi>978-1-85623-011-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+for+a+Future&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Permanent&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85623-011-7&rft.aulast=Fern&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuXDXevCgtV0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukuoka1978" class="citation book cs1">Fukuoka, Masanobu (1978). The One–Straw Revolution. Holistic Agriculture Library. United States: <a href="/wiki/Rodale_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodale Books">Rodale Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+One%E2%80%93Straw+Revolution&rft.place=United+States&rft.series=Holistic+Agriculture+Library&rft.pub=Rodale+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Fukuoka&rft.aufirst=Masanobu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1996" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N01940btQAQC&pg=PA41">Forest Gardening</a>. UK: Green Books. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60358050-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60358050-2"><bdi>978-1-60358050-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forest+Gardening&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Green+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-60358050-2&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN01940btQAQC%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900322-02-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-900322-02-1">1-900322-02-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemenway2009" class="citation book cs1">Hemenway, Toby (2009) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxW0MGXha6cC">Gaia's Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture</a> (2nd ed.). United States: Chelsea Green. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-029-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60358-029-8"><bdi>978-1-60358-029-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaia%27s+Garden%3A+A+Guide+to+Home-Scale+Permaculture&rft.place=United+States&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60358-029-8&rft.aulast=Hemenway&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxW0MGXha6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmgren" class="citation book cs1">———. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holmgren.com.au/product/collected-writings/">Collected Writings & Presentations 1978–2006</a>. Australia: Holmgren Design Services.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Writings+%26+Presentations+1978%E2%80%932006&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Holmgren+Design+Services&rft.aulast=Holmgren&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholmgren.com.au%2Fproduct%2Fcollected-writings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmgren2009" class="citation book cs1">——— (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holmgren.com.au/product/future-scenarios/">Future Scenarios</a>. White River Junction: Chelsea Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Future+Scenarios&rft.place=White+River+Junction&rft.pub=Chelsea+Green&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Holmgren&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholmgren.com.au%2Fproduct%2Ffuture-scenarios%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmgren" class="citation cs2">Holmgren, David, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holmgren.com.au/product/melliodora/">Melliodora (Hepburn Permaculture Gardens): A Case Study in Cool Climate Permaculture 1985–2005</a>, Australia: Holmgren Design Services</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melliodora+%28Hepburn+Permaculture+Gardens%29%3A+A+Case+Study+in+Cool+Climate+Permaculture+1985%E2%80%932005&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Holmgren+Design+Services&rft.aulast=Holmgren&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholmgren.com.au%2Fproduct%2Fmelliodora%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmgren" class="citation cs2">———, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holmgren.com.au/product/principles/">Permaculture: Principles and Pathways Beyond Sustainability</a>, Australia: Holmgren Design Services</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Permaculture%3A+Principles+and+Pathways+Beyond+Sustainability&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Holmgren+Design+Services&rft.aulast=Holmgren&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholmgren.com.au%2Fproduct%2Fprinciples%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmgren" class="citation cs2">———, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021208063249/http://www.bml.csiro.au/SNnewsletters.htm#CSIRO%20Sustainability%20Network">Update 49: Retrofitting the suburbs for sustainability</a>, Australia: CSIRO Sustainability Network, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bml.csiro.au/SNnewsletters.htm#CSIRO%20Sustainability%20Network">the original</a> on 8 December 2002</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Update+49%3A+Retrofitting+the+suburbs+for+sustainability&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=CSIRO+Sustainability+Network&rft.aulast=Holmgren&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bml.csiro.au%2FSNnewsletters.htm%23CSIRO%2520Sustainability%2520Network&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jacke, Dave with Eric Toensmeier. Edible Forest Gardens. Volume I: Ecological Vision and Theory for Temperate-Climate Permaculture, Volume II: Ecological Design and Practice for Temperate-Climate Permaculture. Edible Forest Gardens (US) 2005</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1911" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Hiram_King" title="Franklin Hiram King">King, Franklin Hiram</a> (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5350">Farmers of Forty Centuries: Or Permanent Agriculture in China, Korea and Japan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farmers+of+Forty+Centuries%3A+Or+Permanent+Agriculture+in+China%2C+Korea+and+Japan&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Franklin+Hiram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F5350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2005" class="citation book cs1">Law, Ben (2005). The Woodland House. UK: Permanent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-031-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-031-5"><bdi>978-1-85623-031-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Woodland+House&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Permanent&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85623-031-5&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw2001" class="citation book cs1">——— (2001). The Woodland Way. UK: Permanent Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-009-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-009-4"><bdi>978-1-85623-009-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Woodland+Way&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Permanent+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85623-009-4&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Loofs, Mona. Permaculture, Ecology and Agriculture: An investigation into Permaculture theory and practice using two case studies in northern New South Wales Honours thesis, Human Ecology Program, Department of Geography, Australian National University 1993</li> <li>Macnamara, Looby. People and Permaculture: caring and designing for ourselves, each other and the planet. Permanent Publications (UK) (2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85623-087-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85623-087-2">1-85623-087-2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollisonHolmgren1978" class="citation book cs1">Mollison, Bill; Holmgren, David (1978). Permaculture One. Australia: <a href="/wiki/Transworld_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Transworld Publishers">Transworld Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-552-98060-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-552-98060-9"><bdi>978-0-552-98060-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Permaculture+One&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Transworld+Publishers&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-552-98060-9&rft.aulast=Mollison&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Holmgren%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollison1979" class="citation book cs1">——— (1979). Permaculture Two. Australiastralia: Tagari Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908228-00-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-908228-00-3"><bdi>978-0-908228-00-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Permaculture+Two&rft.place=Australiastralia&rft.pub=Tagari+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-908228-00-3&rft.aulast=Mollison&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollison1988" class="citation book cs1">——— (1988). Permaculture: A Designer's Manual. Australia: Tagari Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908228-01-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-908228-01-0"><bdi>978-0-908228-01-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Permaculture%3A+A+Designer%27s+Manual&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Tagari+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-908228-01-0&rft.aulast=Mollison&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Odum, H. T., Jorgensen, S.E. and Brown, M.T. 'Energy hierarchy and transformity in the universe', in Ecological Modelling, 178, pp. 17–28 (2004).</li> <li>Paull, J. "Permanent Agriculture: Precursor to Organic Farming", Journal of Bio-Dynamics Tasmania, no.83, pp. 19–21, 2006. Organic eprints.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100127162646/http://permaculturefrance.com/resources.htm">The Same Planet a different World</a> (free ebook), France: permaculturefrance.com, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permaculturefrance.com/resources.htm">the original</a> on 27 January 2010, retrieved 25 February 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Same+Planet+a+different+World&rft.place=France&rft.pub=permaculturefrance.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpermaculturefrance.com%2Fresources.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosemary1993" class="citation book cs1">Rosemary, Morrow (1993). Earth User's Guide to Permaculture. Kangaroo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86417-514-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86417-514-4"><bdi>978-0-86417-514-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth+User%27s+Guide+to+Permaculture&rft.pub=Kangaroo+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-86417-514-4&rft.aulast=Rosemary&rft.aufirst=Morrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shepard, Mark: Restoration Agriculture – Redesigning Agriculture in Nature's Image, Acres US, 2013, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60173035-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-60173035-7">1-60173035-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitefield1993" class="citation book cs1">Whitefield, Patrick (1993). Permaculture in a Nutshell. UK: Permanent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-003-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-003-2"><bdi>978-1-85623-003-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Permaculture+in+a+Nutshell&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Permanent&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-85623-003-2&rft.aulast=Whitefield&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitefield2004" class="citation book cs1">——— (2004). The Earth Care Manual. UK: Permanent Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-021-6"><bdi>978-1-85623-021-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+Care+Manual&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Permanent+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85623-021-6&rft.aulast=Whitefield&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APermaculture" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Woodrow, Linda. The Permaculture Home Garden. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> (Australia).</li> <li>Yeomans, P.A. Water for Every Farm: A practical irrigation plan for every Australian property, <a href="/wiki/K.G._Murray_Publishing_Company" title="K.G. Murray Publishing Company">KG Murray</a>, Sydney, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">NSW</a>, Australia (1973).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Permaculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Permaculture">Permaculture</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.permacultureprinciples.com/">Ethics and principles of permaculture</a> (Holmgren's)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permaculturecommons.org/">Permaculture Commons</a> – collection of permaculture material under free licenses</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060417214736/http://www.bettertimesinfo.org/pdc_all.pdf">The 15 pamphlets based on the 1981 Permaculture Design Course given by Bill Mollison</a> (co-founder of permaculture) all in 1 PDF file</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.permaculturenews.org/">The Permaculture Research Institute</a> – Permaculture Forums, Courses, Information, News and Worldwide Reports</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.permacultureglobal.com/">The Worldwide Permaculture Network</a> – Database of permaculture people and projects worldwide</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Permaculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Permaculture" title="Template:Permaculture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Permaculture" title="Template talk:Permaculture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Permaculture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Permaculture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Permaculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Permaculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosynthesis" title="Ecosynthesis">Ecosynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistic_gardening" title="Synergistic gardening">Synergistic gardening</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassed_waterway" title="Grassed waterway">Grassed waterway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holzer_Permaculture" title="Holzer Permaculture">Holzer Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyline_design" title="Keyline design">Keyline design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised-bed gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheet_mulching" title="Sheet mulching">Sheet mulching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waru_Waru" title="Waru Waru">Waru Waru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composting_toilet" title="Composting toilet">Composting toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folkewall" title="Folkewall">Folkewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_mold" title="Leaf mold">Leaf mold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spent_mushroom_compost" title="Spent mushroom compost">Spent mushroom compost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters (agriculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree bog">Tree bog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Permaculture_organizations" title="Category:Permaculture organizations">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_Food_Forest" title="Beacon Food Forest">Beacon Food Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture_Association" title="Permaculture Association">Permaculture Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture_Action_Network" title="Permaculture Action Network">Permaculture Action Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture_College_Australia" title="Permaculture College Australia">Permaculture College Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">Plants for a Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_College_Organic_Farm" title="Pomona College Organic Farm">Pomona College Organic Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Permaculturalists" title="Category:Permaculturalists">Permaculturalists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People_in_permaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="People in permaculture">People in permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Mollison" title="Bill Mollison">Bill Mollison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Lancaster" title="Brad Lancaster">Brad Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Blume" title="David Blume">David Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Holmgren" title="David Holmgren">David Holmgren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Lawton" title="Geoff Lawton">Geoff Lawton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ianto_Evans" title="Ianto Evans">Ianto Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Whitefield" title="Patrick Whitefield">Patrick Whitefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Stamets" title="Paul Stamets">Paul Stamets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wheaton" title="Paul Wheaton">Paul Wheaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robyn_Francis" title="Robyn Francis">Robyn Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Stout" title="Ruth Stout">Ruth Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepp_Holzer" title="Sepp Holzer">Sepp Holzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Permaculture" title="Category:Permaculture">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Permaculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Permaculture">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Permaculture" class="extiw" title="wikt:Permaculture">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agriculture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Agriculture_footer" title="Template talk:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Agriculture footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agriculture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_agriculture" title="Outline of agriculture">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_agriculture_articles" title="Index of agriculture articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural Engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmworker" title="Farmworker">Farm worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herder" title="Herder">Herder</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Food_system" title="Food system">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">Agribusiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">Agricultural cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_supply_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural supply store">Agricultural supplies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">Agricultural technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Agriculture">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_biotechnology" title="Agricultural biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agronomy" title="Agronomy">Agronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">Animal-free agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_crop" title="Cash crop">Cash crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_agriculture" title="Cellular agriculture">Cellular agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_methods" title="Cultural methods">Cultural methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_farming" title="Contract farming">Contract farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensive_farming" title="Extensive farming">Extensive farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmhouse" title="Farmhouse">Farmhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ratio" title="Feed ratio">Feed ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_range" title="Free range">Free range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_farming" title="Intensive farming">Intensive farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">pigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_crop_farming" title="Intensive crop farming">crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanised_agriculture" title="Mechanised agriculture">Mechanised agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludiculture" title="Paludiculture">Paludiculture</a></li> <li>Permaculture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">Polyculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">Rice-duck farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">Rice-fish system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">Urban agriculture</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Rome" title="Agriculture in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">Agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_History_Review" title="Agricultural History Review">Agricultural History Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Agricultural_Revolution" title="Arab Agricultural Revolution">Arab Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Argentina" title="History of agriculture in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Canada" title="History of agriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_China" title="History of agriculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Chile" title="History of agriculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of agriculture in the Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Mesoamerica" title="Agriculture in Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Agriculture in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_organic_farming" title="History of organic farming">Organic farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Palestine" title="History of agriculture in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru" title="Agricultural history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Agricultural_Revolution" title="British Agricultural Revolution">British Agricultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Cheshire" title="History of agriculture in Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_Scotland" title="History of agriculture in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_African-American_agriculture" title="History of African-American agriculture">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_California" title="History of agriculture in California">California</a></li></ul></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farm" title="Farm">Farming Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrivoltaics" title="Agrivoltaics">Agrivoltaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat_farming" title="Goat farming">Goat farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convertible_husbandry" title="Convertible husbandry">Convertible husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_grazing" title="Rotational grazing">Rotational grazing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroponics" title="Hydroponics">Hydroponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_farming" title="Mixed farming">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral farming">Pastoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bocage" title="Bocage">Bocage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_farming" title="Sheep farming">Sheep farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">Environmental impact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_expansion" title="Agricultural expansion">Agricultural expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">Agricultural pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing">Overgrazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_irrigation" title="Environmental impact of irrigation">Environmental impact of irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overdrafting" title="Overdrafting">Overdrafting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture" title="Effects of climate change on agriculture">Climate change and agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_machinery" title="Category:Agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_by_country" title="Category:Agriculture by country">Agriculture by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_companies" title="Category:Agriculture companies">Agriculture companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biotechnology" title="Category:Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_agriculture" title="Category:History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Livestock" title="Category:Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Meat_industry" title="Category:Meat industry">Meat industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Poultry_farming" title="Category:Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture_and_the_environment" title="Category:Agriculture and the environment">Agriculture and the environment</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculturist" title="Agriculturist">Agriculturist profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_machinery" title="List of agricultural machinery">Agricultural machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_origins" title="List of food origins">Food origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Government ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agricultural_universities_and_colleges" title="List of agricultural universities and colleges">Universities and colleges</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Agriculture" title="Category:Agriculture">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Agriculture" title="Portal:Agriculture">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" class="extiw" title="commons:Agriculture">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Agriculture" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Agriculture">Wikiproject</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sustainability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sustainability" title="Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sustainability" title="Template talk:Sustainability"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sustainability"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sustainability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sustainability" title="Outline of sustainability">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sustainability_articles" title="Index of sustainability articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainability#Principles_and_concepts" title="Sustainability">Principles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future">Our Common Future (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Environmental_social_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Environmental_social_science" title="Template:Environmental social science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Environmental_social_science" title="Template talk:Environmental social science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental_social_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Environmental social science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Environmental_social_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">Environmental social science</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">Ecological anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_anthropology" title="Environmental anthropology">Environmental anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_crime" title="Environmental crime">Environmental crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_history" title="Environmental history">Environmental history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_politics" title="Environmental politics">Environmental politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_psychology" title="Environmental psychology">Environmental psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">Human geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_science" title="Regional science">Regional science</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Sustainable_development.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/150px-Sustainable_development.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/225px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/300px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="326" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroecology" title="Agroecology">Agroecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_geography" title="Behavioral geography">Behavioral geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li>Design <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">environmental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological humanities">Ecological humanities</a></li> <li>Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_economics" title="Energy economics">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">thermo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_education" title="Environmental education">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_ethics" title="Environmental ethics">ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_science" title="Environmental science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice" title="Environmental justice">justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_racism" title="Environmental racism">racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobiology" title="Ethnobiology">Ethnobiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoecology" title="Ethnoecology">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">zoology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">Integrated geography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Science, technology and society">Science, technology and society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">science studies</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sustainability <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_geography" title="Urban geography">geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_metabolism" title="Urban metabolism">metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_studies" title="Urban studies">studies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Architecture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">sustainable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopsychology" title="Ecopsychology">Ecopsychology</a></li> <li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">environmental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_criminology" title="Green criminology">Green criminology</a></li> <li>Health <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_epidemiology" title="Environmental epidemiology">epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>Management <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_resources_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental resources management">environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">spatial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li>Policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_science" title="Category:Environmental social science">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_science_concepts" title="Category:Environmental social science concepts">Concepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_social_science_journals" title="List of environmental social science journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environment_research_institutes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environment research institutes">Research institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_scientists" title="Category:Environmental social scientists">Scholars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Simple_living" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Simple_living" title="Template:Simple living"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Simple_living" title="Template talk:Simple living"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Simple_living" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Simple living"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Simple_living" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-cutting" title="Cord-cutting">Cord-cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">Dry toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" title="Low-impact development (UK)">Low-impact development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_frills" title="No frills">No frills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">Off-the-grid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regift" class="mw-redirect" title="Regift">Regift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Sustainable living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWOOF" title="WWOOF">WWOOF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Religious and spiritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detachment (philosophy)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Testimony of simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Secular movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Small house movement">Small house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiny house movement">Tiny house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Elgin" title="Duane Elgin">Duane Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregg_(social_philosopher)" title="Richard Gregg (social philosopher)">Richard Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Hubbard" title="Harlan Hubbard">Harlan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Kumar" title="Satish Kumar">Satish Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Rosen_(British_filmmaker)" title="Nick Rosen (British filmmaker)">Nick Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Semple" title="Dugald Semple">Dugald Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)" title="George Skene Keith (physician)">George Skene Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Modern-day adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(Moneyless_Man)" title="Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)">Mark Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Greenfield" title="Robin Greenfield">Robin Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Merkel" title="Jim Merkel">Jim Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo">Suelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)" title="The Good Life (1975 TV series)">The Good Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sledgehammer" title="The Moon and the Sledgehammer">The Moon and the Sledgehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Half" title="The Power of Half">The Power of Half</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">The good life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonophobia" title="Hedonophobia">Hedonophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_living" title="Intentional living">Intentional living</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Gathering" title="Rainbow Gathering">Rainbow Gathering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-technology">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil">Peak oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Template talk:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture_and_gardening" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Horticulture and gardening"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Horticulture_and_gardening" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">Gardening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Horticulture" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Horticulture">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Horticulture_and_Gardening" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Horticulture and Gardening">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4572#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4358238-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90000775">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph616543&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007546547505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&oldid=1257616212">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&oldid=1257616212</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Permaculture" title="Category:Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Permaculture_concepts" title="Category:Permaculture concepts">Permaculture concepts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_inventions" title="Category:Australian inventions">Australian inventions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_design" title="Category:Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environmental_social_science_concepts" title="Category:Environmental social science concepts">Environmental social science concepts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horticulture" title="Category:Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Landscape_architecture" title="Category:Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rural_community_development" title="Category:Rural community development">Rural community development</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainable_agriculture" title="Category:Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainable_design" title="Category:Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainable_food_system" title="Category:Sustainable food system">Sustainable food system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainable_gardening" title="Category:Sustainable gardening">Sustainable gardening</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Systems_ecology" title="Category:Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_April_2017" title="Category:EngvarB from April 2017">EngvarB from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2021">Use dmy dates from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 15 November 2024, at 21:28 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Permaculture&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-fb7ms","wgBackendResponseTime":170,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.671","walltime":"1.986","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10754,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":395847,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5759,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":542421,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1668.222 1 -total"," 39.31% 655.738 1 Template:Reflist"," 16.97% 283.166 33 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.69% 194.947 6 Template:Navbox"," 10.50% 175.132 51 Template:Cite_web"," 8.57% 142.913 33 Template:Cite_book"," 7.67% 128.032 18 Template:Sfn"," 7.36% 122.746 1 Template:Commons_category"," 7.26% 121.135 1 Template:Sister_project"," 7.17% 119.595 1 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.071","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26609372,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlpert_Reyes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartonFieldRoy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelancheJonesParveenNewbold2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBell2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBeyersMacLean\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBirnbaum_Fox2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloomBoehnlein2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrookerBennettCongDaniell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnett2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuschmannPrescottPotinFaugeron2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastleMillerMertenOrdonez2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenWangSuLi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFairlie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaulkner1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergusonLovell2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergusonLovell2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergusonLovell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFern1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlannery2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlannery2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFukuoka1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamble2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGirãoRibeiroRibeiroAzevedo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon_Glore2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuest1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHemenway2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschfeldAcker2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollarsmithBuschmannCamusGrosholz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmgren\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFHolmgren1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmgren2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmgren2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmgren2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolmgren2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiangLiuLiChen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlynstra\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorsunsky2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrause-JensenLaverySerranoMarbà2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrebsBach2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuipers2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaffoonMeierGroves2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurensLaneNelson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLillingtonHolmgrenFrancisRosenfeldt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudwig-Cooper2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasanobu1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassicotteKelly-Bisson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClure1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcClure1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollison\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollison,_B._C.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollison1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollison1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollison1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMollisonHolmgren1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNgo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Harper2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowers2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuiquivix2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReiffJungkunstMauserKampel2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReza2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Scott\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosemary1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaeffer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimberloffDayan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithSmith1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrattonBarkerRagsdale2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStraubWernbergThomsenMoore2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomsenMondardiniAlestraGerrity2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTilleyUlrichLüthiReymond2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTipping2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToensmeier2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUndersander\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVetetoLockyear2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWernbergBennettBabcockde_Bettignies2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWernbergKrumhanslFilbee-DexterPedersen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitefield1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitefield2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsHero1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeomas1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Vega2016\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Agriculture footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 33,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 51,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Environmental social science\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Horticulture and gardening\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Permaculture\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 18,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Simple living\"] = 1,\n [\"Sustainability\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","180","15.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","13.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","11.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","10.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","8.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","60","5.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::formatDate","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.3"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:813\u003E","40","3.3"],["[others]","280","23.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-69xkf","timestamp":"20241124053328","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Permaculture","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permaculture","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4572","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q4572","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-31T05:27:56Z","dateModified":"2024-11-15T21:28:05Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c8\/Permaculture_garden.JPG","headline":"agriculture practices using few energy resources and human intervention"}</script> </body> </html>